He left the showrunner spot after the eighth season for the potential Dwight Schrute spin-off, The Farm, which was eventually passed up by NBC.

Reception and legacy | Critical reviews and commentary

The American Office is that rarest of anomalies: a remake of a classic show that both does right by its source and carves out its own strong identity.

Most of them wanted "Mr. Blue Sky", but that option turned out to be invalid as it was already used in the drama series LAX (2004–2005).

Plans were made for Mackenzie Crook, Martin Freeman, and Lucy Davis, from the British series, to appear in the third season, but those plans were scrapped due to scheduling conflicts.

The show is known for its relatively large cast size, with many of its actors and actresses known particularly for their improvisational work.

The Office is an American mockumentary sitcom television series that depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania, branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company.

The show reportedly approached the travel review website about using their name on the show and TripAdvisor set up a review page for the fictional B&B, which itself received hundreds of reviews.

Greg Daniels served as the senior series showrunner for the first four seasons of the series and developed the British Office series for American television.

Rumors spread throughout the office that Dunder Mifflin's corporate headquarters is planning to downsize an entire branch, leading to general anxiety, but Michael chooses to deny or downplay the realities of the situation in order to maintain employee morale.

" Tom Shales of The Washington Post said it was "not the mishmash that [the Americanized version of Coupling] turned out to be, but again the quality of the original show causes the remake to look dim, like when the copying machine is just about to give out." The second season was better received.

The Office co-creator Ricky Gervais wrote in his blog, referring to "Search Committee," particularly Warren Buffett's guest appearance, "If you're going to jump a shark, jump a big one," and compared the episode to the Chris Martin episode of Gervais' other series, Extras (although he later said on his website, "I fucking didn't [diss The Office], that's for sure").

A spin-off was planned for US television show The Office, but it didn't work out.


Churchill reportedly proposed to her in 1900; Barrymore mentions no such thing in her autobiography, though she includes a photograph of herself and Churchill on the lawn at Blenheim Palace in 1899.

Men everywhere were smitten with Ethel, most notably Winston Churchill, who asked her to marry him.

Barrymore's marriage to Colt was precarious from the start, with Barrymore filing divorce papers as early in the marriage as 1911, much to Colt's surprise, and later recanted by Barrymore as a misunderstanding by the press.

She was about to return to the States with Gillette's troupe when Henry Irving and Ellen Terry offered her the role of Annette in The Bells.

When the tour concluded in Boston in June, she had out-drawn two of the most prominent actresses of her day, Mrs. Patrick Campbell and Minnie Maddern Fiske.

A devout Catholic, Ethel Barrymore never remarried.

The Ethel Barrymore Theatre in New York City is named for her.

Ethel Barrymore (born Ethel Mae Blythe; August 15, 1879 – June 18, 1959) was an American actress and a member of the Barrymore family of actors.

In 1928, the Shuberts opened the Ethel Barrymore Theatre, which operates under that name to the present day.

Barrymore was born Ethel Mae Blythe in Philadelphia, the second child of the actors Maurice Barrymore (whose real name was Herbert Blythe) and Georgiana Drew.

Ethel Barrymore died of cardiovascular disease on June 18, 1959, at her home in Hollywood, after having lived for many years with a heart condition.

Film and broadcasting career | Television

In 1956, she hosted 14 episodes of the TV series Ethel Barrymore Theatre, produced by the DuMont Television Network and presented on the DuMont flagship station WABD just as the network was folding.

Ethel Barrymore received an offer of marriage from a prominent English politician.


Pitt and Jolie have six children together, three of whom were adopted internationally.

William Bradley Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an American actor and film producer.

According to the Dallas Observer, "Brad Pitt [...] is a large part of the problem [in the film].

The proceeds from the sale were donated to charities serving African children.

The couple sold the first pictures of Shiloh through the distributor Getty Images; the North American rights were purchased by People for over $4.1 million, while Hello!

As a public figure, Pitt has been cited as one of the most influential and powerful people in the American entertainment industry.

Pitt played Lieutenant Aldo Raine, an American resistance fighter battling Nazis in German-occupied France.

The performance earned Pitt his first Screen Actors Guild Award nomination, as well as a fourth Golden Globe and second Academy Award nomination, all in the category for Best Actor.

The foundation made initial donations of $1 million each to Global Action for Children and Doctors Without Borders, followed by an October 2006 donation of $100,000 to the Daniel Pearl Foundation, an organization created in memory of the late American journalist Daniel Pearl.

, Pitt received his first Golden Globe Award nomination, in the Best Actor category.

Moneyball received six Academy Award nominations including Best Picture and Best Actor for Pitt.

American actor Brad Pitt has sixteen children.


He was also the 1848 Democratic presidential nominee and a leading spokesman for the Doctrine of Popular Sovereignty, which held that the people in each territory should decide whether to permit slavery.

Cass's great-great grandson, Republican Thomas Cass Ballenger, represented North Carolina's 10th Congressional District from 1986 to 2005.

D.C. It stands in the National Statuary Hall room. (The other statue is of President Gerald Ford, the only U.S. president to come from Michigan.) The Liberty ship SS Lewis Cass

Cass Technical High School in Detroit, Cass High School in Bartow County, Georgia, Lewis Cass High School in Walton, Indiana, and Lewis Cass Elementary in Livonia, Michigan were named in honor of Lewis Cass.

Lewis Cass is the namesake of Cass Street in Green Bay, Wisconsin.

Van Buren led the Free Soil Party's presidential ticket and appealed to many anti-slavery Democrats, possibly contributing to the victory of Whig nominee Zachary Taylor.

Cass, Lewis (1840). France, its King, Court and Government.

Bell, William Gardner (1992). " Lewis Cass".

United States Congress. " Lewis Cass (id: C000233)".

Lewis Cass and the Politics of Moderation, Kent State University Press.

Lewis Cass was a Republican nominee for president.


War crimes were committed by both sides during the conflict and included rape, massacres of civilians, bombings of civilian targets, terrorism, the widespread use of torture, and the murder of prisoners of war.

Additional common crimes included theft, arson, and the destruction of property not warranted by military necessity.

Vietnamization, 1969–1972 | Easter Offensive and Paris Peace Accords, 1972

President Thieu demanded changes to the peace accord upon its discovery, and when North Vietnam went public with the agreement's details, the Nixon administration claimed they were attempting to embarrass the president.

Johnson's escalation, 1963–1969 | American ground war

In November 1965, the U.S. engaged in its first major battle with the PAVN, the Battle of Ia Drang.

They faced a plethora of challenges, one of which was the relatively small number of female soldiers.

Nixon pressured Thieu to accept the terms of the agreement, threatening to conclude a bilateral peace deal and cut off American aid while promising an air-response in case of invasion.

Kennedy's escalation, 1961–1963 | Ousting and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm

Indeed, there was no longer a 'regime' in the sense of a relatively stable political alliance and functioning bureaucracy.

Lê Đức Thọ and Henry Kissinger, along with the PRG Foreign Minister Nguyễn Thị Bình and a reluctant President Thiệu, signed the Paris Peace Accords on 27 January 1973.

They also fought in the Battle of Hue.

This officially ended direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, created a ceasefire between North Vietnam/PRG and South Vietnam, guaranteed the territorial integrity of Vietnam under the Geneva Conference of 1954, called for elections or a political settlement between the PRG and South Vietnam, allowed 200,000 communist troops to remain in the south, and agreed to a POW exchange.

Johnson's escalation, 1963–1969 | The 1964 Offensive

In December 1964, ARVN forces had suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Bình Giã, in a battle that both sides viewed as a watershed.

At the 1954 Geneva peace conference, Vietnam was temporarily partitioned at the 17th parallel.

The Vietnam War was a relatively peaceful battle.


In the July 24, 2005, issue of The New York Times Book Review, the critic and fiction writer Walter Kirn suggests that the novel's plot is "sinister high hokum", but writes admiringly of the prose, describing the author as "a whiz with the joystick, a master-level gamer who changes screens and situations every few pages".

No Country for Old Men is a 2005 novel by American author Cormac McCarthy, who had originally written the story as a screenplay.

When comparing the lack of "moral argument" in Blood Meridian to the heightened morality present in No Country for Old Men, he considered stating that the "apocalyptic moral judgments" made in No Country for Old Men represented "a sort of falling away on McCarthy's part".

The book was adapted into the 2007 movie No Country for Old Men, which won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture.

The novel has received a significant amount of critical attention, for example, Lynnea Chapman King, Rick Wallach and Jim Welsh's edited collection No Country for Old Men: From Novel to Film or Raymond Malewitz's "Anything Can Be an Instrument: Misuse Value and Rugged Consumerism in Cormac McCarthy's No Country for Old Men." In 2007, Joel and Ethan Coen adapted the book into a film, also titled No Country for Old Men, which was met with critical acclaim and box office success.

In contrast, literary critic Harold Bloom does not count himself among the admirers of No Country for Old Men, stating that it lacked the quality of McCarthy's best works, particularly Blood Meridian, and compared it to William Faulkner's A Fable.

William J. Cobb, in a review published in the Houston Chronicle (July 15, 2005), characterizes McCarthy as "our greatest living writer" and describes the book as "a heated story that brands the reader's mind as if seared by a knife heated upon campfire flames".

Owing to the novel's origins as a screenplay, the novel has a simple writing style different from other Cormac McCarthy novels.

At the end of the book, Bell describes two dreams he experienced after his father died.

Now in his late 50s, Bell has spent most of his life attempting to make up for the incident when he was a 21-year-old soldier.

A reviewer of the book version of No Country for Old Men complemented the author by means of an impressively obtuse metaphor comparing their ability to write and a person that's good at video games.


During his long diplomatic and political career, Adams also served as an ambassador, and as a member of the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives representing Massachusetts.

Adams House, one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses at Harvard University, is named for John Adams, John Quincy Adams, and other members of the Adams family associated with Harvard.

The agreement represented a turning point in United Kingdom–United States relations, as the U.S. turned its attention to its southern and western borders and British fears over American expansionism waned.

John Quincy Adams was born on July 11, 1767, to John and Abigail Adams (née Smith) in a part of Braintree, Massachusetts that is now Quincy.

