Pompeii is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Italy, with approximately 2.5 million visitors annually.

After many excavations prior to 1960 that had uncovered most of the city but left it in decay, further major excavations were banned and instead they were limited to targeted, prioritised areas.

The lyrics refer to the city and the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.

Pliny the Younger provided a first-hand account of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius from his position across the Bay of Naples at Misenum but written 25 years after the event.

The soils surrounding Mount Vesuvius preceding its eruption have been revealed to have had good water-retention capabilities, implying productive agriculture.

Remains of large formations of constructed wineries were found in the Forum Boarium, covered by cemented casts from the eruption of Vesuvius.

Pompeii, along with Herculaneum and many villas in the surrounding area (e.g. at Boscoreale, Stabiae), was buried under 4 to 6 m (13 to 20 ft) of volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79.

This technique is still in use today, with a clear resin now used instead of plaster because it is more durable, and does not destroy the bones, allowing further analysis.

The people and buildings of Pompeii were covered in up to twelve different layers of tephra, in total up to 6 metres (19.7 ft) deep.

Clear support for an October/November eruption is found in the fact that people buried in the ash appear to have been wearing heavier clothing than the light summer clothes typical of August.

A later date is consistent with a charcoal inscription at the site, discovered in 2018, which includes the date of 17 October and which must have been recently written.

Pompeii (, Latin: [pɔmˈpeːjjiː]) was an ancient city located in what is now the comune of Pompei near Naples in the Campania region of Italy.

Pompeii was a city that was destroyed by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius that covered the city in ash and later flooded and is now underwater.


A Christmas Carol recounts the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, an elderly miser who is visited by the ghost of his former business partner Jacob Marley and the spirits of Christmas Past, Present and Yet to Come.

The story is followed by a passage about Christmas in Dickens's editorial Master Humphrey's Clock.

In the early 19th century there had been a revival of interest in Christmas carols, following a decline in popularity over the previous hundred years.

In the years following the book's publication, responses to the tale were published by W. M. Swepstone (Christmas Shadows, 1850), Horatio Alger (Job Warner's Christmas, 1863), Louisa May Alcott (A Christmas Dream, and How It Came True, 1882), and others who followed Scrooge's life as a reformed man – or some who thought Dickens had got it wrong and needed to be corrected.

The central character of A Christmas Carol is Ebenezer Scrooge, a miserly London-based businessman, described in the story as "a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner!" Kelly writes that Scrooge may have been influenced by Dickens's conflicting feelings for his father, whom he both loved and demonised.

A Christmas Carol. A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech.

The professor of English literature Paul Davis writes that although the "Goblins" story appears to be a prototype of A Christmas Carol, all Dickens's earlier writings about Christmas influenced the story.

Dickens had written three Christmas stories prior to the novella, and was inspired following a visit to the Field Lane Ragged School, one of several establishments for London's street children.

Scrooge awakens on Christmas morning a changed man.

included four essays on old English Christmas traditions that he experienced while staying at Aston Hall near Birmingham.

The treatment of the poor and the ability of a selfish man to redeem himself by transforming into a more sympathetic character are the key themes of the story.

A Christmas Carol is a story that follows a grumpy old man.


Information about the Earth's core mostly comes from analysis of seismic waves and the Earth's magnetic field.

At the known pressures and estimated temperatures of the core, it is predicted that pure iron could be solid, but its density would exceed the known density of the core by approximately 3%.

However, these claims have been disputed by D. Frost and B. Romanowicz, who instead claim that the direction of maximum speed is as close to the Earth's rotation axis as can be determined.

Some authors have claimed that P-wave speed is faster in directions that are oblique or perpendicular to the N-S axis, at least in some regions of the inner core.

Physical properties | Pressure and gravity

The pressure in the Earth's inner core is slightly higher than it is at the boundary between the outer and inner cores: it ranges from about 330 to 360 gigapascals (3,300,000 to 3,600,000 atm).The acceleration of gravity at the surface of the inner core can be computed to be 4.3 m/s2; which is less than half the value at the surface of the Earth (9.8 m/s2).

Earth's inner core is the innermost geologic layer of the Earth.

It was even suggested that Earth's inner core might be a single crystal of iron.

They speculated that the change could be due to the birth of Earth's solid inner core.

There are no samples of the Earth's core available for direct measurement, as there are for the Earth's mantle.

This dissipation, in turn, damps the tidal motions and explains previously detected anomalies in Earth's nutation.

She observed that the seismic waves reflect off the boundary of the inner core and can be detected by sensitive seismographs on the Earth's surface.

The knowledge about the Earth's inner core is purely non physical.


In 1998, the Modern Library named To the Lighthouse No. 15 on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.

In 2005, the novel was chosen by TIME magazine as one of the one hundred best English-language novels since 1923.

One of them, Lily Briscoe, begins the novel as a young, uncertain painter attempting a portrait of Mrs. Ramsay and James.

Unlike James Joyce's stream of consciousness technique, however, Woolf does not tend to use abrupt fragments to represent characters' thought processes; her method is more one of lyrical paraphrase.

The Ramsays and their eight children have been joined at the house by a number of friends and colleagues.

Upon completing the draft of this, her most autobiographical novel, Woolf described it as 'easily the best of my books' and her husband Leonard thought it a "'masterpiece' ... entirely new 'a psychological poem'".

Major themes | Complexity of human relationships

Two sections of the book stand out as excellent snapshots of fumbling attempts at this crossing: the silent interchange between Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay as they pass the time alone together at the end of section 1, and Lily Briscoe's struggle to fulfill Mr. Ramsay's desire for sympathy (and attention) as the novel closes.

Mrs Ramsay is herself out of sorts when Paul Rayley and Minta Doyle, two acquaintances whom she has brought together in engagement, arrive late to dinner, as Minta has lost her grandmother's brooch on the beach.

To the Lighthouse, a 15-minute Drama, BBC Radio 4 11/08/2014 - 15/08/2014 dramatised by Linda Marshall Griffiths To the Lighthouse, a 2017 opera composed by Zesses Seglias to an English libretto by Ernst Marianne Binder.

To the Lighthouse is a 1927 novel by Virginia Woolf.

It was ranked number fifteen out of one hundred on the Modern Library best English novels of the twentieth century.


Set in Puritan Massachusetts Bay Colony during the years 1642 to 1649, the novel tells the story of Hester Prynne who conceives a daughter through an affair and then struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity.

The Scarlet Letter: A Romance is a work of historical fiction by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne, published in 1850.

"On the other hand, 20th-century writer D. H. Lawrence said that there could not be a more perfect work of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter.

The Scarlet Letter was one of the first mass-produced books in America.

The Scarlet Letter was also one of the first mass-produced books in America.

In the mid-nineteenth century, bookbinders of home-grown literature typically hand-made their books and sold them in small quantities.

It is mentioned she "was the scarlet letter in another form; the scarlet letter endowed in life” (84).

The following are symbols that are embedded in The Scarlet Letter: The Scarlet Letter A: In the beginning of the novel Hester's letter A is a representation of her sin and adultery.

She lives a quiet, somber life with her daughter, Pearl, and performs acts of charity for the poor.

In Puritan Boston, Massachusetts, a crowd gathers to witness the punishment of Hester Prynne, a young woman who has given birth to a baby of unknown parentage.

The Scarlet Letter is a fictional book about a woman who gets pregnant with a daughter by an affair she is having in the 17th century.


Later congressional career (1830–1848) | Death

In mid-November 1846, the 78-year-old former president suffered a stroke that left him partially paralyzed.

After a few months of rest, he made a full recovery and resumed his duties in Congress.

Later congressional career (1830–1848) | Jackson administration, 1830–1836

Adams and Andrew Johnson are the only former presidents to serve in Congress.

It has been suggested that John Quincy Adams had the highest I.Q. of any U.S. president.

John Quincy Adams was born on July 11, 1767, to John and Abigail Adams (née Smith) in a part of Braintree, Massachusetts that is now Quincy.

Adams County, Iowa, and Adams County, Wisconsin, were each named for either John Adams or John Quincy Adams.

He was named for his mother's maternal grandfather, Colonel John Quincy, after whom Quincy, Massachusetts, is named.

Early political career (1793–1817) | Early diplomatic career and marriage

In the 1800 presidential election, Jefferson defeated John Adams, and both Adams and his son left office in early 1801.

John Quincy Adams Birthplace is now part of Adams National Historical Park and open to the public.

Adams House, one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses at Harvard University, is named for John Adams, John Quincy Adams, and other members of the Adams family associated with Harvard.

John Quincy Adams, the 78-year-old former president suffered a stroke that left him partially paralyzed, but after a few months of rest, he made a full recovery and resumed his duties in Congress.


Primarily a center fielder, he spent most of his Major League Baseball (MLB) career playing for the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers (1947–1962), later playing one season each for the New York Mets (1963) and San Francisco Giants (1964).

He appeared in three different positions for the Giants, playing 26 games in right field and 18 in left field for a combined total of 288.2 innings.

Snider's career numbers declined when the team moved to Los Angeles in 1958.

Defensively, he posted a .985 fielding percentage playing at all three outfield positions.

After one season, Snider asked to be traded to a contending team.

He played in 39 more games that season and became a friend of Jackie Robinson before he was sent to the St. Paul team in early July.

Snider, Duke; Gilbert, Bill (1988).

He had no triples for the first and only time in his career.

The Duke Snider Story. Julian Messner, Inc.

Born in Los Angeles, Snider was nicknamed "Duke" by his father at age 5.

Duke Snider played for three major league teams in his career.


She is the recipient of numerous accolades, including a Tony Award and a BAFTA Award, as well as nominations for two Academy Awards and five Golden Globe Awards.

Scarlett Ingrid Johansson (; born November 22, 1984) is an American actress and singer.

Acting career | Marvel Cinematic Universe and stage roles (2010–2013)

She also won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress at the 40th Saturn Awards in 2014 for her performance.

She won the 2010 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play.

The film premiered at the 8th Rome International Film Festival, where Johansson won Best Actress; she was also nominated for the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Supporting Actress.

