Richard probably spoke both French and Occitan.

He was born in England, where he spent his childhood; before becoming king, however, he lived most of his adult life in the Duchy of Aquitaine, in the southwest of France.

Humphrey was loyal to Guy and spoke Arabic fluently, so Richard used him as a translator and negotiator.

Life after the Third Crusade | Captivity, ransom and return

Disguised as a Knight Templar, Richard sailed from Corfu with four attendants, but his ship was wrecked near Aquileia, forcing Richard and his party into a dangerous land route through central Europe.

Rather than regarding his kingdom as a responsibility requiring his presence as ruler, he has been perceived as preferring to use it merely as a source of revenue to support his armies.

In his earlier Great Seal of 1189, he had used either one lion rampant or two lions rampants combatants, which arms he may have adopted from his father.

Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Revolt against Henry II

The terms the three brothers accepted were less generous than those they had been offered earlier in the conflict (when Richard was offered four castles in Aquitaine and half of the income from the duchy): Richard was given control of two castles in Poitou and half the income of Aquitaine; Henry the Young King was given two castles in Normandy; and Geoffrey was permitted half of Brittany.

Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Childhood

During his captivity, English prejudice against foreigners was used in a calculated way by his brother John to help destroy the authority of Richard's chancellor, William Longchamp, who was a Norman.

Life after the Third Crusade | War against Philip of France

At the Battle of Gisors (sometimes called Courcelles) in 1198, Richard took Dieu et mon Droit—"God and my Right"—as his motto (still used by the British monarchy today), echoing his earlier boast to Emperor Henry that his rank acknowledged no superior but God.

Although he was born in Oxford and brought up in England up to his eighth year, it is not known to what extent he used or understood English; he was an educated man who composed poetry and wrote in Limousin (lenga d'òc) and also in French.

Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Final years of Henry II's reign

He is referred to as "this our lion" (hic leo noster) as early as 1187 in the Topographia Hibernica of Giraldus Cambrensis, while the byname "lionheart" (le quor de lion) is first recorded in Ambroise's L'Estoire de la Guerre Sainte in the context of the Accon campaign of 1191.Henry seemed unwilling to entrust any of his sons with resources that could be used against him.

Richard named Richard de Camville and Robert of Thornham as governors.

Richard I most likely used four languages.


The Battles of Saratoga (September 19 and October 7, 1777) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign, giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War.

First Saratoga: Battle of Freeman's Farm (September 19) | Battle

The battle then went through phases alternating between intense fighting and breaks in the action.

Learning that Morgan was in trouble, Gates ordered out two more regiments (1st and 3rd New Hampshire) to support him, with additional regiments (2nd New York, 4th New York, the 1st Canadian, and Connecticut militia) from the brigade of Enoch Poor to follow.

Second Saratoga: Battle of Bemis Heights (October 7) | British foray

When American scouts brought news of Burgoyne's movement to Gates, he ordered Morgan's riflemen out to the far left, with Poor's men (1st, 2nd, and 3rd New Hampshire) on the left; the 2nd and 4th New York Regiments on the right, and Learned's 1st New York, 1st Canadian, 2nd, 8th and 9th Massachusetts Regiments, plus militia companies, in the center.

A force of 1,200 New York militia under Brigadier General Abraham Ten Broeck was held in reserve behind Learned's line.

He fought two small battles to break out which took place 18 days apart on the same ground, 9 miles (14 km) south of Saratoga, New York.

If Clinton left New York on September 22, "about ten days" after he wrote the letter, he still could not hope to arrive in the vicinity of Saratoga before the end of the month.

Skirmishing continued in the days following the battle, while Burgoyne waited in the hope that reinforcements would arrive from New York City.

The northern pincer was to proceed southward from Montreal, and the three forces were to meet in the vicinity of Albany, New York, severing New England from the other colonies.

The western pincer under the command of Barry St. Leger was to progress from Ontario through western New York, following the Mohawk River, and the southern pincer was to progress up the Hudson River valley from New York City.

He withdrew his men 10–15 miles north, near present-day Schuylerville, New York.

Battles of Saratoga was a fight in Saratoga, New York between the Union and the Confederates.


Managerial and coaching career | Detroit Tigers

During Trammell's three years as manager, the Tigers compiled a record of 186–300.During the 2003 season, Detroit nearly matched the modern MLB record of 120 losses, set by the expansion New York Mets (40–120) in 1962.

The team lost 119 games in his first season in 2003, an American League record, before posting a 72–90 record in 2004.

Managerial and coaching career | Return to Detroit Tigers

During the 2015 season, Trammell served as interim first-base coach when Omar Vizquel temporarily left the team on bereavement leave.

Alan Trammell was named the manager of a struggling Tigers team on October 9, 2002.

His entire 20-year playing career in Major League Baseball (MLB) was with the Detroit Tigers.

While playing for the Tigers' farm team in Montgomery of the Southern League, Trammell played his first game with teammate Lou Whitaker before the two infielders were promoted, making their major league debut at Fenway Park together, during the second game of a double-header on September 9, 1977, the first of nineteen seasons together.

On October 3, 2005, the Tigers released Trammell after three seasons in which the organization failed to post a winning record.

Playing career | Later years, injuries and retirement

During the following season, he played in 29 games before breaking his right ankle and missing the remainder of the 1992 season.

Trammell and Whitaker made a cameo appearance on the television show Magnum, P.I., starring Tom Selleck, during the 1983 season.

Had a 20-game hit streak during the 1984 season.

Not only did Trammell play his entire career with the Tigers, he also coached the team during the 2004 season.


After the Supreme Leader, the Constitution defines the President of Iran as the highest state authority.

The government of Iran supports the military activities of its allies in Syria, Iraq, and Lebanon (Hezbollah) with military and financial aid.

Iran and Syria are close strategic allies, and Iran has provided significant support for the Syrian Government in the Syrian Civil War.

Government and politics | Supreme Leader

The budget bill for every year, as well as withdrawing money from the National Development Fund of Iran, require Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei's approval and permission.

In 750, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads, notably by the support from the "mawali" (converted Iranians).

Others are elected by the Parliament, from among the jurists nominated by the Head of the Judiciary.

Others include speakers of a number of other Iranian languages within the greater Indo-European family, and languages belonging to some other ethnicities living in Iran.

After him, several others like Russi Khan, Ardeshir Khan, and Ali Vakili tried to establish new movie theaters in Tehran.

In spite of originating from the region of Persis (better known as Persia) in southwestern Iran, the Persian language was used and developed further through Persianate societies in Asia Minor, Central Asia, and South Asia, leaving massive influences on Ottoman and Mughal literatures, among others.

With the screening of the films Qeysar and The Cow, directed by Masoud Kimiai and Dariush Mehrjui respectively in 1969, alternative films set out to establish their status in the film industry and Bahram Beyzai's Downpour and Nasser Taghvai's Tranquility in the Presence of Others followed soon.

Peoples of other ethno-linguistic groups make up the remaining 21%, with Azerbaijanis constituting 16%, Arabs 2%, Turkmens and other Turkic tribes 2%, and others (such as Armenians, Talysh, Georgians, Circassians, Assyrians) 1%.The Library of Congress issued slightly different estimates: 65% Persians (including Mazenderanis, Gilaks, and the Talysh), 16% Azerbaijanis, 7% Kurds, 6% Lurs, 2% Baloch, 1% Turkic tribal groups (incl.

Iran supports other countries' militarizes with money.


The name derives from the substitution of the letters X, Y and Z for the names of French diplomats

Z. The use of these disguising letters led the business to immediately become known as the "XYZ Affair.

The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War.

On March 20, Adams turned them over, with the names of some of the French actors redacted and replaced by the letters W, X, Y, and

Talleyrand was called to the Directory to account for his role in the affair.

He denied all association with the informal negotiators, and enlisted the assistance of Gerry in exposing the agents whose names had been redacted, a charade Gerry agreed to participate in.

Gerry, in his private report on the affair to Adams in 1799, claimed credit for maintaining the peace, and for influencing significant changes in French policy that lessened the hostilities and eventually brought a peace treaty.

His exchanges with Talleyrand laid groundwork for the eventual end to diplomatic and military hostilities.

What followed were a series of meetings that took place outside formal diplomatic channels.

While the American diplomats were in Europe, President Adams considered his options in the event of the commission's failure.

The letters in the The XYZ Affair refer to code names for diplomats.


The York family is mainly of English ancestry, with Scots-Irish ancestry as well.

Historical reputation and legacy | Discovery of 'lost' battlefield

There are battlefield guides available at the Sergeant York Historic Trail.

York was promptly promoted to sergeant and received the Distinguished Service Cross.

Alvin Cullum York (December 13, 1887 – September 2, 1964), also known as Sergeant York

Historical reputation and legacy | Monuments and memorials

The riderless horse in the 2004 funeral procession of President Ronald Reagan was named Sergeant York.

York was immediately promoted to sergeant and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross; an investigation resulted in the upgrading of the award to the Medal of Honor.

On York's behalf, Skeyhill wrote an "autobiography" in the first person and was credited as the editor of Sergeant York: His Own Life Story and War Diary.

In 1941 the movie Sergeant York, directed by Howard Hawks with Gary Cooper in the title role, told about his life and Medal of Honor action.

The U.S. Army ROTC's Sergeant York Award is presented to cadets who excel in the program and devote additional time and effort to maintaining and expanding it.

In October 2006, United States Army Colonel Douglas Mastriano, head of the Sergeant York Discovery Expedition (SYDE), conducted research to locate the York battle site.

I exploits, Sergeant York, was that year's highest-grossing film; Gary Cooper won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of York, and the film was credited with enhancing American morale as the US mobilized for action in World War II.

Sergeant York had Italian roots.


She was the first Israeli woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize.

In 2009, Yonath received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas A. Steitz for her studies on the structure and function of the ribosome, becoming the first Israeli woman to win the Nobel Prize out of ten Israeli Nobel laureates, the first woman from the Middle East to win a Nobel prize in the sciences, and the first woman in 45 years to win the Nobel Prize for Chemistry.