Immediately upon becoming Secretary of State, Adams emerged as one of Monroe's most likely successors, as the last three presidents had all served in the role at some point before taking office.

Adams County, Iowa, and Adams County, Wisconsin, were each named for either John Adams or John Quincy Adams.

He was named for his mother's maternal grandfather, Colonel John Quincy, after whom Quincy, Massachusetts, is named.

It has been suggested that John Quincy Adams had the highest I.Q. of any U.S. president.

John Quincy Adams Birthplace is now part of Adams National Historical Park and open to the public.

Most of Jackson's support came from slave-holding states, but he also won New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and some electoral votes from the Northwest.

John Quincy Adams ( (listen); July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, and diarist who served as the sixth president of the United States, from 1825 to 1829.

John Quincy Adams was a state representative for Pennsylvania at one point.


As of 2017, it has been translated into more than 300 languages and dialects, including Sardinian, the constructed international languages of Esperanto and Klingon, and the Congolese language Alur, as well as being printed in Braille for blind readers.

Many of them are titled Prince From a Star, while others carry the book title that is a direct translation of The Little Prince.

Although Saint-Exupéry was a master of the French language, he was never able to achieve anything more than haltingly poor English.

It was the first book translated into that language since the New Testament.

Le Petit Prince is often used as a beginner's book for French-language students, and several bilingual and trilingual translations have been published.

Literary translations and printed editions | Bavarian editions

The Little Prince has an adaptation for the inhabitants of Bavaria, Austria and South Tirol, covering for a large variety of the Bavarian language.

He would remain immensely proud of The Little Prince, and almost always kept a personal copy with him which he often read to others during the war.

It has been translated into 301 languages and dialects.

In 2005, the book was also translated into Toba Qom, an indigenous language of northern Argentina, as So Shiyaxauolec Nta'a.

His meditative view of sunsets at the Bevin House were incorporated in the book, where the prince visits a small planet with 43 daily sunsets, a planet where all that is needed to watch a sunset "is move your chair a few steps." As of April 2017, The Little Prince became the world's most translated non-religious book (into 300 languages) together with Italian novel The Adventures of Pinocchio.

The Little Prince was never translated into other languages.


Supposedly if he killed Magaye, it would appear to be out of jealousy because Magaye was so handsome and "Shaka himself was ugly, with a protruding forehead".

He was tall and his skin tone was dark brown.

Other Zulu sources are sometimes critical of Shaka, and numerous negative images abound in Zulu oral history.

The figure of Shaka still sparks interest among not only the contemporary Zulu but many worldwide who have encountered the tribe and its history.

The figure of Shaka thus remains an ambiguous one in African oral tradition, defying simplistic depictions of the Zulu king as a heroic, protean nation builder on one hand, or a depraved monster on the other.

Oral sources record that in this period of devastation, a singular Zulu, a man named Gala, eventually stood up to Shaka and objected to these measures, pointing out that Nandi was not the first person to die in Zululand.

Shaka kaSenzangakhona (c. July 1787 – September 22,1828), also known as Shaka Zulu (Zulu pronunciation: [ˈʃaːɠa]), was the King of the Zulu Kingdom from 1816 to 1828.

Shaka Zulu, an SABC TV miniseries about Shaka, which starred Henry Cele in the title role.

This ambiguity continues to lend the image of Shaka its continued power and influence, almost two centuries after his death.

Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide

The Zulu tribe soon developed a warrior outlook, which Shaka turned to his advantage.

Shaka Zulu was tall, dark but not handsome.


Chinese media dispute their report: "The 25,000 li of the Red Army's Long March are a historic fact and not open to doubt." However, even at the time that Edgar Snow's account was written, there were estimates that the distance traveled was closer to 18,000 li (9,375 km).

Some critics and researchers call the earlier accounts myths, but find that they are difficult to prove or disprove because the Chinese government prevents independent historians from exploring the topic.

The Chinese government produced a movie in 2006, My Long March, relating personal experiences of a fictional participant in the Long March.

The Long March | Conflict with ethnic warlords

The Chinese government sought to exercise full control over frontier areas against the warlords.

Commentators in the West more often focus on aspects of the Long March rarely portrayed by Chinese propaganda, such as the Red Army recruiting local people through kidnapping and blackmail.

Zhou's support was not enough, and Mao was demoted to being a figurehead in the Soviet government, until he regained his position later, during the Long March.

The Long March | Determining the direction of the Red Army

Another dispute of the direction of the Red Army occurred soon after, once the Red Army reached Liping, in the mountains of southeast Guizhou.

Communist forces on the Long March clashed against Kham rebels in the 1934 Khamba Rebellion, who were fleeing from Tibetan government forces.

It has announced to some 200 million people in eleven provinces that the road of the Red Army is their only road to liberation.

Several prominent members of the Chinese Soviet who remained behind were captured and executed by the Kuomintang after the fall of Ruijin in November 1934, including Qu Qiubai and the youngest brother of Mao Zedong, Mao Zetan.

The Long March probably wasn't nearly as long as Mao said it was, but the Chinese government forbids people from disputing that.


All of these installments focus on fictional accounts of people possessed by Pazuzu, the main antagonist of the series, and the efforts of religious authorities to counter this possession.

Though the characters of Karras and Kinderman were acquainted during the murder investigation in The Exorcist and Kinderman expressed fondness for Karras, in Exorcist III Blatty has Kinderman remembering Karras as his "best friend".

It appeared in the U.S. one year later.

The book, inspired by the 1949 exorcism of Roland Doe, deals with the demonic possession of a 12-year-old girl and her mother's attempts to win back her child through an exorcism conducted by two priests.

Parodies and pastiches | Other references

In the Gravity Falls episode "The Inconveniencing" , Mabel twisting her head 180 degrees while being possessed by a ghost is a reference to a scene in the movie

Completely ignoring the events of Exorcist II, this book and film presented a continuation of Karras' story.

The episode has been announced as one of the scariest lockdowns since Bobby Mackeys.

Films | Related films | Possessed (2000)

A made-for-television film, Possessed (based on the book of the same name by Thomas B. Allen), was broadcast on Showtime on October 22, 2000, directed by Steven E. de Souza and written by de Souza and Michael Lazarou.

Films | Dominion: Prequel to the Exorcist (2005)

Upon completion the studio rejected Schrader's version as being too slow, and hired another director to retool the movie.

Films | Related films | The Ninth Configuration (1980)

Released in 1980, it was based on Blatty's novel of the same name.

The Exorcist focuses on people being possessed by a girl named Karra.


The Plumed Serpent is a 1926 political novel by D. H. Lawrence; Lawrence conceived the idea for the novel while visiting Mexico in 1923, and its themes reflect his experiences there.

Lawrence began writing The Plumed Serpent in May 1923.

Leavis and Burgess have compared The Plumed Serpent to Kangaroo

L. D. Clark described The Plumed Serpent as "perplexing".

The poet Richard Aldington described The Plumed Serpent as "curious and original".

" The novelist William S. Burroughs was influenced by The Plumed Serpent.

He has argued that Lawrence was writing as a political theorist in The Plumed Serpent, which he described as a "Fascist fiction".

Maddox compared The Plumed Serpent to Kangaroo, describing both novels as successors to Aaron's Rod.

Juliette Feyel compared The Plumed Serpent to Kangaroo, describing them as Lawrence's "most explicitly political novels".

Note: this description of the plot is based on the version of the book published as The Plumed Serpent, not the version published as Quetzalcoatl.

She wrote that The Plumed Serpent "has been charged with protofascism", adding that it "states its racialised theses quite clearly at times.

The Plumed Serpent is a film about snake charmers.


It is the sequel to The Avengers (2012) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and the 19th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).

Avengers: Infinity War held its world premiere on April 23, 2018, in Los Angeles, and was released in the United States on April 27, as part of Phase Three of the MCU.

"Avengers: Infinity War ably juggles a dizzying array of MCU heroes in the fight against their gravest threat yet, and the result is a thrilling, emotionally resonant blockbuster that (mostly) realizes its gargantuan ambitions.

Red Skull was created through CGI and portrayed with stand-ins on set.

In 2016, Marvel shortened the title to Avengers: Infinity War.

Likewise, Zacharek said, "There's no pacing in Avengers: Infinity War.

In January 2018, Marvel Comics published a two-issue prequel comic titled Avengers: Infinity War Prelude, which serves as a bridge between Captain America: Civil War and Avengers: Infinity War.

criticized the film's reliance on other films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, saying, "Considered on its own, as a single, nearly 2-hour-40-minute movie, Avengers: Infinity War makes very little sense", but conceded that it "was never meant to be viewed or judged in isolation".

The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers: Infinity War – Part 1.

Avengers: Infinity War was originally scheduled to be released on May 4, 2018 in the United States.

Reception | Box office | Other territories

Avengers: Infinity War remained number one in its 54 markets in its second weekend.

Avengers: Infinity War is the nineteenth movie in the MCU.


One common misconception is that individual atoms, ions or molecules move randomly, which they do not.

As such, the movement of a single atom, ion, or molecule within a mixture just appears random when viewed in isolation.

Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atom, ions, molecules) from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Diffusion in the context of different disciplines

Biologists often use the terms "net movement"  or "net diffusion" to describe the movement of ions or molecules by diffusion.

Basic models of diffusion | Einstein's mobility and Teorell formula

In 1935, he studied the diffusion of ions through a membrane.

Presently, it is universally recognized that atomic defects are necessary to mediate diffusion in crystals.

He studied self-diffusion of radioactive isotopes of lead in the liquid and solid lead.

In modern science, the first systematic experimental study of diffusion was performed by Thomas Graham.

Nevertheless, diffusion in solids was not systematically studied until the second part of the 19th century.

In other words, there is a net movement of oxygen molecules down the concentration gradient.

In the study of diffusion, something that is often believed true that is really false is that atoms have unpredictable movement patterns.


He could not read music during these early lessons, attributing this difficulty to poor eyesight, but "faked" his way through well enough that this deficiency went mostly unnoticed.

Please go there. Stop wasting my time and yours." Later, Brubeck was nearly expelled when one of his professors discovered that he could not read music on sight.