Johansson shifted to adult roles in 2003 with her performances in Lost in Translation, which won her a BAFTA Award for Best Actress, and Girl with a Pearl Earring.

[that] belie her age" by an Austin Chronicle critic, and won a Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance.

Acting career | Action and superhero films (2014–present)

The film received polarizing reviews, but Stephanie Zacharek labeled her the "lustrous soul of the movie." Johansson received her first two Academy Award nominations, for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress for her performances in Marriage Story and Jojo Rabbit, respectively, becoming the eleventh performer to be nominated for two Oscars in the same year.

Some critics and Broadway actors criticized the award committee's decision to reward the work of mainstream Hollywood actors, including Johansson.

In 2010, Johansson debuted on Broadway in a revival of A View from the Bridge, which won her a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress, and began playing the role of Black Widow in the Marvel Cinematic Universe with Iron Man 2.

Scarlett Johansson is an American actress that has won multiple acting awards including an Oscar.


Calling themselves "The Salty Peppers", they went on to have a marginal hit single in the Midwestern area titled "La La Time".

History | 1970–1974: Formation and early years

Based on this, he changed the band's name, to "Earth, Wind & Fire".

Dionne Warwick has named Earth, Wind & Fire as her favorite group of all time.

LA Weekly noted the "standout track" is "Earth, Wind & Fire's funky club jam Dance, Dance, Dance".

Earth, Wind & Fire's songs have been covered by artists including Whitney Houston, D'Angelo, Donny Osmond, Patti LaBelle, Taylor Swift,

The album cut Earth, Wind and Fire

Earth, Wind & Fire went on to appear on

This was a jukebox musical with its theme the music of Earth, Wind & Fire.

said "Earth, Wind & Fire gives new meaning to the word classy, and I like it".

Mark Ronson has also proclaimed that he loves "anything by Earth, Wind & Fire".

Within July 2002 a compilation album titled The Essential Earth, Wind & Fire was issued by Columbia.

Earth Wind & Fire's first name was "The Sweet Peppers".


Vladimir Alvino Guerrero Sr. (born February 9, 1975), is a Dominican former professional baseball player and Hall of Famer, who spent 16 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a right fielder and designated hitter.

He became the all-time MLB hits leader among Dominican-born players when he singled off Josh Beckett in the sixth inning of a 6–3 victory over the Boston Red Sox at Camden Yards on September 26, 2011.

Career | Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim | 2005 season

Making his 8th Major League Baseball All-Star game appearance, Guerrero subsequently won his first career Home Run Derby in the 2007 season, highlighted by a 503-foot (153 m) home run.

His son, Vladimir Guerrero Jr., was born in Montreal, Canada in 1999 during the elder Guerrero's time with the Expos.

In an interview with Yahoo! Sports, he attributed this to helping his grandfather pull cows home barehanded as a young boy in the Dominican Republic.

Career | Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim | 2009 season

On October 11, in the ninth inning, Guerrero delivered a two-run single, off Jonathan Papelbon of the Boston Red Sox, scoring Bobby Abreu and Chone Figgins.

Two nights later, on September 21, 1996, Braves closer Mark Wohlers yielded Guerrero's first career home run (HR) — a ninth-inning blast that capped Montreal's scoring, in a 5-4 loss.

He broke up a no-hitter by Shaun Marcum in the seventh inning of the Opening Day game against the Toronto Blue Jays on April 5, 2010.

Career | Dominican Professional Baseball League

He only played eight games with Tigres logging a batting average of .188 without a home run.

He has provided job opportunities in his hometown in the Dominican Republic through his business ventures: a concrete-block factory, a propane distribution company, a supermarket, a livestock and vegetable farm, and a women's clothing store.

Vladimir Guerrero was born in the Dominican Republic in 1970s and won the Home Run Derby.


Master and Commander opened #2 in the first weekend of North American release, November 14–16, 2003, earning $25,105,990.

The author drew from real events in the Napoleonic Wars, as he describes in the introduction to the first novel, Master and Commander.

The Royal Navy Museum considers Captain Lord Cochrane as the inspiration for the character in the first novel, Master and Commander.

"The Far Side of the World (Master and Commander)".

"Master and Commander" stays afloat to the finish, but that's all that can be said.

Having not read any of O'Brian's novels, I can't say if the fault is in Weir's adaptation or in the source material, but halfway into "Master and Commander," the friendship of the captain and the doctor begins to seem schematic, as if all the positive traits that an individual could have were divided equally between these two guys, just so they can argue.

McGregor, Tom (2003). The Making of Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World.

When Surprise reaches the Galapagos, however, they recover the survivors of a whaling ship destroyed by Acheron.

However, in the film version, the action takes place in 1805, during the Napoleonic wars, instead of 1813 during the Anglo-American War of 1812, as the producers wished to avoid offending American audiences.

During the Napoleonic Wars, Captain Jack Aubrey of HMS Surprise is ordered to fight the French privateer Acheron.

The Master and commander movie reached the first position during its first week.


Three Tall Women is a two-act play by Edward Albee, written in 1990, which won the 1994 Pulitzer Prize for Drama, Albee's third Pulitzer.

In fact, Three Tall Women was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1994, as well as the Drama Critics Circle, Lucille Lortel, and Outer Critics Circle awards for best play." Three Tall Women had its world premiere at the English Theatre, Vienna, Austria in June 1991.

, it was noted that "Besides exorcising personal demons, Albee regained the respect of New York theater critics with the play.

The woman’s relationship with her son is the clearest indication that Albee was working through some troubled memories of his own in Three Tall Women.

The Boy: The son of the three women, he does not play a speaking role but is the subject of much discussion among them.

Albee admitted to The Economist that the play "was a kind of exorcism.

The play opened Off-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre on January 27, 1994, and closed on March 13, 1994.

The play opens with the three major characters together in A's bedroom.

During the run, Seldes assumed the role of "A," with Joan Van Ark and Frances Conroy assuming the role of "B." During the run, Seldes assumed the role of "A," with Joan Van Ark and Frances Conroy assuming the role of "B." The play premiered in the West End at the Wyndham's Theatre in October 1994, directed by Anthony Page and featuring Maggie Smith (Elder Tall Woman), Frances de la Tour (Middle Tall Woman), Anastasia Hille (Younger Tall Woman), and John Ireland (the Boy).The play opened in Washington, D.C. at The Kennedy Center's Eisenhower Theater on November 9, 1995.

The play was directed by Albee, with a cast that included Myra Carter as the Old Woman, Kathleen Butler as the Middle-Aged Woman, Cynthia Bassham as the Young Woman, and Howard Nightingall as the Boy.

Three Tall Women is a three-act play by Edward Albee, written in 1990, which won the 1994 Pulitzer Prize for Drama, as well as the Drama Critics Circle, Lucille Lortel, and Outer Critics Circle awards for best play.


They were nominated as Best Newcomers at various critics circle and associations, including the Alliance of Women Film Journalists, and the Florida Film Critics Circle, The Force Awakens received eleven nominations at the MTV Movie Awards, the most for the ceremony, including Movie of the Year, Best Female Performance for Ridley, Best Breakthrough Performance for Boyega, and Best Virtual Performance for Lupita Nyong'o and Andy Serkis.

Release | Tie-in literature and merchandise

Disney Publishing Worldwide and Lucasfilm announced a series of at least 20 books and comics, "Journey to Star Wars: The Force Awakens", with releases from multiple publishers starting in late 2015, prior to the film's premiere.

Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Star Wars Rebels cast and crew members

Star Wars creator George Lucas discussed ideas for a sequel trilogy several times after the conclusion of the original trilogy, but denied any intent to make it.

Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Star Wars: The Force Awakens via download and Disney Movies Anywhere on April 1, 2016, with a Blu-ray and DVD release on April 5.

Early drafts had Luke appear midway through the film, but Arndt found that "every time Luke came in and entered the movie, he just took it over.

… We have people buying Star Wars

In December 2015, Pablo Hidalgo, the creative executive at the Lucasfilm Story Group which handles all the canonical continuity for the Star Wars universe, revealed that the working title for the film was Shadow of the Empire "for the longest time".

All titles under the program are canonical to the Star Wars universe.

In April 2014, Lucasfilm clarified that Episodes VII–IX would not feature storylines from the Star Wars expanded universe, though other elements could be included, as with the TV series Star Wars Rebels.

The Star Wars movie was nominated multiple times.


On 10 January 2016, two days after his 69th birthday and the release of the album Blackstar, Bowie died from liver cancer in his New York City apartment.

Acting career | 2000s and posthumous notes

Nolan later claimed that Bowie was his only preference to play Tesla, and that he personally appealed to Bowie to take the role after he initially passed.

Blackstar was released on 8 January 2016, Bowie's 69th birthday, and was met with critical acclaim.

According to The Times: "Blackstar may be the oddest work yet from Bowie".

Music career | 2016–present: Posthumous releases

Apart from "Lazarus", the EP includes three songs that Bowie had recorded during the Blackstar sessions, but were left off the album and subsequently appeared on the soundtrack album for the Lazarus musical in October 2016.

The theme that was used for The Last Panthers was also the title track for his January 2016 release Blackstar which is said to take cues from his earlier krautrock influenced work.

After the gag order that was part of their divorce agreement ended, Angela wrote, Backstage Passes: Life on the Wild Side with David Bowie, a memoir of their turbulent marriage.

He made Blackstar for us, his parting gift.

He remained musically active until he died of liver cancer at his home in New York City, two days after his 69th birthday and the release of his final album, Blackstar (2016).

A music video for the title track was also released.

Bowie passed after the release of Blackstar.


During high school, he played on a semi-pro team three or four days a week.

Baseball records and accomplishments | Home runs

Six-time NL home run leader (1932, 1934, 1936–38, 1942).

In Game 1, he had four hits, including a two-run home run in the first inning.

Ott was a six-time NL home run leader, in 1932, 1934, 1936–1938, and 1942.

Passed Rogers Hornsby (301) to become the all-time NL home run leader in 1937 and held that title (at 511) until Willie Mays passed him in 1966.

He passed Rogers Hornsby to become the all-time NL home run leader in 1937 and held that title until Willie Mays passed him in 1966.

