He played in Major League Baseball as a left-handed pitcher for six different teams from 1965 to 1988, most notably as a member of the Philadelphia Phillies with whom he won four Cy Young Awards as well as the 1980 World Series.

A ten-time All-Star, Carlton led the league in many pitching categories.

Carlton was born and raised in Miami, Florida, where he played Little League and American Legion Baseball during his youth.

Major league career (1965–1988) | Philadelphia Phillies (1972–1986) | Media silence | Race with Nolan Ryan and Gaylord Perry for the all–time strikeout record

He was a seven–time All–Star with the Phillies and won the NL Cy Young Award four times: in 1972, 1977, 1980 and 1982.

Steve was the only son of Joe and Anne Carlton and was raised with his sisters Joanne and Christina on 144th street in Miami.

Major league career (1965–1988) | St. Louis Cardinals (1965–1971)

Carlton had won 77 games to Wise's 75, and both were considered among the game's best pitchers.

He was the first pitcher to win four Cy Young Awards in a career.

He struck out 4,136 batters in his career, setting a record for a left-handed pitcher (since surpassed by Randy Johnson), and holds many other records for both left-handed and Phillies pitchers.

Major league career (1965–1988) | Philadelphia Phillies (1972–1986) | Media silence | More success

Gradually the Phillies improved their team, and won the National League East Division three consecutive times from 1976 to 1978.

Carlton was the first pitcher to win four Cy Young Awards, a mark later matched by Greg Maddux, and exceeded by Roger Clemens and Randy Johnson.

Steve Carlton won many accolades as a pitcher four times and his birthplace is Miami, Florida.


Later posthumous albums are R U Still Down? (1997), Greatest Hits (1998), Still I Rise (1999), Until the End of Time (2001), Better Dayz (2002), Loyal to the Game (2004), Pac's Life (2006).

In January 1991, Tupac, rapper, nationally debuted under the stage name 2Pac, guest on rap group Digital Underground's single "Same Song," compiled on the soundtrack of the February 1991 movie Nothing but Trouble.

While imprisoned February to October 1995, Tupac wrote only one song, he would say.

Legacy and remembrance | Multimedia releases

Meanwhile, the Greatest Hits album, released in 1998, and which in 2000 had left the pop albums chart, the Billboard 200, returned to the chart and reached #129, while also other 2Pac albums and singles drew sales gains.

November 1996's The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, under the stage name Makaveli, is a studio album made in one August week, whereas later posthumous albums are archival productions.

Philips then named Isaac as one of his own, retracted article's unnamed sources.

After his death, she would call him "one of my best friends.

Ultimately, Shakur shot one officer in the buttocks and the other in the leg, back, or abdomen.

2Pac's debut album, 2Pacalypse

Shakur was struck four times: once in the arm, once in the thigh, and twice in the chest with one bullet entering his right lung.

B.I.G. His debut album, released in late 1994 as Ready to Die, promptly returned rap's spotlight to New York.

In 2006, the 2Pac album Pac's Life was released and, like the previous, was among the recording industry's most popular releases.

Tupac Shakur debuted on the single "Same Song" and later released one album.


Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was the 19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881, after serving in the U.S. House of Representatives and as governor of Ohio.

Also named for Hayes is Hayes County, Nebraska.

Hayes knew the building would be named in his honor, but he did not live to see it completed.

Hayes was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1890.Rutherford B. Hayes High School in Hayes's hometown of Delaware, Ohio, was named in his honor.

Hayes Hall, built in 1893, at the Ohio State University is also named in his honor.

Family and early life | Childhood and family history

Hayes's great-grandfather Ezekiel Hayes was a militia captain in Connecticut in the American Revolutionary War, but Ezekiel's son (Hayes's grandfather, also named Rutherford) left his Branford home during the war for the relative peace of Vermont.

His mother's ancestors migrated to Vermont at a similar time.

Family and early life | Cincinnati law practice and marriage

They became engaged in 1851 and married on December 30, 1852, at Lucy's mother's house.

Presidency (1877–1881) | Currency debate

agitation for more greenbacks and silver coinage quieted down for the rest of Hayes's presidency.

"The Mexican border also drew Hayes's attention.

An 1878 dispute between Argentina and Paraguay that Hayes had arbitrated and decided in favor of Paraguay, giving Paraguay 60% of its current territory, later led to the naming of a province in the region after him: Presidente Hayes Department (capital: Villa Hayes); an official holiday: Laudo Hayes Firm Day, the anniversary of the decision, celebrated in Presidente Hayes province; a local soccer team: Club Presidente Hayes (also known as "Los Yanquis"), based in the national capital, Asuncion; a postage stamp,

President Hayes' middle name was Burcher, his mother's maiden name.


He ranks second in franchise history in shutouts.

Jesse Joseph Haines (July 22, 1893 – August 5, 1978), nicknamed "Pop", was a right-handed pitcher in for the Cincinnati Reds and St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB).

Haines pitched on three World Series championship teams.

Haines pitched on three World Series championship teams, winning two games in the 1926 World Series.

He won 20 games or more three times for the Cardinals and won three World Series championships (in 1926, 1931, and 1934), though he did not pitch in the 1931 series.

In game seven of that series, Haines developed a bleeding blister and had to be removed from the game with the bases loaded in the seventh inning.

He retired with a 210–158 record, 981 strikeouts, 3.64 ERA, and 32082⁄3 innings pitched.

Despite a 13–20 record, he pitched 3012⁄3 innings, the highest output of his career, and recorded a 2.98 ERA.

Branch Rickey of the St. Louis Cardinals noticed Haines while he was pitching in Kansas City, but the team was struggling with money.

He had played briefly in the major leagues with the Cincinnati Reds in 1918, but he returned to the minor leagues.

Jesse Haines nicknamed "Pop", was a right-handed pitcher in for the Cincinnati Reds and St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB), pitched on three World Series championship teams, and ranks first in franchise history in shutouts.


Moonlight is not actually tinted blue, and despite often being described as "silvery", it has no inherent silvery quality.

that of the Sun. The color of moonlight, particularly around full moon, appears bluish to the human eye compared to most artificial light sources due to the Purkinje effect.

In 2008 Katie Paterson produced an artwork titled Light bulb to Simulate Moonlight.

Moonlight is no longer thought of as the cause.

In folklore, moonlight sometimes has a harmful influence.

Moonlight takes approximately 1.26 seconds to reach Earth's surface.

Nyctalopia (night blindness caused by a lack of vitamin A) was thought to be caused by sleeping in moonlight in the tropics.

The light of the Moon was thought to worsen the symptoms of lunatics, and to sleep in moonlight could make one blind, or mad.

Moonlight consists of mostly sunlight (with little earthlight) reflected from the parts of the Moon's surface where the Sun's light strikes.

The intensity of moonlight varies greatly depending on the lunar phase, but even the full Moon typically provides only about 0.05–0.1 lux illumination.

Moonlight appears bluish to the human eye although it is really silver.


Saturn is probably best known for the system of planetary rings that makes it visually unique.

Some of the moons of Saturn, including Pandora and Prometheus, act as shepherd moons to confine the rings and prevent them from spreading out.

One hypothesis is that the rings are remnants of a destroyed moon of Saturn.

Some ice in the E ring comes from the moon Enceladus's geysers.

Beyond the main rings at a distance of 12 million km from the planet is the sparse Phoebe ring, which is tilted at an angle of 27° to the other rings and, like Phoebe, orbits in retrograde fashion.

Saturn and its rings are best seen when the planet is at, or near, opposition, the configuration of a planet when it is at an elongation of 180°, and thus appears opposite the Sun in the sky.

At least 82 moons are known to orbit Saturn, of which 53 are officially named; this does not include the hundreds of moonlets in its rings.

Titan, the largest moon, comprises more than 90% of the mass in orbit around Saturn, including the rings.

From time to time, Saturn is occulted by the Moon (that is, the Moon covers up Saturn in the sky).

The second hypothesis is that the rings are left over from the original nebular material from which Saturn was formed.

The planet Saturn has rings and moons.


Animal Farm has been adapted to film twice.

In 2018, the government made the decision to censor all online posts about or referring to Animal Farm.

Eliot said he found the view "not convincing", and contended that the pigs were made out to be the best to run the farm; he posited that someone might argue "what was needed... was not more communism but more public-spirited pigs".

