It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a 1963 American comedy film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer with a screenplay by William Rose and Tania Rose from a story by Tania Rose.

It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World.

It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World to be as close as possible to the original 197-minute version envisioned by Kramer.

and then It's a Mad World, with Rose and Kramer adding additional Mads to the title as time progressed.

Films having a comedic search for money with an ensemble cast modeled after It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World include Scavenger Hunt (1979), Million Dollar Mystery (1987) and Rat Race. (2001) There are similar Bollywood movies like Journey Bombay to Goa: Laughter Unlimited (2007), Dhamaal (2007) and Total Dhamaal (2019).

Who's Coming to Dinner. His first attempt at directing a comedy film paid off immensely as It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World became a critical and commercial success in 1963 and was nominated for six Academy Awards, winning for Best Sound Editing, and two Golden Globe Awards.

, Mad, Mad, Mad World featured at number 40 in the American Film Institute's list 100 Years ... 100 Laughs.

Years later, Kramer announced a possible Mad World sequel, which was to be titled

It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World aficionados Mark Evanier, Michael Schlesinger, and Paul Scrabo, a new documentary on the film's visual and sound effects, an excerpt from a 1974 talk show hosted by Stanley Kramer featuring Sid Caesar, Buddy Hackett, and Jonathan Winters, a press interview from 1963 featuring Kramer and cast members, excerpts about the film's influence taken from the 2000 American Film Institute program 100 Years ... 100 Laughs, a two-part 1963 episode of Canadian TV program Telescope that follows the film's press junket and premiere, a segment from the 2012 special

During the production of Mad World, Hope was arguing with the studio about the future projects that he was due in his contract, and they ultimately refused to allow him to appear.

It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World was an action adventure movie about a group of mentally ill patients that escaped from a hospital to rob a bank.


Elon Reeve Musk (; born June 28, 1971) is an engineer, industrial designer, technology entrepreneur and philanthropist.

He is the founder, CEO, CTO and chief designer of SpaceX; early investor, CEO and product architect of Tesla, Inc.; founder of The Boring Company; co-founder of Neuralink; and co-founder and initial co-chairman of OpenAI.

Musk sees Neuralink and OpenAI as related: "OpenAI is a nonprofit dedicated to minimizing the dangers of artificial intelligence, while Neuralink is working on ways to implant technology into our brains to create mind-computer interfaces." On December 17, 2016, while stuck in traffic, Musk tweeted "[I] am going to build a tunnel boring machine and just start digging ..." The company was named 'The Boring Company' (TBC).

In December 2016, Musk founded The Boring Company, an infrastructure and tunnel construction company focused on tunnels optimized for electric vehicles.

As merchandising, Musk said the company sold 2,000 "flamethrowers" in 2018, inspired by the movie Spaceballs.

In February 2017, the company began digging a 30-foot (9.1 m) In February 2017, the company began digging a 30-foot (9.1 m) wide, 50-foot (15 m) long, and 15-foot (4.6 m) deep "test trench" on the premises of Space X's offices in Los Angeles, since the construction requires no permits.

Musk had said in early 2017 that a 10-fold decrease in tunnel boring cost per mile is necessary for economic feasibility of the proposed tunnel network.

TBC has claimed that design is complete for their next tunnel boring machine (TBM), Prufrock, and that assembly and engineering testing would begin in 2019.

In 2015, Musk co-founded OpenAI, a nonprofit research company that aims to promote friendly artificial intelligence.

In 2016, Musk co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology startup company to integrate the human brain with artificial intelligence.

In July 2016, he co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology company focused on developing brain–computer interfaces.

Musk, responding to requests for help from Twitter users, offered help; his The Boring Company contacted the Thai government.

Elon Musk is an entrepreneur and founded many companies like Boring Company.


The Plumed Serpent is a 1926 political novel by D. H. Lawrence; Lawrence conceived the idea for the novel while visiting Mexico in 1923, and its themes reflect his experiences there.

However, this response was later displaced by Mexican post-revolutionary nationalism and post-colonial studies.

The novel received attention in Mexico, where its early reception was positive, and it was praised by the poet Octavio Paz.

However, he stated that "Mexican post-revolutionary nationalism and the rise of post-colonial studies" later displaced such positive views of the novel in Mexico.

She noted that of those Mexican writers who had discussed the novel, the poet José Emilio Pacheco warned against its "proto-fascism", while Paz praised its "depiction of landscape".

He also noted the similar appreciative views of the intellectual Antonio Castro Leal and the poet Octavio Paz.

Luis Gómez Romero compared the novel to Kangaroo, writing that in both works Lawrence, "exposes the advent of discrete crises resulting from the failure of human ideals and institutions to prevent and tame violence." He noted that critics had often regarded the work as a "direct expression of Lawrence’s proto-fascist propensities." He questioned the view that its plot had little to do with actual Mexican politics, arguing that it should be viewed "in a specifically Mexican context." He also observed that the early reception of The Plumed Serpent in Mexico was positive, citing the views of the newspaper Excélsior and the poet Bernardo Ortiz de Montellano, who both credited Lawrence with understanding Mexico and the Mexicans.

He wrote that most reactions to it were either strongly positive or strongly negative, and stated that Lawrence later rejected "both the political and the sexual ideology" of the novel.

However, Moore writes that it received a more mixed assessment, discussing both its good and bad aspects, from the poet Edwin Muir in The Nation and Athenaeum.

Juliette Feyel compared The Plumed Serpent to Kangaroo, describing them as Lawrence's "most explicitly political novels".

The Plumed Serpent is a 1926 political novel in which the novel received attention in Mexico, where its early reception was positive, and it was praised by the poet Octavio Paz, however, this response was later displaced by Mexican post-revolutionary nationalism and post-colonial studies.


Since these components have different colors (green, orange, and yellow, respectively) they gave the technique its name.

Special techniques | Periodic counter-current chromatography

The process then continues in a cyclic fashion.

In contrast to Counter current chromatography (see above) , periodic counter-current chromatography (PCC) uses a solid stationary phase and only a liquid mobile phase.

The detector refers to the instrument used for qualitative and quantitative detection of analytes after separation.

Special techniques | Counter current chromatography

HPCCC is the latest and best performing version of the instrumentation available currently.

It thus is much more similar to conventional affinity chromatography than to counter current chromatography.

New types of chromatography developed during the 1930s and 1940s made the technique useful for many separation processes.

Counter current chromatography (CCC) is a type of liquid-liquid chromatography, where both the stationary and mobile phases are liquids.

Special techniques | Chiral chromatography

Conventional chromatography or other separation processes are incapable of separating them.

Techniques by separation mechanism | Ion exchange chromatography

Ion exchange chromatography (usually referred to as ion chromatography) uses an ion exchange mechanism to separate analytes based on their respective charges.

