Production began in 2001 and finished in 2013, with Linklater's goal to make a film about growing up.

Although Linklater had referred to the project as Boyhood during the early years of production, in 2013 he settled on the title 12 Years, but was forced to rename it due to the release of 12 Years a Slave in the same year.

Hawke was amazed that the producers "still had their job" at the film's completion, despite "(having) to hide a couple hundred thousand dollars a year for over a decade while we slowly made this movie".

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone also named Boyhood the best movie of the year, calling it the year's "biggest emotional powerhouse".

He planned to assemble the cast and crew for a few weeks' filming annually for 12 years.

" IFC, the film's distributor, committed to a film budget of US$200,000 per year, or $2.4 million over the 12-year shooting period.

Mason and Samantha have grown into their lives in San Marcos, a town close to Austin.

For people who like the movie, I think there will be a lot of cool little treasures.

A. O. Scott, also writing for The New York Times, called Boyhood the best film of 2014, saying that he could not think of any film that had affected him the way Boyhood had in his 15 years as a professional film critic.

In a 2016 poll by BBC Culture, critics ranked Boyhood as the fifth greatest film since 2000.

According to Hawke, the discussion about the possibility of additional Star Wars films is "the only honest-to-god improvised moment in the movie".

Boyhood the movie took close to 12 years to produce.


[ˈkaʁl ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈɡaʊs] (listen); Latin: Carolus Fridericus Gauss; 30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a German mathematician and physicist who made significant contributions to many fields in mathematics and science.

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (; German: Gauß

Before she died, Sophie Germain was recommended by Gauss to receive an honorary degree; she never received it.

Carl Friedrich Gauss, who also introduced the so-called Gaussian logarithms, sometimes gets confused with Friedrich Gustav Gauss (1829–1915), a German geologist, who also published some well-known logarithm tables used up into the early 1980s.

On Gauss's recommendation, Friedrich Bessel was awarded an honorary doctor degree from Göttingen in March 1811.

His personal diaries indicate that he had made several important mathematical discoveries years or decades before his contemporaries published them.

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss was born on 30 April 1777 in Brunswick (Braunschweig), in the Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (now part of Lower Saxony, Germany), to poor, working-class parents.

Johanna died on 11 October 1809, and her most recent child, Louis, died the following year.

Mathematicians including Jean le Rond d'Alembert had produced false proofs before him, and Gauss's dissertation contains a critique of d'Alembert's work.

He discovered a construction of the heptadecagon on 30 March.

Minna Waldeck died on 12 September 1831.Gauss had six children.

Carl Friedrich Gauss's discoveries in biochemistry were discovered to be fraudulent before he died.


Between 46,000 and 51,000 soldiers from both armies were casualties in the three-day battle, the most costly in US history.

Note that many other Union units (not part of the Army of the Potomac) were actively involved in the Gettysburg Campaign, but not directly involved in the Battle of Gettysburg.

The south winning the Battle of Gettysburg is a popular premise for a point of divergence in American Civil War alternate histories.

Second day of battle | Attacks on the Union left flank

The III Corps was virtually destroyed as a combat unit in this battle, and Sickles's leg was amputated after it was shattered by a cannonball.

General Meade's estimate was a mile or a mile and a half [1.6 or 2.4 km] (Captain Long, the guide of the field of Gettysburg in 1888, stated that it was a trifle over a mile).

If? If? and What Ifs? of American History, "East of Appomattox" by Lee Allred in Alternate Generals

He then concluded that the divisions of McLaws and Hood could remain on the defensive line; that he would reinforce by divisions of the Third Corps and Pickett's brigades, and stated the point to which the march should be directed.

Henry Adams, whose father was serving as the U.S ambassador to the United Kingdom at the time, wrote, "The disasters of the rebels are unredeemed by even any hope of success.

He stated fifteen thousand. Opinion was then expressed that the fifteen thousand men who could make successful assault over that field had never been arrayed for battle; but he was impatient of listening, and tired of talking, and nothing was left but to proceed.

These included portions of the Union IV Corps, the militia and state troops of the Department of the Susquehanna, and various garrisons, including that at Harpers Ferry.

Battle of Gettysburg was the cheapest balled in the history of United States.


She is said to have been his closest friend during childhood.

Verdi had a younger sister, Giuseppa, who died aged 17 in 1833.

By the time of his death, verismo was the accepted style of young Italian composers.

Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (Italian: [dʒuˈzɛppe ˈverdi]; 9 or 10 October 1813 – 27 January 1901) was an Italian opera composer.

Both the children died young, Virginia on 12 August 1838, Icilio on 22 October 1839.In 1837, the young composer asked for Massini's assistance to stage his opera in Milan.

At age 11, Verdi received schooling in Italian, Latin, the humanities, and rhetoric.

This period was not without its frustrations and setbacks for the young composer, and he was frequently demoralised.

List of compositions by Giuseppe Verdi

While Verdi was working on his second opera Un giorno di regno, Margherita died of encephalitis at the age of 26.

From the age of four, Verdi was given private lessons in Latin and Italian by the village schoolmaster, Baistrocchi, and at six he attended the local school.

Music and form | Periods | Middle period

Others echo those feelings. Julian Budden expresses the impact of Rigoletto and its place in Verdi's output as follows: "Just after 1850 at the age of 38, Verdi closed the door on a period of Italian opera with Rigoletto.

Giuseppe Verdi was an Italian opera composer that lost his best friend and his sister at a young age.


France is often referred to by the media and supporters as Les Bleus (The Blues), which is the nickname associated with all of France's international sporting teams due to the blue shirts each team incorporates.

The team is also referred to as Les Tricolores or L'Equipe Tricolore (The Tri-color Team) due to the team's utilization of the country's national colors: blue, white, and red.

The France national football team (French: Équipe de France de football) represents France in men's international football and is controlled by the French Football Federation, also known as FFF, or in French: Fédération française de football.

During the 1980s, France earned the nickname the "Brazilians of Europe" mainly due to the accolades of the "carré magique" ("Magic Square"), who were anchored by Michel Platini.

The team's three colours originate from the national flag of France, known as the tricolore.

In 1988, the FFF opened the Clairefontaine National Football Institute.

Led by coach Michel Hidalgo, France exhibited an inspiring, elegant, skillful and technically advanced offensive style of football, which was strikingly similar to their South American counterparts.

France are colloquially known as Les Bleus (The Blues).

Clairefontaine is the national association football centre and is among 12 élite academies throughout the country.

Beginning in 1966, France had its shirts made by Le Coq Sportif until 1971.

The France national football team's nickname is Les Bleues.


2009 – 1st on the ranking of the World's Best Airport by Condé Nast Traveler magazine, based on its satisfaction survey.

Beijing Capital has rapidly ascended in rankings of the world's busiest airports in the past decade.

Beijing Capital International Airport (

At the time of its opening, Terminal 3 was the largest airport passenger terminal building in the world.

Beijing Capital International Airport is served by the Capital Airport Express, a dedicated rail link operated as part of the Beijing Subway system.

The first International flight to China and Beijing Capital International Airport was of Pakistan International Airlines from Islamabad.

At its opening, the new Terminal 3 was the largest man-made structure in the world in terms of area covered, and a major landmark representing Beijing as the growing and developing Chinese capital.

The airport is owned and operated by the Beijing Capital International Airport Company Limited, a state-controlled company.

Due to limited capacity at Beijing Capital International Airport, plans were set forth for the construction of a new airport in Daxing.

From September 2019, all Oneworld & SkyTeam flights from Beijing Capital International Airport were transferred to the new Beijing Daxing International Airport except Cathay Pacific and Cathay Dragon.

Hong Kong International Airport Los Angeles International Airport

Beijing Capital International Airport is the world's largest airport in the world.


He grew up in the countryside.

An alcoholic for much of his short life, Waddell reportedly spent his entire first signing bonus on a drinking binge, with Sporting News calling him a "sousepaw".

Further drinking and marital problems with his third wife, Madge Maguire, plagued Waddell; he passed out in the middle of a game against New York in 1909.

May threatened to prosecute Rube for bigamy because she did not recognize the divorce granted Rube in St. Louis.

We got Rube out of there without delay.

In Eliot Asinof's 1963 account of the 1919 World Series fix Eight Men Out (later made into a film of the same name), mention is made of Waddell being bribed not to pitch in the 1905 World Series against the New York Giants.

While in spring training with the Millers, Waddell helped save the city of Hickman, Kentucky from a devastating flood in the spring of 1912.

On August 19, Waddell pitched the first game of a doubleheader for Milwaukee, winning in the 17th inning on his own triple.

Waddell is best remembered for his highly eccentric behaviour, and for being a remarkably dominant strikeout pitcher in an era when batters mostly slapped at the ball to get singles.

After he pitched in semi-pro ball in small towns such as Punxsutawney, Milwaukee Brewers manager Connie Mack learned of his availability.

On July 1, 1902, Waddell became the second pitcher to strike out three batters on nine pitches in the third inning of a 2–0 win over the Baltimore Orioles.

He grew up in the countryside.

Rube Waddell spent his youth playing ball in the streets of New York City.


Pompeii has been a popular tourist destination for over 250 years; it was on the Grand Tour.

By 2008, it was attracting almost 2.6 million visitors per year, making it one of the most popular tourist sites in Italy.

Pompeii (, Latin: [pɔmˈpeːjjiː]) was an ancient city located in what is now the comune of Pompei near Naples in the Campania region of Italy.

Pompeii is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Italy, with approximately 2.5 million visitors annually.

By 79, Pompeii had a population of 20,000, which had prospered from the region's renowned agricultural fertility and favourable location.

Greek and Phoenician sailors used the location as a safe port.

History | Conservation | House of the Gladiators collapse

The structure was not open to visitors, but the outside was visible to tourists.

Over the following centuries, its name and location were forgotten, though it still appeared on the Tabula Peutingeriana of the 4th century.

The 1954 film, Journey to Italy, starring George Sanders and Ingrid Bergman, includes a scene at Pompeii in which they witness the excavation of a cast of a couple that perished in the eruption.

It is speculated that these historical vineyards are strikingly similar in structure to the modern day vineyards across Italy.

Pompeii is a tourist location in Italy.