Similarly to Benjamin, Muriel is one of the few animals on the farm who is not a pig but can read.

However, their eggs are soon taken from them under the premise of buying goods from outside Animal Farm.

All animals are equal. These commandments are also distilled into the maxim "Four legs good, two legs bad!" which is primarily used by the sheep on the farm, often to disrupt discussions and disagreements between animals on the nature of Animalism.

This is an ironic twist to the original purpose of the Seven Commandments, which were supposed to keep order within Animal Farm by uniting the animals together against the humans and preventing animals from following the humans' evil habits.

Animal Farm (1954) is an animated film, in which Napoleon is eventually overthrown in a second revolution.

Animal Farm shares land boundaries with Pinchfield on one side and Foxwood on another, making Animal Farm a "buffer zone" between the two bickering farmers.

An allegory of Joseph Stalin,  Napoleon is the leader of Animal Farm.

Animal Farm has been made into a movie.


His father was born in Kenya and was of Gujarati Indian descent.

Kingsley's paternal grandfather was a successful spice trader who had moved from India to Zanzibar, where Kingsley's father lived until moving to the UK at the age of 14.

Kingsley was appointed Knight Bachelor in 2002 for services to the British film industry.

The award was announced on 31 December 2001, which happened to be Kingsley's 58th birthday.

Kingsley is a Quaker. Kingsley was made a Knight Bachelor in the 2002 New Year Honours for services to the British film industry.

At about this time, he changed his name to Ben Kingsley, fearing that a foreign name would hamper his career.

Since then, Kingsley appears to have altered his stance; credits for his latest films refer to him as Ben Kingsley.

Sir Ben Kingsley (born Krishna Pandit Bhanji; 31 December 1943) is an English actor.

Kingsley's maternal grandfather was believed by the family to have been of Russian- or German-Jewish descent, while his maternal grandmother was English and worked in the garment district of London's East End.

Kingsley studied at De La Salle College in Salford, which later became home to the Ben Kingsley Theatre.

Co-star Penélope Cruz was reportedly unsure what to call him during the filming of Elegy as someone had told her she needed to refer to him as "Sir Ben".

Ben Kingsley's parents were British descendants.


She released her third mixtape, Beam Me

Up Scotty, on April 18, 2009; it received favorable coverage on BET and MTV.

Born in the Saint James district of Port of Spain and raised in the Queens borough of New York City, she gained public recognition after releasing the mixtapes

In 2016, Minaj stated she has learned the ins and outs of business so she could do it herself.

Up Scotty (2009). Early in her career, Minaj was known for her colorful costumes and wigs.

She released her third mixtape, Beam Me

But once I started doing all that weird shit—I'm not mad at it because it got everyone's attention.

Onika Tanya Maraj was born in Saint James on December 8, 1982,

Onika Tanya Maraj-Petty (born December 8, 1982), known professionally as Nicki Minaj (), is a Trinidadian-born rapper, singer, songwriter, actress, and model.

Career | 2012–2013: Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded and The Re-Up

documentary titled Nicki Minaj: My Truth.

But she has also drawn attention to the ways in which power can be embodied by a woman standing up for herself and speaking her own mind.

Born in the Port of Spain, Nicki Minaj was given attention early in her career once she released Beam Me Up Scotty.


Many members of the new assembly (comparatively few bishops, but many doctors of theology and of canon and civil law, procurators of bishops, deputies of universities, cathedral chapters, provosts, etc., agents and representatives of princes, etc.) strongly favored the voluntary abdication of all three popes, as did King Sigismund.

According to Joseph McCabe, the council was attended by roughly 29 cardinals, 100 "learned doctors of law and divinity", 134 abbots, and 183 bishops and archbishops.

Gregory XII's cardinals were accepted as true cardinals by the council, but the members of the council delayed electing a new pope for fear that a new pope would restrict further discussion of pressing issues in the church.

The famous decree Haec Sancta Synodus, which gave primacy to the authority of the council and thus became a source for ecclesial conciliarism, was promulgated in the fifth session, 6 April 1415: Legitimately assembled in the holy Spirit, constituting a general council and representing the Catholic church militant, it has power immediately from Christ; and everyone of whatever state or dignity, even papal, is bound to obey it in those matters which pertain to the faith, the eradication of the said schism, and the general reform of the said church of God in head and members.

The vote by nations was in great measure the initiative of the English, German, and French members.

The Council of Constance was a 15th-century ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church, held from 1414 to 1418 in the Bishopric of Constance in present-day Germany.

Sigismund arrived on Christmas Eve 1414 and exercised a profound and continuous influence on the course of the council in his capacity of imperial protector of the church.

The church declared the first sessions of the Council of Constance an invalid and illicit assembly of bishops, gathered under the authority of John XXIII.

This decree, however, is not considered valid by the Magisterium of the Catholic Church, since it was never approved by Pope Gregory XII or his successors, and was passed by the council in a session before his confirmation.

" This holy synod of Constance, seeing that God's church has nothing more that it can do

Former Pope Gregory XII was then created titular Cardinal Bishop of Porto and Santa Ruffina by the council, with rank immediately below the Pope (which made him the highest-ranking person in the church, since, due to his abdication, the See of Peter in Rome was vacant).

The council was composed all sorts of people, not just members of the church.


Precursors | Canals dug by Necho, Darius I and Ptolemy

Remnants of an ancient west–east canal through the ancient Egyptian cities of Bubastis, Pi-Ramesses, and Pithom were discovered by Napoleon Bonaparte and his engineers and cartographers in 1799.According to the Histories of the Greek historian Herodotus, about 600 BCE, Necho II undertook to dig a west–east canal through the Wadi Tumilat between Bubastis and Heroopolis, and perhaps continued it to the Heroopolite Gulf and the Red Sea.

History | Construction by the Suez Canal Company | Construction (1859–1869)

Some sources estimate that over 30,000 people were working on the canal at any given period, that more than 1.5 million people from various countries were employed, and that thousands of labourers died, many of them from cholera and similar epidemics.

The length that Herodotus tells, of over 1000 stadia (i.e., over 114 miles (183 km)), must be understood to include the entire distance between the Nile and the Red Sea at that time.

When the canal had been dug as I ordered, ships went from Egypt through this canal to Persia, even as I intended.

Chalouf or Shaloof), located just south of the Great Bitter Lake, had become so blocked with silt that Darius needed to clear it out so as to allow navigation once again.

I ordered this canal dug from the river called the Nile that flows in Egypt, to the sea that begins in Persia.

Necho's project was completed by Darius I of Persia, who ruled over Ancient Egypt after it had been conquered by his predecessor Cambyses II.

History | Construction by the Suez Canal Company | Preparations (1854–1858)

The Suez Canal Company (Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez) came into being on 15 December 1858.

Bourdaloue's survey of the isthmus was the first generally accepted evidence that there was no practical difference in altitude between the two seas.

This was dated to the Middle Kingdom of Egypt by extrapolating the dates of ancient sites along its course.

Port Said on 25 April 1859. The excavation took some 10 years, with forced labour (corvée) being employed until 1864 to dig-out the canal.

There in which the canal is located had shown archaeological evidence of many canals being dug there over the course of history.


After the Portuguese took control of the city in the 15th century AD, they rebuilt it, changing the name to Casa Branca ([kazɐ'bɾɐ̃kɐ]), meaning 'white house' in Portuguese.

The original name of Casablanca was Anfa (Neo-Tifinagh: ⴰⵏⴼⴰ), in Berber language, by at least the seventh century BC.

Visitors also come to see the city's rich architectural heritage.

The area which is today Casablanca was founded and settled by Berbers by at least the seventh century BC.

About 33% of national industrial exports, MAD 27 billion, comes from the Grand Casablanca; 30% of the Moroccan banking network is concentrated in Casablanca.

During the French protectorate in Morocco, the name remained Casablanca (pronounced [kazablɑ̃ka]).

99.9% of the population of Morocco are Arab and Berber Muslims.

In his book Description of Africa, Leo Africanus refers to ancient Casablanca as "Anfa", a great city founded in the Berber kingdom of Barghawata in 744 AD.

The École des Beaux-Arts of Casablanca was founded in 1919 by a French Orientalist painter named Édouard Brindeau de Jarny, who started his career teaching drawing at Lycée Lyautey.