Ada E. Yonath (Hebrew: עדה יונת, pronounced [ˈada joˈnat]) (born 22 June 1939) is an Israeli crystallographer best known for her pioneering work on the structure of the ribosome.

In 2009, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (co-recipient with Thomas Steitz and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan).

Nobel Prize winner William N. Lipscomb, Jr. of Harvard University where she was inspired to pursue very large structures.

Yonath is a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences; the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities; the European Academy of Sciences and Art and the European Molecular Biology Organization.

In 2002, Harvey Prize In 2004, Massry Prize

In 2006, Rothschild Prize in Life Sciences.

Her awards and honors include the following:  In 2002, Israel Prize

In 2006, Wolf Prize in Chemistry along with George Feher.

Ada Yonath was the original female from her nation to win the Nobel Prize.


The name Golden Horde, a partial calque of Russian Золотая Орда (Zolotája Ordá), itself supposedly a partial calque of Turkic Altan Orda, is said to have been inspired by the golden color of the tents the Mongols lived in during wartime, or an actual golden tent used by Batu Khan or by Uzbek Khan, or to have been bestowed by the Slavic tributaries to describe the great wealth of the khan.

Golden Age | Berke–Hulagu war (1262–1266)

He was well loved by the people and called the "sun of Russia".

The title of grand duke went to Aleksandr Mikhailovich.

Mikhail Yaroslavich was summoned to appear before Nogai in Sarai, and Daniel of Moscow declined to come.

In 1248, Güyük demanded Batu come eastward to meet him, a move that some contemporaries regarded as a pretext for Batu's arrest.

Ivan I Kalita was granted the title of grand prince and given the right to collect taxes from other Rus' potentates.

From Prince Yaroslav to the people of Riga, to the great and the young, and to all: your way is clear through my lands; and who comes to fight, with them I do as I know; but for the merchant the way is clear.

Geography and society | Internal organization

Sarai was described by the famous traveller Ibn Battuta as "one of the most beautiful cities ... full of people, with the beautiful bazaars and wide streets", and having 13 congregational mosques along with "plenty of lesser mosques".

Disintegration | Great Horde (1459–1502)

Küchük Muhammad was succeeded by his son Mahmud bin Küchük in 1459, from which point on the Golden Horde came to be known as the Great Horde.

According to other sources, he was released from the Lithuanian prison in 1527.Records of Golden Horde existence reach however as far as end of 18th century

The title Golden Horde is said to have come from the color of the sun.


In most cases the Golden Horde did not implement direct control over the people they conquered.

Ahmed's sons were unable to maintain the Great Horde.

In 1480, Ahmed organized a military campaign against Moscow, resulting in a face off between two opposing armies known as the Great Stand on the Ugra River.

The Golden Horde was thus ruled by two khans.

The Crimean Khanate, which had become a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire in 1475, subjugated what remained of the Great Horde, sacking Sarai in 1502.

By the 1440s, a descendant of Edigu by the name of Musa bin Waqqas was ruling at Saray-Jük as an independent khan of the Nogai Horde.

Meanwhile, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania attacked the western tributaries of the Golden Horde and conquered Kiev and Podolia after the Battle of Blue Waters in 1363.

The descendants of Batu ruled the Golden Horde from Sarai Batu and later Sarai Berke, controlling an area ranging from the Volga River and the Carpathian mountains to the mouth of the Danube River.

The Golden Horde, later known as the Great Horde, directly ruled the people they conquered.


In the later part of his life, George had recurrent, and eventually permanent, mental illness.

Titles, styles and arms | Titles and styles

His style became "George the Third, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith.

George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death in 1820.

In 1801, when Great Britain united with Ireland, he dropped the title of king of France, which had been used for every English monarch since Edward III's claim to the French throne in the medieval period.

French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars

In 1800, the British and Irish Parliaments passed an Act of Union that took effect on 1 January 1801 and united Great Britain and Ireland into a single state, known as the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland".

31 March 1751 – 20 April 1751: His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh 20 April 1751 – 25 October 1760: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales 25 October 1760 – 29 January 1820: His Majesty The KingIn Great Britain, George III used the official style "George the Third, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, and so forth".

George III is often accused of obstinately trying to keep Great Britain at war with the revolutionaries in America, despite the opinions of his own ministers.

They became: Quarterly, I and IV England; II Scotland; III Ireland; overall an escutcheon of Hanover surmounted by an electoral bonnet.

William Pitt | Slavery and the slave trade

During most of his reign, King George III opposed the abolitionist movement.

For George III, Pitt's appointment was a great victory.

During and after Pitt's ministry, George III was extremely popular in Britain.

King of Great Britain and King of Ireland George III became mad.


After serving in the U.S. Navy in 1945 and part of 1946, he came back to play for the Fort Worth Cats that year, and also for St. Paul in 1947.

Snider, Duke; Gilbert, Bill (1988).

The Duke Snider Story. Julian Messner, Inc.

Duke rebounded that year to hit .308 with 23 home runs and 88 RBI in 370 at bats while sharing fielding duties in right and center fields with Don Demeter and rookie Ron Fairly.

Born in Los Angeles, Snider was nicknamed "Duke" by his father at age 5.

Edwin Donald "Duke" Snider (September 19, 1926 – February 27, 2011), nicknamed "The Silver Fox" and "The Duke of Flatbush", was an American professional baseball player.

The Duke Of Flatbush. Citadel.

Major leagues | 1955 MVP balloting controversy

Snider did win the Sporting News National League Player of the Year Award for 1955, and the Sid Mercer Award, emblematic of his selection by the New York branch of the BBWAA as the National League's best player of 1955.

He played in 39 more games that season and became a friend of Jackie Robinson before he was sent to the St. Paul team in early July.

He played briefly for the Montreal Royals of the International League in 1944 (batting twice) and for the Newport News Dodgers in the Piedmont League in the same year.

Duke Snider was a Sailor for a bit more than a year.


Today only five copies are known to exist.

Sol White is perhaps best known for writing History of Colored Base Ball, also known (on the title page) as Sol White's Official Base Ball Guide.

White's History of Colored Base Ball was the first book devoted to black professional baseball, and it would remain the only one for more than 60 years, until Robert W. Peterson published Only the Ball Was White in 1970.

Sol White's career as a baseball writer would continue with a series of articles on "colored baseball" in the Cleveland Advocate, a black newspaper, in 1919.

In addition to White's narrative of the history of black professional teams, the book featured chapters on "Colored Baseball as a Profession," "The Color Line," and "Managers' Troubles," among others.

Without a doubt this record will prove valuable in years to come." This second book on black baseball by Sol White never appeared.

Rube Foster, one of White's former players, contributed a chapter on "How to Pitch," and

White's mother, Judith, supported Sol and four siblings with her work as a "washer woman.

"One of the Globes players got his finger smashed and since they all knew Sol, the captain pushed him into the game.

This short book-within-a-book is history, but it can also be described as an almanac, a scorecard, an archive, a who's who of African-American baseball up to 1907.

King Solomon "Sol" White (June 12, 1868 – August 26, 1955) was an American professional baseball infielder, manager and executive, and one of the pioneers of the Negro leagues.

Sol White's book on African-American baseball is very rare today.


The novel centres on the Ramsay family and their visits to the Isle of Skye in Scotland between 1910 and 1920.

Allusions to autobiography and actual geography

The house was used by the family as a family retreat during the summer for the next ten years.

The trip almost does not happen, as the children are not ready, but they eventually set off.

They are accompanied by the sailor Macalister and his son, who catches fish during the trip.

Their brother Adrian was not allowed to go on an expedition to Godrevy Lighthouse, just as in the novel James looks forward to visiting the lighthouse and is disappointed when the trip is cancelled.

In the final section, "The Lighthouse", some of the remaining Ramsays and other guests return to their summer home ten years after the events of Part I. Mr Ramsay finally plans on taking the long-delayed trip to the lighthouse with daughter Cam(illa) and son James (the remaining Ramsay children are virtually unmentioned in the final section).

Her visits with her parents and family to St Ives, Cornwall, where her father rented a house, were perhaps the happiest times of Woolf's life, but when she was thirteen

While they set sail for the lighthouse, Lily attempts to finally complete the painting she has held in her mind since the start of the novel.

Upon finishing the painting (just as the sailing party reaches the lighthouse) and seeing that it satisfies her, she realises that the execution of her vision is more important to her than the idea of leaving some sort of legacy in her work.

To the Lighthouse is a 1927 novel by Virginia Woolf.

To the Lighthouse revolves around the Homer family and their trips to Germany.


She played a significant role in the development of AZT, one of the first drugs used to treat HIV and AIDS.

Her work led to the creation of the AIDS drug AZT.

Elion's research contributed to the development of: "Antagonists of Nucleic Acid Derivatives.

During her time at Duke, she focused on mentoring medical and graduate students.

She continued to make important scientific contributions after her retirement.

Her fifteen financial aid applications for graduate school were turned down due to gender bias, so she enrolled in a secretarial school, where she attended only six weeks before she found a job.

Elion, G. (1989). " The Purine Path to Chemotherapy".

Elion never married or had children.

Elion was born in New York City on January 23, 1918, to parents Robert Elion, a Lithuanian Jewish immigrant and a dentist, and Bertha Cohen, a Polish immigrant.

Gertrude Elion died in North Carolina in 1999, aged 81.

Elion contributed to the forming of AZT, a medication for AIDS.


[aɱfiteˈaːtro ˈflaːvjo] or Colosseo [kolosˈsɛːo]), is an oval amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy.

The Colosseum or Coliseum ( KOL-ə-SEE-əm), also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium; Italian: Anfiteatro Flavio

Built of travertine limestone, tuff (volcanic rock), and brick-faced concrete, it was the largest amphitheatre ever built at the time and held 50,000 to 80,000 spectators.

However, much larger concerts have been held just outside, using the Colosseum as a backdrop.

The façade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827, and the interior was repaired in 1831, 1846 and in the 1930s.