Since 1959, the National League has honored the league's annual home run champion with the Mel Ott Award.

Was the youngest player to hit 100 and 200 home runs, and the first NL player to reach 500 home runs.

The Mel Ott Little League began in 1959, named for Ott soon after his death.

He also led the NL in walks six times: in 1929, 1931–1933, 1937, and 1942.

Mel Ott was a multiple time leader in home runs in the NL and played semi pro as a teenager.


Places in the Heart is a 1984 American drama film written and directed by Robert Benton about a Depression-era Texas widow who tries to save her family farm with the help of a blind white man and a poor black man.

Roger Ebert wrote in his review that Benton's "memories provide the material for a wonderful movie, and he has made it, but unfortunately he hasn't stopped at that.

Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 89% based on reviews from 37 critics and a rating average of 8.01 out of 10.

The movie came out in the 1980s.


However, based on complaints from users who reside in overseas or dependent territories that are part of sovereign states where Spotify is available, it is often impossible to buy premium membership there or download the app from Google Play, as opposed to App Store.

Users who do not subscribe to Spotify Premium hear location-targeted adverts.

Overlay is "Spotify's 'welcome back' ad.

Adding playlists at this point also arbitrarily removed older playlists from the users' library.

History | Other developments | User growth

In April 2020, Spotify reached 133 million premium users.

Spotify has experimented with different limitations to users' listening on the Free service tier.

The features were announced by CEO Daniel Ek at a press conference, with Ek stating that a common user complaint about the service was that "Spotify is great when you know what music you want to listen to, but not when you don't", adding that 20,000 new songs got added to the service on a daily basis.

History | Other developments | Company partnerships

The podcasts are available for all Spotify Free and Premium users.

Spotify launched in the United States in July 2011 and offered a six-month ad-supported trial period, where new users could listen to an unlimited amount of music for free.

Spotify allows users to add local audio files for music not in its catalogue into the user's library through Spotify's desktop application, and then allows users to synchronise those music files to Spotify's mobile apps or other computers over the same Wi-Fi network as the primary computer by creating a Spotify playlist, and adding those local audio files to the playlist.

Previously, a desktop user would listen to music from one of three sources: a cached file on the computer, one of Spotify's servers, or from other subscribers through the P2P system.

Spotify's premium users do not have to listen to ads.


A left fielder with the St. Louis Cardinals during the "Gashouse Gang" era of the 1930s

Upon being asked by the Pope what his vocation was, Medwick replied, "Your Holiness, I'm Joe Medwick.

Medwick entered professional baseball with the Scottdale Scotties of the Middle Atlantic League in 1930.

University of Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne made arrangements for Medwick to play football there, however Medwick decided to forgo college and enter professional baseball.

The son of Hungarian immigrants, Medwick was born and raised in Carteret, New Jersey.

He excelled in baseball, basketball, football, and track at Carteret High School.

When asked about the incident after the game, Medwick replied, "I knew why they threw them.

When Medwick strode forward, the ball hit him in the temple and rendered him unconscious.

Medwick remains the only known player to be thrown out of a game for his own personal safety.

Medwick helped lead the Dodgers to a pennant in 1941, but had lost much of his dominance.

Joe Medwick was part of a "gang" in the early 1930s.


Aleksandr II Nikolayevich, IPA: Aleksandr II Nikolayevich, IPA: [ɐlʲɪˈksandr ftɐˈroj nʲɪkɐˈlajɪvʲɪtɕ]; 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881) was the Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination on 13 March 1881.Alexander's most significant reform as emperor was emancipation of Russia's serfs in 1861, for which he is known as Alexander the Liberator (Russian: Алекса́ндр

In 1864, Alexander II found Nicholas a bride, Princess Dagmar of Denmark, second daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark and younger sister to Alexandra, Princess of Wales and King George I of Greece.

Alexander II's death caused a great setback for the reform movement.

Among his greatest domestic challenges was an uprising in Poland in 1863, to which he responded by stripping that land of its separate constitution and incorporating it directly into Russia.

Reign | Suppression of separatist movements

" The territories of the former Poland-Lithuania were excluded from liberal policies introduced by Alexander.

Alexander II considered such agreements paramount in avoiding the possibility of causing his country a disaster similar to the Crimean War.

The Ottoman authorities suppressed the April Uprising, causing a general outcry throughout Europe.

Encouraged by public opinion, Alexander began a period of radical reforms, including an attempt not to depend on landed aristocracy controlling the poor, an effort to develop Russia's natural resources, and to reform all branches of the administration.

However, in 1865, during the engagement, Nicholas died and the tsar's second son, Grand Duke Alexander, not only inherited his brother's position of tsarevich, but also his fiancée.

Plans were formed for building a great network of railways, partly to develop the natural resources of the country, and partly to increase its power for defense and attack.

Alexander the Second of Russia did not die of natural cause and was the King of Poland.


Known for his distinctive drawl and everyman screen persona, Stewart had a film career that spanned over 55 years from 1935 and 1991 and 80 films.

" Ansen further explained that Stewart was the ultimate trustworthy movie star.

Stewart is also the most represented leading actor on the "100 Greatest Movies of All Time" list presented by Entertainment Weekly.

James Maitland Stewart (May 20, 1908 – July 2, 1997) was an American actor and military officer.

His generation of actors was fading and a new wave of actors, including Marlon Brando, Montgomery Clift and James Dean, would soon remake Hollywood.

According to film scholar Dennis Bingham, "his ability to 'play'—even symbolize—honesty and 'American ideals' made him an icon into whose mold later male stars tried to pour themselves." Similarly, film scholar James Naremore has called Stewart "the most successful actor of the 'common man' in the history of movies" and "the most intensely emotional leading man to emerge from the studio system," who could cry on screen without losing his masculinity.

Stewart became the first major American movie star to enlist in the United States Army to fight in World War II.

According to Bingham, Stewart marked "the transition between the studio period...and the era of free-lance actors, independent production, and powerful talent agents that made possible the "new kind of star" of the late 1960s." Although Stewart was not the first big-name freelance actor, his "mythic sweetness and idealism [which] were combined with eccentric physical equipment and capacity as an actor to enact emotion, anxiety, and pain" enabled him to succeed in both the studio system, which emphasized the star as a real person, and the skeptical post-studio era.

Belton explained that "James Stewart is more James Stewart than Glenn Miller in The Glenn Miller Story (1954) or Charles Lindbergh in The Spirit of St. Louis (1957)." Moreover, Jonathan Rosenbaum continued that Stewart's "pre-existing life-size persona" in Winchester '73 "helped to shape and determine the impact of [his character] in [this film]." On the other hand, Stewart has been described as a character actor who went through several distinct career phases.

He's not sexual as an actor. "Stewart

In 1962, Stewart signed a multi-movie deal with 20th Century Fox.

James Stewart was an actor that has starred in 85 movies.


Born in Bellaire, Ohio, White's early life is not well-documented.

The Globes were playing a team from Marietta, Ohio.

In the off-season the Ohio State League renamed itself the Tri-State League and banned black players, including White.

Sol White married Florence Fields on March 15, 1906.

Sol White is perhaps best known for writing History of Colored Base Ball, also known (on the title page) as Sol White's Official Base Ball Guide.

The Giants lost Pete Hill to the Lelands in 1908, and in 1909 Sol White left the team after a disagreement with Schlichter.

Without a doubt this record will prove valuable in years to come." This second book on black baseball by Sol White never appeared.

He then joined the Wheeling (West Virginia) Green Stockings of the Ohio State League and batted .370 with a slugging percentage of .502 as the team's third baseman.

Sol takes pride in having played against Ban when he was an obscure captain of a hick town club." White quickly made a name for himself as a ballplayer.

King Solomon "Sol" White (June 12, 1868 – August 26, 1955) was an American professional baseball infielder, manager and executive, and one of the pioneers of the Negro leagues.

Sol White is thought to be from Ohio.


Pontiac's actions contributed to the British Crown's issuance of the Proclamation of 1763, which prohibited British settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains to preserve an area for Native Americans.

On May 9, he laid siege to the fort, and was eventually joined by more than 900 warriors from a half-dozen tribes.

His plan foiled, Pontiac laid siege to the fort, where he was eventually joined by more than 900 warriors from a half-dozen tribes.

In addition, tribal leaders around Fort Pitt and Fort Niagara, for example, had long been calling for resistance to the British; they were not led by Pontiac.

After the failure of the siege of Fort Detroit, the British initially thought that Pontiac was defeated and would trouble them no longer, but his influence continued to grow.

Pontiac or Obwandiyag (c. 1714/20 – April 20, 1769) was an Odawa war chief known for his role in the war named for him, from 1763 to 1766 leading Native Americans in a struggle against British military occupation of the Great Lakes region.

By 1747, Pontiac had become a war leader among the Ottawa, when he allied with New France against a resistance movement led by Nicholas Orontony, a Huron leader.

In July 1763, Pontiac defeated a British detachment at the Battle of Bloody Run, but he was unable to capture the fort.

Some sources also state that he may have been born a Catawba and taken as prisoner, then adopted as Odawa.

Indians made widespread attacks against British forts and Anglo-American (but not French) settlements, and at one point controlled nine of eleven British forts in the Ohio Valley.

In addition, although by treaty the British said they would not build any forts in Ohio Country,

The Odawa war chief Pontiac laid siege to a fort and this led to a British agreement not to settle past the Appalachias.


For the character Tiny Tim, Dickens used his nephew Henry, a disabled boy who was five at the time A Christmas Carol was written.

A Christmas Carol. A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech.

The writer Charles Dickens was born to a middle-class family which got into financial difficulties as a result of the spendthrift nature of his father John.

Several works may have had an influence on the writing of A Christmas Carol, including two Douglas Jerrold essays: one from an 1841 issue of Punch, "How Mr. Chokepear Keeps a Merry Christmas" and one from 1843, "The Beauties of the Police".

When Dickens was young he lived near a tradesman's premises with the sign "Goodge and Marney", which may have provided the name for Scrooge's former business partner.

A Christmas Carol opens on a bleak, cold Christmas Eve in London, seven years after the death of Ebenezer Scrooge's business partner, Jacob Marley.