The present name, which is the Spanish version (pronounced [ka̠sa̠ˈβ̞la̠ŋka̠]), came when the Portuguese kingdom was integrated in personal union to the Spanish kingdom.

It was rebuilt by Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah who changed the name into the local Arabic Ad-dār al-Bayḍā' (الدار البيضاء), although occasionally "Casablanca" is written in Arabic (كازابلانكا, Kāzāblānkā).

The name for Casablanca comes from the Berbers.


When Max Allan Collins wrote the graphic novel Road to Perdition, his book agent saw potential in the story as a film adaptation and showed it to a film agent.

Novelist Max Allan Collins acknowledged the influence of Lone Wolf and Cub on his graphic novel Road to Perdition in an interview to the BBC, declaring that "Road To Perdition is 'an unabashed homage' to Lone Wolf and Cub".

Mendes described Road to Perdition as a "poetic, elegiac story, in which the pictures tell the story".

One theme that he saw in the story was of the parents' world that is inaccessible to their children.

DreamWorks sent Mendes Road to Perdition as a prospect, and Mendes was attracted to the story, considering it "narratively very simple, but thematically very complex".

Mendes filmed Road to Perdition using the Super 35 format.

Duplicate language in characters' confrontations in Road to Perdition was trimmed to the absolute minimum.

Road to Perdition is a 2002 American crime drama film directed by Sam Mendes.

In the final 20 minutes of Road to Perdition, the script was written to have only six lines of dialogue.

In 2016, Brash Books published Collins' original version of the novelization as Road to Perdition: The New, Expanded Edition Road to Perdition was released on DVD on February 25, 2003, in both full screen and anamorphic widescreen versions.

Road to Perdition is based on an illustrated story.


It has received mixed to negative reviews, with most critics noting poor literary qualities of the work.

A version of the novel from Christian's point of view, Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian, was published in June 2015 as the fourth book.

Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2011 erotic romance novel by British author E. L. James.

Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best-seller lists around the world, including those of the United Kingdom and the United States.

Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best-seller lists around the world, selling over 125 million copies worldwide by June 2015.

Dr. Drew commented that the book was "horribly written" in addition to being "disturbing" but stated that "if the book enhances women's real-life sex lives and intimacy, so be it." In March 2012, branches of the public library in Brevard County, Florida, removed copies of Fifty Shades of Grey from their shelves, with an official statement that it did not meet the selection criteria for the library and that reviews for the book had been poor.

Her best friend is Katherine "Kate" Kavanagh, who writes for the college newspaper.

The first, titled Fifty Shades of Grey, was released as an e-book and a print on demand paperback in May 2011 by The Writers' Coffee Shop, a virtual publisher based in Australia.

It became the first instalment in the Fifty Shades novel series that follows the deepening relationship between a college graduate, Anastasia Steele, and a young business magnate, Christian Grey.

The second and third volumes of the original trilogy, Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed, were published in 2012.

On 1 August 2012, Amazon UK announced that it had sold more copies of Fifty Shades of Grey than it had any individual book in the Harry Potter series, though worldwide the Harry Potter series sold more than 450 million copies compared with Fifty Shades of Grey's sales of 60 million copies.

Fifty Shades of Grey earned rave reviews for its superior writing.


Aleksandr II Nikolayevich, IPA: Aleksandr II Nikolayevich, IPA: [ɐlʲɪˈksandr ftɐˈroj nʲɪkɐˈlajɪvʲɪtɕ]; 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881) was the Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination on 13 March 1881.Alexander's most significant reform as emperor was emancipation of Russia's serfs in 1861, for which he is known as Alexander the Liberator (Russian: Алекса́ндр

For his social reforms in Russia and his role in the liberation of Bulgaria, Alexander II became known in Bulgaria as the "Tsar-Liberator of Russians and Bulgarians".

In 1864, Alexander II found Nicholas a bride, Princess Dagmar of Denmark, second daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark and younger sister to Alexandra, Princess of Wales and King George I of Greece.

Reign | Reforms | Emancipation of the serfs

The measure was the first and most important of the liberal reforms made by Alexander II.

After the failure of the Constantinople Conference, at the beginning of 1877 Emperor Alexander II started diplomatic preparations with the other Great Powers to secure their neutrality in case of a war between Russia and the Ottomans.

In 1873, a quarrel broke out between the courts of Queen Victoria and Alexander II, when Victoria's second son, Prince Alfred, made it known that he wished to marry the Grand Duchess.

A monument to Alexander II was erected in 1907 in Sofia in the "National Assembly" square, opposite to the Parliament building.

Alexander II considered such agreements paramount in avoiding the possibility of causing his country a disaster similar to the Crimean War.

Alexander II (Russian: Алекса́ндр II Никола́евич, tr.

Alexander maintained a generally liberal course.

Alexander II was the King of Russia  and is known as Alexander the Liberator.


The plot takes place in 1931, during the Great Depression, following a mob enforcer and his son as they seek vengeance against a mobster who murdered the rest of their family.

In 1931, during the Great Depression, Michael Sullivan, Sr. is an enforcer for Irish mob boss John Rooney in Rock Island, Illinois.

Ringel Gillespie of The Atlanta Journal-Constitution enjoyed the film's cinematography and Depression-era setting, as well as the performances of Hanks and Newman.

Gassner built sets that could capture the cold look of the era.

The cinematography, setting, and the lead performances by Hanks and Newman were well received by critics.

Paul Clinton of CNN said: "While these deeply human issues are touched upon, they're never fully explored, and that undermines the sense of greatness to which this movie obviously aspires".

The encounter is a set-up, with Rance stalling Sullivan until Maguire enters with a shotgun.

Sets were built inside the armory, including interiors of the Sullivan family's home and the Rooney mansion.

Mendes sought a muted palette for the film, having dark backgrounds and sets with dark, muted greens and grays.

Shortly afterward, Spielberg set up the project at his studio DreamWorks, though he did not pursue direction of the film due to his full slate.

Road to Perdition's setting is Great Depression.


In 1869, Uriah Smith Stephens, James L. Wright, and a small group of Philadelphia tailors founded a secret organization known as the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor.

In 1886, right after the peak of the Knights of Labor, they started to lose more members to the American Federation of Labor.

In Chicago, James and Emily Talmadge, printers and supporters of the Knights of Labor, published the songbook "Labor Songs Dedicated to the Knights of Labor" (1885).

Knights of Labor (K of L), officially Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, was an American labor federation active in the late 19th century, especially the 1880s.

Though often overlooked, the Knights of Labor contributed to the tradition of labor protest songs in America.

The only woman to hold office in the Knights of Labor, Leonora Barry, worked as an investigator.

The Knights of Labor attracted many Catholics, who were a large part of the membership, perhaps a majority.

The Knights strongly supported passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and the Contract Labor Law of 1885, as did many other labor groups, demonstrating the limits of their commitment to solidarity.

As membership expanded, the Knights began to function more as a labor union and less of a secret organization.

During the 1880s, the Knights of Labor played a huge role in independent and third-party movements.

The Knights of Labor were started by tailors.


It is the sequel to The Avengers (2012) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and the 19th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).

The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers: Infinity War – Part 1.

Avengers: Infinity War is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures.

In 2016, Marvel shortened the title to Avengers: Infinity War.

Likewise, Zacharek said, "There's no pacing in Avengers: Infinity War.

Avengers: Infinity War held its world premiere on April 23, 2018, in Los Angeles, and was released in the United States on April 27, as part of Phase Three of the MCU.

In January 2018, Marvel Comics published a two-issue prequel comic titled Avengers: Infinity War Prelude, which serves as a bridge between Captain America: Civil War and Avengers: Infinity War.

Reception | Box office | United States and Canada

Avengers: Infinity War earned an additional $25 million the Monday after its opening weekend, which was the highest-grossing Monday in April, beating Furious 7 (2015) ($14 million), and the second-best Monday gross for an MCU film, after Black Panther ($40.1 million).

In October 2014, Marvel announced a two-part sequel to Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), titled Avengers: Infinity War.

"Avengers: Infinity War ably juggles a dizzying array of MCU heroes in the fight against their gravest threat yet, and the result is a thrilling, emotionally resonant blockbuster that (mostly) realizes its gargantuan ambitions.