They originally supported a retractable awning, known as the velarium, that kept the sun and rain off spectators.

The amphitheatre was ringed by eighty entrances at ground level, 76 of which were used by ordinary spectators.

Physical description | Supporting buildings

The Ludus Magnus had its own miniature training arena, which was itself a popular attraction for Roman spectators.

The interior of the amphitheater was extensively stripped of stone, which was reused elsewhere, or (in the case of the marble façade) was burned to make quicklime.

A Christian cross stands in the Colosseum, with a plaque, stating:  The amphitheater, one consecrated to triumphs, entertainments, and the impious worship of pagan gods, is now dedicated to the sufferings of the martyrs purified from impious superstitions.

Spectators were given tickets in the form of numbered pottery shards, which directed them to the appropriate section and row.

The north side of the perimeter wall is still standing; the distinctive triangular brick wedges at each end are modern additions, having been constructed in the early 19th century to shore up the wall.

The Colosseum is an triangular amphitheater that held 50,000 spectators.


A Twitter bot is a computer program that automatically posts on Twitter, they are programmed to tweet, retweet, and follow other accounts.

Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Character limits

In 2017, Twitter doubled their historical 140-character-limitation to 280.

In 2016, Twitter announced that media such as photos, videos, and the person's handle, would not count against the already constrictive 140 character limit.

Under the new limit, glyphs are counted as a variable number of characters, depending upon the script they are from: most European letters and punctuation forms count as one character, while each CJK glyph counts as two so that only 140 such glyphs can be used in a tweet.

"we'd like to thank you in 140 characters or less.

Tweets were originally restricted to 140 characters, but was doubled to 280 for non-CJK languages in November 2017.

Individual tweets can be forwarded by other users to their own feed, a process known as a "retweet".

Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Using SMS

The 140-character limit also increased the usage of URL shortening services such as bit.ly, goo.gl, tinyurl.com, tr.im, and other content-hosting services such as TwitPic, memozu.com and NotePub to accommodate multimedia content and text longer than 140 characters.

Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Hashtags, usernames, retweets and replies

To repost a message from another Twitter user and share it with one's own followers, a user can click the retweet button within the Tweet.

The tweets were set to a largely constrictive 140-character limit for compatibility with SMS messaging, introducing the shorthand notation and slang commonly used in SMS messages.

Twitter bot is a analog feed that is 140 characters that re-post tweets.


64 of the awards were for actions taken during the battle itself, with the first recipient being awarded in December 1864.

There were 72 Medals of Honor awarded for the Gettysburg Campaign.

The last Medal of Honor was posthumously awarded to Lieutenant Alonzo Cushing in 2014.

During this ceremony, President Abraham Lincoln honored the fallen and redefined the purpose of the war in his historic Gettysburg Address.

Background | Initial movements to battle

Stuart and his three best brigades were absent from the army during the crucial phase of the approach to Gettysburg and the first two days of battle.

The casualties for both sides during the entire campaign were 57,225.In addition to being the deadliest battle of the war, Gettysburg also had the highest number of generals killed in action.

Second day of battle | Attacks on the Union right flank

Avery was wounded early on, but the Confederates reached the crest of the hill and entered the Union breastworks, capturing one or two batteries.

First day of battle | Herr Ridge, McPherson Ridge and Seminary Ridge

About one quarter of Meade's army (22,000 men) and one third of Lee's army (27,000) were engaged.

On November 19, President Lincoln used the dedication ceremony for the Gettysburg National Cemetery to honor the fallen Union soldiers and redefine the purpose of the war in his historic Gettysburg Address.

Film records survive of two Gettysburg reunions, held on the battlefield.

During the Gettysburg Campaign there were seventy two Medals of Honor and the first one was awarded in 1866.


Set during Christmas 1183 at Henry II of England's castle in Chinon, Anjou, Angevin Empire, the play opens with the arrival of Henry's wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, whom he has had imprisoned since 1173.

The Lion in Winter is fictional and none of the dialogue and actions are historical; there was not a Christmas Court at Chinon in 1183.

Dramatic adaptations | Pastiches and parodies

The Fox TV drama Empire is explicitly based on The Lion in Winter.

He is impressive and handsome without being pretty.

A radio parody of The Lion in Winter entitled The Leopard in Autumn by Neil Anthony was originally broadcast in BBC Radio 4 in 2001 and 2002 and

Yet the play leaves open to question whether any of Henry's three sons should be thought to have been truly loved by either Henry or Eleanor and not merely used by King and Queen as pawns in their ceaseless scheming against one another.

The Lion in Winter is a 1966 play by James Goldman, depicting the personal and political conflicts of Henry II of England, his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, their children and their guests during Christmas 1183.

The story concerns the gamesmanship between Henry, Eleanor, their three surviving sons Richard, Geoffrey, and John, and their Christmas Court guest, the King of France, Philip II Augustus (French: Philippe Auguste), who was the son of Eleanor's ex-husband, Louis VII of France (by his third wife, Adelaide).

She has been a queen for nearly 46 years and is thoroughly capable of holding her own in a man's world.

Queen Eleanor (Female, 61) – Eleanor is the wife of Henry and a beautiful woman of hot temperament, and great authority and presence.

The Lion in Winter opens with the queen returning to court after being held captive by her husband.


It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a 1963 American comedy film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer with a screenplay by William Rose and Tania Rose from a story by Tania Rose.

During the production of Mad World, Hope was arguing with the studio about the future projects that he was due in his contract, and they ultimately refused to allow him to appear.

Ultra Panavision 70 was used to film

The film was promoted as the first film made in "one-projector" Cinerama. (The original Cinerama process filmed scenes with three separate cameras.

A restoration effort was made by Harris in an attempt to bring the film back as close as possible to the original roadshow release.

The consensus states " It's long, frantic, and stuffed to the gills with comic actors and set pieces—and that's exactly its charm." According to Paul Scrabo, Kramer began thinking about his success with Mad World during the 1970s, and considered bringing back many former cast members for a proposed film titled The Sheiks of Araby.

A communications mix-up resulted in the use of linen graphic sheets on the sign rather than paper, as planned.

It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World aficionados Mark Evanier, Michael Schlesinger, and Paul Scrabo, a new documentary on the film's visual and sound effects, an excerpt from a 1974 talk show hosted by Stanley Kramer featuring Sid Caesar, Buddy Hackett, and Jonathan Winters, a press interview from 1963 featuring Kramer and cast members, excerpts about the film's influence taken from the 2000 American Film Institute program 100 Years ... 100 Laughs, a two-part 1963 episode of Canadian TV program Telescope that follows the film's press junket and premiere, a segment from the 2012 special

The fire escape and ladder miniature used in the final chase sequence is on display at the Hollywood Museum in Hollywood.

After the money is dug up, Culpeper identifies himself and talks the entire group into turning themselves in, promising a jury will be more lenient if they do.

, Mad, Mad, Mad World featured at number 40 in the American Film Institute's list 100 Years ... 100 Laughs.

This is a dramatic film made to talk about the madness of the U.S. during the depression.


It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council.

Government and politics | Foreign relations

It is a founding member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States (OAS), NATO, and other international organizations.

The United States is a federal republic of 50 states, a federal district, five territories and several uninhabited island possessions.

The Supreme Court, led by the chief justice of the United States, has nine members, who serve for life.

The United Nations assigns the United States an Education Index of 0.97, tying it for 12th in the world.

The United States has a very diverse population; 37 ancestry groups have more than one million members.

The United States is the third most populous nation in the world, after China and India.

Of the world's 50 busiest passenger airports, 16 are in the United States, including the busiest, Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport.

Government and politics | Political divisions

The United States also observes tribal sovereignty of the American Indian nations to a limited degree, as it does with the states' sovereignty.

The United States is made up of 50 states and is a member of United Nations.


The Man Who Came to Dinner is a comedy in three acts by George S. Kaufman and Moss Hart.

Woollcott was delighted with The Man Who Came to Dinner and was offered the role for its Broadway debut.

The Man Who Came to Dinner was presented on Philip Morris Playhouse July 10, 1942.

In 1949, The Man Who Came to Dinner was produced for CBS Radio for The Hotpoint Holiday Hour.

Who Came to Dinner approved by the Hart and Kaufman estates which starred Simon Callow as Whiteside, Elizabeth McGovern as Maggie, with Conleth Hill as Bert Jefferson, Cheryl Campbell as Lorraine Sheldon, John Sessions as Banjo and Professor Metz, Colin Stinton as Mr. Stanley, and Malcolm Sinclair as Beverley Carlton.

In the movie, Monty Woolley's portrayal at times came across as mean for mean's sake.

For Christmas Day, 2000, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a Marcy Kahan adaptation of The Man

At the time the play was written

Woollcott did play Whiteside in the West Coast version of the play and was even joined by Harpo Marx, who portrayed his own referenced character, Banjo.

Drama Desk Award nominations went to Cook for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play and Nye for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play.

The Man Who Came to Dinner had 3 gigs in the comedic play.


The event raised $300,000 in college scholarship money for students who have survived cancer.

Red Hot Chili Peppers (commonly abbreviated as RHCP) are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983.

The musical style of the Red Hot Chili Peppers has been characterized as funk rock, alternative rock, funk metal and rap rock, with influences from hard, psychedelic and punk rock.

However, he changed this style when Red Hot Chili Peppers formed.

The band released their debut album, The Red Hot Chili Peppers, in August 1984.

History | 1998–2001: Return of Frusciante and Californication

With no guitarist, the Red Hot Chili Peppers were on the verge of breaking up.

The band changed its name to Red Hot Chili Peppers, playing several shows at LA venues.

In 1998, following Navarro's dismissal, Frusciante returned to Red Hot Chili Peppers.

After the Stadium Arcadium tour, Red Hot Chili Peppers went on an extended hiatus.

I'm with You, the tenth Red Hot Chili Peppers album, was released in the US in August 2011.

In 2018, the American rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers raised $300,000 for students who are pursuing music careers.