Chromatography has little to do with color in current processes, the moniker is a reference to the original use of the technique.


Set in the mid through late 19th century, the film depicts Zola's early friendship with Post-Impressionist painter Paul Cézanne, and his rise to fame through his prolific writing.

21st century controversy about collaboration

They had been criticized on moral grounds for the personal relationships portrayed in some movies, for instance, for sexual content or suggestive dialogue, and for political criticism of the US.

Paul Muni as Émile Zola Gloria Holden as Alexandrine Zola

As expected, Zola is charged with libel.

The Life of Emile Zola is a 1937 American biographical film about 19th-century French author Émile Zola, starring Paul Muni and directed by William Dieterle, a German émigré.

Zola is found guilty and sentenced to a year in prison and a 3000 Franc fine.

She disputes that he ever gave an order about taking "Jew" out of dialogue in the film about Zola.

Zola is reluctant to give up a comfortable life, but she brings forth new evidence to pique his curiosity.

He accuses Zola of having become complacent because of his success,  a far cry from the zealous reformer of his youth and terminates their friendship.

Finally, Dreyfus's loyal wife Lucie (Gale Sondergaard) pleads with Zola to take up her husband's cause.

Zola barely escapes from an angry mob incited by military agents provocateurs as riots erupt in the city streets.

Zola had a platonic relationship with Cezanne.


He would disappear for months at a time during the offseason, and it was not known where he went until it was discovered that he was wrestling alligators in a circus.

He was notably unpredictable; early in his career, he would often leave in the middle of a game to go fishing.

Milwaukee was in the newly named American League (AL), formerly known as the Western League, which was not yet directly competing with the NL.

May threatened to prosecute Rube for bigamy because she did not recognize the divorce granted Rube in St. Louis.

We got Rube out of there without delay.

When the season ended, he was loaned to the Detroit Tigers of the Western League to gain professional experience.

Louisville's top players, including Waddell, Honus Wagner, and Fred Clarke, were transferred to Pittsburgh.

Not much was known about these mental conditions, or their diagnoses, at the time.

Waddell's first professional contract was with Louisville (for $500), where he pitched two league games and a couple of exhibitions with the team at the end of the 1897 season.

George Edward Waddell (October 13, 1876 – April 1, 1914) was an American southpaw pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB).

Waddell was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946 by the Veterans Committee that looked to enshrine a number of players from his era and the previous century who had contributed to the growth of the game.

American baseball player Rube Waddell was known for his focus and professionalism.


It is the first published and best known of seven novels in The Chronicles of Narnia (1950–1956).

The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was originally published as the first book in the Narnia Chronicles.

The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a fantasy novel for children by C. S. Lewis, published by Geoffrey Bles in 1950.

One of the most significant themes seen in C. S. Lewis's The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe is the theme of Christianity.

Lewis described the origin of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe in an essay titled

Lewis very much enjoyed writing The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and embarked on the sequel Prince Caspian soon after finishing the first novel.

The manuscript of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was complete by the end of March 1949.

Both are the first in a series of adaptations of all seven of the Narnia books.

The Focus on the Family version is also longer, with a full orchestra score, narration, a larger cast of actors, and introductions by Douglas Gresham, C. S. Lewis's stepson.

In 2003, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was ranked ninth on the BBC's The Big Read poll.

Lewis had written fourteen years earlier in his alliterative poem The Planets:  ... Of wrath ended And woes mended, of winter passed

The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe is 1 of the 7 books in the series written by  C. S. Lewis.


Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869) was the 14th president of the United States (1853–1857), a northern Democrat who saw the abolitionist movement as a fundamental threat to the unity of the nation.

Presidency | Foreign and military affairs

The Pierce administration aligned with the expansionist Young America movement, with William L. Marcy leading the charge as Secretary of State.

Franklin and Benjamin Pierce were among the prominent citizens who welcomed President Jackson to the state on his visit in mid-1833.

When the school was renamed in 2010, a Franklin Pierce Center for Intellectual Property was established.

The Franklin Pierce House in Concord, where Pierce died, was destroyed by fire in 1981, but is nevertheless listed on the register.

Historian Kenneth Nivison, writing in 2010, takes a more favorable view of Pierce's foreign policy, stating that his expansionism prefaced those of later presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt, who served at a time when America had the military might to make her desires stick. " American foreign and commercial policy beginning in the 1890s, which eventually supplanted European colonialism by the middle of the twentieth century, owed much to the paternalism of Jacksonian Democracy cultivated in the international arena by the Presidency of Franklin Pierce.

Early life and family | Childhood and education

Franklin Pierce was born on November 23, 1804 in a log cabin in Hillsborough, New Hampshire.

The Franklin Pierce Homestead in Hillsborough is a state park and a National Historic Landmark, open to the public.

The University of New Hampshire School of Law was founded in 1973 as the Franklin Pierce Law Center.

While the administration negotiated with Britain over the Canada–US border, U.S. interests were also threatened in Central America, where the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty of 1850 had failed to keep Great Britain from expanding its influence.

Both Franklin and Jane Pierce survived, but in the wreckage found their only remaining son, 11-year-old Benjamin, crushed to death, his body nearly decapitated.

Franklin Pierce is the tenth president of the America.


At the time of its release, it was one of the most expensive movies ever made.

In Old Chicago is a 1938 American drama disaster film directed by Henry King.

In the years before the film was made it had been supplanted by the Levee, an area renowned for its corrupt politicians, known as the Gray Wolves, whose deeds resemble those of the characters in the film.

Despite crediting the Chicago Historical Society for assistance with historical research, much of the film is fictionalized.

She was the first person to win the Supporting Oscar after being nominated in the prior year.

Some sources claim that MGM offered to loan both Harlow and Clark Gable to Fox for In Old Chicago if they reciprocated by loaning Shirley Temple to MGM for their upcoming production of The Wizard of Oz.

The film is a fictionalized account about the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and stars Alice Brady as Mrs. O'Leary, the owner of the cow which started the fire, and Tyrone Power and Don Ameche as her sons.

The Mayor of Chicago in 1871 was Roswell B. Mason, not an O'Leary son.

The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture.

The film was released and restored to its full length on DVD in 2005.

In old Chicago used to be the cheapest film that has ever been made.


Evers' brother, Joe Evers, and uncle, Tom Evers, also played in MLB.

He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1902 through 1917 for the Chicago Cubs, Boston Braves, and Philadelphia Phillies.

Evers and fellow coach Hank Gowdy played in one game in the 1929 season, coming into the bottom of the ninth inning on October 6, 1929.

Evers made his professional debut in minor league baseball for the Troy Trojans of the Class-B New York State League in 1902 as a shortstop.