Avengers: Infinity War was the nineteenth MCU film and the third Avenger film.


The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war and is often described as the war's turning point.

Historical assessment | Decisive victory controversies

Gettysburg was a landmark battle, the largest of the war and it would not be surpassed.

The south winning the Battle of Gettysburg is a popular premise for a point of divergence in American Civil War alternate histories.

The Battle of Gettysburg (locally  (listen)) was fought July 1–3, 1863, in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, by Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War.

The Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved 1,022 acres (4.14 km2) of the battlefield in more than 30 separate transactions since 1997.

Although Gettysburg is one of the best known of all Civil War battlefields, it too faces threats to its preservation and interpretation.

Here are some examples which either depict or make significant reference to an alternate Battle of Gettysburg (sometimes simply inserting fantasy or sci-fi elements in an account of the battle):  Novels: Bring the Jubilee by Ward Moore; If the South Had Won the Civil War by Mackinlay Kantor; Civil War Trilogy (Gettysburg, Grant Comes East, Never Call Retreat) by Newt Gingrich, William R. Forstchen, and Albert S. Hanser; Stonewall Jackson at Gettysburg by Douglas Lee Gibboney; By Force of Arms by Billy Bennett.

The Civil War Trust also successfully purchased and transferred 95 acres at the former site of the Gettysburg Country Club to the control of the U.S. Department of the Interior in 2011.Less than half of the over 11,500 acres on the old Gettysburg Battlefield have been preserved for posterity thus far.

During this ceremony, President Abraham Lincoln honored the fallen and redefined the purpose of the war in his historic Gettysburg Address.

Second day of battle | Attacks on the Union left flank

The defense of Little Round Top with a bayonet charge by the 20th Maine, ordered by Col. Joshua L. Chamberlain but possibly led by Lt. Holman S. Melcher, was one of the most fabled episodes in the Civil War and propelled Col. Chamberlain into prominence after the war.

Battle of Gettysburg is refereed to as the inflection point of the American Civil War.


In her view, Buck delves deeply into the lives of the Chinese poor and opposed "religious fundamentalism, racial prejudice, gender oppression, sexual repression, and discrimination against the disabled." Buck wrote the novel in Nanjing, spending mornings in the attic of her university house to complete the manuscript in one year (ca. 1929).

However, the 1937 film, The Good Earth, which was based on the stage version, was more successful.

Some scholars have seen The Good Earth as creating sympathy for China in the oncoming war with Japan.

The Good Earth is a novel by Pearl S. Buck published in 1931 that dramatizes family life in a Chinese village in the early 20th century.

If they had, Americans would have been fighting in Asia long before 1941."The Columbia University political scientist Andrew J. Nathan praised Hilary Spurling's book Pearl Buck in China: Journey to The Good Earth, saying that it should move readers to rediscover Buck's work as a source of insight into both revolutionary China and the United States' interactions with it.

It is the first book in her House of Earth trilogy, continued in Sons (1932) and A House Divided (1935).

A woman of few words, she is uneducated but nonetheless is valuable to Wang Lung for her skills, good sense, and indomitable work ethic.

"If China had not captured the American imagination," said one, "it might just have been possible to work out a more satisfactory Far Eastern policy," but such works as The Good Earth, "infused with an understandable compassion for the suffering Chinese, did little to inform Americans about their limited options in Asia." The diplomatic historian Walter LaFeber, however, although he agrees that Americans grew enamored of heroic Chinese portrayed by writers such as Buck, concluded that "these views of China did not shape U.S. policy after 1937.

The Good Earth advocates religion as a healthy means of coping with an unfair reality.


Since their independence from Portugal and Spain in the early 19th century, the Empire of Brazil and the Spanish-American countries of South America were troubled by territorial disputes.

Background | Political situation before the war

The war has also been attributed to the after-effects of colonialism in South America, with border conflicts between the new states, the struggle for power among neighboring nations over the strategic Río de la Plata region, Brazilian and Argentine meddling in internal Uruguayan politics (which had already caused the Platine War), and Solano López's efforts to help his allies in Uruguay (previously defeated by the Brazilians), as well as his presumed expansionist ambitions.

In 1750, the Treaty of Madrid separated the Portuguese and Spanish areas of South America in lines that mostly corresponded to present-day boundaries.

The Americas. The Americas. 38 (4): 463–479.

Signed by Portugal and Spain in 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas proved ineffective in the following centuries as both colonial powers expanded their frontiers in South America and elsewhere.

The War helped the Brazilian Empire to reach its peak of political and military influence, becoming the Great Power of South America, and also helped to bring about the end of slavery in Brazil, moving the military into a key role in the public sphere.

Brazil was the first country to recognize the independence of Paraguay, in 1844.

However, Brazil had difficulty obtaining permission from the government in Asunción to freely use the Paraguay River for its shipping needs.

Wars of the Americas. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.

The war begins | Paraguayan offensive in Mato Grosso

The Brazilians withdrew from the area in April 1868, moving their troops to the main theatre of operations, in the south of Paraguay.

As no roads linked the inland province of Mato Grosso to Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian ships needed to travel through Paraguayan territory, going up the Paraguay River to arrive at Cuiabá.

Paraguay war has been associated with post-colonial tensions in South America.


The estimates yielded by these methods still vary over a large range, from 0.5 to 2 billion years old.

Two main approaches have been used to infer the age of the inner core: thermodynamic modeling of the cooling of the Earth, and analysis of paleomagnetic evidence.

With those values, they obtained an upper bound of 4.2 billion years for the age of the inner core, compatible with the paleomagnetic evidence.

They further speculate that the change may have been due to growth of the solid inner core between 3.5 and 2 billion years ago.

Considering other evidence of high frequency of magnetic field reversals around that time, they speculate that those anomalies could be due to the onset of formation of the inner core, which would then be 0.5 billion years old.

In 2016, P. Driscoll published an evolving numerical dynamo model that made a detailed prediction of the paleomagnetic field evolution over 0-2 Ga.

In 2011, Smirnov and others published an analysis of the paleomagnetism in a large sample of rocks that formed in the Neoarchean (2.8 to 2.5 billion years ago) and the Proterozoic (2.5 to 0.541 billion).

In 2001, S. Labrosse and others, assuming that there were no radioactive elements in the core, gave an estimate of 1±0.5 billion years for the age of the inner core — considerably less than the estimated age of the Earth and of its liquid core (about 4.5 billion years) In 2003, the same group concluded that, if the core contained a reasonable amount of radioactive elements, the inner core's age could be a few hundred million years older.

The higher values for electrical conductivity led to increased estimates of the thermal conductivity, to 90 W/m·K; which, in turn, lowered estimates of its age to less than 700 million years old.

One of the ways to estimate the age of the inner core is by modeling the cooling of the Earth, constrained by a minimum value for the heat flux at the core–mantle boundary (CMB).

The inner core could be from .5 to 2 billions years old from thermodynamic modeling and paleomagnetic evidence.


Knights of Labor (K of L), officially Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, was an American labor federation active in the late 19th century, especially the 1880s.

In 1882, the Knights ended their membership rituals and removed the words "Noble Order" from their name.

The Knights of Labor attracted many Catholics, who were a large part of the membership, perhaps a majority.

In 1869, Uriah Smith Stephens, James L. Wright, and a small group of Philadelphia tailors founded a secret organization known as the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor.

The Panic of 1893 terminated the Knights of Labor's importance.

This gave momentum to the Knights and membership surged.

As membership expanded, the Knights began to function more as a labor union and less of a secret organization.

The Knights of Labor barred five groups from membership: bankers, land speculators, lawyers, liquor dealers and gamblers.

They also called for legislation to end child and convict labor as well as a graduated income tax.

After the Archbishop of Quebec condemned the Knights in 1884, twelve American archbishops voted 10 to 2 against doing likewise in the United States.

The Knights of Labor's official name was Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor and eventually discarded 2 parts in the title and ended their membership rituals.


The Battles of Saratoga (September 19 and October 7, 1777) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign, giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War.

They decided to split the Thirteen Colonies and isolate New England from what they believed to be the more Loyalist middle and southern colonies.

First Saratoga: Battle of Freeman's Farm (September 19) | Prelude

The American camp had become a bed of festering intrigue ever since Arnold's return from Fort Stanwix.