Vichy France (French: Régime de Vichy) is the common name of the French State (État français) headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.

While Paris remained the de jure capital of France, the government chose to relocate to the town of Vichy, 360 km (220 mi) to the south in the zone libre, which thus became the de facto capital of the French State.

Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government | Conditions of armistice and 10 July 1940 vote of full powers | Vichy government

On 10 July 1940, the Parliament and the government gathered in the quiet spa town of Vichy, their provisional capital in central France. (Lyon, France's second-largest city, would have been a more logical choice but mayor Édouard Herriot was too associated with the Third Republic.

The Armistice with France (Second Compiègne) agreement was signed on 22 June 1940.

The armistice divided France into occupied and unoccupied zones: northern and western France, including the entire Atlantic coast, was occupied by Germany, and the remaining two-fifths of the country was under the control of the French government with the capital at Vichy under Pétain.

Foreign relations | Colonial struggle with Free France | India and Oceania

They then served as bases for the Allied effort in the Pacific and contributed troops to the Free French Forces.

Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government | Conditions of armistice and 10 July 1940 vote of full powers | German custody

Attempts to negotiate the point with Germany proved unsuccessful, and the French decided not to press the issue to the point of refusing the Armistice.

Nouméa served as a headquarters of the United States Navy and Army in the South Pacific, and as a repair base for Allied vessels.

Historiographical debates and "Vichy Syndrome"

While the criminal behaviour of Vichy France was consistently acknowledged, this point of view denied any responsibility of the state of France, alleging that acts committed between 1940 and 1944 were unconstitutional acts devoid of legitimacy.

This allowed American forces to build an airbase and seaplane base on Wallis (Navy 207) that served the Allied Pacific operations.

One Senator and 26 Deputies were on the Massilia.

At one point, Vichy France served as the second capital of France.


It lacks a definite surface, though it may have a solid core.

One hypothesis is that the rings are remnants of a destroyed moon of Saturn.

It is the only satellite with hydrocarbon lakes.

Many of the other moons are small: 34 are less than 10 km in diameter and another 14 between 10 and 50 km in diameter.

It only has one-eighth the average density of Earth; however, with its larger volume, Saturn is over 95 times more massive.

The combination of the bulge and rotation rate means that the effective surface gravity along the equator, 8.96 m/s2, is 74% that at the poles and is lower than the surface gravity of Earth.

History of observation and exploration | Modern NASA and ESA probes | Voyager flybys

Surface features of various moons were seen for the first time.

History of observation and exploration | Modern NASA and ESA probes | Cassini–Huygens spacecraft

Huygens descended onto the surface of Titan on 14 January 2005.Starting in early 2005, scientists used Cassini to track lightning on Saturn.

Saturn's magnetic field strength is around one-twentieth of Jupiter's.

With an average orbital speed of 9.68 km/s, it takes Saturn 10,759 Earth days (or about 29 1⁄2 years) to finish one revolution around the Sun.

Saturn has many hydrocarbon pools on its surface.


His playing time was gradually curtailed as he concentrated on management.

An active sportswriter for many years, he wrote the first definitive history of black baseball in 1907.

He brought along Rube Foster and a number of American black players, but the team lost five of its first six games, and White and most of his players were released.

He returned to baseball to serve as secretary for the Columbus Buckeyes of the Negro National League in 1921, and helped bring in his old player, John Henry Lloyd, as player-manager.

By the time he was 16, he "attracted the attention of managers of independent teams throughout the Ohio Valley and his services were in great demand." Originally a shortstop, White eventually "developed into a great all-round player filling any position from catcher to right field." In 1887 he joined the Pittsburgh Keystones of the National Colored Base Ball League[1] as a left fielder and later second baseman.

In 1910 he was hired to manage the Brooklyn Royal Giants, but had trouble controlling some of the players, and left after the season.

" The book was also illustrated with 57 photographs of players, manager, and owners, many of them found nowhere else.

In addition to White's narrative of the history of black professional teams, the book featured chapters on "Colored Baseball as a Profession," "The Color Line," and "Managers' Troubles," among others.

Sol always remembered that game for the captain and second baseman of the Marietta team was none other than Ban B. Johnson, in later years president of the American League and a leading sportsman of the West.

In the off-season the Ohio State League renamed itself the Tri-State League and banned black players, including White.

The Giants were at first paid on a profit-sharing "cooperative plan," but in 1903 White reorganized the team and put all the players on salary.

In 1891 he played for the Big Gorhams of New York, a team that he later called "without a doubt one of the strongest teams ever gotten together, white or black." The Gorhams briefly represented Norwalk, Connecticut, in the Connecticut State League.

American baseball player was a black player in Pittsburgh who later managed teams.


The standard unit of kinetic energy is the joule, while the imperial unit of kinetic energy is the foot-pound.

mv2 was first developed by Gottfried Leibniz and Johann Bernoulli, who described kinetic energy as the living force, vis viva.

The dichotomy between kinetic energy and potential energy can be traced back to Aristotle's concepts of actuality and potentiality.

The density functional formalism of quantum mechanics requires knowledge of the electron density only, i.e., it formally does not require knowledge of the wavefunction.

In physics, the kinetic energy (KE) of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion.

The terms kinetic energy and work in their present scientific meanings date back to the mid-19th century.

Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of rigid bodies

In SI units, mass is measured in kilograms, speed in metres per second, and the resulting kinetic energy is in joules.

Newtonian kinetic energy | Fluid dynamics

m m v 2                                     {\displaystyle E_{\text{k}}={\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}}   Dividing by V, the unit of volume: E

Relativistic kinetic energy of rigid bodies

With m being an object's rest mass, v and v its velocity and speed, and c the speed of light in vacuum, we use the expression for linear momentum

Early understandings of these ideas can be attributed to Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis, who in 1829 published the paper titled Du Calcul de l'Effet des Machines outlining the mathematics of kinetic energy.

Kinetic energy (KE) has the standard unit of the watt and the idea can be traced back to Aristotle but the math was formalized by Leibniz and Johann Bernoulli.


The Suez Canal (Arabic: قناة السويس qanāt as-suwēs) is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez.

It is often considered to define the border between Africa and Asia.

In recent years, the shrinking Arctic sea ice has made the Northern Sea Route feasible for commercial cargo ships between Europe and East Asia during a six-to-eight-week window in the summer months, shortening the voyage by thousands of miles compared to that through the Suez Canal.

Precursors | Canals dug by Necho, Darius I and Ptolemy

Darius commemorated his achievement with a number of granite stelae that he set up on the Nile bank, including one near Kabret, and a further one a few miles north of Suez.

The canal allows passage of ships up to 20 m (66 ft) draft or 240,000 deadweight tons and up to a height of 68 m (223 ft) above water level and a maximum beam of 77.5 m (254 ft) under certain conditions.

Precursors | Napoleon's discovery of an ancient canal

During the French campaign in Egypt and Syria in late 1798, Napoleon showed an interest in finding the remnants of an ancient waterway passage.

Despite the efforts of the United States, Israel, Egypt, and others to obtain an extension of the UN role in observing the peace between Israel and Egypt, as called for under the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty of 1979, the mandate could not be extended because of the veto by the Soviet Union in the UN Security Council, at the request of Syria.

So he first, and Darius afterwards, stopped making the canal, lest the sea should mix with the river water and spoil it.

It played an important role in increasing European colonization of Africa.

The zone incorporates the three "Qualifying Industrial Zones" at Port Said, Ismailia and Suez, a 1996 American initiative to encourage economic ties between Israel and its neighbors.

History | Inauguration (17 November 1869)

The following boats had to anchor in the canal itself until the Péluse was hauled clear the next morning, making it difficult for them to join that night's celebration in Ismailia.

The Suez Canal in Syria makes up the border between the continents of Africa and Asia.


Elion was born in New York City on January 23, 1918, to parents Robert Elion, a Lithuanian Jewish immigrant and a dentist, and Bertha Cohen, a Polish immigrant.

Her family lost their wealth after the Wall Street Crash of 1929.

Gertrude "Trudy" Belle Elion (January 23, 1918 – February 21, 1999) was an American biochemist and pharmacologist, who shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with George H. Hitchings and Sir James Black for their use of innovative methods of rational drug design for the development of new drugs.

Soon after graduating from Hunter College, Elion met Leonard Canter, an outstanding statistics student at City College of New York (CCNY).

She never obtained a formal Ph.D., but was later awarded an honorary Ph.D. from New York University Tandon School of Engineering (then Polytechnic University of New York) in 1989 and an honorary S.D. degree from Harvard University in 1998.

Elion, G. (1989). " The Purine Path to Chemotherapy".

Eventually, she saved up enough money to attend New York University and she earned her M.Sc.

She pursued graduate studies at night school at New York University Tandon School of Engineering (then Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute),

Elion was the fifth female Nobel laureate in Medicine and the ninth in science in general, and one of only a handful of laureates without a doctoral degree.

In 1944, she left to work as an assistant to George H. Hitchings at the Burroughs-Wellcome pharmaceutical company (now GlaxoSmithKline) in Tuckahoe, New York.

Gertrude B. Elion was born in New York City on January 23, 1918 in which her family lost their wealth after the Wall Street Crash of 1929.


Sir Henry Morton Stanley (born John Rowlands; 28 January 1841 –  10 May 1904) was a Welsh-American journalist, explorer, soldier, colonial administrator, author and politician who was famous for his exploration of central Africa and his search for missionary and explorer David Livingstone, whom he later claimed to have greeted with the now-famous line: "Dr Livingstone, I presume?

Following the Civil War, Stanley became a journalist in the days of frontier expansion in the American West.

Stanley accompanied that force as a special correspondent of the New York Herald.

James Sligo Jameson, heir to Irish whiskey manufacturer Jameson's, bought an 11-year-old girl and offered her to cannibals to document and sketch how she was cooked and eaten.

He then organised an expedition to the Ottoman Empire that ended catastrophically when he was imprisoned.

He eventually talked his way out of jail and received restitution for damaged expedition equipment.