"As a little girl I grew up on the sounds of Dave Brubeck because my dad was your biggest fan", said Rice.

Dave Brubeck was born in the San Francisco Bay Area city of Concord, California, and grew up in a city located in the Mother Lode called Ione, California.

David Warren Brubeck (; December 6, 1920 – December 5, 2012) was an American jazz pianist and composer, considered one of the foremost exponents of cool jazz.

The US Library of Congress conducted a conversation with Brubeck in April 2008: Jazz Conversation: Pianist, Composer Dave Brubeck.

Dave Brubeck married jazz lyricist Iola Whitlock in September 1942; the couple were married for 70 years up until his death.

He achieved his vision of an all-jazz format radio station along with his friend and neighbor John E. Metts, one of the first African Americans in senior radio management.

There's a sort of American honesty to it." Robert Christgau dubbed Brubeck the "jazz hero of the rock and roll generation".

Brubeck merely plays himself, with the film featuring close-ups of his piano fingerings.

American Jazz pianist Dave Brubeck grew up unable to read music.


The film opened at the newly built Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles on November 7, 1963.

It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World.

It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World to be as close as possible to the original 197-minute version envisioned by Kramer.

and then It's a Mad World, with Rose and Kramer adding additional Mads to the title as time progressed.

It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a 1963 American comedy film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer with a screenplay by William Rose and Tania Rose from a story by Tania Rose.

Who's Coming to Dinner. His first attempt at directing a comedy film paid off immensely as It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World became a critical and commercial success in 1963 and was nominated for six Academy Awards, winning for Best Sound Editing, and two Golden Globe Awards.

, Mad, Mad, Mad World featured at number 40 in the American Film Institute's list 100 Years ... 100 Laughs.

Films having a comedic search for money with an ensemble cast modeled after It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World include Scavenger Hunt (1979), Million Dollar Mystery (1987) and Rat Race. (2001) There are similar Bollywood movies like Journey Bombay to Goa: Laughter Unlimited (2007), Dhamaal (2007) and Total Dhamaal (2019).

It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World aficionados Mark Evanier, Michael Schlesinger, and Paul Scrabo, a new documentary on the film's visual and sound effects, an excerpt from a 1974 talk show hosted by Stanley Kramer featuring Sid Caesar, Buddy Hackett, and Jonathan Winters, a press interview from 1963 featuring Kramer and cast members, excerpts about the film's influence taken from the 2000 American Film Institute program 100 Years ... 100 Laughs, a two-part 1963 episode of Canadian TV program Telescope that follows the film's press junket and premiere, a segment from the 2012 special

Years later, Kramer announced a possible Mad World sequel, which was to be titled

During the production of Mad World, Hope was arguing with the studio about the future projects that he was due in his contract, and they ultimately refused to allow him to appear.

It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World premiered in New York City.


Edwin Donald "Duke" Snider (September 19, 1926 – February 27, 2011), nicknamed "The Silver Fox" and "The Duke of Flatbush", was an American professional baseball player.

Some of Snider's MLB achievements:  NL

All-Star (1950–56, 1963) All-Star (1950–56, 1963) NL MVP runner-up (1955) NL home run leader (1956) NL RBI leader (1955) NL leader in fielding average as center fielder (1951, 1952, 1955) World Series champion team (1955, 1959) Los Angeles Dodgers: career leader in home runs (389), RBI (1,271), strikeouts (1,123), and extra-base hits (814) Los Angeles Dodgers: single-season record holder for most intentional walks (26 in 1956) Only player to hit four home runs (or more) in two different World Series (1952, 1955) One of two players (besides Gil Hodges) with over 1,000 RBI during the 1950s

Snider earned a tryout with the Brooklyn Dodgers during their spring training in 1947.

Snider, Duke; Gilbert, Bill (1988).

The Duke Snider Story. Julian Messner, Inc.

Snider wore number 11 during the first half of the season, then switched back to 4 after Neal was traded.

He had no triples for the first and only time in his career.

Primarily a center fielder, he spent most of his Major League Baseball (MLB) career playing for the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers (1947–1962), later playing one season each for the New York Mets (1963) and San Francisco Giants (1964).

Born in Los Angeles, Snider was nicknamed "Duke" by his father at age 5.

Duke Snider was named "Golden Bear" during his career in the MLB.


The Scarlet Letter was first published in the spring of 1850 by Ticknor & Fields, beginning Hawthorne's most lucrative period.

The Scarlet Letter: A Romance is a work of historical fiction by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne, published in 1850.

It is mentioned she "was the scarlet letter in another form; the scarlet letter endowed in life” (84).

The following are symbols that are embedded in The Scarlet Letter: The Scarlet Letter A: In the beginning of the novel Hester's letter A is a representation of her sin and adultery.

Hester, shocked by Dimmesdale's deterioration, decides to obtain a release from her vow of silence to her husband.

Following her release from prison, Hester settles in a cottage at the edge of town and earns a meager living with her needlework, which is of extraordinary quality.

The Scarlet Letter was one of the first mass-produced books in America.

The Scarlet Letter was also one of the first mass-produced books in America.

After several years, Hester returns to her cottage and resumes wearing the scarlet letter.

For Hester, the Scarlet Letter is a physical manifestation of her sin and reminder of her painful solitude.

The Scarlet Letter was release in 1850.


Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower ( EYE-zən-how-ər; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969), GCB, OM was an American army general who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961.

Presidency (1953–1961) | End of presidency

Upon completion of his presidential term, his commission was reactivated by Congress and Eisenhower again was commissioned a five-star general in the United States Army.

This second General of the Army rank is not the same as the post-Civil War era version because of its purpose and five stars.

Legacy and memory | Tributes and memorials

In 1999 the United States Congress created the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission, to create an enduring national memorial in Washington, D.C..

During World War II, he became a five-star general in the Army and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe.

Along with Omar Bradley, they were the only five men to achieve the rank since the August 5, 1888 death of Philip Sheridan, and the only five men to hold the rank of five-star general.

while in a civilian office, Eisenhower had resigned his permanent commission as General of the Army before entering the office of President of the United States.

Major Dwight D. Eisenhower graduated from the Army Industrial College (Washington, DC) in 1933 and later served on the faculty (it was later expanded to become the Industrial College of the Armed Services and is now known as the Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy).His primary duty was planning for the next war, which proved most difficult in the midst of the Great Depression.

John served in the United States Army, retired as a brigadier general, became an author and served as U.S. Ambassador to Belgium from 1969 to 1971.

The Interstate Highway System is officially known as the "Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways" in his honor.

Dwight D. Eisenhower was a five star general of the Army and the 35th president of the United States.


Professional career | Life after baseball

Wagner was not finished playing baseball after his retirement from major league baseball.

He died on December 6, 1955 at the age of 81, and he is buried at Jefferson Memorial Cemetery in the South Hills area of Pittsburgh.

Wagner, along with his famous baseball card, was one of the earliest athletes to make the crossover into pop culture film.

His assistant has to point out that they are not only retired, but long-dead ... Anson having played in the late 19th century.

Professional career | Career before Major League Baseball

Albert suggested Honus in 1895 when his Inter-State League team was in need of help.

Johannes Peter "Honus" Wagner (; February 24, 1874 – December 6, 1955), sometimes referred to as "Hans" Wagner, was an American baseball shortstop who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates.

Professional career | Louisville Colonels

By his second season, Wagner was already one of the best hitters in the National League although he came up short a percentage point from finishing the season at .300.

Wagner dropped out of school at age 12 to help his father and brothers in the coal mines.

In 1896 Edward Barrow, from the Wheeling, West Virginia, team that Wagner was playing on, decided to take Honus with him to his next team, the Paterson Silk Sox (Atlantic League).

Honus' brother Albert "Butts" Wagner was considered the ballplayer of the family.

Honus Wagner quit baseball altogether once he got out of the major leagues, going on to have a short film career, and then die at age 81 in 1955.


New Brunswick authorities arrested some residents, others fled to the woods, and local Americans sent letters to the Maine authorities in Augusta.

Acting on advice from Penobscot County, Maine, officials, they called a meeting to select representatives preparatory to incorporating Madawaska as a town.

In preparation for a United States census in 1830, the Maine Legislature sent John Deane and Edward James to the disputed area to document the numbers of inhabitants and to assess the extent of what they considered to be British trespass.

A local resident from the east bank of the Saint John river alerted local representatives of the New Brunswick militia, who entered the hall during one of these meetings and threatened to arrest any resident attempting to organize.

The British government accepted this decision, but Maine rejected it and the new treaty failed to pass the United States Senate.

The journal entries of the newly appointed Governor of New Brunswick record the destruction and comments that survival of New Brunswick depended on the vast forests to the west in the area disputed with the United States.

A century later, Canadian Hugh LL.

Massachusetts land agent George Coffin recorded in his journal during one such journey during autumn 1825, returning from the Upper Saint John and Madawaska area to Fredericton, New Brunswick, that a thunderstorm had ignited a forest fire.

The American refusal to accept his decision would ultimately cost the United States 900 square miles (2,300 km2) of territory.

The United States received 7,908 square miles (20,480 km2) and Britain received 4,119 square miles (10,670 km2).

During that summer, several residents of the west bank of the Saint John at Madawaska filed requests for inclusion of their land in Maine.

During the Crisis of 1830, some Canadians hid in the forest when the British started arresting people attempting to have the United States incorporate their area.


Image and legacy | Claims of Satanic references

The protests were not restricted to the US, with Christian organisations preventing Iron Maiden from performing in Chile in 1992.Contrary to the accusations, the band have always denied the notion that they are Satanists, with lead vocalist, Bruce Dickinson, doing so on-stage in the Live After Death concert video.

The Beast on the Road's US leg proved controversial when an American conservative political lobbying group claimed that Iron Maiden were Satanic because of the new album's title track, to the point where a group of Christian activists destroyed Iron Maiden records as a protest against the band.

History | Dance of Death and A Matter of Life and Death (2003–2007)

Following their Give Me Ed... 'Til I'm Dead Tour in the summer of 2003, Iron Maiden released Dance of Death, their thirteenth studio album, which was met by worldwide critical and commercial success.