Evers batted .285 and led the New York State League with 10 home runs.

After playing for the local minor league baseball team for one season, Frank Selee, manager of the Cubs, purchased Evers's contract and soon made him his starting second baseman.

Career | Boston Braves and Philadelphia Phillies

Evers insisted he was a free agent, but the league assigned him to the Braves.

In the process, Evers became the oldest player in the league for the year.

Evers played 152 games in the 1904 season.

Evers continued to play for the Braves and Phillies through 1917.

Johnny Evers played in the major leagues along with his cousin, Lloyd.


Walsh started his professional baseball career with the 1902 Wilkes-Barre Barons.

Walsh's son Ed Walsh Jr. played for the White Sox from 1928 to 1932.

Edward Augustine "Big Ed" Walsh (May 14, 1881 – May 26, 1959) was an American pitcher and manager in Major League Baseball.

Walsh's playing time began dwindling in 1913.

Walsh also set an American League record by pitching 464 innings in a season.

Walsh was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946.

Walsh was a workhorse who pitched an average of 375 innings annually during the six seasons of 1907 through 1912.

In 1910, he posted the lowest ERA (1.27) for a pitcher with at least 20 starts and a losing record.

Interviewed for the book The Glory of Their Times, Hall of Famer Sam Crawford referred to Walsh's use of a pitch that was later outlawed: "Big Ed Walsh.

In 1999, Walsh was ranked number 82 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.

Ed Walsh started play pro baseball in 1900


The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the neoclassical style.

Early history | Architectural competition

Hoban was born in Ireland and trained at the Dublin Society of Arts.

The building has classical inspiration sources, that can be found in the Roman architect Vitruvius or in Andrea Palladio styles; Palladio being an Italian architect of the Renaissance which had a considerable influence on the Western architecture (Palladian architecture).

In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of "America's Favorite Architecture".

Evolution of the White House | Early use, the 1814 fire, and rebuilding

Contrary to speculation, the North Portico was not modeled on a similar portico on another Dublin building, the Viceregal Lodge (now Áras an Uachtaráin, residence of the President of Ireland), for its portico postdates the White House porticos' design.

Meanwhile, both architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe and Hoban contributed to the design and oversight of the reconstruction, which lasted from 1815 until 1817.

When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage.

Evolution of the White House | Overcrowding and building the West Wing

President William Howard Taft enlisted the help of architect Nathan C. Wyeth to add additional space to the West Wing, which included the addition of the Oval Office.

The following year, he summoned the architect to Philadelphia and met with him in June 1792.On July 16, 1792, the president met with the commissioners of the federal city to make his judgment in the architectural competition.

The White House since the Kennedy restoration

The White House retains the right to have these items returned.:29Out of respect for the historic character of the White House, no substantive architectural changes have been made to the house since the Truman renovation.

The White House was configured by an architect from Ireland.


Despite Perry's notoriety for doctoring baseballs (e.g. throwing a spitball), and perhaps even more so for making batters think he was throwing them on a regular basis – he even went so far as to title his 1974 autobiography Me and the Spitter – he was not ejected for the illegal practice until August 23, 1982, in his 21st season in the majors.

At Tacoma, he led the Pacific Coast League in wins and inning pitched in 1961.He had a brief call-up to the Major Leagues in 1962, making his debut on April 14 against the Cincinnati Reds.

He played in Major League Baseball as a right-handed pitcher for eight different teams from 1962 to 1983.

The spitball was not his only method for upsetting batters.

With the addition of Perry, Bill James called that 1962 Tacoma squad, which featured numerous future major league players, the best minor league lineup of the 1960s.

Despite his admission of illegal pitches, he was elected to the Hall of Fame in 1991 and was nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.

Professional career | San Diego Padres (1978–79)

In this season he became the third pitcher to strike out 3,000 batters, accomplishing the feat two weeks after his 40th birthday.

Perry claims he was taught the spitball in 1964 by pitcher Bob Shaw.

Professional career | San Francisco Giants (1962–1971)

Perry and Marichal became known as a "1–2 punch" to rival the famous Koufax/Drysdale combination of the Los Angeles Dodgers.

The very next day, the Cardinals returned the favor on the Giants on a 2–0 no-hitter by Ray Washburn—the first time in Major League history that back-to-back no-hitters had been pitched in the same series.

Gaylord Perry was known as a Major League pitcher who liked to add saliva to his pitch, or at least make batters believe that he was.


Traditionally, most of Saturn's moons have been named after Titans of Greek mythology.

Saturn is named after the Roman god of wealth and agriculture; its astronomical symbol (♄) represents the god's sickle.

History of observation and exploration | Ancient observations

In ancient Roman mythology, the planet Phainon was sacred to this agricultural god, from which the planet takes its modern name.

The Romans considered the god Saturnus the equivalent of the Greek god Cronus; in modern Greek, the planet retains the name Cronus—Κρόνος: Kronos.

Some ice in the E ring comes from the moon Enceladus's geysers.

Saturn has been known since prehistoric times, and in early recorded history it was a major character in various mythologies.

Saturn has 82 known moons, 53 of which have formal names.

Evidence of this possibility includes the satellite's salt-rich particles having an "ocean-like" composition that indicates most of Enceladus's expelled ice comes from the evaporation of liquid salt water.

At least 82 moons are known to orbit Saturn, of which 53 are officially named; this does not include the hundreds of moonlets in its rings.

In Ottoman Turkish, Urdu and Malay, the name of Zazel is 'Zuhal', derived from the Arabic language (Arabic: زحل, romanized: Zuhal).

Saturn's name comes from mythological gods.


Life and career | 1980–1998: Early life and career beginnings

Christina María Aguilera was born in Staten Island, New York City, on December 18, 1980, to musician Shelly Loraine Kearns (née Fidler) and United States Army soldier Fausto Xavier Aguilera.

Every time she'd start going into 'hoo-ha', I'd stop the tape.

Christina Aguilera (1999) prominently displayed teen pop and dance-pop music, while Mi Reflejo (2000) takes inspiration from Latin music.

Fashion has also been a part of Aguilera's music career and image.

Her mother later remarried to Jim Kearns and had a son with him named Michael.

Her father was born in Ecuador, and her mother has German, Irish, Welsh, and Dutch ancestry.

The Voice. Aguilera's debut album producer Ron Harris revealed that Aguilera during her recording sessions for Christina Aguilera would constantly listen to Brandy's music, studying and trying to replicate her adlibs.

Aguilera's not shy of the odd feministic declaration herself.

In a review for Liberation, Jon Pareles of The New York Times commented on Aguilera's vocal versatility: "Nothing less than high drama suits Christina Aguilera's voice.