Home of the monarch | Former ceremonial at the Palace | Security breaches

At least 12 people have managed to gain unauthorised entry into the palace or its grounds since 1914, including Michael Fagan, who broke into the palace twice in 1982 and entered the Queen's bedroom on the second occasion.

Home of the monarch | Garden and surroundings

It covers 40 acres (16 ha) and includes a helicopter landing area, a lake, and a tennis court.

History | First houses on the site | Buckingham House

The house which forms the architectural core of the palace was built for the first Duke of Buckingham and Normanby in 1703 to the design of William Winde.

Buckingham House was eventually sold by Buckingham's illegitimate son, Sir Charles Sheffield, in 1761 to George III for £21,000.

While St James's Palace remained the official and ceremonial royal residence, the name "Buckingham-palace" was used from at least 1791.After his accession to the throne in 1820, King George IV continued the renovation with the idea in mind of a small, comfortable home.

Buckingham Palace (UK: ) is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the monarch of the United Kingdom.

Buckingham Palace became the London residence of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837.

Modern history | 21st century: Royal use and public access

The forecourt of Buckingham Palace is used for the Changing of the Guard, a major ceremony and tourist attraction (

Before Prince Albert's death, the palace was frequently the scene of musical entertainments, and the most celebrated contemporary musicians entertained at Buckingham Palace.

When paying a state visit to Britain, foreign heads of state are usually entertained by the Queen at Buckingham Palace.

Home of the monarch | Court ceremonies | State banquets

The largest and most formal reception at Buckingham Palace takes place every November when the Queen entertains members of the diplomatic corps.

Buckingham Palace has never been successfully infiltrated.


The area known as "the Patch" did exist as a predominantly Irish neighbourhood, and was associated with crime, as portrayed in the film.

In Old Chicago is a 1938 American drama disaster film directed by Henry King.

Some sources claim that MGM offered to loan both Harlow and Clark Gable to Fox for In Old Chicago if they reciprocated by loaning Shirley Temple to MGM for their upcoming production of The Wizard of Oz.

The Mayor of Chicago in 1871 was Roswell B. Mason, not an O'Leary son.

In the movie there are three sons.

Despite crediting the Chicago Historical Society for assistance with historical research, much of the film is fictionalized.

The O'Leary family are traveling to Chicago to start a new life when Patrick O'Leary tries to race a steam train in his wagon.

At the time of its release, it was one of the most expensive movies ever made.

The film is a fictionalized account about the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and stars Alice Brady as Mrs. O'Leary, the owner of the cow which started the fire, and Tyrone Power and Don Ameche as her sons.

"The Patch" of the movie In Old Chicago was a real place in Chicago.


In 2016, Marvel shortened the title to Avengers: Infinity War.

The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers: Infinity War – Part 1.

Josh Spiegel of The Hollywood Reporter said, "The most important part of the trailer is how it carefully, deliberately introduces the notion that the Infinity War films are going to function as a passing of the torch, from one set of Avengers to a newer group".

Avengers: Infinity War was originally scheduled to be released on May 4, 2018 in the United States.

In May 2016, the Russos revealed that they would retitle the two films, to further remove the misconception that they were one large film split in two, with Joe stating, "The intention is we will change [the titles], we just haven't come up with [them] yet".

In October 2014, Marvel announced a two-part sequel to Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), titled Avengers: Infinity War.

That July, Marvel revealed Part 1's title would be shortened to simply Avengers: Infinity War.

Thanos also kills Heimdall after he sends Hulk to Earth using the Bifröst.

Despite not existing within Marvel Studios' MCU canon, the novel explores the origins of Thanos before the events of the film.

The Russos said only a limited amount of the film would be shown at these screenings to reduce the chance of spoilers being leaked.

Reception | Box office | Other territories

Avengers: Infinity War remained number one in its 54 markets in its second weekend.

The original title of the film was going to be Avengers: Crisis on Infinite Earths.


Unlike her husband, she had difficulty securing research positions, and the ones she obtained provided meager pay.

Gerty Cori continued her early interest in medical research, collaborating in the laboratory with Carl.

She published research findings coauthored with her husband, as well as publishing singly.

Gerty Cori was born Gerty Theresa Radnitz into a Jewish family in Prague in 1896.

In 1922, the Coris both immigrated to the United States (Gerty six months after Carl because of difficulty in obtaining a position) to pursue medical research at the State Institute for the Study of Malignant Diseases (now the Roswell Park Cancer Institute) in Buffalo, New York.

Despite her research background, Gerty was only offered a position as a research associate at a salary one tenth of that received by her husband; she was warned that she might harm her husband's career.

She received recognition for her achievements through multiple awards and honors.

A number of universities offered Carl a position but refused to hire Gerty.

Gerty and Carl had both entered medical school at eighteen and both graduated in 1920.

The director for the Institute threatened to dismiss Gerty if she did not cease collaborative research with her husband.

Gerty Theresa Cori was able to easily find medical research positions through her scholarly spouse.


According to Ek, the company's title was initially misheard from a name shouted by Lorentzon.

Spotify itself has two channels named after its playlists that link directly to the users' profile: "Release Radar" and "Discover Weekly".

Spotify was founded in 2006 in Stockholm, Sweden, by Daniel Ek, former CTO of Stardoll, and Martin Lorentzon, co-founder of TradeDoubler.

Platforms | Features | Playlists and discovery

RapCaviar was originally curated by Tuma Basa, and as of 2019, was relaunched by Carl Chery.

This policy was revoked in June because the company deemed the original wording to be too "vague"; they stated that "Across all genres, our role is not to regulate artists.

The company also introduced "Spotify Running", a feature aimed at improving music while running with music matched to running tempo (this feature was removed in March 2018 from the mobile client), and announced that podcasts and videos ("entertainment, news and clips") would be coming to Spotify, along with "Spotify Originals" content.

On 31 January 2018, Spotify started testing a new Pandora-styled standalone app called Stations by Spotify for Australian Android users.

Users who do not subscribe to Spotify Premium hear location-targeted adverts.

In April 2017, the panel was upgraded to leave beta status, renamed as "Spotify for Artists", and opened to all artists and managers.

In September 2018, Spotify announced "Upload Beta", allowing artists to upload directly to the platform instead of going through a distributor or record label.

Spotify got its original name from a by the co-founder Martin.


Casablanca (Arabic: الدار البيضاء, romanized: Ad-dār al-Bayḍā' [adˈdaːru ɫbajdˤaːʔ] or كازابلانكا, the white house, Darija Accent [ænfæ] incline) is the largest city of Morocco.

Casablanca is Morocco's chief port and one of the largest financial centers in Africa.

It is the nearest station to the old town of Casablanca, and to the modern city centre, around the landmark Casablanca Twin Center.

Popular sites for national tourism include shopping centers such as Morocco Mall, Anfa Place, the Marina Shopping Center, and the Tachfine Center.

However, in December, thousands of people demonstrated in several parts of the city, especially the city center near la Fontaine, desiring more significant political reforms.

In his book Description of Africa, Leo Africanus refers to ancient Casablanca as "Anfa", a great city founded in the Berber kingdom of Barghawata in 744 AD.

Casablanca is considered the economic and business center of Morocco, although the national political capital is Rabat.

It has been closed and destroyed to build the "Casablanca Finance City", the new heart of the city of Casablanca.

Casablanca staged the 1961 Pan Arab Games, the 1983 Mediterranean Games, and games during the 1988 Africa Cup of Nations.

One initiative to improve conditions in the city's disadvantaged neighborhoods was the creation of the Sidi Moumen Cultural Center.

The stadium was designed with a capacity of 93,000 spectators, making it one of the highest-capacity stadiums in Africa.

Casablanca is a city in Egypt and financial center in Africa.


The play tells the story of the fictional American small town of Grover's Corners between 1901 and 1913 through the everyday lives of its citizens.

The Stage Manager introduces the audience to the small town; Grover's Corners, New Hampshire, and the people living there as a morning begins in the year 1901.

Our Town (1940 radio), on May 6, 1940, a radio version was performed by many of the same film actors for Lux Radio Theater.

OT: Our Town, a 2002 documentary by Scott Hamilton Kennedy about a production of the play by Dominguez High School in Compton, California Our Town, a 2003 television film adaptation starring Paul Newman as the Stage Manager.

Our Town (1940 film), adaptation starring Martha Scott as Emily and William Holden as George Gibbs, with an original music score composed by Aaron Copland.

Professor Willard speaks to the audience about the history of the town.

It was filmed at the Booth Theatre in Manhattan, where it played on Broadway in 2002.

Our Town was first performed on radio May 12, 1939, on The Campbell Playhouse.

Our Town (opera), an operatic version of the play with music by Ned Rorem

Our Town was first performed at McCarter Theatre in Princeton, New Jersey in 1938.

Sam Craig – a nephew of Mrs Gibbs who left town to seek his fortune.

Many members of the original cast repeated their roles in this film, although the ending was changed so that Emily lived.

Our Town is a film about a made up town in Minnesota.


The Iranian Parliament has been showing disregard for wildlife by passing laws and regulations such as the act that lets the Ministry of Industries and Mines exploit mines without the involvement of the Department of Environment, and by approving large national development projects without demanding comprehensive study of their impact on wildlife habitats.

At least 74 species of the Iranian wildlife are on the red list of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, a sign of serious threats against the country's biodiversity.

Eagles, falcons, partridges, pheasants, and storks are also native to the wildlife of Iran.

One of the most famous members of the Iranian wildlife is the critically endangered Asiatic cheetah, also known as the Iranian cheetah, whose numbers were greatly reduced after the 1979 Revolution.

The Persian leopard, which is the world's largest leopard subspecies living primarily in northern Iran, is also listed as an endangered species.

Being the site of the Imam Reza Shrine, it is a holy city in Shia Islam.

The wildlife of Iran is composed of several animal species, including bears, the Eurasian lynx, foxes, gazelles, gray wolves, jackals, panthers, and wild pigs.

In 2004, a large share of Iran's natural gas reserves were untapped.

Government and politics | Military | Mandatory military service

They cannot leave the country or be employed without completion of the service period.

According to this survey, the pronunciations  and  were deemed almost equally acceptable, while  was preferred by most panelists participating in the ballot.

Iran's natural environment and native species are being greatly impacted by the refusal of the government to mandate that build sites must complete a survey of the land's flora and fauna.