Second Saratoga: Battle of Bemis Heights (October 7) | British foray

Burgoyne decided to reconnoiter the American left flank to see if an attack was possible.

First Saratoga: Battle of Freeman's Farm (September 19) | Battle

The battle then went through phases alternating between intense fighting and breaks in the action.

However, after the Battles of Saratoga were conclusively won by the colonists, France realized that the Americans had the hope of winning the war, and began fully aiding the colonists by sending soldiers, donations, loans, military arms, and supplies.

The British learned that the Americans would fight bravely and effectively.

This battle culminated in heavy fighting marked by Arnold's spirited rallying of the American troops.

There was then a lull in the fighting around 1:00 pm as Hamilton's men began to form up on the north side of the field, and American reinforcements began to arrive from the south.

His campaign had become bogged down in difficulties following a victory at Fort Ticonderoga.

Most of Burgoyne's Indian support had fled following the loss at Bennington, and his situation was becoming difficult.

Battles of Saratoga was the deciding win for the Americans in their fight to become independent from England.


Dafoe has dual citizenship of the United States and Italy.

Biography | 2010–present: Continued acclaim and success

Dafoe then starred in the Australian drama The Hunter, playing a professional hunter who travels to Tasmania to hunt down the world's only remaining thylacine.

William James "Willem" Dafoe (born July 22, 1955) is an American actor.

Biography | 1955–1978: Early life and acting in theater

In high school, he acquired the nickname Willem, which is the Dutch version of the name William.

Only after becoming an actor, he took the second interpretation as his stage name.

Biography | 1986–1989: Breakthrough, first Oscar nomination, and controversial roles

Dafoe starred alongside Judge Reinhold in Roadhouse 66 (1985) as a pair of yuppies who become stranded in a town on U.S. Route 66.

Biography | 2000–2009: Shadow of the Vampire, Spider-Man and prolificity

Dafoe and Charlotte Gainsbourg played a couple whose relationship becomes increasingly sexually violent and sadomasochistic after retreating to a cabin in the woods following the death of their child.

Biography | 1990–1999: Balancing independent and blockbuster films

Roger Ebert praised Dafoe's "gifted" portrayal of LeTour and Owen Gleiberman opined that "even when the film doesn't gel, one is held by Willem Dafoe's grimly compelling performance."Dafoe

Dafoe played the Norman Osborn incarnation of the Green Goblin, the billionaire founder and owner of the corporation Oscorp, becoming the Green Goblin after testing an unstable strength enhancer on himself, turning him insane and making him extremely powerful.

In the period drama Victory—which was filmed in 1994 and premiered in Europe in 1996, but was released until 1998—Dafoe played a European Axel living on an island in the Southeast Asia who becomes the target of redemption after preventing a woman, played Irène Jacob, from being raped.

Dafoe said in 2010, "We were having lunch

Willem Dafoe travels to France so often that he deceided to become a citizen of France too.


Ventilation was so bad that the interior smelled, and when it was decided to install gas lamps, there was a serious worry about the build-up of gas on the lower floors.

There are 775 rooms, including 188 staff bedrooms, 92 offices, 78 bathrooms, 52 principal bedrooms, and 19 state rooms.

History | First houses on the site | Buckingham House

Sheffield's leasehold on the mulberry garden site, the freehold of which was still owned by the royal family, was due to expire in 1774.

Modern history | 21st century: Royal use and public access

The forecourt of Buckingham Palace is used for the Changing of the Guard, a major ceremony and tourist attraction (

This event was shown in cinemas throughout the UK to show the common suffering of rich and poor.

While St James's Palace remained the official and ceremonial royal residence, the name "Buckingham-palace" was used from at least 1791.After his accession to the throne in 1820, King George IV continued the renovation with the idea in mind of a small, comfortable home.

The house which forms the architectural core of the palace was built for the first Duke of Buckingham and Normanby in 1703 to the design of William Winde.

Many of the contents of Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, Kensington Palace, and St James's Palace are part of the Royal Collection, held in trust by the Sovereign; they can, on occasion, be viewed by the public at the Queen's Gallery, near the Royal Mews.

Buckingham House was eventually sold by Buckingham's illegitimate son, Sir Charles Sheffield, in 1761 to George III for £21,000.

For many years the palace was seldom used, even neglected.

Buckingham Palace (UK: ) is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the monarch of the United Kingdom.

The Buckingham Palace used to stink due to poor ventilation.


A symbol of Christianity across the world, the statue has also become a cultural icon of both Rio de Janeiro and Brazil, and is listed as one of the New7Wonders of the World.

The restoration involved one hundred people and used more than 60,000 pieces of stone taken from the same quarry as the original statue.

The designs considered for the "Statue of the Christ" included a representation of the Christian cross, a statue of Jesus with a globe in his hands, and a pedestal symbolizing the world.

During the unveiling of the restored statue, it was illuminated with green-and-yellow lighting in support of the Brazil national football team playing in the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

The staute is one of the New7Wonders of the World.


Covertly financed and directed by the U.S. government, the operation took place at the height of the Cold War, and its failure led to major shifts in international relations between Cuba, the United States, and the Soviet Union.

Later analysis | Invasion legacy in Cuba

After the invasion, he pursued closer relations with the Soviet Union, partly for protection, that helped pave the way for the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.

The conference was titled Bay of Pigs: 40 Years After.

The hypothesis of a landing at the Bay of Pigs, or the invasion of Cuba, had political and economic causes.

The Bay of Pigs invasion (Spanish: invasión de bahía de Cochinos; sometimes called invasión de playa Girón or batalla de Girón, after the Playa Girón) was a failed landing operation on the southwestern coast of Cuba in 1961 by Cuban exiles who opposed Fidel Castro's Cuban Revolution.

Immediately following the Bay of Pigs invasion, the Kennedy Administration considered complete trade restrictions with Cuba.

At about 00:00 on 17 April 1961, the two LCIs Blagar and Barbara J, each with a CIA 'operations officer' and an Underwater Demolition Team of five frogmen, entered the Bay of Pigs (Bahía de Cochinos) on the southern coast of Cuba.

In mid-1960, CIA operative E. Howard Hunt had interviewed Cubans in Havana; in a 1997 interview with CNN, he said, "... all I could find was a lot of enthusiasm for Fidel Castro." For many Latin Americans, the Bay of Pigs Invasion served to reinforce the already widely held belief that the U.S. could not be trusted.

Preparation | Kennedy's operational approval

In March 1961, the CIA helped Cuban exiles in Miami to create the Cuban Revolutionary Council, chaired by José Miró Cardona, former Prime Minister of Cuba.

On 4 April 1961, President Kennedy approved the Bay of Pigs plan (also known as Operation Zapata), because it had a sufficiently long airfield, it was farther away from large groups of civilians than the Trinidad plan, and it was less "noisy" militarily, which would make denial of direct U.S. involvement more plausible.

Historians often attest the Bay of Pigs fiasco made Castro even more popular, adding nationalistic sentiments in support of his economic policies.

The Bay of Pigs Invasion was an operation in Cuba but failed and helped relations with Russia and the US.


Farfetch has offices in 11 cities and employs over 3,000 staff.

Farfetch is an online luxury fashion retail platform that sells products from over 700 boutiques and brands from around the world.

Farfetch achieves approximately 10 million site visits per month and ships to customers in almost 190 countries.

" The business continues to grow, and in 2013, it retailed products from over 1500 global fashion brands, attracting 4.3 million weekly visitors to the site.

Farfetch is led by José Neves, the founder of the business..

In February 2019, Farfetch agreed to merge its Chinese business with JD.com.

Investors included Advent Ventures Partners, Condé Nast International, Index Ventures, Novel TMT, e.ventures and Vitruvian Partners.

This boutique is run independently from Farfetch by a newly-appointed CEO Holli Rogers who joined the business in July 2015.

The e-commerce company operates local-language websites and mobile apps for international markets in English, Spanish, French, Japanese, Chinese, Arabic, German, Portuguese, Korean, Italian and Russian.

Farfetch was founded in 2007 by José Neves, a Portuguese entrepreneur who has been active in the world of fashion start-ups since the 1990s, when he launched the shoe design business SWEAR.

Business was bad, they couldn't rely on local custom any more

Farfetch developed the proprietary business units Farfetch Black & White and Store of the Future in 2015.In May 2016, Farfetch secured a Series F round of investment of US $110 million, led by new investors Temasek, IDG Capital Partners and Eurazeo with existing investor Vitruvian Partners participating.