History | Return of Dickinson and Smith, Brave New World (1999–2002)

The world tour that followed consisted of well over 100 dates and culminated on 19 January 2001 in a show at the Rock in Rio festival in Brazil, where Iron Maiden played to an audience of around 250,000.

Iron Maiden. Iron Maiden. Vision On. ISBN 978-1-846-09445-3.

Iron Maiden: Iron Maiden: Running Free. Hal Leonard Corp. ISBN 978-0-946-39184-4.

The Iron Maidens Bushell, Gary (1985).

Prato, Greg (2015). Iron Maiden: '

History | The Final Frontier and Maiden England World Tour (2010–2014)

Following announcements that the band had begun composition of new material and booked studio time in early 2010 with Kevin Shirley producing, The Final Frontier was announced on 4 March.

It was the band's first win following two previous Grammy nominations ("Fear of the Dark" in 1994 and "The Wicker Man" in 2001).On 15 March, a new compilation to accompany 2009's

Iron Maiden touts that they proudly follow a Satanic lifestyle.


Red Hot Chili Peppers were formed in Los Angeles by Kiedis, Flea, guitarist Hillel Slovak, and drummer Jack Irons.

In 1998, following Navarro's dismissal, Frusciante returned to Red Hot Chili Peppers.

History | 1998–2001: Return of Frusciante and Californication

With no guitarist, the Red Hot Chili Peppers were on the verge of breaking up.

However, he changed this style when Red Hot Chili Peppers formed.

After the Stadium Arcadium tour, Red Hot Chili Peppers went on an extended hiatus.

The band released their debut album, The Red Hot Chili Peppers, in August 1984.

I'm with You, the tenth Red Hot Chili Peppers album, was released in the US in August 2011.

His replacement, Dave Navarro, played on the sixth Red Hot Chili Peppers album, One Hot Minute (1995).

Red Hot Chili Peppers were formed in Los Angeles by singer Anthony Kiedis, guitarist Hillel Slovak, bassist Flea, and drummer Jack Irons, classmates at Fairfax High School.

The band changed its name to Red Hot Chili Peppers, playing several shows at LA venues.

Red Hot Chili Peppers has had many guitarist including Pat Smear of Nirvana.


She was named after a ship on which her parents had traveled.

There, she took voice lessons and built a career in the opera, which was short-lived due to her difficulty in reaching high notes.

Perhaps her most memorable performance was in the title role of the long-running stage comedy Auntie Mame (based on a Patrick Dennis novel) as well as the 1958 film version, in which she played an eccentric aunt whose orphaned nephew comes to live with her.

She attended Catholic schools, including Rosemont College in Rosemont, Pennsylvania and Marymount College in Tarrytown, New York, then attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City.

Russell had rheumatoid arthritis, and the UCSF Arthritis Research Center currently bears her name.

One critic wrote: "Rosalind Russell as the 'other woman' in the story gives an intelligent and deft handling to her scenes with Young." She quickly rose to fame, and by 1935, was seen as a replacement for actress Myrna Loy, as she took many roles for which Loy was initially set.

Rosalind Russell has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, in the 1700 block of Vine Street.

In addition to her acting career, Russell also wrote the story (under the name C.A. McKnight) for the film The Unguarded Moment (1956), a story of sexual harassment starring Esther Williams.

Catherine Rosalind Russell was one of seven children born in Waterbury, Connecticut, to James Edward, a lawyer, and Clara A. Russell (née McKnight), a teacher.

Her screen test was directed by Harold S. Bucquet, and she later recalled that she was hired because of a closeup he took of her.

Rosalind Russell took her stage name from the farm where her grandmother lived near Rosemont.


His mother was also of German ethnicity, and was herself the daughter of prominent brewer George Gillig.

Ruppert grew up in the Jacob Ruppert Sr. House on Fifth Avenue.

Upon his father's death in 1915, Ruppert inherited the Jacob Ruppert Brewing Company and became the company's president.

Ruppert was born in New York City, the son of brewer Jacob Ruppert Sr., and his wife, the former Anna Gillig.

Jacob Jr. attended the Columbia Grammar School.

Ruppert's father, Jacob Sr., left behind an estate of $6,382,758 ($119,155,573 in current dollar terms) when he died in 1915, which Ruppert increased to $40 million by the time of his death in 1939.

Jacob Ruppert Jr. (August 5, 1867 – January 13, 1939) was an American brewer, businessman, National Guard colonel and politician who served for four terms representing New York in the United States House of Representatives from 1899 to 1907.

An apocryphal story says that Ruppert is responsible for the Yankees' famous pinstriped uniforms; according to this account, Ruppert chose pinstripes to make the often-portly Ruth appear less obese, but the uniform was in fact introduced in 1912.A beer was named after Ruppert, as were Ruppert Stadium in Newark, New Jersey.

Ruppert Park in Manhattan, is part of the Ruppert Yorkville Towers housing complex was built on the site the brewery in Yorkville, Manhattan.

Ruppert bought the Newark Bears who played at Ruppert Stadium in Newark, New Jersey, and begin building the Yankees' farm system.

Ruppert and Ruth had public disagreements about Ruth's contracts.

Jacob Ruppert was Scottish descant.


Presidency (1953–1961) | Interstate Highway System

It was believed that large cities would be targets in a possible war, so the highways were designed to facilitate their evacuation and ease military maneuvers.

After World War II | President at Columbia University and NATO Supreme Commander

He informed them that his main purpose was "to promote the basic concepts of education in a democracy".

At home, Eisenhower was more effective in making the case for NATO in Congress than the Truman administration had been.

After World War II | Presidential campaign of 1952

The campaign strategy was dubbed "K1C2" and was intended to focus on attacking the Truman and Roosevelt administrations on three issues: the Korean War, Communism, and corruption.

World War II | Supreme Allied commander and Operation Overlord

My decision to attack at this time and place was based on the best information available.

In defeating Taft for the nomination, it became necessary for Eisenhower to appease the right wing Old Guard of the Republican Party; his selection of Richard Nixon as the Vice-President on the ticket was designed in part for that purpose.

After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Eisenhower was assigned to the General Staff in Washington, where he served until June 1942 with responsibility for creating the major war plans to defeat Japan and Germany.

Eisenhower's "vision of a great cultural center where business, professional and governmental leaders could meet from time to time to discuss and reach conclusions concerning problems of a social and political nature".

World War II | Operations Torch and Avalanche

Once Mussolini, the Italian leader, had fallen in Italy, the Allies switched their attention to the mainland with Operation Avalanche.

The resulting antipathy between Eisenhower and MacArthur lasted the rest of their lives.

From then until the end of the war in Europe on May 8, 1945, Eisenhower, through SHAEF, commanded all Allied forces, and through his command of ETOUSA had administrative command of all U.S. forces on the Western Front north of the Alps.

The main purpose behind the design of the grand grid of roads Eisenhower commissioned was to make escape from population centers and armed forces' movements in times of war easier and faster, in case of a mainland attack, probably because he lived through both World Wars I, II, and the Korean War.


The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War.

Z. The use of these disguising letters led the business to immediately become known as the "XYZ Affair.

Reaction in the United States | Partisan responses

Federalists used the dispatches to question the loyalty of pro-French Democratic-Republicans; this attitude contributed to the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts, restricting the movements and actions of foreigners, and limiting speech critical of the government.

It led to the undeclared Quasi-War (1798–1800).

Talleyrand was called to the Directory to account for his role in the affair.

Talleyrand, who had recently spent a few years in the United States, was openly concerned about the establishment of closer ties between the U.S. and Britain.

Gerry, in his private report on the affair to Adams in 1799, claimed credit for maintaining the peace, and for influencing significant changes in French policy that lessened the hostilities and eventually brought a peace treaty.

In the wake of the 1789 French Revolution, relations between the new French Republic and U.S. federal government, originally friendly, became strained.

The warlike attitude of the United States and the start of the Quasi-War (a naval war between the two countries that was fought primarily in the Caribbean) convinced Talleyrand that he had miscalculated in his dealings with the commissioners.

On October 17, Nicholas Hubbard, an Englishman working for a Dutch bank used by the Americans (and who came to be identified as "W" in the published papers), notified Pinckney that Baron Jean-Conrad Hottinguer, whom Hubbard described only as a man of honor, wished to meet with him.

The XYZ Affair led to a clash between the US and Republican France.


While in Plainview, Texas, he was accosted at gunpoint by a man who threatened his life if he played in that night's game.

After Stargell died, Joe Morgan said, "When I played, there were 600 baseball players, and 599 of them loved Willie Stargell.

He might have quit baseball over the racial difficulties that he experienced, but he was encouraged by letters he received from friend and baseball scout Bob Zuk.

Wilver Dornell Stargell (March 6, 1940 – April 9, 2001), nicknamed "Pops" later in his career, was an American professional baseball left fielder and first baseman who spent all of his 21 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) (1962–1982) with the Pittsburgh Pirates.

One of the most feared power hitters in baseball history, Stargell hit more home (296) in the 1970s decade than any major league player.

He attended Encinal High School, where his baseball teammates included future MLB players Tommy Harper and Curt Motton.

Stargell signed with the Pittsburgh Pirates organization and entered minor league baseball in 1959.Stargell played for farm teams in New Mexico, North Dakota, Iowa, Texas, North Carolina, and Ohio.

In 1999, he ranked 81st on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was also nominated as a finalist for the MLB All-Century Team.

Stargell played and nothing came of the incident.

"The Willie Stargell Foundation was established to promote research and treatment for kidney disease.

American baseball player Willie Stargell was threatened in order to quit playing.


He was buried in Greenwood Cemetery in Waco.

Andrew Lewis Cooper (April 24, 1898 – June 3, 1941), nicknamed "Lefty", was an American left-handed pitcher in baseball's Negro Leagues.

Cooper was born in Waco, Texas, where he attended A. J. Moore High School.

Cooper had one son, Andy Cooper Jr.

Nearing the end of his career, Cooper pitched 17 innings in a playoff game that year versus the Chicago American Giants.

Cooper gave up two runs in the first inning of the game, but he pitched 16 subsequent scoreless innings.

In 2014, Cooper made the final ballot for election to the Texas Sports Hall of Fame.