Sister Carrie (1900) is a novel by Theodore Dreiser about a young country girl who moves to the big city where she starts realizing her own American Dream, first as a mistress to men that she perceives as superior, and later becoming a famous actress.

There is also the receipt of sale which Doubleday sent to Dreiser showing that Sister Carrie was not withdrawn from the shelves, reporting that 456 copies of the 1,008 copies printed were sold.

Carrie soon embarks on a quest for work to pay rent to her sister and her husband, and takes a job running a machine in a shoe factory.

"In 1998, the Modern Library ranked Sister Carrie 33rd on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.

After only a few years, the saloon's landlord sells the property and Hurstwood's business partner expresses his intent to terminate the partnership.

Too arrogant to accept most of the job opportunities available to him, Hurstwood soon discovers that his savings are running out and urges Carrie to economize, which she finds humiliating and distasteful.

A pictorial history of Sister Carrie from 1900–1981.

Dreiser had difficulty finding a publisher for Sister Carrie.

Theodore Dreiser. Sister Carrie: Unexpurgated Edition.

Sister Carrie. Norton Critical Edition, 1970.

In the novel Sister Carrie, Carrie eventually gets jobs in show business.


Places in the Heart is a 1984 American drama film written and directed by Robert Benton about a Depression-era Texas widow who tries to save her family farm with the help of a blind white man and a poor black man.

It is 1935 and Waxahachie, Texas, is a small, segregated town in the midst of the Great Depression.

Places in the Heart grossed $274,279 in its opening weekend.

Places in the Heart was released in theatres on September 21, 1984.

The consensus is: "Places in the Heart is a quiet character piece with grand ambitions that it more than fulfills, thanks to absorbing work from writer-director Robert Benton and a tremendous cast." Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote in his review: "Robert Benton has made one of the best films in years about growing up American." Canby called it "moving and often funny" and "a tonic, a revivifying experience right down to the final images", comparing it to Luis Bunuel's Tristana".

Roger Ebert wrote in his review that Benton's "memories provide the material for a wonderful movie, and he has made it, but unfortunately he hasn't stopped at that.

Edna knows she will need more pickers, and Moze agrees to help her find the help so they can harvest the cotton on time.

Places in the Heart is a movie that took place at the time of depression in the south.


Disneyland Paris, formerly Euro Disney Resort, is an entertainment resort in Chessy, France, a new town located 32 km (20 mi) east of the centre of Paris.

The Parisian resort is the second Disney park to open outside the United States following the opening of the Tokyo Disney Resort in 1983 and is the largest Disney resort to open outside of the United States.

Disneyland Paris is also the only Disney resort outside of the United States to be completely owned by The Walt Disney Company.

As a last resort, the Walt Disney Company threatened to close the Disneyland Paris park, leaving the banks with the land.

In 2002, Euro Disney S.C.A. and the Walt Disney Company announced another annual profit for Disneyland Paris.

On 27 February 2018, Walt Disney Company CEO Bob Iger announced that company would invest €2 billion into the Disneyland Paris resort.

For the first time in the resort's history, both the Disneyland Park and Walt Disney Studios Park closed from 14 to 17 November 2015, as part of France's national days of mourning following the November 2015 Paris attacks.

On 28 June 1992, a group of French farmers blockaded Euro Disney in protest of farm policies supported at the time by the United States.

By March 2004, the Walt Disney Company had agreed to write off all debt that Euro Disney S.C.A. owed to the Walt Disney Company.

In March 2018, a Disney Parks West regional division was formed with Disneyland Resort in California, Walt Disney World in Florida, and Disneyland Paris under Catherine Powell, outgoing Disneyland Paris president.

The Walt Disney company will also invest an additional 1.5 Billion euros to strengthen the company.

Disneyland Paris, the first Disney Park out of the United States, is owned entirely by The Walt Disney Company.


Born to a Welsh immigrant preacher and his wife in Glens Falls, New York, Hughes pursued a legal career in New York City.

He was also the 36th Governor of New York, the Republican nominee in the 1916 presidential election, and the 44th United States Secretary of State.

Seeking to bridge the divide in the Republican Party and limit Wilson to a single term, several Republican leaders asked Hughes to consider running in the 1916 presidential election.

Charles Evans Charles Evans Hughes Sr. (April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) was an American statesman, Republican Party politician, and the 11th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.

By the time of the June 1916 Republican National Convention, Hughes had won two presidential primaries, and his backers had lined up the support of numerous delegates.

With the split in the Republican Party, Democratic Governor Woodrow Wilson defeated Taft and Roosevelt in the 1912 presidential election and enacted his progressive New Freedom agenda.

Because of the Republican Party's dominance in presidential elections held since the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, Hughes was widely regarded as the favorite even though Wilson was the incumbent.

Hughes served as an Associate Justice until 1916, when he resigned from the bench to accept the Republican presidential nomination.

With Wilson's popularity declining, many Republican leaders believed that their party would win the 1920 presidential election.

Hughes's father, David Charles Hughes, immigrated to the United States from Wales in 1855 after he was inspired by The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin.

Charles Evans Hughes was a Welsh immigrant who became a governor, a judge and Republican nominee for the 1916 presidential election.


History | Portuguese conquest and Spanish influence

In the early 15th century, the town became an independent state once again, and emerged as a safe harbour for pirates and privateers, leading to it being targeted by the Portuguese, who bombarded the town which led to its destruction in 1468.

Once completed, it will replace the Stade Mohamed V.

As Portugal broke ties with Spain in 1640, Casablanca came under fully Portuguese control once again.

Once completed in 2014, it will be used mostly for football matches and will serve as the home of Raja Casablanca, Wydad Casablanca, and the Morocco national football team.

Liszt's "Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2" is played twice, once by Chico on piano as an introduction to the "Beer Barrel Polka", and again by Harpo on the harp.

Jews have a long history in Casablanca.

In 2018 only 2,500 Moroccan Jews left in Casablanca, while according to the World Jewish Congress only 1,000 Moroccan Jews left in Casablanca.

Casablanca then became a departure point in Operation Yachin, the covert Mossad-organized migration operation from 1961–1964.

Jews were slow to return to the town, but by 1750, the Rabbi Elijah Synagogue was built as the first Jewish synagogue in Casablanca.

Approximately 28,000 Moroccan Jews immigrated to the State of Israel between 1948 and 1951, many through Casablanca.

Casablanca was once a refuge for sea marauders.


Dictionaries report that "mugguomp" is an Algonquian word  meaning "person of importance" or "war leader".

Mugwumps tended to come from old Protestant families of New York and New England and often from inherited wealth.

Dana made the term plural and derided them as amateurs and public moralists.

After the election, "mugwump" survived for more than a decade as an epithet for a party bolter in American politics.

Seth Low, Republican mayor of Brooklyn, New York in 1884 who lost his party's support due to his backing Cleveland and stepped down rather than attempting to run for a third term in 1885

Charles Francis Adams Jr., president of the Union Pacific Railroad and the American Historical Association Henry Adams, author

Several historians of the 1960s and 1970s portrayed the Mugwumps as members of an insecure elite, one that felt threatened by changes in American society.

Yet they felt threatened by the rise of machine politics, one aspect of which was the spoils system; and by the rising power of immigrants in American society.

Mark Twain, author self-identified as a Mugwump in his essay Christian Science

Blaine was from the reform wing of his own party, but the Mugwumps rejected his candidacy.

In his 1998 work, historian David Tucker attempts to rehabilitate the Mugwumps.

The term Mugwump comes from a Native American language for someone who is prestigious.


His works include operas, ballets, chamber music, secular and religious vocal pieces and orchestral compositions including nine symphonies, written over sixty years.

Despite his agnosticism Vaughan Williams composed many works for church performance.

Ralph Vaughan Williams  ( (listen); 12 October 1872 – 26 August 1958) was an English composer.

Music | Symphonies | Symphonies 4–6 (1935–1948)

Vaughan Williams had been working on and off for many years on his operatic version of Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress.

Over this period Vaughan Williams composed steadily, producing songs, choral music, chamber works and orchestral pieces, gradually finding the beginnings of his mature style.

Grove lists more than thirty works by Vaughan Williams for orchestra or band over and above the symphonies.

Life and career | Ravel; rising fame; First World War

The war left its emotional mark on Vaughan Williams, who lost many comrades and friends, including the young composer George Butterworth.

In 1994 a group of enthusiasts founded the Ralph Vaughan Williams Society, with the composer's widow as its president and Roy Douglas and Michael Kennedy as vice presidents.

Many had seen the Fifth, composed when he was seventy, as a valedictory work, and the turbulent, troubled Sixth came as a shock.

Throughout the 1920s Vaughan Williams continued to compose, conduct and teach.

During the war Vaughan Williams stopped writing music, and after returning to civilian life he took some time before feeling ready to compose new works.

Ralph Vaughan Williams composed many works over 60 years.


Rabbit Maranville died of a heart attack shortly after midnight on January 6, 1954 at his home in Woodside, New York.

Walter James Vincent "Rabbit" Maranville (November 11, 1891 – January 6, 1954) was an American professional baseball shortstop, second baseman and manager.

In later years he worked as the director of a baseball school sponsored by the New York Journal-American newspaper.

One night he went through a Pullman car dumping water on sleeping players' heads, saying, "No sleeping under Maranville management, especially at night.

He was 62 years old. Maranville was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1954, just months after his death, along with Bill Terry and Bill Dickey, in his 14th year of eligibility.

He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Boston Braves, Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago Cubs, Brooklyn Robins, and St. Louis Cardinals between 1912 and 1934.

Maranville fired!" And so he was—the next day.

Maranville was known as one of "baseball's most famous clowns" due to his practical jokes and lack of inhibitions.

That year, Maranville was the Braves' cleanup hitter, despite batting just .246 and hitting four home runs.

Even at age 41, when Maranville batted .218 in 143 games and hit no homers, he finished in a tie for 12th in the MVP voting.

American baseball player Walter James Vincent "Rabbit" Maranville died of syphilis.


On September 7, 1996, Shakur was shot four times by an unknown assailant in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas; he died six days later and the gunman was never captured.

Tupac Amaru Shakur ( TOO-pahk shə-KOOR; born Lesane Parish Crooks, June 16, 1971 – September 13, 1996), better known by his stage name 2Pac, was an American rapper and actor.