Dickens wrote A Christmas Carol during a period when the British were exploring and re-evaluating past Christmas traditions, including carols, and newer customs such as Christmas trees.

Davis considers that in A Christmas Carol, Dickens showed that Christmas could be celebrated in towns and cities, despite increasing modernisation.

Dickens had written three Christmas stories prior to the novella, and was inspired following a visit to the Field Lane Ragged School, one of several establishments for London's street children.

The two figures were created to arouse sympathy with readers—as was Tiny Tim.

In A Christmas Carol, Charles Dickens modeled the persona of Tim on his young relative.


She spent her childhood in Philadelphia and attended Roman Catholic schools there.

A devout Catholic, Ethel Barrymore never remarried.

The Ethel Barrymore Theatre in New York City is named for her.

Ethel Barrymore (born Ethel Mae Blythe; August 15, 1879 – June 18, 1959) was an American actress and a member of the Barrymore family of actors.

Film and broadcasting career | Television

In one episode, Barrymore's character was "asked by Rob Thompson to direct a play which the workers of his war plant are presenting in order to raise money for war bonds." Barrymore also made a number of television appearances in the 1950s, including one memorable encounter with comedian Jimmy Durante on NBC's All Star Revue on December 1, 1951, which is preserved on a kinescope.

In 1928, the Shuberts opened the Ethel Barrymore Theatre, which operates under that name to the present day.

Barrymore was born Ethel Mae Blythe in Philadelphia, the second child of the actors Maurice Barrymore (whose real name was Herbert Blythe) and Georgiana Drew.

Ethel Barrymore died of cardiovascular disease on June 18, 1959, at her home in Hollywood, after having lived for many years with a heart condition.

In 1956, she hosted 14 episodes of the TV series Ethel Barrymore Theatre, produced by the DuMont Television Network and presented on the DuMont flagship station WABD just as the network was folding.

After her season in London, Ethel returned to the U.S.

Winston and Ethel remained friends until the end of her life.

Ethel Barrymore was raised in the capital of Pennsylvania.


As Socrates did not write down any of his teachings, secondary sources provide the only information on his life and thought.

According to Olympiodorus the Younger in his Life of Plato, Plato himself "received instruction from the writers of tragedy" before taking up the study of philosophy.

A Saint, a prophet of 'the Sun-God', a teacher condemned for his teachings as a heretic.

The idea that there are certain virtues formed a common thread in Socrates's teachings.

Socratic problem | Socrates as a philosopher

Also, in Plato's Apology and Symposium, as well as in Xenophon's accounts, Socrates explicitly denies accepting payment for teaching.

Biography | Trial and death | Death | Refusal to escape

If he fled Athens his teaching would fare no better in another country, as he would continue questioning all he met and undoubtedly incur their displeasure.

Immediately, the students of Socrates set to work both on exercising their perceptions of his teachings in politics and also on developing many new philosophical schools of thought.

While some of the later contributions of Socrates to Hellenistic Era culture and philosophy as well as the Roman Era have been lost to time, his teachings began a resurgence in both medieval Europe and the Islamic Middle East alongside those of Aristotle and Stoicism.

The sometimes contradictory nature of these sources is known as the Socratic problem, or the Socratic question.

These writings are the Sokratikoi logoi, or Socratic dialogues, which consist of reports of conversations apparently involving Socrates.

Socrates did take notes of all of his teachings.


After World War II | Presidential campaign of 1952

President Truman sensed a broad-based desire for an Eisenhower candidacy for president, and he again pressed him to run for the office as a Democrat in 1951.

It was essential to his success that Eisenhower express opposition to Roosevelt's policy at the Yalta Conference and to Truman's policies in Korea and China—matters in which he had once participated.

Following the presidency, Eisenhower moved to the place where he and Mamie had spent much of their post-war time.

The following day, his body was moved to the Washington National Cathedral's Bethlehem Chapel, where he lay in repose for 28 hours.

Presidency (1953–1961) | Foreign policy | Southeast Asia

In the years that followed, Eisenhower increased the number of U.S. military advisors in South Vietnam to 900 men.

World War II | Supreme Allied commander and Operation Overlord

The following month, he resumed command of ETOUSA and the following month was officially designated as the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), serving in a dual role until the end of hostilities in Europe in May 1945.

Following the war, he served under various generals and was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in 1941.

World War II | Liberation of France and victory in Europe

The actual division of Germany followed the lines that Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin had previously agreed upon.

Presidency (1953–1961) | Judicial appointments | Supreme Court

Eisenhower appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Earl Warren, 1953 (Chief Justice) John Marshall Harlan II, 1954

After World War II | Military Governor in Germany and Army Chief of Staff

Following the German unconditional surrender, Eisenhower was appointed military governor of the American occupation zone, located primarily in Southern Germany, and headquartered at the IG Farben Building in Frankfurt am Main.

Eisenhower followed the orders laid down by the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) in directive JCS 1067, but softened them by bringing in 400,000 tons of food for civilians and allowing more fraternization.

Eisenhower's presidency followed Roosevelt's.


He had been suffering from Alzheimer's disease for several years.

After retiring from baseball, Brown was a long time resident of Houston, Texas, where he died in 1996 at the age of 81.

Willard Jessie Brown (June 26, 1915 – August 4, 1996), nicknamed "Home Run" Brown, was an American baseball player who played outfielder in the Negro leagues and in Major League Baseball (MLB).

Brown entered the baseball record books on August 13, 1947, when he became the first African-American player to hit a home run in the American League: an inside-the-park homer off

Brown was one of the fastest players in baseball in the late 1930s and 1940s, as well as a solid outfielder.

Brown was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006.

It was the first time that two black players appeared in an MLB game together.

Subsequently, he was a successful minor league player in the Texas League from 1953 through 1956.

In the 1942 season the Monarchs met the Negro National League champion Homestead Grays in the first World Series between the Negro American League and the Negro National League.

He is a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame.

American baseball player Willard Brown died at the age of 81 after suffering from Alzheimer's.


The Scarlet Letter: A Romance is a work of historical fiction by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne, published in 1850.

The Scarlet Letter was first published in the spring of 1850 by Ticknor & Fields, beginning Hawthorne's most lucrative period.

The first mechanized printing of The Scarlet Letter, 2,500 volumes, sold out within ten days, and was widely read and discussed to an extent not much experienced in the young country up until that time.

The Scarlet Letter was one of the first mass-produced books in America.

The Scarlet Letter was also one of the first mass-produced books in America.

"On the other hand, 20th-century writer D. H. Lawrence said that there could not be a more perfect work of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter.

It can be viewed as separating the book into the beginning, middle, and end.

It is mentioned she "was the scarlet letter in another form; the scarlet letter endowed in life” (84).

The following are symbols that are embedded in The Scarlet Letter: The Scarlet Letter A: In the beginning of the novel Hester's letter A is a representation of her sin and adultery.

In the mid-nineteenth century, bookbinders of home-grown literature typically hand-made their books and sold them in small quantities.

After several years, Hester returns to her cottage and resumes wearing the scarlet letter.

The Scarlet Letter was first printed in the middle of the 19th century.


It is written in the Epic dialect of Ancient Greek and contains 1022 lines.

The Theogony (Greek: Θεογονία, Theogonía, Attic Greek: [tʰeoɡoníaː], i.e. "the genealogy or birth of the gods") is a poem by Hesiod (8th – 7th century BC) describing the origins and genealogies of the Greek gods, composed c. 730–700 BC.

In the language of the archaic period (8th – 6th century BC), arche (or archai) designates the source, origin, or root of things that exist.

Thales (7th – 6th century BC), the first Greek philosopher, claimed that the first principle of all things is water.

The written form of the Theogony was established in the 6th century BC.

Anaximander (6th century BC) was the first philosopher who used the term arche for that which writers from Aristotle on call the "substratum".

Pherecydes of Syros (6th century BC), believed that there were three pre-existent divine principles and called the water also Chaos.

A fragment from Xenophanes (6th century BC) shows the transition from Chaos to Apeiron: "The upper limit of earth borders on air.

Frazer, R.M. (Richard McIlwaine), The Poems of Hesiod, Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, 1983.

In the Theogony, the origin (arche) is Chaos, a divine primordial condition, and there are the roots and the ends of the earth, sky, sea, and Tartarus.

The Theogony is a poem by Hesiod (8th – 7th century BC) describing the origins and genealogies of the Greek gods, composed c. 730–700 BC, and contains 1500 lines.


Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss was born on 30 April 1777 in Brunswick (Braunschweig), in the Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (now part of Lower Saxony, Germany), to poor, working-class parents.

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (; German: Gauß

Carl Friedrich Gauss, who also introduced the so-called Gaussian logarithms, sometimes gets confused with Friedrich Gustav Gauss (1829–1915), a German geologist, who also published some well-known logarithm tables used up into the early 1980s.

He did not want any of his sons to enter mathematics or science for "fear of lowering the family name", as he believed none of them would surpass his own achievements.

On Gauss's recommendation, Friedrich Bessel was awarded an honorary doctor degree from Göttingen in March 1811.

Gauss plunged into a depression from which he never fully recovered.

They had an argument over a party Eugene held, for which Gauss refused to pay.

Gauss wanted Eugene to become a lawyer, but Eugene wanted to study languages.

See also the letter from Robert Gauss to Felix Klein on 3 September 1912.

On 9 October 1805, Gauss married Johanna Osthoff (1780–1809), and had two sons and a daughter with her.

Carl Friedrich Gauss belonged to a impoverished family.


The Quiet Man is a 1952 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by John Ford.

In 2010 there was a documentary called Dreaming The Quiet Man made about the journey and making of The Quiet Man.

It included the documentary "The Making of the Quiet Man" with Leonard Maltin.

The Special features on this edition include "The Making of the Quiet Man" Documentary with Leonard Maltin, and "The Joy of Ireland" Documentary with Maureen O'Hara and Andrew V. McLaglen, and "Remembering The Quiet Man Montage".

The Quiet Man Fan Club holds its annual general meeting in Ashford Castle.