It received mixed reviews from music critics, who viewed the employment of various musical styles incoherent, but praised Aguilera's vocals.

Life and career | 2004–2009: Marriage, Back to Basics, and first child

Two other singles, "Slow Down Baby" and " Oh Mother", were released exclusively in Australia and Europe, respectively.

Christina Aguilera's mother has musical talent too.


He was buried in the cathedral of Perugia, where his body remained until Pope Leo XIII had it transferred to the Lateran in December 1891.Innocent

Innocent III, however, died suddenly at Perugia on 16 June 1216.

Before his death he had urged the College of Cardinals to elect Giovanni di San Paolo as his successor, but Lotario de' Conti was elected pope in the ruins of the ancient Septizodium, near the Circus Maximus in Rome after only two ballots on the very day on which Celestine III died.

Celestine III died on 8 January 1198.

Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni), held office from 8 January 1198 to his death.

The Cardinal, who was the confessor of Pope Innocent III, was immediately sympathetic to Francis and agreed to represent Francis to the pope.

As pope, Innocent III began with a very wide sense of his responsibility and of his authority.

Biography | Crusades and suppression of heresy

Pope Innocent III spent a majority of his tenure as Pope (1198–1216) preparing for a great crusade on the Holy Land.

Moore, John C. " Pope Innocent III, Sardinia, and the Papal State.

Pope Innocent III (Latin: Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei

The Pope Innocent III died a slow death and was buried in a cemetery.


It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a 1963 American comedy film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer with a screenplay by William Rose and Tania Rose from a story by Tania Rose.

It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World.

It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World to be as close as possible to the original 197-minute version envisioned by Kramer.

and then It's a Mad World, with Rose and Kramer adding additional Mads to the title as time progressed.

, Mad, Mad, Mad World featured at number 40 in the American Film Institute's list 100 Years ... 100 Laughs.

Who's Coming to Dinner. His first attempt at directing a comedy film paid off immensely as It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World became a critical and commercial success in 1963 and was nominated for six Academy Awards, winning for Best Sound Editing, and two Golden Globe Awards.

Films having a comedic search for money with an ensemble cast modeled after It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World include Scavenger Hunt (1979), Million Dollar Mystery (1987) and Rat Race. (2001) There are similar Bollywood movies like Journey Bombay to Goa: Laughter Unlimited (2007), Dhamaal (2007) and Total Dhamaal (2019).

Years later, Kramer announced a possible Mad World sequel, which was to be titled

It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World aficionados Mark Evanier, Michael Schlesinger, and Paul Scrabo, a new documentary on the film's visual and sound effects, an excerpt from a 1974 talk show hosted by Stanley Kramer featuring Sid Caesar, Buddy Hackett, and Jonathan Winters, a press interview from 1963 featuring Kramer and cast members, excerpts about the film's influence taken from the 2000 American Film Institute program 100 Years ... 100 Laughs, a two-part 1963 episode of Canadian TV program Telescope that follows the film's press junket and premiere, a segment from the 2012 special

During the production of Mad World, Hope was arguing with the studio about the future projects that he was due in his contract, and they ultimately refused to allow him to appear.

It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a sci-fi thriller film.


Thoroughly Modern Millie is a 1967 American musical-romantic comedy film directed by George Roy Hill and starring Julie Andrews.

Thoroughly Modern Millie was her last film of the 1960s to make money.

A DVD was issued in 2003. In 1922 New York City, flapper Millie Dillmount is determined to find work as a stenographer to a wealthy businessman and then marry him – a "thoroughly modern" goal.

Also, the film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:  2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs: "Thoroughly Modern Millie" – Nominated 2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – Nominated

After Thoroughly Modern Millie, he made Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, The Great Waldo Pepper, and the Oscar-winning hit The Sting.

"Variety observed "The first half of Thoroughly Modern Mille (sic) is quite successful in striking and maintaining a gay spirit and pace.

Liberties taken with reality, not to mention period, in the first half are redeemed by wit and characterization.

In 2000, it was adapted for a successful stage musical of the same name.

However, she carries on with her plan to work for and then marry a rich man, and when she gets a job at Sincere Trust, she sets her sights on the attractive but self-absorbed Trevor Graydon.

One morning, she goes to work dressed as a flapper and attempts to seduce him, but her effort fails.

Thoroughly Modern Millie is a modern drama movie about a flapper named Millie who witnesses the murder of a man with a candlestick while attending a dinner party.


Biography | Early life and career (1890–1930)

Molotov was born Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Skryabin in the village of Kukarka, Yaransk Uyezd, Vyatka Governorate (now Sovetsk in Kirov Oblast), the son of a butter churner.

According to Roy Medvedev, Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva recalled Molotov's wife telling her: "Your father was a genius.

This left a legacy of chronic agricultural inefficiencies and under-production which the Soviet regime never fully rectified.

Throughout his teen years, he was described as "shy" and "quiet", always assisting his father with his business.

The Molotov cocktail is a term coined by the Finns during the Winter War, as a generic name used for a variety of improvised incendiary weapons.

During the Winter War, the Soviet air force made extensive use of incendiaries and cluster bombs against Finnish civilians, troops and fortifications.

He followed Stalin's line by using a combination of force and propaganda to crush peasant resistance to collectivisation, including the deportation of millions of kulaks (peasants with property) to gulags.

Biography | Minister of Foreign Affairs (1939–1949)

Molotov's detestation for Litvinov was purely of a personal nature.

Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (; né Skryabin; (OS 25 February) 9 March 1890 – 8 November 1986) was a Soviet politician and diplomat, an Old Bolshevik, and a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he rose to power as a protégé of Joseph Stalin.

In 1962, all of Molotov's party documents and files were destroyed by the authorities.

Vyacheslav Molotov's father used to dairy products.


His mother was English; she was born out of wedlock, and "was loath to speak of her background".

His father was born in Kenya and was of Gujarati Indian descent.

Kingsley's paternal grandfather was a successful spice trader who had moved from India to Zanzibar, where Kingsley's father lived until moving to the UK at the age of 14.

The award was announced on 31 December 2001, which happened to be Kingsley's 58th birthday.

At about this time, he changed his name to Ben Kingsley, fearing that a foreign name would hamper his career.

Since then, Kingsley appears to have altered his stance; credits for his latest films refer to him as Ben Kingsley.

Sir Ben Kingsley (born Krishna Pandit Bhanji; 31 December 1943) is an English actor.

Kingsley's maternal grandfather was believed by the family to have been of Russian- or German-Jewish descent, while his maternal grandmother was English and worked in the garment district of London's East End.

Kingsley studied at De La Salle College in Salford, which later became home to the Ben Kingsley Theatre.