Farfetch is an international business with 10 site locations worldwide.


The film is based on the story of John Wojtowicz.

It adheres to the basic facts of what happened, according to a Life article published on September 22, 1972, entitled "The Boys in the Bank".

Although Dog Day Afternoon was released nationally in 1975, it is based on events that took place in Brooklyn three years earlier, in August 1972.

Wojtowicz wrote a letter to The New York Times in 1975 claiming that the events of the film were "only 30% true.

Dog Day Afternoon is a 1975 American biographical neo-noir crime drama film directed by Sidney Lumet, written by Frank Pierson, and produced by Martin Bregman and Martin Elfand.

Dog Day Afternoon was released in the United States on September 21, 1975, and received near-universal acclaim for the performances of its cast, its directing, and its screenplay.

The table below summarizes the main cast of Dog Day Afternoon.

Upon its release, Dog Day Afternoon received largely positive reviews.

In 2009, Dog Day Afternoon was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress, and was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.

Dog Day Afternoon ranks 443rd on Empire's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time.

Dog Day Afternoon is notable for its anti-establishment tone, and marks the third collaboration between Pacino and Cazale, after The Godfather.

The 1975 film Dog Day Afternoon is based on a true story.


Iron Maiden were formed on Christmas Day, 25 December 1975 by bassist Steve Harris shortly after he left his previous group, Smiler.

Popoff, Martin (2013). 2 Minutes to Midnight: An Iron Maiden Day-by-Day.

History | Dance of Death and A Matter of Life and Death (2003–2007)

the World Tour, which, tying in with their 2004 DVD entitled The History of Iron Maiden – Part 1: The Early Days, only featured material from their first four albums.

The aircraft, named "Ed Force One" after a competition on the band's website, was flown by Dickinson, as he was also a commercial airline pilot for Astraeus, and plays a major role in the award-winning documentary, Iron Maiden: Flight 666, which was released in cinemas in 42 countries in April 2009.

It was also repainted with a special Iron Maiden livery, which the airline decided to retain after receiving positive feedback from customers.

For their Somewhere Back in Time World Tour in 2008 and 2009, Iron Maiden commissioned an Astraeus Airlines Boeing 757 as transport.

Image and legacy | Influence on other artists

Both current and former Dream Theater members John Petrucci, John Myung, and Mike Portnoy have stated that Iron Maiden were one of their biggest influences.

History | Blaze Bayley era, The X Factor and Virtual XI (1994–1999)

In 1998, Iron Maiden released Virtual XI, whose chart scores were the band's lowest to date, failing to score one million worldwide sales for the first time in the band's history.

History | Record contract and early releases (1978–1981)

The plan was always to get a second guitarist in, but finding one that could match Davey was really difficult." On New Year's Eve 1978, Iron Maiden recorded a demo, consisting of four songs, at Spaceward Studios in Cambridge.

Between 24 February and 28 April 1990, the individual parts were released one-by-one, each containing two of Iron Maiden's singles, including the original B-sides.

Iron Maiden started on Xmas Day.


In 1968, she obtained her PhD from the Weizmann Institute of Science for X-ray crystallographic studies on the structure of collagen, with Wolfie Traub as her PhD advisor.

In 2009, Yonath received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas A. Steitz for her studies on the structure and function of the ribosome, becoming the first Israeli woman to win the Nobel Prize out of ten Israeli Nobel laureates, the first woman from the Middle East to win a Nobel prize in the sciences, and the first woman in 45 years to win the Nobel Prize for Chemistry.

Ada E. Yonath (Hebrew: עדה יונת, pronounced [ˈada joˈnat]) (born 22 June 1939) is an Israeli crystallographer best known for her pioneering work on the structure of the ribosome.

She is the current director of the Helen and Milton A. Kimmelman Center for Biomolecular Structure and Assembly of the Weizmann Institute of Science.

At the Weizmann Institute, Yonath is the incumbent of the Martin S. and Helen Kimmel Professorial Chair.

She headed a Max-Planck Institute Research Unit at DESY in Hamburg, Germany (1986–2004) in parallel to her research activities at the Weizmann Institute.

She was the first Israeli woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize.

In 2006, Rothschild Prize in Life Sciences.

In 2009, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (co-recipient with Thomas Steitz and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan).

She has one daughter, Hagit Yonath, a doctor at Sheba Medical Center, and a granddaughter, Noa.

Ada E. Yonath got a Nobel prize for her study of ribosomes and she got her doctorate from the Weizmann Institute of Science.


Launched in October 2008, the Spotify platform provides access to over 50 million tracks.

In late 2016, the company launched its "largest [marketing] campaign to date", by placing large-scale billboards in major cities around the world that humorously mocked users' listening habits.

The Spotify app was launched on 7 October 2008.

History | Other developments | User growth

In countries affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, Spotify registered a fall in users in late February, but it has seen a recovery.

While free accounts remained available by invitation, the launch opened paid subscriptions to everyone.

Spotify launched in the United States in July 2011 and offered a six-month ad-supported trial period, where new users could listen to an unlimited amount of music for free.

Spotify has attracted significant criticism since its 2008 launch.

market". In June 2011, Spotify secured $100 million of funding and planned to use this to support its US launch.

At launch, the skipping feature was not featured to "reinforce the feel of radio", but it was quietly added later, and with no limits.

In December 2013, the company launched a new website, "Spotify for Artists", that explained its business model and revenue data.

Spotify launched in the late 2000s.


"We've Got the Moon and Sixpence", sung by Al Bowlly, takes its name from the book and Jack Kerouac

The Moon and Sixpence is at once a satire of Edwardian mores and a Gauguin biography." According to some sources, the title, the meaning of which is not explicitly revealed in the book, was taken from a review of Maugham's novel Of Human Bondage in which the novel's protagonist, Philip Carey, is described as "so busy yearning for the moon that he never saw the sixpence at his feet." According to a 1956 letter from Maugham, "If you look on the ground in search of a sixpence, you don't look up, and so miss the moon.

" Maugham's title echoes the description of Gauguin by his contemporary biographer, Meier-Graefe (1908): "He [Gauguin] may be charged with having always wanted something else." The book was made into a stage play in 1925 at the New Theatre with Henry Ainley as Strickland and Eileen Sharp as Ata and a film of the same name directed and written by Albert Lewin.

That book is The Moon and Sixpence.

mentions the book in his 1958 novella

The novel served as the basis for an opera, also titled The Moon and Sixpence, by John Gardner to a libretto by Patrick Terry; it was premiered at Sadlers Wells in 1957.Writer S Lee Pogostin

The book was mentioned in Agatha Christie's mystery (Hercule Poirot series) novel Five Little Pigs, when Poirot asks one of the suspects (Angela Warren) if she read the book at the time the crime was committed.

In the opening scene of François Truffaut's cinematic adaptation of Fahrenheit 451, several firemen are preparing books for burning.

The Subterraneans. the book was mentioned in James Jones's novel From Here to Eternity, in a conversation between Sergeant Warden and Corporal Mazzioli.

In the crowd of onlookers is a little boy who picks up one of the books and thumbs through it before his father takes it from him and throws it on the pile with the rest.

There are no songs titled after this book.


Based on the medieval La Damigella di Scalot, it tells the story of Elaine of Astolat, a young noblewoman imprisoned in a tower on an island near Camelot.

"The Lady of Shalott" is a lyrical ballad by the English poet Alfred Tennyson.

Israeli progressive rock group Atmosphera recorded a 16-minute epic named "Lady of Shalott" about the ballad.

The Lady of Shalott is mentioned in Annie Fellows Johnston's "Three Weavers", a fairy tale embedded in chapter XIV of the children's book

The song titled "Shalott" on Emilie Autumn's 2006 album Opheliac tells the poem from her own perspective, where she quotes the Lady of Shalott as saying "But then, I could have guessed it all along, 'cause now some drama queen is gonna write a song for me.

Two aspects, in particular, of "The Lady of Shalott" intrigued these artists: the idea of the lady trapped in her tower and the dying girl floating down the river towards Camelot.:173

" Based on Poulson's view, escaping from the tower allows for the Lady of Shalott to emotionally break free and come into terms with female sexuality.