In 1867, the Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II held a British envoy and others hostage, and a force was sent to achieve the release of the hostages.

Stanley's report  on the Battle of Magdala in 1868 was the first to be published.

Subsequently, he was assigned to report on Spain's Glorious Revolution in 1868.

In 2004, Welsh journalist Tim Butcher wrote his book Blood River: A Journey to Africa's Broken Heart.

When he met the American journalist and traveller May Sheldon, he was attracted because she was a modern woman who insisted on serious conversation and not social chit-chat.

Stanley was an Irish journalist.


The Exorcist is a 1971 novel by American writer William Peter Blatty.

In September 2011, the novel was reprinted by Harper Collins to celebrate its fortieth anniversary, with slight revisions made by Blatty as well as interior title artwork by Jeremy Caniglia.

The novel was inspired by a 1949 case of demonic possession and exorcism that Blatty heard about while he was a student in the class of 1950 at Georgetown University.

In 1975, Britain released The Devil Within Her (also called I Don't Want to Be Born) with Joan Collins as an exotic dancer who gives birth to a demon-possessed child.

The Exorcist is a 1973 American supernatural horror film directed by William Friedkin, adapted by William Peter Blatty from his 1971 novel of the same name, and starring Ellen Burstyn, Linda Blair, Max von Sydow, and Jason Miller.

The book details the demonic possession of twelve-year-old Regan MacNeil, the daughter of a famous actress, and the two priests who attempt to exorcise the demon.

It was published by Harper & Row.

As a result, the novel takes place in Washington D.C. near the campus of Georgetown University.

In November 2009, it was announced that Blatty planned to direct a miniseries of The Exorcist.

Films | Related films | The Ninth Configuration (1980)

Though it contrasts sharply with the tone of The Exorcist, Blatty regards Configuration as its true sequel.

Blatty wrote it in 1971 and it was reprinted by Collins in 2010.


The story begins on Wang Lung's wedding day and follows the rise and fall of his fortunes.

It was the best-selling novel in the United States in both 1931 and 1932, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1932, and was influential in Buck's winning the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1938.

However, the 1937 film, The Good Earth, which was based on the stage version, was more successful.

Some scholars have seen The Good Earth as creating sympathy for China in the oncoming war with Japan.

The Good Earth is a novel by Pearl S. Buck published in 1931 that dramatizes family life in a Chinese village in the early 20th century.

Characters | Wang Lung's concubines and servants

Helps arrange the eldest son's and youngest daughter's marriages.

If they had, Americans would have been fighting in Asia long before 1941."The Columbia University political scientist Andrew J. Nathan praised Hilary Spurling's book Pearl Buck in China: Journey to The Good Earth, saying that it should move readers to rediscover Buck's work as a source of insight into both revolutionary China and the United States' interactions with it.

When a food riot erupts, Wang Lung is swept up in a mob that is looting a rich man's house and corners the man himself, who fears for his life and gives Wang Lung all his money in order to buy his safety.

It is the first book in her House of Earth trilogy, continued in Sons (1932) and A House Divided (1935).

Following the marriage of Wang Lung and O-Lan, both work hard on their farm and slowly save enough money to buy one plot of land at a time from the Hwang family.

The Good Earth is an award winning tale about a Asian man's marriage ceremony day.


Washington never used the mansion because it was not completed until after the national capital was moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in December 1790.The

Following his April 1789 inauguration, President George Washington occupied two private houses in New York City as the executive mansion.

In 2013, President Barack Obama had a set of solar panels installed on the roof of the White House, making it the first time solar power would be used for the president's living quarters.

Public access and security | Historical accessibility

Lincoln put up with the annoyance rather than risk alienating some associate or friend of a powerful politician or opinion maker.

The building Hoban designed is verifiably influenced by the upper floors of Leinster House, in Dublin, which later became the seat of the Oireachtas (the Irish parliament).

The term "White House" is often used as a metonym for the president and his advisers.

The White House since the Kennedy restoration | Layout and amenities

Today the group of buildings housing the presidency is known as the White House Complex.

The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States.

Although the structure was not completed until some years after the presidency of George Washington, there is speculation that the name of the traditional residence of the president of the United States may have derived from Martha Washington's home, White House Plantation in Virginia, where the nation's first president had courted the first lady in the mid-18th century.

On Saturday, November 1, 1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House.

Furniture, fixtures, and decorative arts could now be declared either historic or of artistic interest by the president.

A Carter-era innovation, a set of solar water heating panels that were mounted on the roof of the White House, was removed during Reagan's presidency.

The White House was not always the seat of power of the President.


Bowie was born David Robert Jones on 8 January 1947 in Brixton, London.

Her paternal grandparents were Irish immigrants who had settled in Manchester.

Music career | 1999–2012: Neoclassicist era

On 25 June 2000, Bowie made his second appearance at the Glastonbury Festival in England, playing 30 years after his first.

At the mural of Bowie in his birthplace of Brixton, south London, which shows him in his Aladdin Sane character, fans laid flowers and sang his songs.

Music career | 1974–1976: "Plastic soul" and the Thin White Duke

He later commented that the accompanying live album, David Live, ought to have been titled "David Bowie Is Alive and

On 8 January 2017, which would have been Bowie's 70th birthday, a charity concert in his birthplace of Brixton was hosted by the actor Gary Oldman, a close friend.

Music career | 1968–1971: Space Oddity to Hunky Dory

A girlfriend recalled his "scrawling notes on a cocktail napkin about a crazy rock star named Iggy or Ziggy", and on his return to England he declared his intention to create a character "who looks like he's landed from Mars".

An exhibition of Bowie artefacts, called David Bowie Is, was organised by the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, and shown there in 2013.

David Robert Jones (8 January 1947 – 10 January 2016), better known by his stage name David Bowie ( BOH-ee), was an English singer-songwriter and actor.

In May 2015, "Let's Dance" was announced to be reissued as a yellow vinyl single on 16 July 2015 in conjunction with the David Bowie

David Bowie birthplace is Manchester, England.


The concept of diffusion is widely used in many fields, including physics (particle diffusion), chemistry, biology, sociology, economics, and finance (diffusion of people, ideas, and price values).

Another example is well known for many centuries, the diffusion of colors of stained glass or earthenware and Chinese ceramics.

Diffusion in the context of different disciplines

Therefore, the "net" movement of oxygen molecules (the difference between the number of molecules either entering or leaving the cell) is into the cell.

The term convection is used to describe the combination of both transport phenomena.

Random walk of small particles in suspension in a fluid was discovered in 1827 by Robert Brown,he found that minute particle suspended in a liquid medium and just large enough to be visible under an optical microscope exhibit a rapid and continually irregular motion of particles known as Brownian movement.

In modern science, the first systematic experimental study of diffusion was performed by Thomas Graham.

Random walk (random motion) | Other types of diffusion

Momentum diffusion ex. the diffusion of the hydrodynamic velocity field

Diffusion in physics | The theory of diffusion in gases based on Boltzmann's equation

For example, in the Earth's gravitational field, the heavier molecules should go down, or in electric field the charged molecules should move, until this effect is not equilibrated by the sum of other terms.

Anisotropic diffusion, also known as the Perona–Malik equation, enhances high gradients

Anomalous diffusion, in porous medium Atomic diffusion, in solids Bohm diffusion, spread of plasma across magnetic fields

Diffusion is known to be phenomena in many different fields of science.


Perry had a reputation throughout his career for doctoring baseballs, and was inspected on the mound by umpires and monitored closely by opposing teams.

Gaylord Jackson Perry (born September 15, 1938) is an American former professional baseball player.

Perry has three daughters. Perry had one son, Gaylord Jackson

"Perry used his reputation to psyche out the hitters as well.

Jackson returned from the dugout with a container of Gatorade, splashing Gatorade onto the field while yelling at the umpire that Perry should be allowed to use the Gatorade on the baseball.

The Sporting News ranked Perry 97th on their list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players.

Reggie Jackson was so upset after striking out against Perry one time that Jackson was ejected from the game.

In 1999, The Sporting News ranked him 97th on their list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players.

Gaylord attended Williamston High School, where he played football, basketball and baseball.

Professional career | Atlanta Braves (1981)

During the strike-shortened 1981 season, Perry, the oldest player at the time in Major League baseball, started 23 games (150.2 innings) and had an 8–9 record.

American baseball player Gaylord Jackson Perry had a reputation for trying to cheat.


Music career | The Rocky Horror Picture Show

The success of the musical led to the filming of The Rocky Horror Picture Show in which Meat Loaf played only Eddie, a decision he said made the movie not as good as the musical.

In late 1973, Meat Loaf was cast in the original L.A. Roxy cast of The Rocky Horror Show, playing the parts of Eddie and Dr. Everett Scott.

His most notable film roles include Eddie in The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975), and Robert "Bob" Paulson in Fight Club (1999).

Two other cast members from More Than You Deserve were also part of this cast; Graham Jarvis (playing The Narrator) and Kim Milford (playing Rocky).

Meat Loaf later returned occasionally to perform "Hot Patootie – Bless My Soul" for a special Rocky Horror reunion or convention, and rarely at his own live shows (one performance of which was released in the 1996 Live Around the World CD set).

During his recording of the soundtrack for Rocky Horror, Meat Loaf recorded two more songs: "Stand by Me" (a Ben E. King cover), and "Clap Your Hands".

He then convinced Lou Adler, the producer of Rocky Horror, to run the "Paradise" video as a trailer to the movie.

the series' tribute episode to The Rocky Horror Picture Show.

Meat Loaf's final theatrical show in New York was Gower Champion's Rockabye Hamlet, a Hamlet musical.

Meat Loaf sang lead on five of the album's nine tracks.

In the original theater play of Rocky Horror Picture Show Meat loaf played Dr. Scott as well as Eddie instead of just Eddie as in the film.


The Trial (original German title: Der Process, later Der Proceß, Der Prozeß and Der Prozess) is a novel written by Franz Kafka between 1914 and 1915 and published posthumously in 1925.