Co-star Penélope Cruz was reportedly unsure what to call him during the filming of Elegy as someone had told her she needed to refer to him as "Sir Ben".

Kingsley played Mosca in Peter Hall's 1977 production of Ben Jonson's Volpone for the Royal National Theatre, and in Peter Brook's acclaimed production of A Midsummer Night's Dream.

Kingsley's 2014 film roles included Exodus: Gods and Kings, as Nun, a Hebrew slave, and Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb, as Merenkahre, a simulacrum of an Egyptian pharaoh and father of Ahkmenrah (in one scene, the character discusses his Hebrew slaves).In 2015, Kingsley played a driving instructor in the film Learning to Drive.

Ben Kingsley's parents are from India.


Even hard X-rays and gamma rays can be reflected at shallow angles with special "grazing" mirrors.

As the waves interact at low angle with the surface of this tunnel they are reflected toward the focus point (or toward another interaction with the tunnel surface, eventually being directed to the detector at the focus).

In acoustics, reflection causes echoes and is used in sonar.

Total internal reflection is used as a means of focusing waves that cannot effectively be reflected by common means.

Other types of reflection | Neutron reflection

Materials that reflect neutrons, for example beryllium, are used in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons.

Reflection of light | Complex conjugate reflection

A conjugate reflector can be used to remove aberrations from a beam by reflecting it and then passing the reflection through the aberrating optics a second time.

Other types of reflection | Seismic reflection

Shallower reflections are used in reflection seismology to study the Earth's crust generally, and in particular to prospect for petroleum and natural gas deposits.

This is used to make traffic signs and automobile license plates reflect light mostly back in the direction from which it came.

In the physical and biological sciences, the reflection of neutrons off of atoms within a material is commonly used to determine the material's internal structure.

Reflection of light | Multiple reflections

When light reflects off a mirror, one image appears.

Mirrors exhibit specular reflection.

By using a specific kind of mirror, an X-ray can be reflected.


The collection includes several previously-published short stories, and was named in honor of The Old Manse where Hawthorne and his wife lived for the first three years of their marriage.

Mosses from an Old Manse is a short story collection by Nathaniel Hawthorne, first published in 1846.

Many of the tales collected in Mosses from an Old Manse are allegories and, typical of Hawthorne, focus on the negative side of human nature.

Regarding the second edition, published in 1854, Hawthorne wrote to publisher James Thomas Fields that he no longer understood the messages he was sending in these stories.

He wrote, "Let him mend his pen, get a bottle of visible ink, come out from the Old Manse, cut Mr. Alcott, hang (if possible) the editor of 'The Dial,' and throw out of the window to the pigs all his odd numbers of the North American Review." A young Walt Whitman wrote that Hawthorne was underpaid, and it was unfair that his book competed with imported European books.

Hawthorne's friend Herman Melville noted this aspect in his review "Hawthorne and His Mosses": This black conceit pervades him through and through.

Mosses from an Old Manse is a historical film that was shown in 1854.


In 2009, Yonath received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas A. Steitz for her studies on the structure and function of the ribosome, becoming the first Israeli woman to win the Nobel Prize out of ten Israeli Nobel laureates, the first woman from the Middle East to win a Nobel prize in the sciences, and the first woman in 45 years to win the Nobel Prize for Chemistry.

In 2009, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (co-recipient with Thomas Steitz and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan).

She was the first Israeli woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize.

Her awards and honors include the following:  In 2002, Israel Prize

Nobel Prize winner William N. Lipscomb, Jr. of Harvard University where she was inspired to pursue very large structures.

In 2002, Harvey Prize In 2004, Massry Prize

In 2006, Rothschild Prize in Life Sciences.

In 2006, Wolf Prize in Chemistry along with George Feher.

In 2004, Paul Karrer Gold Medal In 2005, Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize

In 2006, The EMET Prize for Art, Science and Culture in Life Sciences, along with Professor Peretz Lavie (Medicine) and Professor Eli Keshet (Biology) In 2007, Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize along with Harry Noller

Yonath was awarded a Nobel Prize in 2009.


Today, the Jewish cemetery of Casablanca is one of the major cemeteries of the city, and many synagogues remain in service, but the city's Jewish community has dwindled.

al-Haja al-Hamdawiya, one of the most iconic figures in aita music, was born in Casablanca.

Amal Ayouch (born 1966) – stage and film actress Salaheddine Bassir – Moroccan footballer Laarbi Batma – Moroccan musician and artist, founding member of Nas El Ghiwan

Jews have a long history in Casablanca.

In 2018 only 2,500 Moroccan Jews left in Casablanca, while according to the World Jewish Congress only 1,000 Moroccan Jews left in Casablanca.

Casablanca then became a departure point in Operation Yachin, the covert Mossad-organized migration operation from 1961–1964.

Jews were slow to return to the town, but by 1750, the Rabbi Elijah Synagogue was built as the first Jewish synagogue in Casablanca.

Approximately 28,000 Moroccan Jews immigrated to the State of Israel between 1948 and 1951, many through Casablanca.

History | Since independence | Casablanca Group

January 4–7, 1961, the city hosted an ensemble of progressive African leaders during the Casablanca Conference of 1961.

Casablanca is a commune, part of the region of Casablanca-Settat.

Freddie Mercury was born in Casablanca.


His mother Elizabeth Parry was 18 years old at the time of his birth.

He became Sir Henry Morton Stanley when he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the 1899 Birthday Honours, in recognition of his service to the British Empire in Africa.

His grave is in the churchyard of St Michael and All Angels' Church in Pirbright, Surrey, marked by a large piece of granite inscribed with the words "Henry Morton Stanley, Bula Matari, 1841–1904, Africa".

Rowlands emigrated to the United States in 1859 at age 18.

As his parents were unmarried, his birth certificate describes him as a bastard; he was baptised in the parish of Denbigh on 19 February 1841,

Sir Henry Morton Stanley (born John Rowlands; 28 January 1841 –  10 May 1904) was a Welsh-American journalist, explorer, soldier, colonial administrator, author and politician who was famous for his exploration of central Africa and his search for missionary and explorer David Livingstone, whom he later claimed to have greeted with the now-famous line: "Dr Livingstone, I presume?

Later, he wrote that his adoptive parent died two years after their meeting, but in fact the elder Stanley did not die until 1878.

He was knighted in 1899. Henry Stanley was born in 1841 as John Rowlands in Denbigh, Denbighshire, Wales.

Controversies | Accounts of cruel treatment toward African people

The legacy for Stanley, of being a helpless illegitimate boy, deserted by both parents, was a deep sense of inferiority that could only be kept at bay by claims of being much more powerful and feared than he was.

He disembarked at New Orleans and, according to his own declarations, became friends by accident with Henry Hope Stanley, a wealthy trader.