The Quiet Man won the Academy Award for Best Director for John Ford, his fourth, and for Best Cinematography.

When Maureen O'Hara died in October 2015, her family stated she listened to music from The Quiet Man during her final hours.

"On the review-aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, The Quiet Man in 2019 has a 90% approval rating based on reviews from 41 critics.

On January 22, 2013 Olive Films released The Quiet Man on DVD and for the first time on Blu-ray, as a 60th Anniversary Special edition.

The melody of the "Isle of Innisfree", which is first heard over the opening credit sequence with Ashford Castle in the background, becomes the principal musical theme of The Quiet Man.

The Quiet Man was a song by Bing Crosby about a soldier who lost his voice from a bomb in World War 2.


Work on the project started on March 21, 2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9:50 p.m. Pacific Standard Time (PST): "just setting up my twttr".

The first tweet was posted by Jack Dorsey (creator) at 12:50 PM PST on March 21, 2006 and read "just setting up my twttr".

The original logo, which was simply the word "Twitter", was in use from its launch in March 2006.

Twitter announced in March 2020 that it will start marking tweets which may contain misleading information, in some cases it will provide links to pages of fact-checking information.

Appearance and features | Tweets | Trending topics

These topics help Twitter and their users to understand what is happening in the world and what people's opinions are about it.

but, when the looting starts, the shooting starts.

Tweets were originally restricted to 140 characters, but was doubled to 280 for non-CJK languages in November 2017.Twitter was created by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams in March 2006 and launched in July of that year.

By March 2009 communications consultant Bill Douglass predicted in an interview that Twitter would be worth $1 billion within six months, which came to pass when the company closed a financing round valuing it at $1 billion in September of that year.

Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Character limits

Since March 30, 2017, the Twitter handles are outside the tweet itself, therefore they no longer count towards the character limit.

As of 20 June 2020, the ten Twitter accounts with the most followers were: The oldest Twitter accounts are 14 accounts that became active on March 21, 2006, all belonging to Twitter employees at the time and including @jack (Jack Dorsey), @biz (Biz Stone), and @noah (Noah Glass).

Twitter was started in March 2006 and the firt tweet happened that month.


The world's highest-paid actress in 2010 and 2012

Career | 2013–2019: Independent films and critical recognition

On May 2, 2016, it was announced that Stewart would make her directorial debut with a short film titled Water for female-focused digital publisher Refinery29.

Kristen Jaymes Stewart (born April 9, 1990) is an American actress and filmmaker.

As she was raised in a family who work in the entertainment industry as non-actors, Stewart thought that she would become a screenwriter/director, but never considered being an actor.

Career | 2008–2012: The Twilight Saga and worldwide recognition

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film currently holds a 48% rotten rating, based on 174 reviews with the consensus stating: "It is the most enjoyable chapter in The Twilight Saga, but that's not enough to make Breaking Dawn Part 2 worth watching for filmgoers who don't already count themselves among the franchise converts.

Stewart was listed as the highest-earning female actress in the Vanity Fair "Hollywood Top Earners List of 2010", with estimated earnings of $28.5 million.

, I want to be an actor' kid.

The 25 Hottest Actors Under 25".

In 2017, Stewart coauthored a computer science preprint about the use of Neural net techniques in the making of her short film Come Swim.

"On "On December 6, 2011, Stewart was named number one on Forbes magazine's list of "Hollywood's Best Actors for the Buck".

In 2011, she was named number one on Forbes' list of "Hollywood's Best Actors for the Buck".

Kristen Stewart is currently the female actor that makes the most money annually.


The novel centres on the Ramsay family and their visits to the Isle of Skye in Scotland between 1910 and 1920.

While they set sail for the lighthouse, Lily attempts to finally complete the painting she has held in her mind since the start of the novel.

The trip almost does not happen, as the children are not ready, but they eventually set off.

The novel is set in the Ramsays' summer home in the Hebrides, on the Isle of Skye.

In the final section, "The Lighthouse", some of the remaining Ramsays and other guests return to their summer home ten years after the events of Part I. Mr Ramsay finally plans on taking the long-delayed trip to the lighthouse with daughter Cam(illa) and son James (the remaining Ramsay children are virtually unmentioned in the final section).

Upon finishing the painting (just as the sailing party reaches the lighthouse) and seeing that it satisfies her, she realises that the execution of her vision is more important to her than the idea of leaving some sort of legacy in her work.

To the Lighthouse is a 1927 novel by Virginia Woolf.

Allusions to autobiography and actual geography

Their brother Adrian was not allowed to go on an expedition to Godrevy Lighthouse, just as in the novel James looks forward to visiting the lighthouse and is disappointed when the trip is cancelled.

To the Lighthouse, a 15-minute Drama, BBC Radio 4 11/08/2014 - 15/08/2014 dramatised by Linda Marshall Griffiths To the Lighthouse, a 2017 opera composed by Zesses Seglias to an English libretto by Ernst Marianne Binder.

The section begins with Mrs Ramsay assuring her son James that they should be able to visit the lighthouse on the next day.

Shifts can occur even mid-sentence, and in some sense they resemble the rotating beam of the lighthouse itself.

To the Lighthouse is set in Northern Ireland.


Born in Los Angeles, Snider was nicknamed "Duke" by his father at age 5.

On April 16, 1963, Snider recorded his 2,000th hit, doing so at Crosley Field against the Cincinnati Reds on a single off Jim Maloney in the 2nd inning.

He entered the game as a pinch hitter for Tommy Davis in the top of the ninth inning.

On June 14, he recorded his 400th home run, once again against the Reds, doing so in the first inning off Bob Purkey.

He appeared in three different positions for the Giants, playing 26 games in right field and 18 in left field for a combined total of 288.2 innings.

In 1962 when the Dodgers led the NL for most of the season (only to find themselves tied with the hated Giants at the season's end), it was Snider and third-base coach Leo Durocher who reportedly pleaded with manager Walter Alston to bring in future Hall of Fame pitcher (and Cy Young Award winner that year) Don Drysdale in the ninth inning of the third and deciding playoff game.

Major leagues | 1955 MVP balloting controversy

Had Snider received the sixth place vote, the final tally would have created a tie, not a win for Snider.

Had Snider gotten that now-blank fifth-place vote, the final vote would have favored Snider 227–226.

Snider, Duke; Gilbert, Bill (1988).

Snider also saw his average climb from .244 to .292.

Snider was subsequently sold to the New York Mets.

Snider was given his moniker from his dad in his childhood.


Hamlet is Shakespeare's longest play.

Hamlet is Shakespeare's longest play.

It is Shakespeare's longest play with 30,557 words.

Performance history | Shakespeare's day to the Interregnum

that the play toured in Germany within five years of Shakespeare's death; and that it was performed before James I in 1619 and Charles I in 1637.

Judging by the number of reprints, Hamlet appears to have been Shakespeare's fourth most popular play during his lifetime—only Henry IV Part 1, Richard III and Pericles eclipsed it.

"Traditionally , editors of Shakespeare's plays have divided them into five acts.

Richard Burton received his third Tony Award nomination when he played his second Hamlet, his first under John Gielgud's direction, in 1964 in a production that holds the record for the longest run of the play in Broadway history (137 performances).

"Q1 is considerably shorter than Q2 or F1 and may be a memorial reconstruction of the play as Shakespeare's company performed it, by an actor who played a minor role (most likely Marcellus).

Performance history | Film and TV performances

John Gielgud directed Richard Burton in a Broadway production at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre in 1964–65, the longest-running Hamlet in the U.S. to date.

Analysis and criticism | Dramatic structure

For example, in Shakespeare's day, plays were usually expected to follow the advice of Aristotle in his Poetics: that a drama should focus on action, not character.

Q2 is the longest early edition, although it omits about 77 lines found in F1 (most likely to avoid offending James I's queen, Anne of Denmark).

It is Shakespeare's longest play.


She has an elder brother named Jelani, an older sister named Maya, a younger brother named Micaiah, and a younger sister named Ming.

As a small child, Minaj and a sibling lived with her grandmother in Saint James.

A great Nicki Minaj comeback album would be the first great Nicki Minaj album, period."Before

Career | 2012–2013: Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded and The Re-Up

documentary titled Nicki Minaj: My Truth.

Originally adopting the stage name Nicki Maraj, she eventually changed it to Nicki Minaj stating that "my real name is Maraj.

Throughout her career, Minaj has received numerous accolades, including six American Music Awards, twelve BET Awards, four MTV Video Music Awards, four Billboard Music Awards, and two Billboard Women in Music Awards.

Best Female Hip-Hop Artist Award four consecutive times.

She also introduced the "Nicki Minaj Collection" clothing line for Kmart, composed of clothing, accessories and housewares.

, then she picked a fight with Eve, then she picked a fight with Remy, then it was Mrs. Wallace, then it was Nicki Minaj.

and (later) Nicki Minaj. In November 2010, Minaj assumed the alter ego Nicki Teresa, wearing a colorful headdress and calling herself "healer to her fans" during a visit to the Garden of Dreams Foundation at Fuse Studios in New York.

My favorite thing was Nicki Minaj's verse.'

Nicki Minaj has four siblings.


He started piano lessons when he was seven years old, and three years later began to play the viola.

Robert Britten's youthful ambition to become a farmer had been thwarted by lack of capital, and he had instead trained as a dentist, a profession he practised successfully but without pleasure.

When the Second World War began, Britten and Pears turned for advice to the British embassy in Washington and were told that they should remain in the US as artistic ambassadors.

After the 1976 Aldeburgh Festival, Britten and Pears travelled to Norway, where Britten began writing Praise We Great Men, for voices and orchestra based on a poem by Edith Sitwell.

While studying at Charing Cross Hospital in London he met Edith Hockey, the daughter of a civil service clerk in the British Government's Home Office.

Before Britten left the US, Koussevitzky, always generous in encouraging new talent, offered him a $1,000 commission to write the opera.

Personal life and character | Controversies | Cause of death

In response, Britten's consultant cardiologist said that, like all the hospital's similar cases, Britten was routinely screened for syphilis before the operation, with negative results.

Britten, like Elgar and Walton before him, was signed up by a major British recording company, and performed a considerable proportion of his output on disc.