Under the stage name 2Pac, he debuted on the group's January 1991 single "Same Song," leading

Philips then named Isaac as one of his own, retracted article's unnamed sources.

Tupac, using the stage name MC New York, began recording in 1989.

In the intensive-care unit on the afternoon of September 13, 1996, Shakur died from internal bleeding.

In January 1991, Tupac, rapper, nationally debuted under the stage name 2Pac, guest on rap group Digital Underground's single "Same Song," compiled on the soundtrack of the February 1991 movie Nothing but Trouble.

He would say he had been tasked to drive the car of Shakur's girlfriend, Kidada Jones.

November 1996's The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, under the stage name Makaveli, is a studio album made in one August week, whereas later posthumous albums are archival productions.

Vibe alerted the names of the accused.

Tupac Shakur, also known by his stage name 2Pac, died on impact from a  drive by shooting.


The Thin Man (1934) is a detective novel by Dashiell Hammett, originally published in the December 1933 issue of Redbook.

Although Hammett lived until 1961, The Thin Man was his last published novel.

The Thin Man television series aired on NBC from 1957–59, and starred  Peter Lawford and Phyllis Kirk .In 1999, Knopf published a collection of Hammett's early works, including an early draft of The Thin Man.

Hammett never wrote a sequel but the book became the basis for a successful six-part film series, which also began in 1934 with The Thin Man and starred William Powell and Myrna Loy.

During the course of this work, he wrote After the Thin Man and Another Thin Man, which, discovered amongst Hammett's papers in 2011, together with instructions by Hammett for incorporation of additional elements written by screenwriters Albert Hackett and Frances Goodrich, were edited by Hammett's biographer Richard Layman in collaboration with Hammett's granddaughter Julie M. Rivett and published as novellas in Return of the Thin Man in 2012.

ISBN not available. Audio book.

It appeared in book form the following month.

Following the success of the movie version of The Thin Man in 1934, Hammett was commissioned to work on screenplays for sequels.

Lillian Hellman, in an introduction to a compilation of Hammett's five novels, contemplated several explanations for Hammett's retirement as a novelist,  I have been asked many times over the years why he did not write another novel after The Thin Man.

While some story elements were used in one of the sequel movies, this early draft is very different from the final published novel.

The Thin Man was first published as a book.


Life and career | 1980–1998: Early life and career beginnings

She aspired to be a singer, and won her first talent show at age eight with a rendition of Whitney Houston's "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)".

To cope with her turbulent household, she used music as a form of escape.

records her grandmother bought and would practice singing, which earned her a reputation as "the little girl with the big voice" in her neighborhood.

Aguilera mentions Whitney Houston as another influence, having performed many of her songs in her early years during talent shows.

Aguilera leaned towards R&B, blues, jazz, and soul on Back to Basics (2006).In contrast, Bionic (2010) sees significant use from futuristic electronic music, described as an electropop album.

Born in Staten Island of New York City and raised in Pennsylvania, Aguilera appeared on television shows in her early years, before gaining a recording contract with RCA Records in 1998.

Aguilera alleged that her father was physically and emotionally abusive.

Aguilera points out the musical film The Sound of Music and its lead actress, Julie Andrews, as her first inspiration for singing and performing.

Life and career | 1999–2001: Christina Aguilera, Mi Reflejo, and My Kind of Christmas

In support of her albums, Aguilera embarked on her first concert tour, Christina Aguilera in Concert, from mid-2000 to early 2001.

" Many of her works consequently discuss love; she has also co-written two tracks which dealt with the domestic abuse throughout her childhood.

In her youth, Christina Aguilera used music to survive abuse and practiced singing along with albums in Pennsylvania at her grandmother's, eventually winning a talent show .


10)III. Uncleanliness and its treatment (11:1–15:33) A. Unclean animals (ch. 11) B. Childbirth as a source of uncleanliness (ch. 12) C. Unclean diseases (ch. 13) D. Cleansing of diseases (ch. 14) E. Unclean discharges (ch. 15)IV.

Atonement rituals involve the pouring or sprinkling of blood as the symbol of the life of the victim: the blood has the power to wipe out or absorb the sin.

Bibliography | Commentaries on Leviticus

Leviticus: A Book of Ritual and Ethics.

Many scholars argue that the rituals of Leviticus have a theological meaning concerning Israel's relationship with its God.

Ritual, therefore, is not taking a series of actions for their own sake, but a means of maintaining the relationship between God, the world, and humankind.

The writers expected them to be put into practice in Israel's temple, so the rituals would express this theology as well, as well as ethical concern for the poor.

The reasoning behind the food rules are obscure; for the rest the guiding principle seems to be that all these conditions involve a loss of "life force", usually but not always blood.

The instructions of Leviticus emphasize ritual, legal and moral practices rather than beliefs.

Watts, James W. (2007). Ritual and Rhetoric in Leviticus: From Sacrifice to Scripture.

The two-part division of the book structurally reflects the role of atonement: chapters 1–16 call for the establishment of the institution for atonement, and chapters 17–27 call for the life of the atoned community in holiness.

He maintained that the priestly regulations in Leviticus expressed a rational system of theological thought.

Leviticus doesn't consider any natural and unavoidable facets of life as ritually dirty.


BTS (Korean: 방탄소년단; RR: Bangtan Sonyeondan), also known as the Bangtan Boys, is a seven-member South Korean boy band who began formation in 2010 and debuted in 2013.

The group's name, BTS, stands for the Korean expression Bangtan Sonyeondan (Korean: 방탄소년단; Hanja: 防彈少年團), literally meaning "Bulletproof Boy Scouts".

Career | 2019: Map of the Soul: Persona, stadium world tour and BTS World

The group outgrossed legacy rock acts like the Rolling Stones, Metallica, and KISS, as well as fellow boy band the Backstreet Boys, making them the top-grossing touring group of 2019.

In April, the group also released their third Japanese studio album, Face Yourself, which debuted at number 43 on the Billboard 200 as the third-highest-charting Japanese album in the history of the chart.

Career | 2017: International expansion and collaborations

In December, they also became the first K-pop group to perform on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve to welcome the new year and made their Japanese TV music show debut on TV Asahi's Japan Music Station Super Live.

In July 2017, BTS announced that their name would also stand for "Beyond the Scene" as part of their new brand identity.

"Boy With Luv" debuted at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100, the highest in history for a Korean group, and its music video became the most-viewed online video within the first 24 hours as of 2019, accumulating more than 74.6 million views.

BTS released their tenth Japanese single "Lights" on July 3.

BTS have cited Seo Taiji and Boys, Justin Bieber, Nas, Eminem, Kanye West, Drake, Post Malone, Charlie Puth and Danger as musical inspirations.

Philip Cosores from Uproxx described BTS' four nights at the Staples Center as an "enormous, multi-sensory experience" bringing an "inclusive" and "multicultural experience" where music is above any language barrier, while Crystal Bell from MTV said "BTS have created an experience so captivating, so inclusive, and so visually stunning that it's cemented the boy band as one of the most vital acts in pop music today." That October, with more than a year remaining in their contract, BTS renewed their contract with Big Hit Entertainment through 2026.In early November 2018, a popular Japanese music show cancelled BTS' performance citing a T-shirt a member wore the year before.

The Japanese music group BTS or the Bangtan Boys' acronym stands for "Bulletproof Boy Scouts."


The daughter of actors John Aniston and Nancy Dow

Aniston's godfather was actor Telly Savalas, one of her father's best friends.

Her parents split up when she was nine years old.

Career | Friends and breakout (1994–2004)

Aniston's biggest commercial success in film has been the comedy

Divorced from actor Brad Pitt, to whom she was married for five years, Aniston is separated from actor Justin Theroux, whom she married in 2015.

She was romantically involved with actor Tate Donovan.

The Morning Show, for which she won another Screen Actors Guild Award.

Aniston started a relationship with actor, director, and screenwriter Justin Theroux in May 2011.

While the film received mixed reviews, it was a moderate commercial success, and Aniston's performance was more warmly received, with many critics suggesting that she had screen presence.

She's the One. Aniston's first starring vehicle was Picture Perfect (1997), in which she played a struggling young advertising executive opposite Kevin Bacon and Jay Mohr.

Aniston's parents were actors.


Horace Greeley (February 3, 1811 – November 29, 1872) was an American newspaper editor and publisher who was the founder and editor of the New-York Tribune, among the great newspapers of its time.

Horace Greeley was born on February 3, 1811, on a farm about five miles from Amherst, New Hampshire.

Greeley was born to a poor family in Amherst, New Hampshire.

Horace Greeley: Founder of The New York Tribune.

Editor of the Tribune | Early years (1841–1848)

In the early days, Greeley's chief assistant was Henry J. Raymond, who a decade later founded The New York Times.

At the time, New York had many newspapers, dominated by James Gordon Bennett's New York Herald, which with a circulation of about 55,000 had more readers than its combined competition.

Tuchinsky, Adam (2009). Horace Greeley's New-York Tribune: Civil War–

Editor of the Tribune | Influence (1849–1860)

Greeley was angered over patronage disputes and felt that Seward was courting the rival The New York Times for support.

The name survived until 2013, when the International Herald-Tribune became the International New York Times.

His father's family was of English descent, and his forebears included early settlers of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, while his mother's family descended from Scots-Irish immigrants from the village of Garvagh in County Londonderry who had settled Londonderry, New Hampshire.

Horace Greeley founded the New York Times and was born in New Hampshire.


Bacterial cells are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5–5.0 micrometres in length.

Typically a few micrometres in length

However, a few species are visible to the unaided eye—for example, Thiomargarita namibiensis is up to half a millimetre long and Epulopiscium fishelsoni reaches 0.7 mm.

Cellular structure | Extracellular structures

Flagella are rigid protein structures, about 20 nanometres in diameter and up to 20 micrometres in length, that are used for motility.

Fimbriae (sometimes called "attachment pili") are fine filaments of protein, usually 2–10 nanometres in diameter and up to several micrometres in length.

There are broadly speaking two different types of cell wall in bacteria, that classify bacteria into Gram-positive bacteria  and Gram-negative bacteria.

Interactions with other organisms | Predators

Some species of bacteria kill and then consume other microorganisms, these species are called predatory bacteria.

Bacteria ( (listen); common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) are a type of biological cell.