Henry Morton Stanley's female parent got him when she was only 18.


In the 1898 elections, Ruppert was elected to the United States House of Representatives as a member of the Democratic Party to the 56th United States Congress, defeating incumbent Philip B. Low of the Republican Party in New York's 15th congressional district.

Jacob Ruppert Jr. (August 5, 1867 – January 13, 1939) was an American brewer, businessman, National Guard colonel and politician who served for four terms representing New York in the United States House of Representatives from 1899 to 1907.

Ruppert was born in New York City, the son of brewer Jacob Ruppert Sr., and his wife, the former Anna Gillig.

Jacob Jr. attended the Columbia Grammar School.

Ruppert grew up in the Jacob Ruppert Sr. House on Fifth Avenue.

Ruppert was not a candidate for reelection in 1906, and he left office in 1907.

In 1886, Ruppert enlisted in the Seventh Regiment, National Guard of New York, serving in the rank of private through 1889.

Ruppert was also president of the Astoria Silk Works and the United States Brewers Association from 1911 through 1914.

The plaque called Ruppert "Gentleman, American, sportsman, through whose vision and courage this imposing edifice, destined to become the home of champions, was erected and dedicated to the American game of baseball.

Ruppert Park in Manhattan, is part of the Ruppert Yorkville Towers housing complex was built on the site the brewery in Yorkville, Manhattan.

American Brewer Jacob Ruppert Jr. represented New York in the US House as a Republican from 1899 to 1907.


The Moon and Sixpence is at once a satire of Edwardian mores and a Gauguin biography." According to some sources, the title, the meaning of which is not explicitly revealed in the book, was taken from a review of Maugham's novel Of Human Bondage in which the novel's protagonist, Philip Carey, is described as "so busy yearning for the moon that he never saw the sixpence at his feet." According to a 1956 letter from Maugham, "If you look on the ground in search of a sixpence, you don't look up, and so miss the moon.

The Moon and Sixpence is a novel by W. Somerset Maugham first published in April 15th, 1919.

The idea remained in his mind for ten years, until a visit to Tahiti in 1914, where Maugham was able to meet people who had known Gauguin, inspired him to start writing.

Maugham took inspiration from the published writings about Gauguin available at the time, as well as personal experience living among the artistic community in Paris in 1904, and a visit to Tahiti in 1914.

Writing in 1953, Maugham describes the idea for the book arising during a year that he spent living in Paris in 1904: "... I met men who had known him and worked with him at Pont-Aven.

To have done otherwise I would consider myself a brigand -- which is what many people think I am." Dickson sums up the novel as follows: "Maugham was fascinated by the impact of the arrival of modernism from Europe on an insular British consciousness and the emergence of the cult of the modernist artist-genius --

Maugham wrote the satire in 1919


The news story described how in 1941–43 the Wright Aeronautical Corporation based in Ohio had conspired with army inspection officers to approve defective aircraft engines destined for military use.

Autumn 1943: Joe encourages Steve to supply the USAAF with faulty cylinder heads for aircraft engines

Their next door neighbor Sue emerges, revealing that everyone on the block thinks Joe is equally guilty of the crime of supplying faulty aircraft engines.

At Kate's request, Frank is trying to figure out the horoscope of the Kellers' missing son Larry, who disappeared three years earlier while serving in the military during World War II.

Suchet played Joe Keller and Wanamaker played his wife Kate.

Shell played Joe Keller and Croll played his wife Kate.

Ann is the truth-bearer in the play.

This production received three 2019 Tony Award nominations: Best Revival of a Play, Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play (Bening), and Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play (Walker).

The play was adapted for films in 1948 and 1987.

The play starts in the middle of the action, abruptly.

"All My Sons" is a dramatic play about a family's struggle to succeed in the railroad industry by supplying the military with supply transportation.


This determination meant, among other things, that princes should not be involved in the selection of bishops, and it was focused especially on the "patrimonium" of the papacy, the section of central Italy claimed by the popes and later called the Papal States.

Lotario was the nephew of Pope Clement III; his mother, Claricia Scotti (Romani de Scotti), was from the same noble Roman family.

Unlike past popes, Innocent III displayed interest in leading the crusade himself, rather than simply instigating it and allowing secular leaders to organize the expedition according to their own aspirations.

She was as eager to remove German power from the kingdom of Sicily as was Innocent III.

As pope, Innocent III began with a very wide sense of his responsibility and of his authority.

Sayers, Janet E. Innocent III: Leader of Europe 1198–1216, London, New York, Longman (The Medieval World), 1994.

Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential of the medieval popes.

This caused Innocent to change his methods from words to weapons, calling upon King Philip II Augustus of France to suppress the Albigenses.

At the request of England's King John, Pope Innocent III declared the Magna Carta annulled, resulting in a rebellion by the English Barons who rejected the disenfranchisement.

Erroneously, he felt that the Latin presence would bring about a reconciliation between the Eastern and Western Churches.

During Innocent III's reign, the papacy was at the height of its powers.

Pope Innocent III of a Romanian prince lineage, was Europe's powerful leader who felt duty bound to motivate the cause of paganism.


Over 90% of the collagen in the human body is type I collagen.

Type VIII, X) Basement membrane (Type IV) Multiplexin (Multiple Triple Helix domains with Interruptions) (Type XV, XVIII) MACIT (Membrane Associated Collagens with Interrupted Triple Helices) (Type XIII, XVII) Microfibril forming (Type VI) Type VIII, X) Basement membrane (Type IV) Multiplexin (Multiple Triple Helix domains with Interruptions) (Type XV, XVIII) MACIT (Membrane Associated Collagens with Interrupted Triple Helices) (Type XIII, XVII) Microfibril forming (Type VI) Anchoring fibrils (Type VII)The five most common types are: Type I: skin, tendon, vasculature, organs, bone (main component of the organic part of bone) Type II: cartilage (main collagenous component of cartilage) Type III: reticulate (main component of reticular fibers), commonly found alongside type I

However, as of 2011, 30 types of collagen have been identified, described, and divided into several groups according to the structure they form: All of the types contain at least one triple helix.

Fibrillar (Type I, II, III, V, IX) Non-fibrillar FACIT (Fibril Associated Collagens with Interrupted Triple Helices) (Type IX, XII, XIV, XIX, XXI) Short chain (

The number of types shows collagen's diverse functionality.

Type V: cell surfaces, hair, and placenta

Type IV: forms basal lamina, the epithelium-secreted layer of the basement membrane

This step is absent when synthesizing type III, a type of fibrilar collagen.

Most collagen forms in a similar manner, but the following process is typical for type

Type I collagen gives bone its tensile strength.

Type I collagens are the predominant type of collagen found in people.