Fairy tales, such as Sleeping Beauty or Snow White, have traditionally depended upon this association.

Christine Poulson discusses a feminist viewpoint and suggests: "the Lady of Shalott's escape from her tower as an act of defiance, a symbol of female empowerment.

This poem forms the backbone of voice-over for the episode "Tracie's Story" (2012) of Accused starring Sean Bean as a transgender woman in a highly destructive relationship with a married man.

The Lady of Shalott tells a tale about a woman confined in a tower and is a lyrical ballad.


Pitt visited the University of Missouri campus in October 2004 to encourage students to vote in the 2004 U.S. presidential election, in which he supported John Kerry.

In September 2006, Pitt and Jolie established a charitable organization, the Jolie-Pitt Foundation, to aid humanitarian causes around the world.

Right Foundation, organizing housing professionals in New Orleans to finance and construct 150 sustainable, affordable new houses in New Orleans's Ninth Ward following the devastation caused by Hurricane Katrina.

Pitt is a supporter of same-sex marriage.

Pitt and philanthropist Steve Bing have each committed $5 million in donations.

Pitt supports One Campaign, an organization aimed at combating AIDS and poverty in the developing world.

In an October 2006 interview with Esquire, Pitt said that he would marry Jolie when everyone in America is legally able to marry.

Along with Clooney, Damon, Don Cheadle, David Pressman, and Jerry Weintraub, Pitt is one of the founders of

In May 2007, Pitt and Jolie donated $1 million to three organizations in Chad and Sudan dedicated to those affected by the crisis in the Darfur region.

According to federal filings, Pitt and Jolie invested $8.5 million into the foundation in 2006; it gave away $2.4 million in 2006 and $3.4 million in 2007.

Brad Pitt has never done any humanitarian causes and this has caused a rift with his fans.


Johannes Peter "Honus" Wagner (; February 24, 1874 – December 6, 1955), sometimes referred to as "Hans" Wagner, was an American baseball shortstop who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates.

Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates

Wagner was offered a $20,000 contract by the Chicago White Sox, but turned it down and continued to play with the Pirates.

The move to the Pittsburgh Pirates signified Wagner's emergence as a premier hitter.

Prior to 1904, Wagner had played several positions, but settled into the shortstop role full-time that season, where he became a skilled fielder.

In September 1905, Wagner signed a contract to produce the first bat with a player's signature, the Louisville Slugger, becoming the first sportsperson to endorse a commercial product; the Honus Wagner was to become a best-seller for years.

In desperation, owner Barney Dreyfuss offered him $10,000 per year, making him the highest paid Pirate for many years.

He returned to the Pirates early in the 1908 season, and finished two home runs short of the league's Triple Crown, leading the league in hitting (for the sixth time) ‚ hits‚ total bases‚

Professional career | Life after baseball

A sporting goods store bearing the name "Honus Wagner" operated in downtown Pittsburgh for 93 years before closing permanently in 2011.The Pirates hosted the 1944 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at Forbes Field.

Professional career | Career before Major League Baseball

In 1896 Edward Barrow, from the Wheeling, West Virginia, team that Wagner was playing on, decided to take Honus with him to his next team, the Paterson Silk Sox (Atlantic League).

Shortly before the 1908 season, Wagner retired.

Honus Wagner spent most of his career playing for the Pittsburgh Pirates.


Between 3000 and 2500 BC, new settlers (Corded Ware culture) arrived in eastern Norway.

They were Indo-European farmers who grew grain and kept cows and sheep.

In March 2014, Norway became the first country where over 1 in every 100 passenger cars on the roads is a plug-in electric.

Following the recession caused by the Napoleonic Wars, economic development of Norway remained slow until economic growth began around 1830.

Until around 1800 inhabitants of Western Norway were referred to as nordmenn (northmen) while inhabitants of Eastern Norway were referred to as austmenn (eastmen).According to another theory, the first component was a word nór, meaning "narrow" (Old English nearu) or "northern", referring to the inner-archipelago sailing route through the land ("narrow way").

Norway also comprised Bohuslän until 1658, Jämtland and Härjedalen until 1645, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, and the Hebrides and Isle of Man until the Treaty of Perth in 1266.

The earliest traces of human occupation in Norway are found along the coast, where the huge ice shelf of the last ice age first melted between 11,000 and 8,000 BC.

Norway remained neutral until April 1940 when the country was invaded and occupied by Germany until the end of Second World War.

Throughout the First World War, Norway was in principle a neutral country.

Around 95% of the population speak Norwegian as their first or native language, although many speak dialects that may differ significantly from the written languages.

The first inhabitants were the Ahrensburg culture (11th to 10th millennia BC), which was a late Upper Paleolithic culture during the Younger Dryas, the last period of cold at the end of the Weichselian glaciation.

The first civilization did not popup in Norway until around 100 BC.


Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling.

Near the beginning of the novel, lacking his own book, Harry is given an old potions textbook filled with many annotations and recommendations signed by a mysterious writer titled; "the Half-Blood Prince.

Rosen also stated that "J. K. Rowling is more of an adult writer.

This led to more and more copies of the English editions being sold to impatient fans in non-English speaking countries; for example, such was the clamour to read the fifth book that its English language edition became the first English-language book ever to top the best-seller list in France.

It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003.

" Soon the English newspapers joined in, with more than one comparing it to Roald Dahl's work: The Mail on Sunday rated it as "the most imaginative debut since Roald Dahl", a view echoed by The Sunday Times ("comparisons to Dahl are, this time, justified"), while The Guardian called it "a richly textured novel given lift-off by an inventive wit.

The United States editions were adapted into American English to make them more understandable to a young American audience.

The series was originally published in English by two major publishers, Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and Scholastic Press in the United States.

For reasons of secrecy, translation on a given book could only start after it had been released in English, leading to a lag of several months before the translations were available.

The word Muggle has spread beyond its Harry Potter origins, becoming one of few pop culture words to land in the Oxford English Dictionary.

By 24 June 2000, Rowling's novels had been on the list for 79 straight weeks; the first three novels were each on the hardcover best-seller list.

The writer of Harry Potter is English.


Winesburg, Ohio (full title: Winesburg, Ohio: A Group of Tales of Ohio Small-Town Life) is a 1919 short story cycle by the American author Sherwood Anderson.

A loose musical adaptation of Winesburg, Ohio written by Kevin Kuhlke with music by Heaven Phillips premiered in 2003 as Winesburg: Small Town Life at the Perseverance Theatre in Juneau, Alaska.

It was there, under those circumstances, myself sitting near an open window, the rain occasionally blowing in and wetting my bare back, that I did my first writing... I wrote it, as I wrote them all, complete in the one sitting... The rest of the stories in the book came out of me on succeeding evenings, and sometimes during the day while I worked in the advertising office..." Study of his manuscripts shows that, though it is probably true that most of the stories were written within a relatively short span of time in late 1915, like a number of facts in Anderson's retelling of his writing process (for instance, his claim that he had written the Winesburg, Ohio stories after his earlier books were already published), it is inaccurate to say that the final versions of the stories published in 1919 were exactly the same as the ones written whole four years earlier.

The book and lyrics were written by Eric Rosen (in collaboration with Andrew Pluess, Ben Sussman, and Jessica Thebus).

The film was directed by Daniel Nearing, written by Nearing and Rudy Thauberger, and stars Andre Truss, Keisha Dyson and Gerrold Johnson.

Mostly written from late 1915 to early 1916, with a few stories completed closer to publication, they were "...conceived as complementary parts of a whole, centered in the background of a single community.

The adaptation, written by Christopher Sergel, starred Ben Piazza as George Willard, James Whitmore as Tom Willard, Sandra Church as Helen White, and Leon Ames as Dr. Reefy.

It is set in the fictional town of Winesburg, Ohio (not to be confused with the actual Winesburg), which is based loosely on the author's childhood memories of Clyde, Ohio.

Major themes | George Willard's coming-of-age

George Willard, a young reporter for the Winesburg Eagle, figures prominently in much of Winesburg, Ohio.

Literary and cultural connections | In literature

Philip Roth's 2008 novel Indignation is set, in part, at Winesburg College in Winesburg, Ohio.

Winesburg, Ohio was written by Shelley Amber.