Despite the hitter-friendly dimensions of the park, Cooper excelled as a pitcher in Detroit.

He became known for his durability as a pitcher.

In a 1937 playoff game, he pitched 17 innings.

Andy Cooper was an American left-handed pitcher born and buried in Texas.


Shiraz, with a population of around 1.8 million (2016 census), is Iran's sixth most populous city.

It is the capital of the province of Fars, and was also the capital of Iran under the reign of the Zand dynasty.

Tehran, with a population of around 8.8 million (2016 census), is the capital and largest city of Iran.

Tehran is the capital and largest city, as well as the leading economic and cultural hub; it is also the most populous city in Western Asia, with more than 8.8 million residents, and up to 15 million including the metropolitan area.

It was the first capital of the Safavid Empire, and is now the capital of the province of East Azerbaijan.

Alongside the capital, the most popular tourist destinations are Isfahan, Mashhad, and Shiraz.

The country's second most populous city, Mashhad, has a population of around 3.3 million (2016 census), and is capital of the province of Razavi Khorasan.

The fourth most populous city of Iran, Karaj, has a population of around 1.9 million (2016 census).

In any case, the largest population of Azerbaijanis in the world live in Iran.

With a population of around 1.7 million (2016 census), Tabriz is the fifth most populous city of Iran, and had been the second most populous until the late 1960s.

Iran has the largest Jewish population in the Middle East outside of Israel.

The city of Shiraz was the former capital of Iran but is now has the 6th largest population in the country.


Kaling, Novak, and Lieberstein also served multiple roles on the series, as they played regular characters on the show, as well as wrote, directed, and produced episodes.

Aside from NBC, The Office has gone into off-network syndication in the United States.

Scranton has become identified with the show outside the United States as well.

Some episodes of the series use a shortened version of the theme song.

Carell later stated that he had only seen about half of the original pilot episode of the British series before he auditioned.

The pilot is a direct adaptation of the first episode of the original British series.

Greg Daniels served as the senior series showrunner for the first four seasons of the series and developed the British Office series for American television.

Reception and legacy | Critical reviews and commentary

The first season of The Office was met with a mixed response from critics with some of them comparing it to the short-lived NBC series Coupling, which was also based on a British version.

Many cast and crew members have expressed anger that Carell did not receive an Emmy award for his performance in the series.

Merchant later directed the episode "Customer Survey" while Gervais appeared in the episodes

The United States version of the television series The Office has had multiple episodes directed by cast members.


Joseph Paul DiMaggio was born on November 25, 1914, in Martinez, California, the sixth of seven children born to Italian immigrants Giuseppe (1872–1949) and Rosalia (née Lucido; 1878–1951) DiMaggio, from Isola delle Femmine, Sicily.

Major league career | 1941 hitting streak

During the streak, DiMaggio played in seven doubleheaders.

His brothers Vince (1912–1986) and Dom (1917–2009) also were major league center fielders.

DiMaggio was playing semi-pro ball when older brother Vince, playing for the San Francisco Seals of the Pacific Coast League (PCL), talked his manager into letting DiMaggio fill in at shortstop.

DiMaggio holds the record for most seasons with more home runs than strikeouts (minimum 20 home runs), a feat he accomplished seven times, and five times consecutively from 1937 to 1941.

A violent fight between the couple occurred immediately after the skirt-blowing scene in The Seven Year Itch that was filmed on September 14, 1954, in front of Manhattan's Trans-Lux 52nd Street Theater.

According to statements from Joe's brother Tom to biographer Maury Allen, Rosalia's father wrote to her with the advice that Giuseppe could earn a better living in California than in their native Isola delle Femmine, a northwestern Sicilian village in the province of Palermo.

He never married again. According to DiMaggio's attorney Morris Engelberg, DiMaggio's last words were: "I'll finally get to see Marilyn." However, Joe's brother Dominic challenged both Engelberg's version of Joe's final moments as well as his motives.

Through 2011, he was one of seven major leaguers to have had at least four 30-homer, 100-RBI seasons in their first five years, along with Chuck Klein, Ted Williams, Ralph Kiner, Mark Teixeira, Albert Pujols, and Ryan Braun.

LeRoy Neiman: Joe DiMaggio, New York Yankees (1969), Joe DiMaggio, San Francisco Seals (1989), and The DiMaggio Cut (1998) Bruce Stark: caricature of DiMaggio and Mickey Mantle sold at auction for $700 Mark Ulriksen: illustration of DiMaggio for the cover of the April 12, 1999

DiMaggio had seven brother and sisters.


The Treaty of Tordesillas was intended to solve the dispute that had been created following the return of Christopher Columbus and his crew, who had sailed for the Crown of Castile.

The Treaty of Tordesillas was  invoked by Chile in the 20th century to defend the principle of an Antarctic sector extending along a meridian to the South Pole, as well as the assertion that the treaty made Spanish (or Portuguese) all undiscovered land south to the Pole.

Antimeridian: Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza

Nevertheless, by 1542, King Charles V decided to colonize the Philippines, judging that Portugal would not protest because the archipelago had no spices.

However, it quickly became obsolete in North America, and later in Asia and Africa, where it affected colonization.

Thus, with sufficient backing, it became possible for any European state to colonize open territories, or those weakly held by Lisbon or Madrid.

The Treaty of Tordesillas only specified the line of demarcation in leagues from the Cape Verde Islands.

As the Pope had not made changes, the Portuguese king opened direct negotiations with the Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, to move the line to the west and allow him to claim newly discovered lands east of the line.

The Treaty of Tordesillas (Portuguese: Tratado de Tordesilhas

The Treaty of Saragossa did not modify or clarify the line of demarcation in the Treaty of Tordesillas, nor did it validate Spain's claim to equal hemispheres (180° each), so the two lines divided the Earth into unequal hemispheres.

But Portugal's discovery of the highly valued Moluccas in 1512 caused Spain to argue in 1518 that the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the Earth into two equal hemispheres.

The Treaty of Tordesillas was also invoked by Argentina in the 20th century as part of its claim to the Falkland Islands.

The Treaty of Tordesillas was made for Cristobal Colon.


The main residence, as well as foundations of the house, were built largely by enslaved and free African-American laborers, as well as employed Europeans.

Evolution of the White House | Early use, the 1814 fire, and rebuilding

Employees and slaves rescued a painting of George Washington, and in 1939, a Canadian man returned a jewelry box to President Franklin Roosevelt, claiming that his grandfather had taken it from Washington.

Though Latrobe proposed similar porticos before the fire in 1814, both porticos were built as designed by Hoban.

The White House since the Kennedy restoration | East Wing

The East Wing was built during World War II in order to hide the construction of an underground bunker to be used in emergencies.

The south portico was constructed in 1824 during the James Monroe administration; the north portico was built six years later.

The White House since the Kennedy restoration | Grounds

During the mid-to-late 19th century a series of ever larger greenhouses were built on the west side of the house, where the current West Wing is located.

Early history | Architectural description

The central three bays are behind a prostyle portico (this was a later addition to the house, built circa 1830) serving, thanks to the carriage ramp, as a porte cochere.

July 1790 Residence Act designated the capital be permanently located in the new Federal District, and temporarily in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for ten years while the permanent capital was built.

Construction on the French house was initially started before 1789, interrupted by the French Revolution for twenty years and then finally built 1812–1817 (based on Salat's pre-1789 design).

Evolution of the White House | Truman reconstruction

Decades of poor maintenance, the construction of a fourth story attic during the Coolidge administration, and the addition of a second-floor balcony over the south portico for Harry S. Truman took a great toll on the brick and sandstone structure built around a timber frame.

The White House was built by slaves.


John Andrew Smoltz (born May 15, 1967), nicknamed "Smoltzie" and "Marmaduke," is an American former baseball pitcher who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1988 to 2009, all but the last year with the Atlanta Braves.

Major leagues | Return to the rotation (2005–2008)

was a year of reunions and milestones for Smoltz.

In 2018, Smoltz qualified for the U.S.

Smoltz is a Christian. Smoltz is a good friend of pro golfer Tiger Woods, the two often play golf together.

But Smoltz and the Braves won the franchise's only World Series in Atlanta, thanks in great part to Maddux and Glavine, who had begun to overshadow Smoltz.

Smoltz began the 1991 season with a 2–11 record.

was the one year Smoltz had shaky postseason numbers.

Smoltz also received a Silver Slugger Award for his batting.

On August 17, the Red Sox released Smoltz.

Major leagues | St. Louis Cardinals (2009)

Smoltz finished 1–3 with an ERA of 4.26 with the Cardinals.

Smoltz has stated that he once had a plus 4 handicap.

Smoltz was sometimes referred to as "Smolen" or "John John".


Her well known works also include the development of the first immunosuppressive drug, azathioprine, used to fight rejection in organ transplants, and the first successful antiviral drug, acyclovir (ACV), used in the treatment of herpes infection.

Gertrude "Trudy" Belle Elion (January 23, 1918 – February 21, 1999) was an American biochemist and pharmacologist, who shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with George H. Hitchings and Sir James Black for their use of innovative methods of rational drug design for the development of new drugs.

Most of Elion's early work came from the use and development of purine derivatives.

The drugs they developed are used to treat a variety of maladies, such as leukemia, malaria, lupus, hepatitis, arthritis, gout, organ transplant rejection (azathioprine), as well as herpes (acyclovir, which was the first selective and effective drug of its kind).

Journal of the American Chemical Society.

This new method focused on understanding the target of the drug rather than simply using trial-and-error.

She played a significant role in the development of AZT, one of the first drugs used to treat HIV and AIDS.

Hitchings was using a new way of developing drugs, by intentionally imitating natural compounds instead of through trial and error.

She also was crucial in the development of Nelarabine, which she worked on until her death in 1999.Rather than relying on trial-and-error, Elion and Hitchings discovered new drugs using rational drug design, which used the differences in biochemistry and metabolism between normal human cells and pathogens (disease-causing agents such as cancer cells, protozoa, bacteria, and viruses) to design drugs that could kill or inhibit the reproduction of particular pathogens without harming human cells.

Gertrude synthesized anti-metabolites of purines, and in 1950, she developed the anti-cancer drugs tioguanine and mercaptopurine.