Heavily influenced by Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment and The Brothers Karamazov, Kafka even went so far as to call Dostoyevsky a blood relative.

Interpretation | Relations to other texts by Kafka

There are many parallels between Kafka's The Trial and his other major novel, The Castle.

After Kafka's death in 1924 his friend and literary executor Max Brod edited the text for publication by Verlag Die Schmiede.

Like Kafka's other novels, The Trial was never completed, although it does include a chapter which appears to bring the story to an intentionally abrupt ending.

Kafka's novel The Castle shows similar tendencies as well.

His version of The Trial was first performed in 1970 in London and published in 1981.

The writer and director Steven Berkoff adapted several of Kafka's novels into plays and directed them for stage.

Directed by François Girard, his version of The Trial was first performed in 2004 in Montreal and Ottawa, Canada, and published in 2005.

Willem and Franz – Officers who arrest K. one morning but refuse to disclose the crime he is said to have committed.

The novel The Trial was published after Franz Kafka's death and was heavily influenced by Dostoyevsky.


A stage, film and television star, she was known during her 60-year career as a consummate and versatile professional for her strong, realistic screen presence.

Barbara Stanwyck (born Ruby Catherine Stevens; July 16, 1907 – January 20, 1990) was an American actress, model and dancer.

Stanwyck got her start on the stage in the chorus as a Ziegfeld girl in 1923 at age 16 and within a few years was acting in plays.

" Film critic David Thomson described Stanwyck as "giving one of the best American comedy performances", and its reviewed as brilliantly versatile in "her bravura double performance" by The Guardian.

She became a picture star. She is Barbara Stanwyck.

"Many of her roles involve strong characters, yet Stanwyck was known for her accessibility and kindness to the backstage crew on any film set.

The Barbara Stanwyck Show was not a ratings success, but it earned her an Emmy Award.

Pauline Kael, a longtime film critic for The New Yorker, admired the natural appearance of Stanwyck's acting style on screen, noting that she "seems to have an intuitive understanding of the fluid physical movements that work best on camera".

As initially staged, the play was not a success.

At the suggestion of David Belasco, Ruby changed her name to Barbara Stanwyck by combining the first name from the play Barbara Frietchie with the last name of the actress in the play, Jane Stanwyck; both were found on a 1906 theater program.

In this update of the Snow White and Seven Dwarfs tale, she gives professor Gary Cooper a better understanding of "modern English" in the performance for which she received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress.

Barbara Stanwyck was best known for her acting and stage performances.


Richie considered studying divinity to become a priest in the Episcopal Church, but he ultimately decided he was not "priest material" and decided to continue his musical career.

Richie suffered prolonged throat problems and had surgery four times in four years before being told by conventional doctors that he could lose his singing career.

I love Lionel Richie,' they say.

show An Audience with Lionel Richie.

In accepting the award, Richie said: "Forget about surviving 30 some odd years in the music business, Lionel Richie survived 27 years of Nicole Richie." On December 31, 2008, Richie performed in Times Square for the New Year's Eve celebration and ball drop.

Richie was born and raised in Tuskegee, Alabama, the son of Lionel Brockman Richie Sr. and Alberta R. Foster

Richie was also awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music.

They can sing an entire Lionel Richie song.

Richie was against the war and has said he would like to perform in Baghdad someday.

On March 4, 2011, Richie appeared on NBC's Who

Richie and Rogers maintained a strong friendship in later years.

Richie wanted to be a clergyman.


When light reflects off of a material with higher refractive index than the medium in which is traveling, it undergoes a 180° phase shift.

In fact, reflection of light may occur whenever light travels from a medium of a given refractive index into a medium with a different refractive index.

Reflection of light | Complex conjugate reflection

If one were to look into a complex conjugating mirror, it would be black because only the photons which left the pupil would reach the pupil.

Reflection of light | Laws of reflection | Mechanism

Light–matter interaction in terms of photons is a topic of quantum electrodynamics, and is described in detail by Richard Feynman in his popular book QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter.

Reflection of light | Diffuse reflection

The exact form of the reflection depends on the structure of the material.

Reflection of light | Multiple reflections

When light reflects off a mirror, one image appears.

Reflection of light is either specular (mirror-like) or diffuse (retaining the energy, but losing the image) depending on the nature of the interface.

The image produced is the inverse of one produced by a single mirror.

Total internal reflection of light from a denser medium occurs if the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle.

Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated.

The reflection of photons are dependent on the medium at which the photons are traveling.


The Council of Constance was a 15th-century ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church, held from 1414 to 1418 in the Bishopric of Constance in present-day Germany.

The council's main purpose was to end the Papal schism which had resulted from the confusion following the Avignon Papacy.

That council was called by John XXIII and was held from 16 November 1414 to 22 April 1418 in Constance, Germany.

Pope Gregory XI's return to Rome in 1377, followed by his death (in 1378) and the controversial election of his successor, Pope Urban VI, resulted in the defection of a number of cardinals and the election of a rival pope based at Avignon in 1378.

Gregory XII then sent representatives to Constance, whom he granted full powers to summon, open, and preside over an Ecumenical Council; he also empowered them to present his resignation to the Papacy.

With the support of King Sigismund, enthroned before the high altar of the cathedral of Constance, the Council of Constance recommended that all three papal claimants abdicate, and that another be chosen.

Though the elected Antipope Alexander V and his successor, Antipope John XXIII (not to be confused with the 20th-century Pope John XXIII), gained widespread support, especially at the cost of the Avignon antipope, the schism remained, now involving not two but three claimants: Gregory XII at Rome, Benedict XIII at Avignon, and John XXIII.

Thereupon the commission by Gregory XII authorizing his proxy to resign the Papacy on his behalf was read and Malatesta, acting in the name of Gregory XII, pronounced the resignation of the papacy by Gregory XII and handed a written copy of the resignation to the assembly.

This would pave the way for the end of the Western Schism.

The four "nations" consisted of England, France, Italy, and Germany, with Poles, Hungarians, Danes, and Scandinavians

The council's main purpose  from 1414 to 1418 in the Bishopric of Constance in present-day Germany was to end the Papal schism which had resulted from the confusion following the Avignon Papacy


Barbara Stanwyck (born Ruby Catherine Stevens; July 16, 1907 – January 20, 1990) was an American actress, model and dancer.

After she moved into television in the 1960s, she won three Emmy Awards – for The Barbara Stanwyck Show (1961), the western series

The Barbara Stanwyck Show was not a ratings success, but it earned her an Emmy Award.

Described as one of the ultimate portrayals of villainy, it is widely thought that Stanwyck should have won the Academy Award for Best Actress rather than being just nominated.

At the suggestion of David Belasco, Ruby changed her name to Barbara Stanwyck by combining the first name from the play Barbara Frietchie with the last name of the actress in the play, Jane Stanwyck; both were found on a 1906 theater program.

In 1983, Stanwyck earned her third Emmy for The Thorn Birds.

She became a picture star. She is Barbara Stanwyck.

Her insolent, self-possessed wife is one of the screen's "definitive studies of villainy - and should (it is widely thought) have won the Oscar for Best Actress", not just been nominated.

In 1937 she had the title role in Stella Dallas and received her first Academy Award nomination for best actress.

The western television series, The Big Valley, which was broadcast on ABC from 1965 to 1969, made her one of the most popular actresses on television, winning her another Emmy.

Barbara Stanwyck was an American actress, model and dancer and won three Emmy Awards.


There is still no direct evidence about the composition of the inner core.

In 1996, X. Song and P. Richards estimated this "super-rotation" of the inner core relative to the mantle as about one degree per year.

One phenomenon that could cause such partial alignment is slow flow ("creep") inside the inner core, from the equator towards the poles or vice-versa.

One of the ways to estimate the age of the inner core is by modeling the cooling of the Earth, constrained by a minimum value for the heat flux at the core–mantle boundary (CMB).

Earth's inner core is the innermost geologic layer of the Earth.

Laboratory data and theoretical computations indicate that the propagation of pressure waves in the hcp crystals of ε-iron are strongly anisotropic, too, with one "fast" axis and two equally "slow" ones.

It was even suggested that Earth's inner core might be a single crystal of iron.

They speculated that the change could be due to the birth of Earth's solid inner core.

There are no samples of the Earth's core available for direct measurement, as there are for the Earth's mantle.

Although seismic waves propagate through the core as if it was solid, the measurements cannot distinguish between a perfectly solid material from an extremely viscous one.

She observed that the seismic waves reflect off the boundary of the inner core and can be detected by sensitive seismographs on the Earth's surface.

No one knows the exact makeup of the Earth's inner core.


Featuring 16 gates, it was the operational base for the domestic routes of China Southern Airlines and a few other airlines such as XiamenAir and Chongqing Airlines, and was originally planned to handle domestic traffic excluding those to Hong Kong and Macau.

Terminal 1, with 60,000 m2 (650,000 sq ft) of space, opened on 1 January 1980, and replaced the smaller existing terminal, which had been in operation since 1958.

Terminal 1 reopened for a second time on 27 June 2008, and became the operational base for all domestic flights operated by the HNA Group including those of Hainan Airlines, Grand China Air, Beijing Capital Airlines and Tianjin Airlines, while all HNA Group's international, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan flights remain in Terminal 2.

The first International flight to China and Beijing Capital International Airport was of Pakistan International Airlines from Islamabad.

Other airlines' domestic and international flights still operated in Terminal 2.

Beijing Capital International Airport is served by the Capital Airport Express, a dedicated rail link operated as part of the Beijing Subway system.

The airport is owned and operated by the Beijing Capital International Airport Company Limited, a state-controlled company.

The airport's IATA Airport code, PEK, is based on the city's former romanized name, Peking.

Beijing Capital International Airport (

Beijing Capital Airlines has its headquarters in the Capital Airlines Building (首都航空大厦; Shǒudū Hángkōng Dàshà) at the airport.

From September 2019, all Oneworld & SkyTeam flights from Beijing Capital International Airport were transferred to the new Beijing Daxing International Airport except Cathay Pacific and Cathay Dragon.