Culture techniques are designed to promote the growth and identify particular bacteria, while restricting the growth of the other bacteria in the sample.

Mutation rates vary widely among different species of bacteria and even among different clones of a single species of bacteria.

Bacteria are about 10 mm in length.


The Riverside edition constitutes 4,042 lines totaling 29,551 words, typically requiring over four hours to stage.

It is Shakespeare's longest play with 30,557 words.

Context and interpretation | Psychoanalytic | Sigmund Freud

Freud does not offer over-all interpretations of the plays, but uses the two tragedies to illustrate and corroborate his psychological theories, which are based on his treatments of his patients and on his studies.

Hamlet is Shakespeare's longest play.

Each text contains material that the other lacks, with many minor differences in wording: scarcely 200 lines are identical in the two.

Q2 is the longest early edition, although it omits about 77 lines found in F1 (most likely to avoid offending James I's queen, Anne of Denmark).

Performance history | Film and TV performances

Claudius (played by Kyle MacLachlan) became the CEO of "Denmark Corporation", having taken over the company by killing his brother.

The film was an early attempt at combining sound and film, music and words were recorded on phonograph records, to be played along with the film.

Branagh's Hamlet runs for just over four hours.

The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet (), is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601.

The tragedy is a one of the longest play with over 4,500 lines and 30,000 words


The story has been adapted three times for television.

One of the most significant themes seen in C. S. Lewis's The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe is the theme of Christianity.

Lewis described the origin of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe in an essay titled

The manuscript of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was complete by the end of March 1949.

The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was originally published as the first book in the Narnia Chronicles.

In 2012 Michael Fentiman with Rupert Goold co-directed The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe at a Threesixty 'tented production' in Kensington Gardens, London.

In 2003, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was ranked ninth on the BBC's The Big Read poll.

The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a fantasy novel for children by C. S. Lewis, published by Geoffrey Bles in 1950.

The lion Aslan gives his life to save one of the children; he later rises from the dead, vanquishes the White Witch, and crowns the children Kings and Queens of Narnia.

The lion Aslan is one of the largest examples, as his death is very similar to that of Jesus Christ.

In 1979, an animated TV movie, directed by Peanuts director Bill Meléndez, was broadcast and won the first Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program.

The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe has seen adaptations thrice on TV.


University of Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne made arrangements for Medwick to play football there, however Medwick decided to forgo college and enter professional baseball.

Joseph Michael Medwick (November 24, 1911 – March 21, 1975), nicknamed "Ducky", was an American Major League Baseball player.

He made his MLB debut with the Cardinals in 1932.

Upon being asked by the Pope what his vocation was, Medwick replied, "Your Holiness, I'm Joe Medwick.

During a USO tour by a number of players in 1944, Medwick was among several individuals given an audience by Pope Pius XII, who had been Cardinal Secretary of State before his elevation to the papacy.

Medwick entered professional baseball with the Scottdale Scotties of the Middle Atlantic League in 1930.

He said that Dressen would whistle each time he saw the sign for a curveball.

A left fielder with the St. Louis Cardinals during the "Gashouse Gang" era of the 1930s

In later years, Medwick worked as a hitting coach in the Cardinals spring training camps and minor league system, his role with the team at the time of his death.

"Medwick won the National League Triple Crown and the NL Most Valuable Player in 1937, remaining the last NL player to win a Triple Crown.

Joe Medwick was a professional MLB player that was nicknamed ducky and that played with a pigskin during his time at university.


Angered when they rebuffed his recommendation to draft future Hall of Famer Derek Jeter in favor of Phil Nevin, he quit shortly after.

Harold Newhouser (May 20, 1921 – November 10, 1998), nicknamed "Prince Hal", was an American professional baseball player.

Newhouser won the first Sporting News Pitcher of the Year Award in 1944.By the 1945 season, Newhouser had been selected for three consecutive AL All-Star teams.

He later worked as a scout for several MLB teams, including the Houston Astros.

After being released by the Tigers following the 1953 season, Newhouser signed on with the Cleveland Indians and was their top long reliever in 1954, when Cleveland won 111 games and the pennant.

A Tigers scout offered a $500 signing bonus to Newhouser, who found the sum of money to be unimaginable.

During his playing days, Newhouser's teammates nicknamed him "Prince Hal" because of the way he carried himself.

Newhouser became the first pitcher to repeat as MVP that season and helped the team win the World Series.

He became the youngest player (24) to win the award in two consecutive years.

As a scout with the Orioles, Newhouser discovered Milt Pappas, a Detroit high schooler who went on to win 209 games in an All-Star career — two more than Newhouser did.

As World War II got under way, the Tigers moved up in the standings because several of their top players, including Newhouser, were classified as 4-F (ineligible to be drafted).

Hal Newhouser resigned being a scout after the team did not select a certain player.


It stars John Wayne, Maureen O'Hara, Barry Fitzgerald, Ward Bond and Victor McLaglen.

The Special features on this edition include "The Making of the Quiet Man" Documentary with Leonard Maltin, and "The Joy of Ireland" Documentary with Maureen O'Hara and Andrew V. McLaglen, and "Remembering The Quiet Man Montage".

The Quiet Man is a 1952 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by John Ford.

The Quiet Man won the Academy Award for Best Director for John Ford, his fourth, and for Best Cinematography.

, "Director John Ford and star John Wayne depart the Western for the Irish countryside, and the result is a beautifully photographed, often comedic romance.

In 2010 there was a documentary called Dreaming The Quiet Man made about the journey and making of The Quiet Man.

It included the documentary "The Making of the Quiet Man" with Leonard Maltin.

In the 1920s, Sean Thornton (John Wayne), an Irish-born American from Pittsburgh, travels to his birthplace—"Inisfree", Ireland—to purchase his family's former farm.

The Quiet Man Fan Club holds its annual general meeting in Ashford Castle.

When Maureen O'Hara died in October 2015, her family stated she listened to music from The Quiet Man during her final hours.

The Quiet Man has John Wayne featured in it.


Innocent greatly extended the scope of the Crusades, directing crusades against Muslim Spain and the Holy Land as well as the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars in southern France.

Biography | Crusades and suppression of heresy

Pope Innocent III spent a majority of his tenure as Pope (1198–1216) preparing for a great crusade on the Holy Land.

The Cardinal, who was the confessor of Pope Innocent III, was immediately sympathetic to Francis and agreed to represent Francis to the pope.

As pope, Innocent III began with a very wide sense of his responsibility and of his authority.

Moore, John C. " Pope Innocent III, Sardinia, and the Papal State.

Pope Innocent III (Latin: Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei

King Peter II of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, was directly involved in the conflict, and was killed in the course of the Battle of Muret in 1213.

Moore, John C. Pope Innocent III (1160/61-1216): To Root Up and to Plant.

At the request of England's King John, Pope Innocent III declared the Magna Carta annulled, resulting in a rebellion by the English Barons who rejected the disenfranchisement.

Bolton, Brenda, Innocent III.

Pope Innocent III was a great peacemaker and was against killing.


Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film, the fourth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and a standalone sequel to At World's End (2007).

Reception | Box office | Outside North America

Outside North America, On Stranger Tides is the sixth-highest-grossing film, the third-highest-grossing Disney film, the second-highest-grossing 2011 film and the highest-grossing film of the Pirates of the Caribbean series.

It is the 37th highest-grossing film worldwide, the third-highest-grossing 2011 film, the second most successful installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean series, the 20th highest-grossing Disney feature and the fourth highest-grossing fourth film in a franchise (behind Avengers: Endgame, Jurassic World and Transformers: Age of Extinction).

Angelica agrees and drinks from the second chalice.

Greg Ellis as Lt. Cmdr. Theodore Groves: Barbossa's second-in-command, former second-in-command of Cutler Beckett and James Norrington's crew.

It is the first film in the series not to be directed by Gore Verbinski, replaced by Rob Marshall.

It was the first film in the series to be released in the Disney Digital 3-D and IMAX 3D formats.

The film's score was written by Hans Zimmer, who had worked in all of the previous entries in the franchise; being the main composer for the second and third installments.

Promotional tie-ins included Lego Pirates of the Caribbean toy sets and a related video game, a cell phone app by Verizon Wireless, a special edition of Pirate's Booty, lines of nail polish by OPI, clothing from Hot Topic, and jewelry from Swarovski.

Drinking from one chalice containing a mermaid's tear will extend life; the second person dies, their remaining years of life transferred to the other drinker.

It is the second film in the series.


Isomerism was first observed in 1827, when Friedrich Wöhler prepared silver cyanate and discovered that, although its elemental composition of AgCNO was identical to silver fulminate (prepared by Justus von Liebig the previous year), its properties were distinct.

After additional discoveries of the same sort were made, such as Wöhler's 1828 discovery that urea has the same atomic composition (CH4N2O) as the chemically distinct ammonium cyanate, Jöns Jacob Berzelius introduced the term isomerism in 1830 to describe the phenomenon.

This finding challenged the prevailing chemical understanding of the time, which held that chemical compounds could be distinct only when their elemental compositions differ.

Isomer (; from Greek ἰσομερής, isomerès; isos = "equal", méros = "part") is the root of "isomer".

While structural isomers typically have distinct chemical properties, stereoisomers behave identically in most chemical reactions, except in their reaction with other stereoisomers.

Structural isomers | Example: propanols and methoxyethane

Methoxyethane is an ether, not an alcohol, because it lacks a hydroxyl group, and it has chemical properties more similar to other ethers than to either of the above alcohol isomers.

In chemistry, isomers are molecules or polyatomic ions with identical chemical formulas but distinct arrangements of atoms in space.

There are also isotopomers or isotopic isomers that have the same numbers of each type of isotopic substitution but in chemically different positions.

Structural isomers differ in terms of the connectivity of some or all constituent atoms.

Another isomer of C3H8O: methoxyethane (ethyl-methyl-ether; III).

Isomers were discovered by Frenchman Francis Iso whom named the chemical composition chain after himself.


A Place in the Sun is a 1951 American drama film based on the 1925 novel An American Tragedy by Theodore Dreiser and the 1926 play, also titled An American Tragedy.

In 1991, A Place in the Sun was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

It tells the story of a working-class young man who is entangled with two women: one who works in his wealthy uncle's factory, and the other a beautiful socialite.