He was determined to finish the opera and worked urgently to complete it before going into hospital for surgery.

Britten defined his mission as a composer in very simple terms: composers should aim at "pleasing people today as seriously as we can".

" Neither concerto is among Britten's most popular works, but in the 21st century the Violin Concerto has been performed more frequently than before, both in the concert hall and on record.

Britten was a clerk before he began composing music.


In his early days, Shaka served as a warrior under the sway of Dingiswayo.

Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide

There is no evidence to suggest that Shaka betrayed Dingiswayo.

These peoples were never defeated in battle by the Zulu; they did not have to be.

When Dingiswayo was murdered by Zwide, Shaka sought to avenge his death.

Shaka still recognised Dingiswayo and his larger Mthethwa clan as overlord after he returned to the Zulu

Social and military revolution | Creator of a revolutionary warfare style

This combination has been compared to the standardisation implemented by the reorganised Roman legions under Marius.

In this way a greater sense of cohesion was created, though it never became complete, as subsequent civil wars attest.

but, some years later, Dingiswayo was ambushed by Zwide's amaNdwandwe and killed.

In the initial years, Shaka had neither the influence nor reputation to compel any but the smallest of groups to join him, and upon Dingiswayo's death, Shaka moved southwards across the Thukela River, establishing his capital Bulawayo in Qwabe territory; he never did move back into the traditional Zulu heartland.

Social and military revolution | Shakan methods versus European technology

There was no need to record messages, he held, since his messengers stood under penalty of death should they bear inaccurate tidings.

Shaka never served under Dingiswayo.


In 1952, the United States established Coronado National Memorial near Sierra Vista, Arizona to commemorate his expedition.

Vázquez de Coronado returned to the Tiguex Province in New Mexico from Quivira and was badly injured in a fall from his horse "after the winter was over", according to the chronicler Castañeda—probably in March 1542.

Expedition | Expedition | Search for Quivira

" Men and horses became lost in the featureless plain and Vázquez de Coronado felt like he had been swallowed up by the sea.

Expedition | Expedition | Querechos and Teyas

The Querechos were not awed or impressed by the Spanish, their weapons, and their "big dogs" (horses).

While Vázquez de Coronado was in the canyon country, his army suffered one of the violent climatic events so common on the plains. " A tempest came up one afternoon with a very high wind and hail ... The hail broke many tents and tattered many helmets, and wounded many of the horses, and broke all the crockery of the army, and the gourds which was no small loss.

His name is often Anglicized as "Vasquez de Coronado" or just "Coronado".

Coronado Road in Phoenix, Arizona, was named after Vázquez de Coronado.

Coronado, California is not named after Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, but is named after Coronado Islands, which were named in 1602 by Sebastián Vizcaíno who called them Los Cuatro Coronados (the four crowned ones) to honor four martyrs.

Coronado Center, a two-story indoor shopping mall in Albuquerque, New Mexico is named after Vázquez de Coronado.

Expedition | Expedition | Conquest of Cíbola

Vázquez de Coronado and his expeditionaries attacked the Zunis.

During the battle, Vázquez de Coronado was injured.

Coronado fell from a horse and got hurt.


Works modeled on, or inspired by, the Colosseum

The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum entrance was inspired by the Colosseum.

The Palazzo della Civilta Italiana was very closely modelled on the Colosseum.

It was built for Mussolini for the Universal Exhibition of 1942 but the exhibition never happened due to the outbreak of World War II.

This name is still used in modern English, but generally the structure is better known as the Colosseum.

At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens the Colosseum was replaced by a depiction of the Panathinaiko Stadium

The exterior of the Vancouver Public Library in British Columbia resembles the current state of the Colosseum.

Unlike earlier Greek theatres that were built into hillsides, the Colosseum is an entirely free-standing structure.

The Summer Olympic Games medal from 1928 to 2000, designed by Giuseppe Cassioli, features a depiction of the Colosseum.

This consisted of a canvas-covered, net-like structure made of ropes, with a hole in the center.

The Kongresshalle, or "Congress Hall", (1935, unfinished) at the Nazi Party Rally grounds, Nuremberg, Germany

The colosseum never inspired other structures.


Several mathematical descriptions of kinetic energy exist that describe it in the appropriate physical situation.

For objects and processes in common human experience, the formula ½mv² given by Newtonian (classical) mechanics is suitable.

Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of rigid bodies

In formula form:                                    E                        k

Relativistic kinetic energy of rigid bodies

\displaystyle E_{0}=mc^{2}\,}   resulting in the formula

This can also be expanded as a Taylor series, the first term of which is the simple expression from Newtonian mechanics:                                    E                        k                             ≈

The mathematical by-product of this calculation is the mass-energy equivalence formula—the body at rest must have energy content

If a body's speed is a significant fraction of the speed of light, it is necessary to use relativistic mechanics to calculate its kinetic energy.

This suggests that the formulae for energy and momentum are not special and axiomatic, but concepts emerging from the equivalence of mass and energy and the principles of relativity.

This formula shows that the work expended accelerating an object from rest approaches infinity as the velocity approaches the speed of light.

However, if the speed of the object is comparable to the speed of light, relativistic effects become significant and the relativistic formula is used.

For example, one would calculate the kinetic energy of an 80 kg mass (about 180 lbs) traveling at 18 metres per second (about 40 mph, or 65 km/h) as                                    E

Kinetic Energy is calculated via the simple formula, E=Mc^2.


A Star Is Born is a 1954 American musical film written by Moss Hart, starring Judy Garland and James Mason, and directed by George Cukor.

The latest remake of A Star Is Born stars Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga, who also created new music for the project.

A Star Is Born with his then-wife Judy Garland in the lead role.

It is the second of four official adaptations of A Star Is Born, with the first in 1937 starring Janet Gaynor and Fredric March, the third in 1976 starring Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson and the fourth in 2018 starring Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper.

For her performance in A Star Is Born, Garland was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress.

A Star Is Born, itself a remake, was again remade in 1976 with Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson.

A Star Is Born cost more than $5 million, making it one of the more expensive films made in Hollywood at that time.

Filming began April 17, 2017, and the film was released on October 5, 2018.All four of the official " A Star is Born" movies have been nominated for at least four Academy Awards.

In the spring of 1984, the restored A Star Is Born was reissued and shown at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City and for this engagement, an outtake of Garland's performing "The Man That Got Away' in a different costume and hairstyle was included.

The site's critical consensus reads " A Star Is Born is a movie of grand scope and intimate moments, featuring Judy Garland's possibly greatest performance." National Film Registry — Inducted in 2000.

A Star Is Born stars Bette Davis.


In 1849 he began public readings of the story, which proved so successful he undertook 127 further performances until 1870, the year of his death.

A Christmas Carol. A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech.

Published on 19 December, the first edition sold out by Christmas Eve; by the end of 1844 thirteen editions had been released.

By the end of 1844 eleven more editions had been released.

A Christmas Carol theatrical productions were playing in London.

A Christmas Carol opens on a bleak, cold Christmas Eve in London, seven years after the death of Ebenezer Scrooge's business partner, Jacob Marley.

" The Story of the Goblins Who Stole a Sexton", another Christmas story, appeared in the 1836 novel The Pickwick Papers.

On 31 December that year he began publishing his novel Martin Chuzzlewit as a monthly serial; the novel was his favourite work, but sales were disappointing and he faced temporary financial difficulties.

Two days after the release of the Parley version, Dickens sued on the basis of copyright infringement and won.

Dickens was not the first author to celebrate the Christmas season in literature.

By the close of February 1844 eight rival

The Christmas Carol novel was first released in London in 1844.


His opus list ended at 443. Milhaud (like such contemporaries as Hindemith, Malipiero, Henry Cowell, Hovhaness, Martinů, and Villa-Lobos) was an extremely rapid creator, for whom the art of writing music seemed almost as natural as breathing.

Darius Milhaud was very prolific and composed for a wide range of genres.

Darius Milhaud (French: [daʁjys mijo]; 4 September 1892 – 22 June 1974) was a French composer, conductor, and teacher.

There is a Darius Milhaud Collection at Mills College in California.

Milhaud is considered one of the key modernist composers.

L'Homme et son désir. On his return to France, Milhaud composed works influenced by the Brazilian popular music he had heard, including compositions of Brazilian pianist and composer Ernesto Nazareth.

There is another Darius Milhaud Collection at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts in New York City.

" Brubeck named his first son Darius.

And on a trip to the United States in 1922, Darius Milhaud heard "authentic" jazz for the first time, on the streets of Harlem, which left a great impact on his musical outlook.

In a February 2010 interview with JazzWax, Brubeck said he attended Mills, a women's college (men were allowed in graduate programs), specifically to study with Milhaud, saying, "Milhaud was an enormously gifted classical composer and teacher who loved jazz and incorporated it into his work.

Darius Milhaud is a composer and his opus  at over 400.


He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1902 through 1917 for the Chicago Cubs, Boston Braves, and Philadelphia Phillies.

Evers' brother, Joe Evers, and uncle, Tom Evers, also played in MLB.

Evers and fellow coach Hank Gowdy played in one game in the 1929 season, coming into the bottom of the ninth inning on October 6, 1929.

He experienced a nervous breakdown in 1911; returning to the Cubs later in the season, he played in only 46 games that year.

Known as one of the smartest ballplayers in MLB, Evers also had a surly temper that he took out on umpires.

In the process, Evers became the oldest player in the league for the year.

Evers, Tinker, and Chance were all inducted in the Hall of Fame in the same year.

Career | Boston Braves and Philadelphia Phillies

Not receiving another offer from an MLB team, Evers traveled to Paris as a member of the Knights of Columbus to promote baseball in France.

Evers made his MLB debut with the Cubs on September 1 at shortstop, as Selee moved Joe Tinker from shortstop to third base.

He remained bedridden or confined to a wheelchair for most of the next five years.

Johnny Evers played 15 years in the MLB.


In 2016, the total value of the Harry Potter franchise was estimated at $25 billion, making Harry Potter one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time.

The Harry Potter brand has been estimated to be worth as much as $25 billion.