China Southern Airlines operates two flights to Guangzhou Baiyun Airport, Chongqing Jiangbei Airport, and Amsterdam Schiphol Airport starting from 2011, 2013, and 2015.

Beijing Capital International Airport's Terminal Two was the base of operations for several Chinese airlines, including most in-country flights.


And on a trip to the United States in 1922, Darius Milhaud heard "authentic" jazz for the first time, on the streets of Harlem, which left a great impact on his musical outlook.

Milhaud was born in Marseille, the son of Sophie (Allatini) and Gabriel Milhaud.

Milhaud is considered one of the key modernist composers.

There is a Darius Milhaud Collection at Mills College in California.

Milhaud began as a violinist, later turning to composition instead.

In 1925, Milhaud married his cousin, Madeleine (1902–2008), an actress and reciter.

Darius Milhaud was very prolific and composed for a wide range of genres.

The invasion of France by Nazi Germany forced the Milhauds to leave France in 1940 and emigrate to the United States (his Jewish background made it impossible for Milhaud to return to his native country until after its liberation).

In 1930 she gave birth to a son, the painter and sculptor Daniel Milhaud, who was the couple's only child.

Milhaud told Bacharach, "Don't be afraid of writing something people can remember and whistle.

In a February 2010 interview with JazzWax, Brubeck said he attended Mills, a women's college (men were allowed in graduate programs), specifically to study with Milhaud, saying, "Milhaud was an enormously gifted classical composer and teacher who loved jazz and incorporated it into his work.

Milhaud went to America after 1921.


He crossed the Danube twice and plundered the Balkans, but was unable to take Constantinople.

Campaigns against the Eastern Roman Empire

They encountered and destroyed a Roman army outside Constantinople but were stopped by the double walls of the Eastern capital.

He also attempted to conquer Roman Gaul (modern France), crossing the Rhine in 451 and marching as far as Aurelianum (Orléans) before being stopped in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains.

After Attila left Italy and returned to his palace across the Danube, he planned to strike at Constantinople again and reclaim the tribute which Marcian had stopped.

The Roman Empire had been split in half since 395 and was ruled by two distinct governments, one based in Ravenna in the West, and the other in Constantinople in the East.

Theodosius used this opportunity to strengthen the walls of Constantinople, building the city's first sea wall, and to build up his border defenses along the Danube.

The Huns had become a great power by the time that Attila came of age during the reign of his uncle Ruga, to the point that Nestorius, the Patriarch of Constantinople, deplored the situation with these words: "They have become both masters and slaves of the Romans".:128

Constantinople itself was saved by the Isaurian troops of magister militum per Orientem Zeno and protected by the intervention of prefect Constantinus, who organized the reconstruction of the walls that had been previously damaged by earthquakes and, in some places, to construct a new line of fortification in front of the old.

Callinicus, in his Life of Saint Hypatius, wrote:  The barbarian nation of the Huns, which was in Thrace, became so great that more than a hundred cities were captured and Constantinople almost came into danger and most men fled from it. ... And there were so many murders and blood-lettings that the dead could not be numbered.

Attila conquered Constantinople.


Known for his distinctive drawl and everyman screen persona, Stewart had a film career that spanned over 55 years from 1935 and 1991 and 80 films.

The complex film initially garnered mixed reviews but became a critical favorite over the ensuing decades.

His generation of actors was fading and a new wave of actors, including Marlon Brando, Montgomery Clift and James Dean, would soon remake Hollywood.

James Maitland Stewart (May 20, 1908 – July 2, 1997) was an American actor and military officer.

Although It's a Wonderful Life was nominated for five Academy Awards, including Stewart's third Best Actor nomination, it received mixed reviews and was only a moderate success at the box office, failing to cover its production costs.

Career | Theater and early film roles, 1932—1937

"Stewart 's last three film releases of 1936

Personal life | Friendships, interests, and character

Stewart was also active in philanthropy over the years.

He topped the list in 1955. Stewart opened the new decade with an appearance in the war film The Mountain Road (1960).

He's not sexual as an actor. "Stewart

Belton explained that "James Stewart is more James Stewart than Glenn Miller in The Glenn Miller Story (1954) or Charles Lindbergh in The Spirit of St. Louis (1957)." Moreover, Jonathan Rosenbaum continued that Stewart's "pre-existing life-size persona" in Winchester '73 "helped to shape and determine the impact of [his character] in [this film]." On the other hand, Stewart has been described as a character actor who went through several distinct career phases.

Career | Career renewal: Westerns and suspense films (1950–1959)

Despite the commercial failure of The FBI Story, the film marked the close of the most commercially successful decade of Stewart's career.

James Stewart was an actor with a career that lasted over five decades.


The novel received negative reviews.

Commentators have characterised it as fascist and an attack on Christianity, and seen it as expressing Lawrence's fears about the decline of the white race and belief in women's submission to men.

He also noted that the novel sold well.

He has argued that Lawrence was writing as a political theorist in The Plumed Serpent, which he described as a "Fascist fiction".

He also argued that it reflected "Lawrence’s familiarity with German thought and culture".

The critics F. R. Leavis and Harold Bloom have seen The Plumed Serpent as inferior to Women in Love, as well as to Lawrence's The Rainbow (1915).

The novel received negative reviews.

The Plumed Serpent has been compared to works of Lawrence such as the novels Kangaroo (1923) and Lady Chatterley's Lover (1928) and the essays Sketches of Etruscan Places and other Italian essays (1932), as well as to the work of the poet T. S. Eliot.

He observed that the novel had received a more negative response than any other work by Lawrence, finding it surprising that it had "so many detractors." He disputed the characterisation of the work as racist and fascist, maintaining that Lawrence's views should not be confused with those of his characters Cipriano and Ramón.

The Mexican intellectual Enrique Krauze described The Plumed Serpent as "the most fascist" of Lawrence's writings, citing its "deification of violence and masculine power".

Jad Smith wrote that The Plumed Serpent is often regarded as "the height of Lawrence’s interest in authoritarian politics" and was a "notorious instance of Lawrence’s proto-fascist leanings".

He argued that they did not represent a change in Lawrence's views, and stressed that Lawrence did not necessarily endorse fascist politics, despite the presence of "proto-fascist ideologies" in the novel and its racism.

The Plumed Serpent is a novel that was not well received and was thought to be fascist.


This Side of Paradise  is the debut novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald, published in 1920.

This Side of Paradise was published on March 26, 1920, with a first printing of 3,000 copies.

The 24th episode of the first season of Star Trek is called "This Side of Paradise" as well.

However, the surrounding text is from "This Side of Paradise" and was likely used as filler for the shot.

The first three women in the book allow Amory to dream in a narcissistic way: Beatrice.

Alternative band Glass Animals subtly referenced the novel on their 2016 album How to Be a Human Being, with a track titled "The Other Side Of Paradise.

In "The Tale of the Bookish Babysitter" (Season 3 Episode 6 of the series "Are You Afraid of the Dark" ), an excerpt from "This Side of Paradise" is briefly visible.

Isabelle Borgé — Amory Blaine's first love is based on the Chicago debutante Ginevra King, Fitzgerald's first love.

It is the only adequate study that we have had of the contemporary American in adolescence and young manhood." H.L. Mencken wrote This Side of Paradise was the "best American novel that I have seen of late.

Thomas Parke D'Invilliers—one of Blaine's close friends (also the fictitious author of the poem at the start of The Great Gatsby) was based on the poet John Peale Bishop, Fitzgerald's friend and classmate.

This Side of Paradise is the first book of the author.


The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War.

Z. The use of these disguising letters led the business to immediately become known as the "XYZ Affair.

Talleyrand was called to the Directory to account for his role in the affair.

Talleyrand, who had recently spent a few years in the United States, was openly concerned about the establishment of closer ties between the U.S. and Britain.

In the wake of the 1789 French Revolution, relations between the new French Republic and U.S. federal government, originally friendly, became strained.

Reaction in the United States | Partisan responses

Federalists used the dispatches to question the loyalty of pro-French Democratic-Republicans; this attitude contributed to the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts, restricting the movements and actions of foreigners, and limiting speech critical of the government.

Gerry, in his private report on the affair to Adams in 1799, claimed credit for maintaining the peace, and for influencing significant changes in French policy that lessened the hostilities and eventually brought a peace treaty.

The warlike attitude of the United States and the start of the Quasi-War (a naval war between the two countries that was fought primarily in the Caribbean) convinced Talleyrand that he had miscalculated in his dealings with the commissioners.

On October 17, Nicholas Hubbard, an Englishman working for a Dutch bank used by the Americans (and who came to be identified as "W" in the published papers), notified Pinckney that Baron Jean-Conrad Hottinguer, whom Hubbard described only as a man of honor, wished to meet with him.

A week later (notably after the signing of the Treaty of Campo Formio, which ended the five-year War of the First Coalition between France and most of the other European powers), Hottinguer and Bellamy again met with the commission, and repeated their original demands, accompanied by threats of potential war, since France was at least momentarily at peace in Europe.

The XYZ Affair was a dispute between the US and Germany.


Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of Vũng Tàu in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in Świebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of Vũng Tàu in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in Świebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ the Redeemer of the Andes (Argentina/Chile) Christ the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Ibiza, Spain, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Blanco in Cusco, Peru

Statue of Jesus Christ on the top of Sagrat Cor, Barcelona, Spain

The original pale stone is no longer available in sufficient quantity, and replacement stones are increasingly darker in hue.

Christ the Redeemer in Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil Christ in the Mount in Pitangui, Minas Gerais, Brazil

The statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms, a symbol of peace, was chosen.

Christ the Redeemer (Portuguese: Cristo Redentor, standard Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈkɾistu ʁedenˈtoʁ], local pronunciation: [ˈkɾiɕtŭ̻ xe̞denˈtoɦ]) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot.