American biochemist Gertrude "Trudy" Belle Elio came up with a drug that is used to fight herpes.


Music career | 1968–1971: Space Oddity to Hunky Dory

After a disastrous opening gig at the London Roundhouse, they reverted to a configuration presenting Bowie as a solo artist.

In January 1968, Kemp choreographed a dance scene for a BBC play, The Pistol Shot, in the Theatre 625 series, and used Bowie with a dancer, Hermione Farthingale; the pair began dating, and moved into a London flat together.

Tin Machine began work on a second album, but Bowie put the venture on hold and made a return to solo work.

Having established himself as a solo artist with "Space Oddity", Bowie began to sense a lacking: "a full-time band for gigs and recording—people he could relate to personally".

Music career | 1980–1988: New Romantic and pop era

Stevie Ray Vaughan was guest guitarist playing solo on "Let's Dance", although the video depicts Bowie miming this part.

Music career | 1962–1967: Early career to debut album

Bowie formed his first band, the Konrads, in 1962 at the age of 15.

"Dancing in the Street" quickly went to number one on release.

Bowie met dancer Lindsay Kemp in 1967 and enrolled in his dance class at the London Dance Centre.

Playing acoustic guitar, Farthingale formed a group with Bowie and guitarist John Hutchinson named Feathers; between September 1968 and early 1969 the trio gave a small number of concerts combining folk, Merseybeat, poetry, and mime.

Acting career | 2000s and posthumous notes

In the 2008 film August, directed by Austin Chick, he played a supporting role as Ogilvie, a "ruthless venture capitalist.

David Bowie is a Londoner who ventured out to form a full-time band in which he began playing guitar and danced alongside women before he went solo.


Primarily a center fielder, he spent most of his Major League Baseball (MLB) career playing for the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers (1947–1962), later playing one season each for the New York Mets (1963) and San Francisco Giants (1964).

He appeared in three different positions for the Giants, playing 26 games in right field and 18 in left field for a combined total of 288.2 innings.

Snider's career numbers declined when the team moved to Los Angeles in 1958.

Defensively, he posted a .985 fielding percentage playing at all three outfield positions.

He played in 39 more games that season and became a friend of Jackie Robinson before he was sent to the St. Paul team in early July.

All-Star (1950–56, 1963) All-Star (1950–56, 1963) NL MVP runner-up (1955) NL home run leader (1956) NL RBI leader (1955) NL leader in fielding average as center fielder (1951, 1952, 1955) World Series champion team (1955, 1959) Los Angeles Dodgers: career leader in home runs (389), RBI (1,271), strikeouts (1,123), and extra-base hits (814) Los Angeles Dodgers: single-season record holder for most intentional walks (26 in 1956) Only player to hit four home runs (or more) in two different World Series (1952, 1955) One of two players (besides Gil Hodges) with over 1,000 RBI during the 1950s

He had no triples for the first and only time in his career.

Snider earned a tryout with the Brooklyn Dodgers during their spring training in 1947.

After one season, Snider asked to be traded to a contending team.

Snider wore number 11 during the first half of the season, then switched back to 4 after Neal was traded.

Duke Snider played for three different teams during his career.


The Count of Monte Cristo (French: Le Comte de Monte-Cristo) is an adventure novel by French author Alexandre Dumas (père) completed in 1844.

It is one of the author's more popular works, along with The Three Musketeers.

Most English editions of the novel follow the anonymous translation.

The first appearance of The Count of Monte Cristo in English was the first part of a serialization by W. Francis Ainsworth in volume VII of Ainsworth's Magazine published in 1845, although this was an abridged summary of the first part of the novel only and was entitled The Prisoner of If.

The novel is popular in Japan, and has spawned numerous adaptations, the most notable of which are the novels Meiji Gankutsu-ou by Taijirou Murasame and Shin Gankutsu-ou by Kaitarō Hasegawa.

Selected notable adaptations | Sequels (books)

This novel was divided in the English translation into two books: The Wife of Monte Cristo and The Son of Monte Cristo).

The novel had been a personal favorite of Jiang Qing, and the 1978 translation became one of the first mass-popularized foreign novels in Mainland China after end of the Cultural Revolution.

In June 2017, Manga Classics, an imprint of UDON Entertainment, published The Count of Monte Cristo as a faithfully adapted Manga edition of the classic novel.

George Saintsbury stated: "Monte Cristo is said to have been at its first appearance, and for some time subsequently, the most popular book in Europe.

Selected notable adaptations | Plays and musicals

Two English adaptations of the novel were published in 1868.

Published in English by T.B. Peterson and Brothers in 1886 (no translator credited) 1884: Monte-Cristo's Daughter sequel to Alexander Dumas' great novel, the "Count of Monte-Cristo," and Conclusion of "Edmond Dantès", Edmund Flagg.

The English novel The Count of Monte Cristo is the author's most popular pieces.


James Maitland Stewart was born on May 20, 1908, in Indiana, Pennsylvania, the eldest child and only son born to Elizabeth Ruth (née Jackson; 1875–1953) and Alexander Maitland Stewart (1872–1962).

Personal life | Friendships, interests, and character

An award for Boy Scouts, "The James M. Stewart Good Citizenship Award" has been presented since 2003.

James Maitland Stewart (May 20, 1908 – July 2, 1997) was an American actor and military officer.

Stewart donated his papers and memorabilia to the library after becoming friends with the curator of its arts and communications collections, James D'Arc.

Stewart also made his first onstage appearance at Mercersburg, as Buquet in the play The Wolves in 1928.

In 1997, Princeton University, Stewart's alma mater, honored him with the dedication of the James M. Stewart Theater along with a retrospective of his films.

In 1965, Stewart was given his first honorary award for his career, the Cecil B. DeMille Award.

Career | Career renewal: Westerns and suspense films (1950–1959)

James Neilson replaced Mann, and the film opened in 1957 to become a box office flop.

Stewart also appeared in a First Motion Picture Unit short film, Winning Your Wings, to help recruit airmen.

The first of these was the Universal production Winchester '73 (1950), which Stewart agreed to do in exchange for being cast in a screen adaptation of Harvey.

James Stewart was the first kid from his parents.


Establishing her professional career in the mid-1960s at the forefront of California's emerging folk rock and country rock movements – genres which defined post-1960s rock music – Ronstadt joined forces with Bobby Kimmel and Kenny Edwards and became the lead singer of a folk-rock trio, the Stone Poneys.

Career overview | Solo career | Highest-paid woman in rock

you wind up falling on your face." By the end of 1978, Ronstadt had solidified her role as one of rock and pop's most successful solo female acts, and owing to her consistent platinum album success, and her ability as the first woman to sell out concerts in arenas and stadiums hosting tens of thousands of fans, Ronstadt became the "highest paid woman in rock".

Us Weekly reported in 1978 that Ronstadt, Joni Mitchell, Stevie Nicks, and Carly Simon had become "The Queens of Rock" and "Rock is no longer exclusively male.

By 1979, Ronstadt had collected eight gold, six platinum, and four multi-platinum certifications for her albums, an unprecedented feat at the time.

In 1979, Ronstadt went on an international tour, playing in arenas across Australia to Japan, including the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne, and the Budokan in Tokyo.

By the end of the decade, Ronstadt had outsold her female competition; no other female artist to date had five straight platinum LPs – Hasten Down the Wind and Heart Like a Wheel among them.

She had six platinum-certified albums, three of which were number 1 on the Billboard album chart, and numerous charted pop singles.

In 1978 alone, she made over $12 million (equivalent to $44,000,000 in 2016 dollars) and in the same year her albums sales were reported to be 17 million – grossing over $60 million (equivalent to a gross of over $220,000,000, in 2016 dollars).As

Rolling Stone dubbed her "Rock's Venus", her record sales continued to multiply and set records themselves.

Her 1976 Greatest Hits album would sell consistently for the next 25 years and in 2001 was certified by the RIAA for seven-times platinum (over seven million U.S. copies sold).

Ronstadt was the highest paid woman in rock during her professional career in the 1960s.


The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and its metal framework was built by Gustave Eiffel.

The statue was built in France, shipped overseas in crates, and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe's Island.

Design and construction process | Dedication

President Cleveland headed the procession, then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America.

Access and attributes | Inscriptions, plaques, and dedications

They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner.

After dedication | Lighthouse Board and War Department (1886–1933)

One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled: I saw the Statue of Liberty.

Design and construction process | Construction in France

By 1882, the statue was complete up to the waist, an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue.

Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty.

After dedication | Closures and reopenings (2001–present)

In Reagan's dedication speech, he stated, "We are the keepers of the flame of liberty; we hold it high for the world to see." Immediately following the September 11 attacks, the statue and Liberty Island were closed to the public.

Design and construction process | Origin

There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal, the Colossus of Rhodes: an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun, Helios.

Design and construction process | Design, style, and symbolism

The erected statue does stride over a broken chain, half-hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground.

The Statue of Liberty was built by a Greek sculptor who wanted to immigrate to America after seeing his completed work.


The title comes from a painting of the same name by Jules Breton in 1884 and part of the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago.

He plays the mandolin. His full name is Juan Tellamantez.

When her instructor hears her voice, he realizes that this is her true artistic gift.

Plot summary | Part II: The Song of the Lark

He then parts with Thea, explaining that her voice is her true artistic gift, not her playing.

This novel is one of the first of the Revolt Novels, a term coined by Carl Von Doren in his article in The Nation titled "Revolt from the Village".

The novel was inspired by the story of soprano Olive Fremstad.

Set in the 1890s in Moonstone, a fictional town in Colorado, The Song of the Lark is the self-portrait of an artist in the making.

Plot summary | Part I: Friends of Childhood

Before Christmas, Thea plays the piano at a concert, but the town paper praises her rival Lily which upsets Thea, as she wanted to sing rather than perform an instrumental piece.

The book tells the story of a talented artist born in a small town in Colorado who discovers and develops her singing voice.

The Song of the Lark is the third novel by American author Willa Cather, written in 1915.

The name of the novel came from a piece from an artist.


Director Weir, asked in 2005 if he would make a sequel, stated he thought it "most unlikely", and after disclaiming internet rumors to the contrary, stated "I think that while it did well

McGregor, Tom (2003). The Making of Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World.