Daniel Radcliffe portrayed Harry Potter, doing so for all succeeding films in the franchise.

Puffs, or Seven Increasingly Eventful Years at a Certain School of Magic and Magic is a play which is a spin-off from the Harry Potter franchise.

As of February 2018, the books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide, making them the best-selling book series in history, and have been translated into eighty languages.

In 2017, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment opened its own Harry Potter themed game design studio, by the name of Portkey Games; before releasing Hogwarts Mystery in 2018, developed by Jam City.

Rowling also exhibits Christian values in developing Albus Dumbledore as a God-like character, the divine, trusted leader of the series, guiding the long-suffering hero along his quest.

She states that 3 themes throughout the books are widely predominant '1) the value of tolerance and respect for difference; 2) opposition to violence and punitiveness; and 3) the dangers of authoritarianism.'

The first film Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them was released in November 2016, followed by the second Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald in November 2018; the next three are due to be released in 2021, 2022 and 2024 respectively.

Despite the media flurry, research into the popularity of Harry Potter and sales of owls in the UK failed to find any evidence that the Harry Potter franchise had influenced the buying of owls in the country or the number of owls reaching animal shelters and sanctuaries.

In 2018 the total value of the franchise was estimated at $35 billion.


King Solomon "Sol" White (June 12, 1868 – August 26, 1955) was an American professional baseball infielder, manager and executive, and one of the pioneers of the Negro leagues.

An active sportswriter for many years, he wrote the first definitive history of black baseball in 1907.

He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006.

He had been the only  deceased member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame left lying in an unmarked grave.

Florence and Sol White appear to have become separated at some point before 1930.When White was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006, no family member was present, so Commissioner of Baseball Bud Selig accepted his plaque on the family's behalf.

Along with Walter Schlichter, a sportswriter for the Philadelphia Item, and Harry Smith, a baseball writer for the Philadelphia Tribune, White founded the Philadelphia Giants in 1902.

Sol White's career as a baseball writer would continue with a series of articles on "colored baseball" in the Cleveland Advocate, a black newspaper, in 1919.

He remains the only Hall of Famer buried on Staten Island.

Without a doubt this record will prove valuable in years to come." This second book on black baseball by Sol White never appeared.

But White brought in eventual Hall of Famer John Henry Lloyd to play shortstop along with catcher Bruce Petway, and the Giants finished first in the National Association of Colored Baseball Clubs of the United States and Cuba, an all-black league.

Sol was a sportswriter and a pro infielder, director and executive and was voted in to the Baseball Hall of Fame.


The Han dynasty (Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàncháo) was the second imperial dynasty of China (202 BC–220 AD), preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and a warring interregnum known as the Chu-Han contention (206–202 BC), and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD).

Science and technology | Cartography, ships, and vehicles

Evidence found in Chinese literature, and archaeological evidence, show that cartography existed in China before the Han.

Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history.

When Cao Pi, King of Wei, usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, the Han dynasty ceased to exist.

Culture and society | Education, literature, and philosophy

The Imperial University grew in importance as the student body grew to over 30,000 by the 2nd century AD.

Shao challenged Cao Cao for control over the emperor.

Three Han mathematical treatises still exist.

The kingdoms were never entirely abolished and existed throughout the remainder of Western and Eastern Han.

The liquor monopoly lasted only from 98 to 81 BC, and the salt and iron monopolies were eventually abolished in early Eastern Han.

In 168 BC, the land tax rate was reduced from one-fifteenth of a farming household's crop yield to one-thirtieth, and later to a one-hundredth of a crop yield for the last decades of the dynasty.

After Yuan died, Cao killed Yuan Shao's son Yuan Tan (173–205 AD), who had fought with his brothers over the family inheritance.

The Han dynasty existed before the birth of christ and after, lasting over 4 centuries.


With no other refuge to escape to, Antony committed suicide by stabbing himself with his sword in the mistaken belief that Cleopatra had already done so.

Master of the Roman East | Antony's Parthian War | Parthian Campaign

To supplement his own armies, Antony instead looked to Rome's principal vassal in the East: his lover Cleopatra.

Master of the Roman East | Antony and Cleopatra

He married Livia and started to attack Antony in order to raise himself to power.

Children with the Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt, the former lover of Julius Caesar: Alexander Helios

In 27 BC, Octavian was granted the title of Augustus, marking the final stage in the transformation of the Roman Republic into an empire, with himself as the first Roman emperor.

Surrounded by Cleopatra and her children, Antony ended his alliance with Octavian.

Several times Antony was summoned to Rome, but remained in Alexandria with Cleopatra.

Both consuls, Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Gaius Sosius, and a third of the senate abandoned Rome to meet Antony and Cleopatra in Greece.

This appointment marks the beginning of his military career.

As for Cleopatra, she was proclaimed Queen of Kings and Queen of Egypt, to rule with Caesarion (Ptolemy XV Caesar, son of Cleopatra by Julius Caesar), King of Kings and King of Egypt.

Mark Antony killed himself after Cleopatra did because they were lovers on the run.


The Project began during 1975 but as of 2017 it has almost ground to a halt.

The goal of the restoration was to reverse the decay of centuries of attrition, pollution, destruction stemming from military use, and misguided past restorations.

Arkhaios Neōs was destroyed as part of the Achaemenid destruction of Athens during the Second Persian invasion of Greece during 480–479 BC; however, the temple was probably reconstructed during 454 BC, since the treasury of the Delian League was transferred in its opisthodomos.

History | The Periclean building program

Little is known about the original plan of the interior which was destroyed by fire during the first century BC and has been rebuilt several times.

It was destroyed by the invading Herulians a century later but was reconstructed during the 1950s.

The Parthenon colonnades, largely destroyed by Venetian bombardment during the 17th century, were restored, with many wrongly assembled columns now properly placed.

During the 3rd century, under threat from a Herulian invasion, repairs were made to the Acropolis walls, and the "Beulé Gate" was constructed to restrict entrance in front of the Propylaia, thus returning the Acropolis to use as a fortress.

History | Byzantine, Latin and Ottoman period

During the Latin Duchy of Athens, the Acropolis functioned as the city's administrative center, with the Parthenon as its cathedral, and the Propylaea as part of the Ducal Palace.

the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as "The Acropolis" without qualification.

The Acropolis is a klippe consisting of two lithostratigraphic units, the Athens schist and the overlying Acropolis limestone.

Site plan of the Acropolis at Athens showing the major archaeological remains  Parthenon

Many of the hills in the Athens region were formed by the erosion of the same nappe as the Acropolis.

The Acropolis of Athens is an acropolis that was destroyed in the fires during the invasion by Hannibal.


Set in Puritan Massachusetts Bay Colony during the years 1642 to 1649, the novel tells the story of Hester Prynne who conceives a daughter through an affair and then struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity.

She is required to wear a scarlet "A" on her dress when she is in front of the townspeople to shame her.

Elmer Kennedy-Andrews remarks that Hawthorne in "The Custom-house" sets the context for his story and "tells us about 'romance', which is his preferred generic term to describe The Scarlet Letter, as his subtitle for the book – 'A Romance' – would indicate.

The Scarlet Letter: A Romance is a work of historical fiction by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne, published in 1850.

This is not true: Fields persuaded Hawthorne to publish The Scarlet Letter alone (along with the earlier-completed "Custom House" essay) but he had nothing to do with the length of the story.

Dimmesdale's name: Dimmesdale's name itself also holds symbolism.

It is mentioned she "was the scarlet letter in another form; the scarlet letter endowed in life” (84).

The following are symbols that are embedded in The Scarlet Letter: The Scarlet Letter A: In the beginning of the novel Hester's letter A is a representation of her sin and adultery.

Hawthorne's wife Sophia later challenged Fields' claims a little inexactly: "he has made the absurd boast that he was the sole cause of the Scarlet Letter being published!" She noted that her husband's friend Edwin Percy Whipple, a critic, approached Fields to consider its publication.

It was long thought that Hawthorne originally planned The Scarlet Letter to be a shorter novelette, part of a collection named Old Time Legends, and that his publisher, James Thomas Fields, convinced him to expand the work to a full-length novel.

In Puritan Boston, Massachusetts, a crowd gathers to witness the punishment of Hester Prynne, a young woman who has given birth to a baby of unknown parentage.

Being in such close contact with Dimmesdale, Chillingworth begins to suspect that the minister's illness is the result of some unconfessed guilt.

Despite the name The Scarlet Letter: A Romance, is not a romance but instead the story of a woman being harassed by her community and stalked by an ex love.


He was easily distracted by opposing fans who held up puppies, which caused him to run over to play with them, and shiny objects, which seemed to put him in a trance.

May threatened to prosecute Rube for bigamy because she did not recognize the divorce granted Rube in St. Louis.

We got Rube out of there without delay.

Well, the first practice Waddell tackled him and broke his leg.

Though eccentric and childlike, Waddell was not illiterate as some sources have claimed.

Schreckengost, a one-time friend who regularly fetched alcohol and fishing poles for Waddell, squabbled with both Waddell and Mack for being treated differently for the same offenses.

Waddell was born on October 13, 1876, just outside Bradford, Pennsylvania.

Born in Bradford, Pennsylvania, Waddell was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946.

Biographer Alan Levy wrote that Waddell was "a decidedly different sort of child".

seen". Waddell enjoyed waving his teammates off the field and then striking out the side.

Waddell debuted with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1900, leading the National League (NL) in ERA.

Rube Waddell loved dogs.


Backstreet Boys  (often abbreviated as BSB) is an American vocal group, formed in Orlando, Florida in 1993.

The group consists of AJ McLean, Howie Dorough, Nick Carter, Kevin Richardson, and Brian Littrell.

The advertising promoted back-to-school sweepstakes which gave each of five fans the chance to win a $2,000 Sears shopping spree with their favorite Backstreet Boys member, and a trip for four to the group's concert on December 1, 1999, in Tampa, Florida.

History | 2011–12: NKOTBSB and Richardson's return

It was the first cruise to feature all five members.

History | 2004–06: Never Gone and Richardson's departure

The Backstreet Boys entered the studios in January 2004 to start recording the new album.