The Suez Canal (Arabic: قناة السويس qanāt as-suwēs) is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez.

Lieutenant Waghorn established his "Overland Route", which transported post and passengers to India via Egypt.

Precursors | Canals dug by Necho, Darius I and Ptolemy

According to Pliny the Elder, Necho's extension to the canal was about 57 English miles, equal to the total distance between Bubastis and the Great Bitter Lake, allowing for winding through valleys.

The project was called the New Suez Canal, as it would allow ships to transit the canal in both directions simultaneously.

Others can offload part of their cargo onto a canal-owned boat to reduce their draft, transit, and reload at the other end of the canal.

The zone incorporates the three "Qualifying Industrial Zones" at Port Said, Ismailia and Suez, a 1996 American initiative to encourage economic ties between Israel and its neighbors.

History | Inauguration (17 November 1869)

The following boats had to anchor in the canal itself until the Péluse was hauled clear the next morning, making it difficult for them to join that night's celebration in Ismailia.

Except for the Newport. Nares sent out a boat to carry out soundings, and was able to manoeuver around the Péluse to enter the lake and anchor there for the night.

Constructed by the Suez Canal Company between 1859 and 1869, it officially opened on 17 November 1869.

This will allow navigation in both directions simultaneously in the 72 km long central section of the canal.

History | Arab–Israeli wars of 1967 and 1973

Unwilling to allow the Israelis to use the canal, Egypt immediately imposed a blockade which closed the canal to all shipping.

The Suez Canal allows for boat transportation between Spain and Morocco.


When reports of an army cover-up and Dreyfus's possible innocence were leaked to the press, a heated debate ensued about anti-Semitism and France's identity as a Catholic nation or a republic founded on equal rights for all citizens.

The protest would later count against Dreyfus.

Alfred Dreyfus ( DRAY-fəs, also US:  DRY-, French: [alfʁɛd dʁɛfys]; 9 October 1859 – 12 July 1935) was a French artillery officer of Jewish ancestry whose trial and conviction in 1894 on charges of treason became one of the most controversial and polarizing political dramas in modern French history.

Bonnefond's assessment lowered Dreyfus's overall grade; he did the same to another Jewish candidate, Lieutenant Picard.

Alfred Dreyfus's grandchildren donated over three thousand documents to the Musée d'art et d'histoire du judaïsme (Museum of Jewish art and history), including personal letters, photographs of the trial, legal documents, writings by Dreyfus during his time in prison, personal family photographs, and his officer stripes that were ripped out as a symbol of treason.

innocent (Letters from an innocent man) (1898) Les lettres

The French army of the period was relatively open to entry and advancement by talent, with an estimated 300 Jewish officers, of whom ten were generals.

On graduation he was assigned to the Thirty-first Artillery Regiment, which was in garrison at Le Mans.

the new chief of French military intelligence, Lieutenant Colonel Georges Picquart, reported to his superiors that he had found  evidence to the effect that the real traitor was the Major Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy.

Two years later, he graduated ninth in his class with honorable mention and was immediately designated as a trainee in the French Army's General Staff headquarters, where he would be the only Jewish officer.

Alfred Dreyfus's character was a dividing source of protest and debate as a Jewish French Military man.


They also starred as Kevin, Joe, and Nick Lucas from the band, JONAS, in their own Disney Channel series Jonas, which was rebranded as Jonas L.A. after the first season and cancelled after the second.

They also performed "We Got the Party" with Miley Cyrus in the episode, which premiered after High School Musical 2 and was viewed by 10.7 million people that night.

On March 24, two additional songs on two different albums were released: "Kids of the Future", from the Meet the Robinsons soundtrack (based on Kim Wilde's "Kids in America"), and "I Wanna Be Like You", from Disneymania 5.

The song became the 34th song in history to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, and became the Jonas Brothers' first number one single on the chart.

For the album, the Jonas Brothers covered two hit songs by UK band Busted – "Year 3000" and "What I Go to School For".

Something's "Battle of the Bands" campaign for the advancement of music education in schools.

History | 2019–present: Return and Happiness Begins

The song debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and the US Hot Digital Songs chart, with 88,000 copies sold in its first week, becoming the Jonas Brothers' first number-one song and the first number one by a boy band on the chart since 2003's "Bump, Bump, Bump" by B2K.

History | 2009–2010: Jonas and Lines, Vines and Trying Times

It debuted at number one. On July 7, 2009, the Jonas Brothers announced that they had signed Honor Society to the record label they started with Hollywood Records.

According to the band's manager, it was only a "limited release" of 50,000 copies, so the album's price can rise as high as $200–$300 USD on auction sites like eBay.

History | 2008–2009: A Little Bit Longer and acting

Each song occupied the number one spot on iTunes for at least three days.

Further, Nick filmed another public service announcement, this one in support of Do

The Jonas Brothers participated as themselves in a dramedy on MTV about rich kids at a NYC high school.


Cher is considered a gay icon, and has often been imitated by drag queens.

Cher thrives on a version of nakedness and honesty that is rarely celebrated in the public eye." Monica Heisey of The Guardian called Cher's Twitter account "a jewel in the bizarro crown of the internet", and stated, "While many celebrities use Twitter for carefully crafted self-promotion, Cher just lets it all hang out." The reverence held for Cher by members of the LGBT community has been attributed to her career accomplishments, her sense of style, and her longevity.

She was the keynote speaker for the 1997 national Parents, Families, & Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) convention, and has since become one of the LGBT community's most vocal advocates.

The NBC sitcom Will & Grace acknowledged Cher's status by making her the idol of gay character Jack McFarland.

" Her support enabled the school to acquire land and build permanent housing and school facilities, and in partnership with Malaria No More and other organizations, she piloted an effort to eliminate malaria mortality and morbidity for the children, their caregivers and the surrounding community.

Cher's role as a lesbian in the film Silkwood, as well as her transition to dance music and social activism, have further contributed to her becoming a gay icon.

According to Salon magazine's Thomas Rogers, "[d]rag queens imitate women like Judy Garland, Dolly Parton and Cher because they overcame insult and hardship on their path to success, and because their narratives mirror the pain that many gay men suffer on their way out of the closet." According to Maclean's magazine's Elio Iannacci, Cher was "one of the first to bring drag to the masses", as she hired two drag queens to perform with her at her Las Vegas residency in 1979.

Cher has been a vocal supporter of American soldiers and returning veterans.

"Cher supported Hillary Clinton in her 2008 presidential campaign.

Life and career | 1982–1987: Film career breakthrough, musical hiatus

For her performance, Cher received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture.

Cher does not support gay marriage and the LGBT community.


Like Kafka's other novels, The Trial was never completed, although it does include a chapter which appears to bring the story to an intentionally abrupt ending.