Tas-Salvatur, Malta (12 m) Statue of Jesus Christ, Monte Urgull, Donostia-San Sebastian,

The designs considered for the "Statue of the Christ" included a representation of the Christian cross, a statue of Jesus with a globe in his hands, and a pedestal symbolizing the world.

Cristo del Otero in Palencia , Spain built in 1930 (21 m) Cristo Rey (statue, Mexico) located on the Cerro del Cubilete in Guanajuato, Mexico, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Rey in Tenancingo, México, México (30 m) Christ Blessing in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia (30 m) Christ of Havana in Havana, Cuba, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of the Abyss in various underwater locations

The King Lebanon Another imitation statue of Christ the Redeemer is at Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India.(Shrish Patil) imitation at Kovalam, near Trivandrum, Kerala, India.

Christ the Redeemer , if it was brought to life, would not give the largest hugs of any existant stone fascimiles of Jesus.


Victor Gazaway Willis (April 12, 1876 – August 3, 1947) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher during the 1890s and 1900s.

In 513 career games, Willis pitched 3,996 innings and posted a win–loss record of 249–205, with 388 complete games, 50 shutouts, and a 2.63 earned run average (ERA).

Willis was with the team, Willis compiled a record of 88–46.

Willis was born on April 12, 1876 in Cecil County, Maryland.

Willis was on one World Series championship team, the 1909 Pirates.

After the season ended, Willis was purchased by the Boston Beaneaters for Fred Lake and $1,000.

Next season Willis pitched for a semipro team in his hometown Newark, Delaware.

Willis died in 1947 and is interred in St. John Cemetery in Newark, Delaware.

After retirement, Willis purchased and operated the Washington House, a hotel in his hometown of Newark, Delaware.

Willis began his professional baseball career in 1895 with the Harrisburg Senators of the Pennsylvania State League.

The Beaneaters acquired Willis to fill the void left by Jack Stivetts, who was near retirement due to an arm injury.

Willis passed away in 1955.


About 40,000 women attended, calling for a ban on polygamy and the introduction of divorce law (divorce being a purely religious procedure at that time).

One of the most important Casablancan exports is phosphate.

Casablanca is Morocco's chief port and one of the largest financial centers in Africa.

al-Haja al-Hamdawiya, one of the most iconic figures in aita music, was born in Casablanca.

Today, the Jewish cemetery of Casablanca is one of the major cemeteries of the city, and many synagogues remain in service, but the city's Jewish community has dwindled.

In the novel, one of the characters mentions that the 1942 film was shot in Hollywood and not on location.

Casablanca is one of the key locations in the 2006 video game Dreamfall, as it is where the primary protagonist of the game, Zoë Castillo, lives.

The stadium was designed with a capacity of 93,000 spectators, making it one of the highest-capacity stadiums in Africa.

One initiative to improve conditions in the city's disadvantaged neighborhoods was the creation of the Sidi Moumen Cultural Center.

The commune is divided into eight districts or prefectures, which are themselves divided into 16 subdivisions or arrondissements and one municipality.

Love in Casablanca (1991), starring Abdelkarim Derqaoui and Muna Fettou, is one of the first Moroccan films to deal with Morocco's complex realities and depict life in Casablanca with verisimilitude.

Casablanca traditionally has very strict laws about one man, one woman marriage.


They switched because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate James G. Blaine.

Their "mug" on one side of the fence, and their "wump" [comic mispronunciation of "rump"] on the other.

In the spoils system, the winning candidate would dole out government positions to those who had supported his political party prior to the election.

Although the defection of the Mugwumps may have helped Cleveland win in New York, one of the few closely contested states, historians attribute Cleveland's victory nationwide to the rising power of urban immigrant voters.

During the 1884 campaign, they were often portrayed as "fence-sitters", with part of their body on the side of the Democrats and the other on the side of the Republicans.

During the 2017 United Kingdom general election, Conservative Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson by writing in The Sun accused Labour Party Leader Jeremy Corbyn of being a threat to the United Kingdom and described him as a "mutton-headed old mugwump".

The side that held the upper hand in numbers and popular support were the Half-Breeds, led by Senator James Blaine of Maine.

Blaine was from the reform wing of his own party, but the Mugwumps rejected his candidacy.

Yet they felt threatened by the rise of machine politics, one aspect of which was the spoils system; and by the rising power of immigrants in American society.

After the election, "mugwump" survived for more than a decade as an epithet for a party bolter in American politics.

Several historians of the 1960s and 1970s portrayed the Mugwumps as members of an insecure elite, one that felt threatened by changes in American society.

The Mugwumps jumped political parties because they liked to be on the winning side.


Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Character limits

Under the new limit, glyphs are counted as a variable number of characters, depending upon the script they are from: most European letters and punctuation forms count as one character, while each CJK glyph counts as two so that only 140 such glyphs can be used in a tweet.

A user photo post used to count for a large chunk of a Tweet, about 24 characters.

In 2016, Twitter announced that media such as photos, videos, and the person's handle, would not count against the already constrictive 140 character limit.

Since March 30, 2017, the Twitter handles are outside the tweet itself, therefore they no longer count towards the character limit.

Attachments and links would also no longer be part of the character limit.

In 2017, Twitter doubled their historical 140-character-limitation to 280.

Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Using SMS

The 140-character limit also increased the usage of URL shortening services such as bit.ly, goo.gl, tinyurl.com, tr.im, and other content-hosting services such as TwitPic, memozu.com and NotePub to accommodate multimedia content and text longer than 140 characters.

Since June 2011, Twitter has used its own t.co domain for automatic shortening of all URLs posted on its site, making other link shorteners unnecessary for staying within Twitter's 140 character limit.

On January 5, 2016, CEO Jack Dorsey commented on a report that Twitter planned to expand its character limit to 10,000 (private messages already had the longer limit as of July), requiring users to click to see anything beyond 140 characters.

Only new Twitter handles added to the conversation count towards the limit.

Twitter imposes a 140 character limit on all of their posts, photos used to take up that character count as well but no longer do.


Types of titrations | Acid–base titration

The endpoint and the equivalence point are not exactly the same because the equivalence point is determined by the stoichiometry of the reaction while the endpoint is just the color change from the indicator.

Measuring the endpoint of a titration | Endpoint and equivalence point

Though the terms equivalence point and endpoint are often used interchangeably, they are different terms.

There is a slight difference between the endpoint and the equivalence point of the titration.

Equivalence point is the theoretical completion of the reaction: the volume of added titrant at which the number of moles of titrant is equal to the number of moles of analyte, or some multiple thereof (as in polyprotic acids).

Endpoint is what is actually measured, a physical change in the solution as determined by an indicator or an instrument mentioned above.

When the number of moles of bases added equals the number of moles of initial acid or so called equivalence point, one of hydrolysis and the pH is calculated in the same way that the conjugate bases of the acid titrated was calculated.

The equivalence point occurs between pH 8-10, indicating the solution is basic at the equivalence point and

This error is referred to as an indicator error, and it is indeterminate.

Isothermal titration calorimeter: An instrument that measures the heat produced or consumed by the reaction to determine the endpoint.

Types of titrations | Gas phase titration

First, the measurement does not depend on path length, because the same path length is used for the measurement of both the excess titrant and the product.

The equivalence point and endpoint of a Titration measurement are the same.


While the American diplomats were in Europe, President Adams considered his options in the event of the commission's failure.

The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War.

Z. The use of these disguising letters led the business to immediately become known as the "XYZ Affair.

Talleyrand was called to the Directory to account for his role in the affair.

In 1792, France and the rest of Europe went to war, a conflict in which President George Washington declared American neutrality.

Federalists, spurred by John Marshall's accounts of their disagreements, criticized him for abetting the breakdown of the negotiations.

Although it was widely known that diplomats from other nations had paid bribes to deal with Talleyrand at the time, the Americans were offended by the demands, and eventually left France without ever engaging in formal negotiations.

Pinckney relayed these demands to the other commissioners, and Hottinguer repeated them to the entire commission, which curtly refused the demands, even though it was widely known that diplomats from other nations had paid bribes to deal with Talleyrand.

Gerry, in his private report on the affair to Adams in 1799, claimed credit for maintaining the peace, and for influencing significant changes in French policy that lessened the hostilities and eventually brought a peace treaty.

In late May 1797 Adams met with his cabinet to discuss the situation and to choose a special commission to France.

When news reached France of the publication of the dispatches and the ensuing hostile reaction, the response was one of fury.

Italy and France can account for the conflict  known as the XYZ Affair.


The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the neoclassical style.

The main residence, as well as foundations of the house, were built largely by enslaved and free African-American laborers, as well as employed Europeans.

The first official White House guide, published in 1962, suggested a link between Hoban's design for the South Portico and Château de Rastignac, a neoclassical country house located in La Bachellerie in the Dordogne region of France and designed by Mathurin Salat.

The building Hoban designed is verifiably influenced by the upper floors of Leinster House, in Dublin, which later became the seat of the Oireachtas (the Irish parliament).

Construction on the French house was initially started before 1789, interrupted by the French Revolution for twenty years and then finally built 1812–1817 (based on Salat's pre-1789 design).

The White House since the Kennedy restoration | Executive Residence

Two colonnades—one on the east and one on the west—designed by Jefferson, now serve to connect the East and West Wings added later.

One hundred sixty-seven solar photovoltaic grid-tied panels were installed at the same time on the roof of the maintenance facility.

The White House since the Kennedy restoration | Grounds

The tree stood for over 200 years; but in 2017, having become too weak to stand on its own, it was decided it should be removed and replaced with one of its offspring.

Evolution of the White House | Early use, the 1814 fire, and rebuilding

Despite his complaints that the house was too big ("big enough for two emperors, one pope, and the grand lama in the bargain"), Jefferson considered how the White House might be added to.

The White House became one of the first wheelchair-accessible government buildings in Washington when modifications were made during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who used a wheelchair because of his paralytic illness.

Early history | Architectural competition

Although all proposals for the Capital were rejected, an acceptable drawing for the White House submitted by James Hoban was selected from several including one submitted anonymously by Jefferson himself.

The White House is one of the designs of an European builder.