"The Far Side of the World (Master and Commander)".

Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World is a 2003 American epic period war-drama film co-written, produced and directed by Peter Weir, set in the Napoleonic Wars.

The film combines elements from 13 different novels of Patrick O'Brian, but the basic plot mostly comes from The Far Side of the World.

Aubrey hastily pursues the privateer, dashing Maturin's expectation of more time to explore.

The two arrangements of this cue contained in the CD differ significantly from the one heard in the movie.

A few highlights are listed here.

"Master and Commander" stays afloat to the finish, but that's all that can be said.

Their interaction takes on a preening quality, reminiscent of the interaction of the "Star Trek" characters four or five movies down the line.

Once that happens, the story involving the French ship loses much of its interest and all of its danger, and the movie starts taking on water.

The director of Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, says he would like to make a few more movies in the series, but he plans on taking some time to get it right.


Cher's role as a lesbian in the film Silkwood, as well as her transition to dance music and social activism, have further contributed to her becoming a gay icon.

Cher is considered a gay icon, and has often been imitated by drag queens.

She wears her vulnerability on her sleeve." Jeff Yarbrough of The Advocate wrote that Cher was "one of the first superstars to 'play gay' with compassion and without a hint of stereotyping", as she portrays a lesbian in the 1983 film Silkwood.

According to Salon magazine's Thomas Rogers, "[d]rag queens imitate women like Judy Garland, Dolly Parton and Cher because they overcame insult and hardship on their path to success, and because their narratives mirror the pain that many gay men suffer on their way out of the closet." According to Maclean's magazine's Elio Iannacci, Cher was "one of the first to bring drag to the masses", as she hired two drag queens to perform with her at her Las Vegas residency in 1979.

The NBC sitcom Will & Grace acknowledged Cher's status by making her the idol of gay character Jack McFarland.

Life and career | 2018–present: Return to film, Dancing Queen, upcoming projects

It's her song now. It's her song now. "On March 4, 2018, Cher headlined the 40th Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras.

She was the keynote speaker for the 1997 national Parents, Families, & Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) convention, and has since become one of the LGBT community's most vocal advocates.

Cher guest-starred as herself twice on the show, in 2000—making

Cher thrives on a version of nakedness and honesty that is rarely celebrated in the public eye." Monica Heisey of The Guardian called Cher's Twitter account "a jewel in the bizarro crown of the internet", and stated, "While many celebrities use Twitter for carefully crafted self-promotion, Cher just lets it all hang out." The reverence held for Cher by members of the LGBT community has been attributed to her career accomplishments, her sense of style, and her longevity.

In May 1998, she received the GLAAD Vanguard Award for having "made a significant difference in promoting equal rights for lesbians and gay men".

Cher played a lesbian in a film and this is one of the reasons she is considered a gay icon.


"In the light dying, we'll rage and fight, go kickin' and screamin', into that good night." The poem was featured as a voiceover by Iain Glen in a 2018 television advert for the Ford Motor Company.

The advert was subsequently banned by the Advertising Standards Authority for encouraging driving as a way to release anger.

It has no title other than its first line, "Do not go gentle into that good night", a line that appears as a refrain throughout the poem along with its other refrain, "Rage, rage against the dying of the light".

See scheme below. "Do not go gentle into that good night" was used as the text for the 1954

The rhyme-and-refrain pattern of Do not go gentle into that good night can be schematized as A1bA2 abA1 abA2 abA1 abA2

"Do not go gentle into that good night" is a poem in the form of a villanelle, and the most famous work of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas (1914–1953).

In the same movie, leading actors Matthew McConaughey and Anne Hathaway are sent into hypersleep with the final words "Do not go gentle into that good night.

In the track "Rage" by Chumbawamba on the album Anarchy, released in 1994.

After subduing the heroes and beginning to cloak the world in darkness, the villain MaloMyotismon muses, "The dying of the light, and nothing to rage against it!" The black metal band Anaal Nathrakh has a song called "Rage, rage against the dying of the light" from the 2004 album Domine Non Es Dignus.

released a song entitled "Rage Against the Dying of the Light" on their album Harmlessness.

In a 2007 episode of Doctor Who, "The Shakespeare Code", The Doctor, played by David Tennant, quotes the third line of this poem, "Rage, rage against the dying of the light", to William Shakespeare, played by Dean Lennox Kelly.

Nobody has ever drawn the conclusion, in an official state-sanctioned capacity, that "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night" could be used to spur people into road rage.


Properties and reactions | Nuclear reactions

A hydrogen nucleus is a single proton, so simultaneous nuclear interactions, which would occur within a heavier nucleus, don't need to be considered for the detection experiment.

Neutrinos can interact with a nucleus, changing it to another nucleus.

In general the interaction probability increases with the number of neutrons and protons within a nucleus.

In this case, the energy levels and spin states within the target nucleus have to be taken into account to estimate the probability for an interaction.

Within a cubic metre of water placed right outside a nuclear reactor, only relatively few such interactions can be recorded, but the setup is now used for measuring the reactor's plutonium production rate.

Properties and reactions | Induced fission

Very much like neutrons do in nuclear reactors, neutrinos can induce fission reactions within heavy nuclei.

For this reason, in early experiments a special reaction channel was chosen to facilitate the identification: the interaction of an antineutrino with one of the hydrogen nuclei in the water molecules.

The majority of neutrinos which are detected about the Earth are from nuclear reactions inside the Sun.

Another important use of the neutrino is in the observation of supernovae, the explosions that end the lives of highly massive stars.

Research | Neutrinoless double-beta decay searches

Another hypothesis concerns "neutrinoless double-beta decay", which, if it exists, would violate lepton number conservation.

There is no nuclear reaction when neutrinos are in contact with another nucleus.


Release and reception | Critical response

Among the few who took a more negative view of the film, historian Lawrence James called it "pure hagiography" while anthropologist Akhil Gupta said it "suffers from tepid direction and a superficial and misleading interpretation of history.

Reviews were broadly positive not only domestically (in India) but also internationally.

Due to the running time, it could only be shown three times a day.

Goldcrest Films invested £5,076,000 in the film and received £11,461,000 in return, earning them a profit of £6,385,000.

Parts of the book also discuss the film negatively.

In the commentary, both Sir Christopher Lee, who portrayed the older Muhammed Ali Jinnah, and director Jamil Dehlavi criticised the film Gandhi for its portrayal of Jinnah, arguing it to be demonising and historically inaccurate.

In Time, Richard Schickel wrote that in portraying Gandhi's "spiritual presence... Kingsley is nothing short of astonishing.

Patrick French negatively reviewed the film, writing in The Telegraph: An important origin of one myth about Gandhi was Richard Attenborough’s 1982 film.

The movie's run was negatively received due to its aggrandized portrayal of Ghandi and its superficiality.


The word arthropod comes from the Greek ἄρθρον árthron, "joint", and πούς pous (gen. podos (ποδός)), i.e. "foot" or "leg", which together mean "jointed leg".

An arthropod (, from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, "joint" and πούς pous, "foot" (gen. ποδός)) is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages.

Arthropods are invertebrates with segmented bodies and jointed limbs.

Working out the evolutionary stages by which all these different combinations could have appeared is so difficult that it has long been known as "the arthropod head problem".

Description | Respiration and circulation

As with other invertebrates, the respiratory pigments of those arthropods that have them are generally dissolved in the blood and rarely enclosed in corpuscles as they are in vertebrates.

In 1960, R. E. Snodgrass even hoped it would not be solved, as he found trying to work out solutions to be fun.

Chemical sensors provide equivalents of taste and smell, often by means of setae.

The intentional cultivation of arthropods and other small animals for human food, referred to as minilivestock, is now emerging in animal husbandry as an ecologically sound concept.

Arthropods were well pre-adapted to colonize land, because their existing jointed exoskeletons provided protection against desiccation, support against gravity and a means of locomotion that was not dependent on water.

Some terrestrial crustaceans have developed means of storing the mineral, since on land they cannot rely on a steady supply of dissolved calcium carbonate.

An arthropod is an invertebrate animal that is derived from the Latin work meaning foot.


Jones and Walker played young sweethearts in Since You Went Away, but in real life, they were married at the time and going through a bitter break-up due to Jones' ongoing affair with producer Selznick.

Since You Went Away is a 1944 American drama film directed by John Cromwell for Selznick International Pictures and distributed by United Artists.

Though famously sentimental in places, Since You Went Away is somber at times about the effects of war on ordinary people.

Since You Went Away was released to DVD by MGM Home Video on October 19, 2004 in a Region 1

According to Bosley Crowther, Since You Went Away, Selznick's first screen production in four years, features a script with an "excess of exhausting emotional detail"; Crowther was impressed with the performances, but had issues with the film as a whole: As the mother and center of the family, Claudette Colbert gives an excellent show of gallantly self-contained emotion, and Jennifer Jones is surpassingly sweet as a well-bred American daughter in the first bloom of womanhood and love.

Two hours and fifty-one minutes is a lot of time to harp upon one well-known theme -lonesomeness and anxiety.

It is an epic about the American home front during World War II that was adapted and produced by David O. Selznick from the 1943 novel Since You Went Away: Letters to a Soldier from His Wife by Margaret Buell Wilder.

The film is set in a mid-sized American town, where people with loved ones in the Armed Forces try to cope with their changed circumstances and make their own contributions to the war effort.

When the Hiltons travel by train in a failed attempt to see Tim one last time before he ships out, they encounter or travel with many other people whose lives have been affected by the war, and they end up not getting to see Tim because their train is delayed to allow a defense supply train to go through first.

The head of the production company for Since You Went Away was the father of one of the actors.


The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War.

Z. The use of these disguising letters led the business to immediately become known as the "XYZ Affair.

It led to the undeclared Quasi-War (1798–1800).

Talleyrand was called to the Directory to account for his role in the affair.

Gerry, in his private report on the affair to Adams in 1799, claimed credit for maintaining the peace, and for influencing significant changes in French policy that lessened the hostilities and eventually brought a peace treaty.

The warlike attitude of the United States and the start of the Quasi-War (a naval war between the two countries that was fought primarily in the Caribbean) convinced Talleyrand that he had miscalculated in his dealings with the commissioners.