Interpretation | Relations to other texts by Kafka | A few selected aspects of interpretation

The Trial as a humorous story

In his trial, he confuses K. with a Wall Painter.

The writer Serge Lamothe adapted The Trial for the stage.

He repeatedly takes advantage of K.'s preoccupation with the trial to advance his own ambitions.

There are many parallels between Kafka's The Trial and his other major novel, The Castle.

His version of The Trial was first performed in 1970 in London and published in 1981.

Upon learning about the trial, Karl insists that K. hire Herr Huld, the lawyer.

It is thus reasonable to look for humorous aspects in The Trial despite its dark and serious essence.

Chicago based writer, Greg Allen, wrote and directed K., based on The Trial.

Interpretation | Relations to other texts by Kafka | Diversity of interpretations

In July 1914, shortly before beginning work on The Trial, Kafka had broken his engagement with Bauer.

The Trial has an eloquent and surprising conclusion.


It aired on NBC from March 24, 2005, to May 16, 2013, lasting a total of nine seasons.

Initially the actors who portray the supporting office workers were credited as guest stars, but then were named series regulars during the second season.

In 2006, ten internet-exclusive webisodes featuring some of the characters on The Office aired on NBC.com. " Producer's Cuts" (containing approximately ten additional minutes of material) of the episodes "Branch Closing" and

The general threat of downsizing continues throughout the season as well.

Rumors spread throughout the office that Dunder Mifflin's corporate headquarters is planning to downsize an entire branch, leading to general anxiety, but Michael chooses to deny or downplay the realities of the situation in order to maintain employee morale.

In the season finale, Dwight buys the office park.

The Office was met with mixed reviews during its short first season, but the following seasons, particularly those featuring Carell, received significant acclaim from television critics as the show's content, structure, and tone diverged considerably from the British version.

In 2009, The Office Clue was released, and The Office Monopoly was released in 2010.

Relient K. Frontman Matt Thiessen is a fan of The Office, and during concerts will often perform a self-described "love song" about the series, titled "The Ballad of Dunder Mifflin," followed by him and the band playing the show's opening theme.

Phyllis then catches Dwight and Angela having sex in the office.

Many workers seen in the background of the first season are developed into secondary characters and romantic relationships begin to develop between some of them.

The Office follows a group of office workers throughout ten seasons.


Cher has a contralto singing voice, described by author Nicholas E. Tawa as "bold, deep, and with a spacious vibrato".

According to Rolling Stone's Christopher R. Weingarten, the "producers ... used the pitch correction software not as a way to fix mistakes in Cher's iconic voice, but as an aesthetic tool." After the success of the song, the technique became known as the "Cher effect" and has since been widely used in popular music.

Cher (; born Cherilyn Sarkisian; May 20, 1946) is an American singer, actress and television personality.

Life and career | 1974–1979: Divorce from Sonny Bono, second marriage, decline in popularity

That year, she legally changed her name from Cherilyn Sarkisian La Piere Bono Allman to Cher, to eliminate the use of four surnames.

Cher was born Cherilyn Sarkisian in El Centro, California, on May 20, 1946.

She's comfortable enough to see such imitation as flattery, not theft." American singer Pink, who is recognized by her acrobatic stage presence, started studying Aerial silks after watching Cher's Living Proof: The Farewell Tour in 2004.Cher was ranked 17th on VH1's list of the "50 Greatest Women of the Video Era".

Life and career | 1962–1965: Solo career breakthrough

The single "Dream Baby", released under the name "Cherilyn", received airplay in Los Angeles.

She had wanted to be famous since childhood but felt unattractive and untalented, later commenting, "I couldn't think of anything that I could do ... I didn't think I'd be a singer or dancer.

Cher is known for her distinctive contralto singing voice and for having worked in numerous areas of entertainment, as well as adopting a variety of styles and appearances throughout her six-decade-long career.

Moonstruck was acknowledged by the American Film Institute as the eighth best romantic comedy film of all time.

American singer Cherilyn Sarkisian better known for her stage name Cher is famous for her deep sultry voice.


Henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the eponymous wild "garlic" grew abundantly in the area.

The name "Chicago" is derived from a French rendering of the indigenous Miami-Illinois word shikaakwa for a wild relative of the onion; it is known to botanists as Allium tricoccum and known more commonly as "ramps".

An informal name for the entire Chicago metropolitan area is "Chicagoland", which generally means the city and all its suburbs.

In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by the Potawatomi, a Native American tribe who had succeeded the Miami and Sauk and Fox peoples in this region.

In 1795, following the victory of the new United States in the Northwest Indian War, an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the US for a military post by native tribes in accordance with the Treaty of Greenville.

Infrastructure | Transportation | Expressways

Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, with three of them named after former U.S. Presidents (Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Reagan) and one named after two-time Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson.

Sporting News named Chicago the "Best Sports City" in the United States in 1993, 2006, and 2010.

Infrastructure | Transportation | Freight rail

As of 2002, severe freight train congestion caused trains to take as long to get through the Chicago region as it took to get there from the West Coast of the country (about 2 days).

A scattering of diagonal streets, many of them originally Native American trails, also cross the city (Elston, Milwaukee, Ogden, Lincoln, etc.).

This was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn by the British and their native allies.

The city of Chicago took it's name from a wild thorny tree native to the area.


Inception is a 2010 science fiction action film written and directed by Christopher Nolan, who also produced the film with his wife, Emma Thomas.

The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio as a professional thief who steals information by infiltrating the subconscious of his targets.

Later during principal photography, Nolan was able to direct Leonardo DiCaprio and Ellen Page based on this rough computer animation that Franklin had created.

"Nolan had been trying to work with Leonardo DiCaprio for years and met him several times, but was unable to recruit him for any of his films until Inception.

Leonardo DiCaprio as Dom Cobb, a professional thief who specializes in conning secrets from his victims by infiltrating their dreams.

The rhythm of it is unique, and when you watch it, even if you know how it was done, it confuses your perceptions.

Inception is the third most lucrative production in Christopher Nolan's career—behind The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises— and the second most for Leonardo DiCaprio—behind Titanic.

" The New York Post's Lou Lumenick gave the film a four-star rating and wrote, "DiCaprio, who has never been better as the tortured hero, draws you in with a love story that will appeal even to non-sci-fi fans." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film a full four stars and said that Inception "is all about process, about fighting our way through enveloping sheets of reality and dream, reality within dreams, dreams without reality.

" DiCaprio and Nolan spent months talking about the screenplay.

"Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote, "I found myself wishing Inception were weirder, further out [...]

The production and direction of the movie, Inception, starring Leonardo DiCaprio was done by a husband-wife duo.