Critics cite the soporific pace, the exaggerated melodrama, and the outdated social commentary as qualities present in A Place in the Sun that are not present in the great films of the era, such as those by Alfred Hitchcock and Elia Kazan, although the performances by Clift, Taylor, and Winters continue to receive praise.

Alice is a poor and inexperienced girl who is dazzled by George and slow to believe that his Eastman name brings him no advantages.

All these works were inspired by the real-life murder of Grace Brown by Chester Gillette in 1906, which resulted in Gillette's conviction and execution by electric chair in 1908.A Place in the Sun was directed by George Stevens from a screenplay by Harry Brown and Michael Wilson, and stars Montgomery Clift, Elizabeth Taylor, and Shelley Winters; its supporting actors included Anne Revere, and Raymond Burr.

He acts nervously when he rents a boat from a man who seems to deduce that George gave him a false name; the man's suspicions are aroused more when George asks him whether any other boaters are on the lake (none are).

A Place in the Sun is structured on the book by the same name.


Joseph Paul DiMaggio (November 25, 1914 – March 8, 1999), nicknamed "Joltin' Joe" and "The Yankee Clipper", was an American baseball center fielder who played his entire 13-year career in Major League Baseball for the New York Yankees.

His team won the 1935 PCL title, and DiMaggio was named the league's Most Valuable Player.

Giuseppe called him "lazy" and "good-for-nothing.

He was named Paolo after his father Giuseppe's favorite saint, Saint Paul.

At his death, The New York Times called DiMaggio's 1941 56-game hitting streak "perhaps the most enduring record in sports.

Major league career | 1941 hitting streak

His Harvard colleague Stephen Jay Gould, citing Purcell's work, called DiMaggio's 56-game achievement "the most extraordinary thing that ever happened in American sports".

LeRoy Neiman: Joe DiMaggio, New York Yankees (1969), Joe DiMaggio, San Francisco Seals (1989), and The DiMaggio Cut (1998) Bruce Stark: caricature of DiMaggio and Mickey Mantle sold at auction for $700 Mark Ulriksen: illustration of DiMaggio for the cover of the April 12, 1999

DiMaggio had been his favorite player.

Insignificance (1982) by Terry Johnson: The Ballplayer is based on DiMaggio Marilyn: An American Fable (1983): DiMaggio is a character Arthur and Joe (2012) by Allan Havis: DiMaggio is a character

Bart Forbes: illustration of DiMaggio for the July 1999 Boys' Life  Zenos Frudakis: bronze sculpture of DiMaggio for the Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital Bill Gallo: caricature of DiMaggio and Ted Williams sold at auction for $750 Red Grooms: Joltin' Joe Takes a Swing installation (1985–1988) Stephen Holland: Joe DiMaggio (2005) Armand LaMontagne: 1991 giclee of DiMaggio sold at auction for $325 Tommy McDonald: paintings of DiMaggio sold at auction for $4,000, and $2,300 Willard Mullin: 1936 drawing of DiMaggio sold at auction for $2,600

The Goddess: "Dutch Seymour" is based on DiMaggio Insignificance: "The Ballplayer" is based on DiMaggio Blonde (2021), played by Bobby Cannavale

DiMaggio had 2 other names that he was called.


It is the second of four official adaptations of A Star Is Born, with the first in 1937 starring Janet Gaynor and Fredric March, the third in 1976 starring Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson and the fourth in 2018 starring Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper.

A Star Is Born, itself a remake, was again remade in 1976 with Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson.

A Star Is Born cost more than $5 million, making it one of the more expensive films made in Hollywood at that time.

The film was remade in Bollywood as Aashiqui 2 in 2013.

Filming began April 17, 2017, and the film was released on October 5, 2018.All four of the official " A Star is Born" movies have been nominated for at least four Academy Awards.

A Star Is Born is a 1954 American musical film written by Moss Hart, starring Judy Garland and James Mason, and directed by George Cukor.

Is Born was found and shown for the first time in the program - Garland singing "When My Sugar Walks Down the Street", which was deleted from the "Born in a Trunk" sequence.

A Star Is Born with his then-wife Judy Garland in the lead role.

The latest remake of A Star Is Born stars Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga, who also created new music for the project.

The original Columbia 1954 mono vinyl version of the soundtrack has been released on CD in Britain by Prism Leisure and is available for digital download.

A Star Is Born was released and remade in 1954 from a 1937 film which has been remade four more times.


They switched because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate James G. Blaine.

The Mugwumps were Republican political activists in the United States who switched parties from the Republican Party by supporting Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the presidential election of 1884.

In the spoils system, the winning candidate would dole out government positions to those who had supported his political party prior to the election.

New England and the Northeast had been a stronghold of the Republican Party since the Civil War era, but the Mugwumps considered Blaine to be an untrustworthy and fraudulent candidate.

This division among Republicans may have contributed to the victory in 1884 of Grover Cleveland, the first President elected from the Democratic party since the Civil War.

Their idealism and reform sensibilities led them to oppose the political corruption in the politics of the Gilded Age.

In the period from 1876 to 1892, presidential elections were closely contested at the national level, but the states themselves were mostly dominated by a single party, with Democrats prevailing in the South and the Republicans in the Northeast.

Seth Low, Republican mayor of Brooklyn, New York in 1884 who lost his party's support due to his backing Cleveland and stepped down rather than attempting to run for a third term in 1885

Blaine was from the reform wing of his own party, but the Mugwumps rejected his candidacy.

Many Mugwumps became Democrats or remained independents and most continued to support reform well into the 20th century.

The Mugwumps were a group of men who voted Democrat due to the corrupt candidate in their political party.


From the 1040s to 1130, the country was at peace.

The wars ended in 1217 with the appointment of Håkon Håkonsson, who introduced clear law of succession.

In 1130, the civil war era broke out on the basis of unclear succession laws, which allowed all the king's sons to rule jointly.

For periods there could be peace, before a lesser son allied himself with a chieftain and started a new conflict.

Politics and government | Judicial system and law enforcement

The counties of Norway are: Norway uses a civil law system where laws are created and amended in Parliament and the system regulated through the Courts of justice of Norway.

Later plagues reduced the population to half the starting point by 1400.

From 1000 to 1300, the population increased from 150,000 to 400,000, resulting both in more land being cleared and the subdivision of farms.

Norway remained neutral until April 1940 when the country was invaded and occupied by Germany until the end of Second World War.

The church inevitably had to take sides in the conflicts, with the civil wars also becoming an issue regarding the church's influence of the king.

Norway enjoys many music festivals throughout the year, all over the country.

The country of Norway had a period of civil war that ended in 1130 which started over not having clear succession laws.


The last four books consecutively set records as the fastest-selling books in history, with the final installment selling roughly eleven million copies in the United States within twenty-four hours of its release.

The final book in the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows became the fastest selling book in history, moving 11 million units in the first twenty-four hours of release.

As of February 2018, the books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide, making them the best-selling book series in history, and have been translated into eighty languages.

Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the last original novel in the series, begins directly after the events of the sixth book.

The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999.

In this book, a recurring theme throughout the series is emphasised – in every book there is a new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher, none of whom lasts more than one school year.

Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series, at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version.

It read: "J. K. Rowling finished writing Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in this room (552) on 11 January 2007."Rowling herself has stated that the last chapter of the final book (in fact, the epilogue) was completed "in something like 1990".

Due to the appeal of the books among an adult audience, Bloomsbury commissioned a second line of editions in an 'adult' style.

Achievements | Awards, honours, and recognition

The Harry Potter series has been recognised by a host of awards since the initial publication of Philosopher's Stone including four Whitaker Platinum Book Awards (all of which were awarded in 2001), three Nestlé Smarties Book Prizes (1997–1999), two Scottish Arts Council Book Awards (1999 and 2001), the inaugural Whitbread children's book of the year award (1999), the WHSmith book of the year (2006), among others.

The last four books of the Harry Potter series are the second fastest selling books in history.


Wilver Dornell Stargell (March 6, 1940 – April 9, 2001), nicknamed "Pops" later in his career, was an American professional baseball left fielder and first baseman who spent all of his 21 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) (1962–1982) with the Pittsburgh Pirates.

Stargell was born in Earlsboro, Oklahoma, but later moved to Florida with an aunt after his parents divorced.

Champion Enterprises sponsors a Willie Stargell Memorial Awards Banquet which raises money for disadvantaged children in Pittsburgh.

After Stargell died, Joe Morgan said, "When I played, there were 600 baseball players, and 599 of them loved Willie Stargell.

Beloved in Pittsburgh for his style of play and affable manner, Stargell hit seven of the 18 balls ever hit over

Stargell signed with the Pittsburgh Pirates organization and entered minor league baseball in 1959.Stargell played for farm teams in New Mexico, North Dakota, Iowa, Texas, North Carolina, and Ohio.

Later, he returned to Alameda, California, to live with his mother.

He had an awkward interaction with the Pirates that season when the team wanted to schedule a Willie Stargell Night to honor his Hall of Fame election.

He shared the Sports Illustrated magazine's "Sportsmen of the Year" award with NFL quarterback Terry Bradshaw, who also played at Three Rivers Stadium, for the Pittsburgh Steelers.

Stargell began and ended the season as the Pirates' everyday left-fielder, but spent extended periods playing first base as well.

The season was scheduled to end in a dramatic, four-game showdown against the Phillies in Pittsburgh, in which the Pirates had to win all four games to claim the title.

Willie Stargell played his whole career for the Pittsburgh Pirates and and lived with his aunt.


The Han dynasty (Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàncháo) was the second imperial dynasty of China (202 BC–220 AD), preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and a warring interregnum known as the Chu-Han contention (206–202 BC), and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD).

This formally ended the Han dynasty and initiated an age of conflict between three states: Cao Wei, Eastern Wu, and Shu Han.

At the beginning of the Western Han (traditional Chinese: 西漢; simplified Chinese: 西汉; pinyin: Xīhàn), also known as the Former Han (traditional Chinese: 前漢; simplified Chinese: 前汉; pinyin: Qiánhàn) dynasty, thirteen centrally controlled commanderies—including the capital region—existed in the western third of the empire, while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms.

Science and technology | Structural and geotechnical engineering

The oldest surviving wooden halls in China date to the Tang dynasty (AD 618–907).

China's first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC).