Gerry, seeking to avoid all-out war, remained for several months after the other two commissioners left.

These leaders, and Talleyrand, viewed President Adams as hostile to their interests, but did not think that there was significant danger of war.

Commission to France | Later negotiations

The change in strategy alarmed a number of American residents of Paris, who reported the growing possibility of war.

Despite those calls, Adams steadfastly refused to ask Congress for a formal war declaration.

The XYZ Affair led to a war.


She married Pitt, after two years of dating, on July 29, 2000, in a lavish Malibu wedding.

Divorced from actor Brad Pitt, to whom she was married for five years, Aniston is separated from actor Justin Theroux, whom she married in 2015.

The couple began dating in 1995, but ended their relationship after two and a half years in 1998.Aniston met Brad Pitt in 1998; their relationship was widely publicized in the press.

Along with Brad Pitt and Brad Grey, CEO of Paramount Pictures, Aniston founded the film production company Plan B Entertainment in 2002, although she and Grey withdrew in 2005.

During their divorce proceedings, there was intense speculation in the media that Pitt had been unfaithful to Aniston with his Mr. & Mrs. Smith co-star Angelina Jolie, whom he started dating soon after the split.

She said her relationship with Pitt, which she does not regret, was "seven very intense years together" and that "it was a beautiful, complicated relationship".

Original plans called for the perfume to be named "Lolavie by Jennifer Aniston", but to avoid confusion with a similarly named perfume, the name was changed to simply "Jennifer Aniston".

The daughter of actors John Aniston and Nancy Dow

On January 7, 2005, they announced their separation, and finalized their divorce on October 2.

... We don't need to be married or mothers to be complete.

Jennifer Aniston dated fellow actor Brad Pitt for 2 years before they getting married.


It was ignored by other European nations, and with the decline of Spanish and Portuguese power, the home countries were unable to hold many of their claims, much less expand them into poorly explored areas.

[tɾɐˈtaðu ðɨ tuɾðeˈziʎɐʃ]; Spanish: Tratado de Tordesillas [tɾaˈtaðo ðe toɾðeˈsiʎas]), signed at Tordesillas in Spain on June 7, 1494, and authenticated at Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire (Crown of Castile), along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa.

The Treaty of Tordesillas only specified the line of demarcation in leagues from the Cape Verde Islands.

The Treaty of Tordesillas (Portuguese: Tratado de Tordesilhas

Antimeridian: Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza

The Treaty of Saragossa did not modify or clarify the line of demarcation in the Treaty of Tordesillas, nor did it validate Spain's claim to equal hemispheres (180° each), so the two lines divided the Earth into unequal hemispheres.

But Portugal's discovery of the highly valued Moluccas in 1512 caused Spain to argue in 1518 that the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the Earth into two equal hemispheres.

The Treaty of Tordesillas was also invoked by Argentina in the 20th century as part of its claim to the Falkland Islands.

Instead, the treaty stated that these matters were to be settled by a joint voyage which never occurred.

The attitude towards the treaty that other governments had was expressed in a statement attributed to France's King Francis I, "Show me Adam's will!" On January 13, 1750, King John V of Portugal and Ferdinand VI of Spain signed the Treaty of Madrid, in which both parties sought to establish the borders between Brazil and Spanish America, admitting that the Treaty of Tordesillas, as it had been envisioned in 1494 had been superseded, and was considered void.

The Treaty of Tordesillas was intended to solve the dispute that had been created following the return of Christopher Columbus and his crew, who had sailed for the Crown of Castile.

The other side of the world was divided a few decades later by the Treaty of Zaragoza, signed on 22 April 1529, which specified the antimeridian to the line of demarcation specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas.

All of Europe respected the Treaty of Tordesillas.


, Gerty Cori received the Nobel Prize in 1947 for the discovery of the mechanism by which glycogen—a derivative of glucose—is broken down in muscle tissue into lactic acid and then resynthesized in the body and stored as a source of energy (known as the Cori cycle).

Gerty Cori was born Gerty Theresa Radnitz into a Jewish family in Prague in 1896.

In 1929, they proposed the theoretical cycle that later won them the Nobel Prize, the Cori cycle.

Gerty Theresa Cori (née Radnitz; August 15, 1896 – October 26, 1957) was an Austro-Hungarian-American biochemist who in 1947 was the third woman to win a Nobel Prize in science, and the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for her role in the discovery of glycogen metabolism.

Months before she won the Nobel Prize, she was promoted to full professor, a post she held until her death in 1957.While working at Washington University, they discovered an intermediate compound in frog muscles that enabled the breakdown of glycogen, called glucose 1-phosphate, now known as the Cori ester.

Gerty Cori published eleven articles as the sole author.

In 1957, Gerty Cori died after a ten-year struggle with myelosclerosis.

Just before winning the Nobel prize, while they were on a mountain climbing trip, the Coris learned that Gerty Cori was ill with myelosclerosis, a fatal disease of the bone marrow.

Gerty Cori continued her early interest in medical research, collaborating in the laboratory with Carl.

Later, her son erected a cenotaph for Gerty and Carl Cori in Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis, Missouri.

Gerty Theresa Cori discovered the Cori cycle.


Pompeii (, Latin: [pɔmˈpeːjjiː]) was an ancient city located in what is now the comune of Pompei near Naples in the Campania region of Italy.

On that day in Pompeii, there were to be two sacrifices, as it was the anniversary of Augustus being named "Father of the Nation" and also a feast day to honour the guardian spirits of the city.

Preservation was haphazard and presents today's archaeologists with great difficulty.

The eruption lasted for two days.

At some time in the night or early the next day, pyroclastic flows began near the volcano, consisting of high speed, dense, and very hot ash clouds, knocking down wholly or partly all structures in their path, incinerating or suffocating the remaining population and altering the landscape, including the coastline.

Rei Publicae Pompeianorum [...] was found and the city was identified as Pompeii.

The nutrient-rich lands near Pompeii were extremely efficient at this and were often able to exceed these requirements by a steep margin, therefore providing the incentive for local wineries to establish themselves.

The city began to flourish and maritime trade started with the construction of a small port near the mouth of the river.

It is speculated that these historical vineyards are strikingly similar in structure to the modern day vineyards across Italy.

A 2012 study recommended an improved strategy for interpretation and presentation of the site as a cost-effective method of improving its conservation and preservation in the short term.

Pompeii is found in present day Greece near Athens.


Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 1189 until his death.

King and crusader | Coronation and anti-Jewish violence

Richard I was officially invested as Duke of Normandy on 20 July 1189 and crowned king in Westminster Abbey on 3 September 1189.

Only days later, on 28 April 1192, Conrad was stabbed to death by Assassins before he could be crowned.

He was born in England, where he spent his childhood; before becoming king, however, he lived most of his adult life in the Duchy of Aquitaine, in the southwest of France.

Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Final years of Henry II's reign

The following year, Richard attempted to take the throne of England for himself by joining Philip's expedition against his father.

Richard asked to have the crossbowman brought before him; called alternatively Pierre (or Peter) Basile, John Sabroz, Dudo, and Bertrand de Gourdon (from the town of Gourdon) by chroniclers

He expected to be executed, but as a final act of mercy Richard forgave him, saying "Live on, and by my bounty behold the light of day", before he ordered the boy to be freed and sent away with 100 shillings.

Berengaria had almost as much difficulty in making the journey home as her husband did, and she did not see England until after his death.

It is unclear whether the pardon was upheld following his death.

Before leaving Cyprus on crusade, Richard married Berengaria, the first-born daughter of King Sancho VI of Navarre.

Richard I of England was King till 3 years before his death.


As he was born two months prematurely and thought unlikely to survive, he was baptised the same day by Thomas Secker, who was both Rector of St James's and Bishop of Oxford.

Titles, styles and arms | Titles and styles

31 March 1751 – 20 April 1751: His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh 20 April 1751 – 25 October 1760: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales 25 October 1760 – 29 January 1820: His Majesty The KingIn Great Britain, George III used the official style "George the Third, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, and so forth".

His style became "George the Third, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith.

George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death in 1820.

George was born in London at Norfolk House in St James's Square.

George, in his accession speech to Parliament, proclaimed: "Born and educated in this country, I glory in the name of Britain." He inserted this phrase into the speech, written by Lord Hardwicke, to demonstrate his desire to distance himself from his German forebears, who were perceived as caring more for Hanover than for Britain.

In 1801, when Great Britain united with Ireland, he dropped the title of king of France, which had been used for every English monarch since Edward III's claim to the French throne in the medieval period.

French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars

In 1800, the British and Irish Parliaments passed an Act of Union that took effect on 1 January 1801 and united Great Britain and Ireland into a single state, known as the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland".

George III is often accused of obstinately trying to keep Great Britain at war with the revolutionaries in America, despite the opinions of his own ministers.

He was a monarch of the House of Hanover, but unlike his two predecessors, he was born in Great Britain, spoke English as his first language, and never visited Hanover.

William Pitt | Slavery and the slave trade

During most of his reign, King George III opposed the abolitionist movement.

Born in London, several months early and close to death's door, George III was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland, who called himself Defender of Faith by the Grace of God.


The word arthropod comes from the Greek ἄρθρον árthron, "joint", and πούς pous (gen. podos (ποδός)), i.e. "foot" or "leg", which together mean "jointed leg".

The term Arthropoda as originally proposed refers to a proposed grouping of Euarthropods and the phylum Onychophora.

Originally it seems that each appendage-bearing segment had two separate pairs of appendages: an upper and a lower pair.

Evolutionary history | Evolutionary family tree

From 1952 to 1977, zoologist Sidnie Manton and others argued that arthropods are polyphyletic, in other words, that they do not share a common ancestor that was itself an arthropod.

Further analysis and discoveries in the 1990s reversed this view, and led to acceptance that arthropods are monophyletic, in other words they do share a common ancestor that was itself an arthropod.

One of the newer hypotheses is that the chelicerae have originated from the same pair of appendages that evolved into antennae in the ancestors of Mandibulata, which would place trilobites, which had antennae, closer to Mandibulata than Chelicerata.

The word is Roman in origin.