History | 2000–01: Black and Blue and The Hits – Chapter One

On January 28, 2001, the Backstreet Boys performed the American national anthem at the Super Bowl XXXV in Tampa, Florida.

The Backstreet Boys began the first leg of their Never Gone Tour on July 22, 2005, in West Palm Beach, Florida.

The Backstreet Boys moved into a house together all by themselves in July 2012 as they started working on their new album with producer Martin Terefe in London.

History | 2013–15: 20th anniversary, In a World Like This, and documentary film

The Backstreet Boys members were due in court on March 24, 2014 over a claim they filed against their former manager Lou Pearlman.

Carter subsequently told Lee about his original concept of a six-issue series of comic books featuring members of the Backstreet Boys as superheroes called "Cyber Crusaders".

History | 1993–95: Formation and early years

Richardson moved to Orlando in 1990, where he worked at Walt Disney World and concentrated on music at night.

Backstreet Boys has five members which started in Florida in the 1990s.


The Theogony (Greek: Θεογονία, Theogonía, Attic Greek: [tʰeoɡoníaː], i.e. "the genealogy or birth of the gods") is a poem by Hesiod (8th – 7th century BC) describing the origins and genealogies of the Greek gods, composed c. 730–700 BC.

Rather, the point is that the authority of kingship now belongs to the poetic voice, the voice that is declaiming the Theogony.

In formal terms it is a hymn invoking Zeus and the Muses: parallel passages between it and the much shorter Homeric Hymn to the Muses make it clear that the Theogony developed out of a tradition of hymnic preludes with which an ancient Greek rhapsode would begin his performance at poetic competitions.

The lower limit of earth reaches down to the unlimited (i.e the Apeiron)." In the Theogony the initial state of the universe, or the origin (arche) is Chaos, a gaping void (abyss) considered as a divine primordial condition, from which appeared everything that exists.

The written form of the Theogony was established in the 6th century BC.

One of the principal components of the Theogony is the presentation of the "Succession Myth".

Then came Gaia (Earth), Tartarus (the cave-like space under the earth; the later-born Erebus is the darkness in this space), and Eros (representing sexual desire - the urge to reproduce - instead of the emotion of love as is the common misconception).

Hesiod made an abstraction because his original chaos is something completely indefinite.

By contrast, in the Orphic cosmogony the unaging Chronos produced Aether and Chaos and made a silvery egg in divine Aether.

From it appeared the androgynous god Phanes, identified by the Orphics as Eros, who becomes the creator of the world.

Some similar ideas appear in the Vedic and Hindu cosmologies.

Theogony is not poetic literature.


Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Islington, London, England, that plays in the Premier League, the top flight of English football.

First Division / Premier League (Level 1)Winners (13): 1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04League Cup / EFL CupWinners (2): 1986–87, 1992–93League Centenary TrophyWinners (1) (record): 1988

In Emery's first season, Arsenal finished fifth in the Premier League and finished as runner-up in the Europa League.

In the 2008–09 season, they won all three major English trophies – the FA Women's Premier League, FA Women's Cup and FA Women's Premier League Cup, and, as of 2017, were the only English side to have won the UEFA Women's Cup or UEFA Women's Champions League, having won the Cup in the 2006–07 season as part of a unique quadruple.

A special gold version of the Premier League trophy was commissioned and presented to the club the following season.

As of June 2020, they are one of seven teams, the others being Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, Manchester City, Leicester City and Liverpool, to have won the Premier League since its formation in 1992.They hold the highest number of FA Cup trophies, with 13.

Arsenal have the seventh highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund, FC Barcelona, Manchester United, Real Madrid, Bayern Munich, and Schalke.

The Taylor Report and Premier League regulations obliged Arsenal to convert Highbury to an all-seater stadium in time for the 1993–94 season, thus reducing the capacity to 38,419 seated spectators.

The club were on a seven-game winless run across all competitions and there was an eight-point gap to fourth place in the Premier League after 13 games.

Arsenal Women are the most successful team in English women's football having won a total of 58 trophies.

Arsenal F.C. is an elite team in the Premier League.


Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (; né Skryabin; (OS 25 February) 9 March 1890 – 8 November 1986) was a Soviet politician and diplomat, an Old Bolshevik, and a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he rose to power as a protégé of Joseph Stalin.

Biography | Early life and career (1890–1930)

His Responsible Secretaryship was criticised by Lenin and Leon Trotsky, with Lenin noting his "shameful bureaucratism" and stupid behaviour.

During the power struggles which followed Lenin's death in 1924, Molotov remained a loyal supporter of Stalin against his various rivals: first Leon Trotsky, later Lev Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev, and finally Nikolai Bukharin.

Trotsky and his supporters underestimated Molotov, as did many others.

Trotsky called him "mediocrity personified", whilst Molotov himself pedantically corrected comrades referring to him as 'Stone Arse' by saying that Lenin had actually dubbed him 'Iron Arse'.

Biography | Minister of Foreign Affairs (1939–1949)

Molotov was appointed to succeed him.

Biography | Later years and death (1962–1986)

A collection of interviews with Molotov from 1985 was published in 1994 by Felix Chuev as Molotov Remembers: Inside Kremlin Politics.

A Troika was established immediately after Stalin's death, consisting of Malenkov, Beria, and Molotov, but ended when Malenkov and Molotov deceived Beria.

Molotov was succeeded in his post as Premier by Stalin.

Stalin frequently required Molotov and other Politburo members to sign the death warrants of prominent purge victims, and Molotov always did so without question.

Later, Soviet leader Konstantin Chernenko further rehabilitated Molotov; in 1984, Molotov was even allowed to seek membership in the Communist Party.

Molotov was a protege' of Leon Trotsky.


Cooper was born in Waco, Texas, where he attended A. J. Moore High School.

Cooper had one son, Andy Cooper Jr.

Cooper pitched for the Detroit Stars from 1920 to 1927.

Cooper returned to the Stars for another season in 1930.

Cooper became player-manager of the Monarchs in 1937.

By 1940, Cooper had managed the team to three pennants.

Career | Winter leagues and barnstorming teams

Cooper also played several seasons of winter baseball.

Cooper recorded a .342 batting average on the trip.

Cooper was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006.

Cooper is the Negro league record holder for career saves.

Cooper became known for his ability to alter the speed of his pitches.

Cooper was from Tennessee.


After eighteen and a half years in custody, Mary was found guilty of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586, and was beheaded the following year at Fotheringhay Castle.

Escape and imprisonment in England | Plots

Elizabeth also rejected the association because she did not trust Mary to cease plotting against her during the negotiations.

In February 1585, William Parry was convicted of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth, without Mary's knowledge, although her agent Thomas Morgan was implicated.

Escape and imprisonment in England | Trial

From these letters it was clear that Mary had sanctioned the attempted assassination of Elizabeth.

After the Throckmorton Plot of 1583, Walsingham introduced the Bond of Association and the Act for the Queen's Safety, which sanctioned the killing of anyone who plotted against Elizabeth and aimed to prevent a putative successor from profiting from her murder.

Early the following year, Moray was assassinated.

In 1571, Cecil and Walsingham uncovered the Ridolfi Plot, a plan to replace Elizabeth with Mary by the help of Spanish troops and the Duke of Norfolk.

Escape and imprisonment in England | Casket letters

Elizabeth, as she had wished, concluded the inquiry with a verdict that nothing was proven against either the confederate lords or Mary.

Both Protestants and Catholics were shocked that Mary should marry the man accused of murdering her husband.

Plots centred on Mary continued.

Mary was accused of plotting an assassination against Queen Elizabeth.


Government and politics | Foreign relations

The United States has a "Special Relationship" with the United Kingdom and strong ties with India, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Japan, South Korea, Israel, and several European Union countries, including France, Italy, Germany, Spain and Poland.

Almost all countries have embassies in Washington, D.C., and many have consulates around the country.

History | Effects on and interaction with native populations

European missionaries and others felt it was important to "civilize" the Native Americans and urged them to adopt European agricultural techniques and lifestyles.

In many cases, however, natives and settlers came to depend on each other.

The United States has many private and public institutions of higher education.

Natives taught many settlers to cultivate corn, beans, and squash.

Government and politics | Government finance

The United States is one of the only countries in the world to do so.

According to CDC and Census Bureau data, deaths from suicide, alcohol and drug overdoses hit record highs in 2017.Increasing obesity in the United States and health improvements elsewhere contributed to lowering the country's rank in life expectancy from 11th in the world in 1987, to 42nd in 2007, and as of 2017 the country had the lowest life expectancy among Japan, Canada, Australia, the UK, and seven countries of western Europe.

Some state judges and cabinet officers are appointed by the governors of the respective states, while others are elected by popular vote.

In the early days of colonization, many European settlers were subject to food shortages, disease, and attacks from Native Americans.

The United States is home to many cultures and a wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values.

The United States has friendly interactions with many other countries, but its association with the UK is the friendliest.


The series has been translated into 80 languages, placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history.

Some of the translators hired to work on the books were well-known authors before their work on Harry Potter, such as Viktor Golyshev, who oversaw the Russian translation of the series' fifth book.

For reasons of secrecy, translation on a given book could only start after it had been released in English, leading to a lag of several months before the translations were available.

The Turkish translation of books two to seven was undertaken by Sevin Okyay, a popular literary critic and cultural commentator.

The second volume has also been translated into Latin.

The books have seen translations to diverse languages such as Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Arabic, Urdu, Hindi, Bengali, Bulgarian, Welsh, Afrikaans, Albanian, Latvian, Vietnamese and Hawaiian.

The first volume has been translated into Latin and even Ancient Greek, making it the longest published work in Ancient Greek since the novels of Heliodorus of Emesa in the 3rd century AD.

As of February 2018, the books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide, making them the best-selling book series in history, and have been translated into eighty languages.

The popularity of the Harry Potter series has translated into substantial financial success for Rowling, her publishers, and other Harry Potter related license holders.

This led to more and more copies of the English editions being sold to impatient fans in non-English speaking countries; for example, such was the clamour to read the fifth book that its English language edition became the first English-language book ever to top the best-seller list in France.

There has been only 5 translations of the book series.