The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD).

After Cao's defeat at the naval Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD, China was divided into three spheres of influence, with Cao Cao dominating the north, Sun Quan (182–252 AD) dominating the south, and Liu Bei (161–223 AD) dominating the west.

The issuing of coinage remained a central government monopoly throughout the rest of the Han dynasty.

The Han dynasty was a unique period in the development of premodern Chinese science and technology, comparable to the level of scientific and technological growth during the Song dynasty (960–1279).

The Han dynasty inherited the ban liang coin type from the Qin.

The Han dynasty was the third dynasty in China.


It listed her earnings as $19.5 million in 2018.

Aniston is one of the highest-paid actresses in Hollywood as of 2018.

Since her career grew in the early 1990s, Aniston has been one of the highest-paid actresses in Hollywood.

According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Aniston (along with her female co-stars) became the highest-paid television actress of all time with her $1 million-per-episode paycheck for the final season of Friends.

She also garnered one additional Primetime Emmy Award nomination for her guest appearance in 30 Rock, while her performance in Cake earned her nominations at the Golden Globe and SAG Awards.

Career | Continued film success (2005–2013)

He's Just Not That into You (2009), in which she starred opposite Ben Affleck, grossed $178.8 million globally and ranked number one at the United States box office for its opening weekend.

The magazine estimated her net worth at $110 million in 2007, $150 million in 2014, and $200 million in 2017.

It earned a total of $51.7 million over the four-day weekend and placed number one at the box office, a position it maintained for two weeks.

For roughly $5 million she became the new face of Emirates airline in 2015, which was reportedly a success.

Along Came Polly (2004), opposite Ben Stiller, which placed number one at the North American box office, earning $27.7 million in its opening weekend; it eventually made $172 million globally.

Earning roughly $30 million in 2017, she is ranked as one of the highest paid actresses in Hollywood.


It ranked eighth among high-grossing films of 1967.

Thoroughly Modern Millie is a 1967 American musical-romantic comedy film directed by George Roy Hill and starring Julie Andrews.

Also, the film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:  2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs: "Thoroughly Modern Millie" – Nominated 2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – Nominated

Thoroughly Modern Millie was her last film of the 1960s to make money.

After Thoroughly Modern Millie, he made Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, The Great Waldo Pepper, and the Oscar-winning hit The Sting.

A DVD was issued in 2003. In 1922 New York City, flapper Millie Dillmount is determined to find work as a stenographer to a wealthy businessman and then marry him – a "thoroughly modern" goal.

"Variety observed "The first half of Thoroughly Modern Mille (sic) is quite successful in striking and maintaining a gay spirit and pace.

" The film was one of four nostalgia-based movies that George Roy Hill made.

The soundtrack interpolates new tunes by Jimmy Van Heusen and Sammy Cahn with standard songs from the 1910s and 1920s, including "Baby Face" and "Jazz Baby." For use of the latter, the producers had to acquire the rights from General Mills, which had used the melody with various lyrics to promote Wheaties for more than 40 years.

"Leo Sullivan of The Washington Post wrote "Highly insignificant and deliberately old-fashioned, the film veers and comments in a broadly stylized way ... All [Ross Hunter] may have produced is a commercial movie but enhancing the entire film is his own personal enthusiasm.

Thoroughly Modern Millie was listed among the top ten highest - grossing movies in the year it was released.


On 12 July 1906, Dreyfus was officially exonerated by a military commission.

A week later, he was made Knight of the Legion of Honour, and subsequently assigned to command an artillery unit at Vincennes.

Esterhazy was found not guilty by a secret court martial, before fleeing to England.

On 5 January 1895, Dreyfus was summarily convicted in a secret court martial, publicly stripped of his army rank, and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island in French Guiana.

Following a passionate campaign by Dreyfus's supporters, including leading artists and intellectuals such as Émile Zola, he was given a second trial in 1899 and again declared guilty of treason despite the evidence in favor of his innocence.

The incident has gone down in history as the Dreyfus affair, the reverberations from which were felt throughout Europe.

For two years, until July 1906, he lived in a state of house-arrest with one of his sisters at Carpentras, and later at Cologny.

However, due to public opinion, Dreyfus was offered and accepted a pardon by President Émile Loubet in 1899 and released from prison; this was a compromise that saved face for the military's mistake.

Had Dreyfus refused the pardon, he would have been returned to Devil's Island, a fate he could no longer emotionally cope with; so officially Dreyfus remained a traitor to France, and pointedly remarked upon his release: The government of the Republic has given me back my freedom.

It ultimately ended with Dreyfus's complete exoneration.

Alfred was 10 years old when the Franco-Prussian War broke out in the summer of 1870, and his family moved to Paris following the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine by Germany after the war.

the new chief of French military intelligence, Lieutenant Colonel Georges Picquart, reported to his superiors that he had found  evidence to the effect that the real traitor was the Major Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy.

Despite the horrible unfairness of the Dreyfus incident, in which Alfred Dreyfus was falsely imprisoned for a crime he did not commit, found guilty during a secret court martial and only years later pardoned for the crime, the whole affair ended in a much less horrific way.


2009 – 1st on the ranking of the World's Best Airport by Condé Nast Traveler magazine, based on its satisfaction survey.

Terminals | Terminal 3 | System, security and luggage

Passengers will be able to check-in their luggage at the airport from several hours to even a day before their flights.

2011 – 3rd Best Airport Worldwide of the Airport Service Quality Awards by Airports Council International.

It has been the world's second busiest airport in terms of passenger traffic since 2010.

By 2012, the airport had become the 13th busiest airport in the world by cargo traffic, registering 1,787,027 tons.

At the time of its opening, Terminal 3 was the largest airport passenger terminal building in the world.

Manchester Airport Munich Airport Suvarnabhumi Airport

O'Hare International Airport Helsinki Airport

Sydney Airport Stockholm Arlanda Airport

The airport registered 557,167 aircraft movements (take-offs and landings), ranking 6th in the world in 2012.

This airport was voted best airport in the world in the year before 2010.


Life and profession | Family and education

Borodin was born in Saint Petersburg as an illegitimate son of a 62-year-old Georgian nobleman, Luka Stepanovich Gedevanishvili, and a married 25-year-old Russian woman, Evdokia Konstantinovna Antonova.

Due to the circumstances of Alexander's birth, the nobleman had him registered as the son of one of his Russian serfs, Porfiry Borodin, hence the composer's Russian last name.

Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin (Russian: Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin (Russian: Александр Порфирьевич Бородин, IPA: [ɐlʲɪkˈsandr pɐrˈfʲi rʲjɪvʲɪtɕ bərɐˈdʲin] (listen); 12 November 1833 – 27 February 1887) was a Russian chemist and Romantic musical composer of Georgian ancestry.

Along with some influences from Western composers, as a member of The Five his music has also a Russian style.

Life and profession | Career as a chemist

During 1873, he described his work to the Russian Chemical Society and noted similarities with compounds recently reported by Wurtz.

As a result of this registration, both Alexander and his nominal Russian father Porfiry were officially serfs of Alexander's biological father Luka.

Life and profession | Musical avocation | Opera and orchestral works

It is set in the 12th century, when the Russians, commanded by Prince Igor of Seversk, determined to conquer the barbarous Polovtsians by travelling eastward across the Steppes.

He was one of the prominent 19th-century composers known as "The Mighty Handful", a group dedicated to producing a uniquely Russian kind of classical music, rather than imitating earlier Western European models.

During 1868 Borodin became distracted from initial work on the second symphony by preoccupation with the opera Prince Igor, which is considered by some to be his most significant work and one of the most important historical Russian operas.

Borodin's fame outside the Russian Empire was made possible during his lifetime by Franz Liszt, who arranged a performance of the Symphony No. 1 in Germany during 1880, and by the Comtesse de Mercy-Argenteau in Belgium and France.

Aleksandr Brorodin was Russian and Austrian descent.


The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet (), is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601.

Hamlet is not among them, suggesting that it had not yet been written.

Gertrude interrupts to report that Ophelia has drowned, though it is unclear whether it was suicide or an accident caused by her madness.

This section is limited to those written for the stage.

Harvey's note says that "the wiser sort" enjoy Hamlet, and implies that the Earl of Essex—executed in February 1601 for rebellion—was still alive.

While Milton did not ultimately go that route, the poem still shows distinct echoes of Shakespearean revenge tragedy, and of Hamlet in particular.

When Ophelia enters and tries to return Hamlet's things, Hamlet accuses her of immodesty and cries "get thee to a nunnery", though it is unclear whether this, too, is a show of madness or genuine distress.

One explanation may be that Hamlet was written later in Shakespeare's life, when he was adept at matching rhetorical devices to characters and the plot.

Denmark has a long-standing feud with neighbouring Norway, in which King Hamlet slew King Fortinbras of Norway in a battle some years ago.

Analysis and criticism | Dramatic structure

Scholars still debate whether these twists are mistakes or intentional additions to add to the play's themes of confusion and duality.

The exact year when Hamlet was written is still unclear.


Iran has the world's second largest proved gas reserves after Russia, with 33.6 trillion cubic metres, and the third largest natural gas production after Indonesia and Russia.

However, many estimates regarding the number of these two groups differ significantly from the mentioned census; some place the number of ethnic Azerbaijanis in Iran between 21.6–30% of the total population, with the majority holding it on 25%.cd

The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian Ērān, first attested in a third-century inscription at Rustam Relief, with the accompanying Parthian inscription using the term Aryān, in reference to the Iranians.

Local city councils are elected by public vote to four-year terms in all cities and villages of Iran.

The President can only be re-elected for one term.

In 2004, a large share of Iran's natural gas reserves were untapped.

With two-thirds of the population under the age of 25, many sports are played in Iran.

Since then, a high number of Iranian girls participated in the Beauty pageant and Miss Universe outside of Iran.

The legislature of Iran, known as the Islamic Consultative Assembly, is a unicameral body comprising 290 members elected for four-year terms.

According to a study by SCImago in 2012, Iran would rank fourth in the world in terms of research output by 2018, if the current trend persists.

Iran is number two in term of stock of gas internationally.


Despite his status as a commoner, Borodin was well provided for by his Georgian father and grew up in a large four-storey house, which was gifted to Alexander and his "aunt" by the nobleman.

Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin (Russian: Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin (Russian: Александр Порфирьевич Бородин, IPA: [ɐlʲɪkˈsandr pɐrˈfʲi rʲjɪvʲɪtɕ bərɐˈdʲin] (listen); 12 November 1833 – 27 February 1887) was a Russian chemist and Romantic musical composer of Georgian ancestry.

He was one of the prominent 19th-century composers known as "The Mighty Handful", a group dedicated to producing a uniquely Russian kind of classical music, rather than imitating earlier Western European models.

Along with some influences from Western composers, as a member of The Five his music has also a Russian style.

His passionate music and unusual harmonies proved to have a lasting influence on the younger French composers Debussy and Ravel (in homage, the latter composed during 1913 a piano piece entitled "À la manière de Borodine").

Due to the circumstances of Alexander's birth, the nobleman had him registered as the son of one of his Russian serfs, Porfiry Borodin, hence the composer's Russian last name.

Borodin was born in Saint Petersburg as an illegitimate son of a 62-year-old Georgian nobleman, Luka Stepanovich Gedevanishvili, and a married 25-year-old Russian woman, Evdokia Konstantinovna Antonova.

Two years later he began composing a third symphony, but left it unfinished at his death; two movements of it were later completed and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov.

As a result of this registration, both Alexander and his nominal Russian father Porfiry were officially serfs of Alexander's biological father Luka.

Life and profession | Musical avocation | Chamber music

This early period yielded, among other chamber works, a string sextet and a piano quintet.

Alexander Borodin had the status of a nobleman and was a brilliant composer of Russian novels with influence from the prominent piano and harp models.


Newhouser was a schoolboy star at Wilbur Wright High School in his hometown of Detroit, Michigan.

Newhouser pitched four innings of relief on the season's final day as Detroit rallied for the pennant.

He won the pitcher's Triple Crown, leading the AL in wins (25, against nine losses), ERA (1.81) and strikeouts (212); he also led the league in innings pitched, games started, complete games and shutouts.

Harold Newhouser (May 20, 1921 – November 10, 1998), nicknamed "Prince Hal", was an American professional baseball player.

During his playing days, Newhouser's teammates nicknamed him "Prince Hal" because of the way he carried himself.

Before he was approached by professional baseball teams, he had been saving money to attend a trade school by working several jobs.

Newhouser made his debut for Detroit on September 29, 1939.

Newhouser won the first Sporting News Pitcher of the Year Award in 1944.By the 1945 season, Newhouser had been selected for three consecutive AL All-Star teams.

Newhouser was runner-up in the MVP race to Ted Williams.

His wife, Beryl Newhouser, said that she could not ever remember seeing him with his shirttail untucked.

Hal Newhouser was popular in his school in Dearborn.


He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1902 through 1917 for the Chicago Cubs, Boston Braves, and Philadelphia Phillies.

Evers was born in Troy, New York.

Evers' brother, Joe Evers, and uncle, Tom Evers, also played in MLB.

Career | Boston Braves and Philadelphia Phillies

Murphy insisted that Evers had resigned as manager, which Evers denied.

Evers indicated that this was a result of a business deal that cost Evers most of his savings.

Evers rejoined the Braves as a scout.

Evers married Helen Fitzgibbons.

Due to Evers' declining performance, the Braves placed Evers on waivers at mid-season, and he was claimed by the Philadelphia Phillies.

Evers was born in Troy, New York.

The store was passed down to Evers' descendants.

Evers played 152 games in the 1904 season.

However, Evers missed the end of the season with a broken leg.

Johnny Evers was a Virginian.


Earth, Wind & Fire's songs have been covered by artists including Whitney Houston, D'Angelo, Donny Osmond, Patti LaBelle, Taylor Swift,

Earth, Wind & Fire (abbreviated as EW&F or simply EWF) is an American band that has spanned the musical genres of R&B, soul, funk, jazz, disco, pop, rock, dance, Latin, and Afro pop.

The album cut Earth, Wind and Fire

Earth, Wind & Fire went on to appear on

Interpretations: Celebrating the Music of Earth, Wind & Fire, an album featuring cover versions of EWF's material, was released in March 2007 on Stax Records.

History | 1970–1974: Formation and early years

Based on this, he changed the band's name, to "Earth, Wind & Fire".

This was a jukebox musical with its theme the music of Earth, Wind & Fire.

said "Earth, Wind & Fire gives new meaning to the word classy, and I like it".

Mark Ronson has also proclaimed that he loves "anything by Earth, Wind & Fire".

Dionne Warwick has named Earth, Wind & Fire as her favorite group of all time.

Earth, Wind & Fire is a band that never has been covered by any other artist and plays many genres.


When Old Major dies, two young pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, assume command and stage a revolt, driving Mr. Jones off the farm and renaming the property "Animal Farm".

The pigs elevate themselves to positions of leadership and set aside special food items, ostensibly for their personal health.

George Orwell's Animal Farm is an example of a political satire that was intended to have a "wider application," according to Orwell himself, in terms of its relevance.

The puppies controlled by Napoleon parallel the nurture of the secret police in the Stalinist structure, and the pigs' treatment of the other animals on the farm recalls the internal terror faced by the populace in the 1930s.

Animal Farm is an allegorical novella by George Orwell, first published in England on 17 August 1945.

The young pigs – Four pigs who complain about Napoleon's takeover of the farm but are quickly silenced and later executed, the first animals killed in Napoleon's farm purge.

In the preface of a 1947 Ukrainian edition of Animal Farm, he explained how escaping the communist purges in Spain taught him "how easily totalitarian propaganda can control the opinion of enlightened people in democratic countries.

Minimus – A poetic pig who writes the second and third national anthems of Animal Farm after the singing of "Beasts of England" is banned.

Similarly to Benjamin, Muriel is one of the few animals on the farm who is not a pig but can read.

He is sceptical, temperamental and cynical: his most frequent remark is, "Life will go on as it has always gone on – that is, badly." The academic Morris Dickstein has suggested there is "a touch of Orwell himself in this creature's timeless scepticism" and indeed, friends called Orwell "Donkey George", "after his grumbling donkey Benjamin, in Animal Farm." Muriel – A wise old goat who is friends with all of the animals on the farm.

Both differ from the novel and have been accused of taking significant liberties, including sanitising some aspects.

The original title was Animal Farm: A Fairy Story, but U.S. publishers dropped the subtitle when it was published in 1946, and only one of the translations during Orwell's lifetime kept it.

In George Orwell's Animal Farm, the pigs take control of the farm.


Although its population is only 4.3% of the world total, it holds 29.4% of the total wealth in the world, the largest share held by any country.

More than 90% of the world's 14,000 nuclear weapons are owned by Russia and the United States.

The United States is the third most populous nation in the world, after China and India.

In 2018 the median age of the United States population was 38.1 years.

The United States has a very diverse population; 37 ancestry groups have more than one million members.

Geography, climate, and environment | Wildlife and conservation

Altogether, the government owns about 28% of the country's land area, mostly in the western states.

The civil airline industry is entirely privately owned and has been largely deregulated since 1978, while most major airports are publicly owned.

In 2018, there were almost 90 million immigrants and U.S.-born children of immigrants (second-generation Americans) in the United States, accounting for 28% of the overall U.S. population.

Assets owned by Americans lost about a quarter of their value.

History | Effects on and interaction with native populations

Douglas H. Ubelaker of the Smithsonian Institution estimated that there was a population of 92,916 in the south Atlantic states and a population of 473,616 in the Gulf states, but most academics regard this figure as too low.

In addition, the Census Bureau provides a continuously updated U.S. Population Clock that approximates the latest population of the 50 states and District of Columbia based on the Bureau's most recent demographic trends.

The population of the United States does own 10% of the richness around the globe.


The Little Prince has been adapted to numerous art forms and media, including audio recordings, radio plays, live stage, film, television, ballet, and opera.

Literary translations and printed editions

Many of them are titled Prince From a Star, while others carry the book title that is a direct translation of The Little Prince.

He would remain immensely proud of The Little Prince, and almost always kept a personal copy with him which he often read to others during the war.

Despite its style as a children's book, The Little Prince makes observations about life and human nature.

This is one. This is one. "Others were not shy in offering their praise.

Film and TV : the story has been created as a movie as early as 1966 in a Soviet-Lithuanian production, with its first English movie version in 1974 produced in the United States featuring Bob Fosse, who choreographed his own dance sequence as "The Snake", and Gene Wilder as "The Fox".

Honours and legacy | Museums and exhibits | Morgan exhibitions

, many of them dampened by moisture that rippled its onion skin media.

Physically, the manuscript's onion skin media has become brittle and subject to damage.

Though the story is more or less understandable, the narrator made almost no connection from when the little prince traveled between planets, he purposely did that so that the book felt like it was told from a secretive little boy.

By being tamed, something goes from being ordinary and just like all the others, to be special and unique.

The Little Prince is a book that was also a movie and other medias.


The indigenous Guaraní had been living in eastern Paraguay for at least a millennium before the arrival of the Spanish.

Winds play a major role in influencing Paraguay's weather: between October and March, warm winds blow from the Amazon Basin in the north, while the period between May and August brings cold winds from the Andes.

The Guarani culture is very influential and more than 90% of the people speak different forms of the Guarani language in addition to Spanish.

From Guarani paraguá "feather crown", thus paraguaí "river of crowns".

HLA-DRB1 polymorphism studies have shown genetic distances between Paraguayans and Spanish populations were closer than between Paraguayans and Guaranis.

Paraguay's primary manufacturing focus is on food and beverages.

The Paraguay River was roughly the dividing line between the agricultural Guarani people to the east and the nomadic and semi-nomadic people to the west in the Gran Chaco.

Paraguay's culinary heritage is also deeply influenced by this cultural fusion.

History | Stroessner's overthrow, post-1989

In December 1998, Paraguay's Supreme Court declared these actions unconstitutional.

Paraguay (; Spanish pronunciation: [paɾaˈɣwaj] (listen), [paɾaˈɰwaj]), officially the Republic of Paraguay (Spanish: República del Paraguay; Guarani: Tetã Paraguái), is a country in South America.

Economy | Social issues | Social issues of the indigenous

Only 2.5% of Paraguay's indigenous population has access to clean drinking water and only 9.5% have electricity.

Paraguay's ancestors were Guarani and Inca.