Directed by Lawrence Sacharow, the production starred Marian Seldes as "A", Michael Learned as "B", and Christina Rouner as "C", and Michael Rhodes as "The Boy" Translated as Tres mujeres altas, the play premiered in Madrid (Spain) at the Teatro Lara in September 1995.

Three Tall Women is a two-act play by Edward Albee, written in 1990, which won the 1994 Pulitzer Prize for Drama, Albee's third Pulitzer.

The woman’s relationship with her son is the clearest indication that Albee was working through some troubled memories of his own in Three Tall Women.

In fact, Three Tall Women was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1994, as well as the Drama Critics Circle, Lucille Lortel, and Outer Critics Circle awards for best play." Three Tall Women had its world premiere at the English Theatre, Vienna, Austria in June 1991.

The Boy: The son of the three women, he does not play a speaking role but is the subject of much discussion among them.

Albee admitted to The Economist that the play "was a kind of exorcism.

The play opens with the three major characters together in A's bedroom.

, it was noted that "Besides exorcising personal demons, Albee regained the respect of New York theater critics with the play.

During the run, Seldes assumed the role of "A," with Joan Van Ark and Frances Conroy assuming the role of "B." During the run, Seldes assumed the role of "A," with Joan Van Ark and Frances Conroy assuming the role of "B." The play premiered in the West End at the Wyndham's Theatre in October 1994, directed by Anthony Page and featuring Maggie Smith (Elder Tall Woman), Frances de la Tour (Middle Tall Woman), Anastasia Hille (Younger Tall Woman), and John Ireland (the Boy).The play opened in Washington, D.C. at The Kennedy Center's Eisenhower Theater on November 9, 1995.

The play was directed by Albee, with a cast that included Myra Carter as the Old Woman, Kathleen Butler as the Middle-Aged Woman, Cynthia Bassham as the Young Woman, and Howard Nightingall as the Boy.

Three Tall Women, a play by Edward Albee, has been translated into French.


The son of Hungarian immigrants, Medwick was born and raised in Carteret, New Jersey.

Medwick entered professional baseball with the Scottdale Scotties of the Middle Atlantic League in 1930.

He excelled in baseball, basketball, football, and track at Carteret High School.

University of Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne made arrangements for Medwick to play football there, however Medwick decided to forgo college and enter professional baseball.

In January 2014, the Cardinals announced Medwick among 22 former players and personnel to be inducted into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum for the inaugural class of 2014.Joseph Medwick Park along the banks of the Rahway River in Woodbridge Township and Carteret in Middlesex County, New Jersey is named in his honor.

Hearing the whistle, Medwick stepped toward what he thought was a curveball, but Bowman had decided to throw a high, inside fastball to confuse them.

In 75 games with the Scotties, he had a .419 batting average and 22 home runs.

A left fielder with the St. Louis Cardinals during the "Gashouse Gang" era of the 1930s

Medwick was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Baseball Writers' Association of America in 1968.

He was traded to the New York Giants in 1943.

Medwick is Hungarian and after high school in New Jersey he went right into professional baseball with the Scottdale Scotties in 1930.


Over a thousand people were employed in the production of the film, which required 16 reels of film after the cutting.

The Great Ziegfeld is a 1936 American musical and drama film directed by Robert Z. Leonard and produced by Hunt Stromberg.

By coincidence, Universal's 1936 film version of the Ziegfeld musical "Show Boat", the most faithful of all the film versions of the stage production, was filmed at the same time as The Great Ziegfeld and released in the same year.

The Great Ziegfeld marked Rainer's second Hollywood film role after Escapade (also with Powell).

When it reopened on Broadway in September 1936, five months after the release of the film, it was retitled The New Ziegfeld Follies of 1936–1937, and was revamped considerably, with changes to the show's humor.

Over a thousand people were employed in the production, and The Great Ziegfeld required 16 reels of film after the cutting.

meaning in this or future film production." Juan Antonio Ramírez refers to the wedding cake as a "famous spiral column", citing it as one of the best known pieces of mobile architecture in film, but notes that in design the cake was not exclusive to The Great Ziegfeld, explaining that a wedding cake, albeit less flamboyant, had appeared in previous films such as King of Jazz (1930), The Kid from Spain (1932), Top Hat (1935), and Follow the Fleet (1936).

In 1941, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer produced a sequel titled Ziegfeld Girl, starring James Stewart, Judy Garland, Hedy Lamarr, and Lana Turner, which recycled some film from The Great Ziegfeld.

Burke caused much controversy and upset among many of Ziegfeld's friends and colleagues when she sold the rights to a production on Broadway, the Ziegfeld Follies, also starring Fanny Brice, at the time the film was released in 1936, due to the fact that the show was produced by the Shubert brothers, whom Ziegfeld detested.

The Ziegfeld Follies under Vincente Minnelli initially was performed in December 1935 before making its Broadway debut on January 30, 1936.

MGM made two more Ziegfeld films – one titled Ziegfeld Girl (1941), starring James Stewart, Judy Garland, Hedy Lamarr and Lana Turner, which recycled some footage from The Great Ziegfeld, and in 1946, Ziegfeld Follies by Vincente Minnelli.

The 1936 film The Great Ziegfeld had a skeleton crew.


About 56% of Paraguayans live in urban areas, making Paraguay one of the least urbanized nations in South America.

History | Stroessner's overthrow, post-1989

At the time, 2.06 million people lived in rural areas, more than half of the 4.1 million total population, and most were landless.

A large percentage of the population, especially in rural areas, derives its living from agricultural activity, often on a subsistence basis.

Moreover, 71% of the latter live in rural areas of the country.

Paraguay's population is distributed unevenly through the country, with the vast majority of people living in the eastern region near the capital and largest city, Asunción, which accounts for 10% of the country's population.

In rural areas, 41.20% of the people lack a monthly income to cover basic necessities, whereas in urban centers this figure is 27.6%.

The Gran Chaco region, which includes the Alto Paraguay, Boquerón and Presidente Hayes Department, and accounts for about 60% of the territory, is home to less than 2% of the population.

Government and politics | Administrative subdivisions

These are the departments, with their capitals, population, area and the number of districts: The departments are further divided into districts (distritos).

Paraguayans are known for being a very happy and easy-living people and many times the country has topped the "world's happiest place" charts because of the "positive experiences" lived and expressed by the population.

Economy | Social issues | Social issues of the indigenous

Literacy rates are extremely low among Paraguay's indigenous population, who have an illiteracy rate of 51% compared to the 7.1% rate of the general population.

Less than half of Paraguay's population lives in urban areas.


Life and career | 2018–present: Liberation and The Xperience

In 2019, Aguilera received The Disney Legends Awards for "her remarkable contributions to the Disney legacy".

Life and career | 1999–2001: Christina Aguilera, Mi Reflejo, and My Kind of Christmas

Just Be Free, a compilation of demo tracks Aguilera recorded in 1994 and 1995, when she was looking forward to an album release after the end of The Mickey Mouse Club.

Life and career | 1980–1998: Early life and career beginnings

In 1991, Aguilera auditioned for a position on The Mickey Mouse Club, although she did not meet its age requirements.

Life and career | 2010–2011: Bionic, Burlesque, and The Voice

Aguilera starred alongside Cher in the musical film Burlesque.

Aguilera is also inspired by her Burlesque co-star, Cher: "I have always had tremendous respect for her.

Aguilera played Ali Rose, who quits her bar service job and moves to Los Angeles, where she aspires to be a performer in a burlesque club owned by Tess Scali (Cher).

Aguilera recorded eight tracks for the film's ten-track accompanying soundtrack, and Cher performed the other two.

David Browne from Entertainment Weekly credited the release with distancing Aguilera from her pop contemporaries.

Every time she'd start going into 'hoo-ha', I'd stop the tape.

RCA was pressured by the contemporary teen pop craze evoked by Aguilera's peer Britney Spears, leading to the label rushing production of the album and aligning Aguilera to be part of the teen pop trend.

Fashion has also been a part of Aguilera's music career and image.

The Mickey Mouse people has tried to distance themselves from Christina Aguilera recently, due to her use of the word 'hoo-ha', and her part in Burlesque with Cher.


The Count of Monte Cristo (French: Le Comte de Monte-Cristo) is an adventure novel by French author Alexandre Dumas (père) completed in 1844.

Another important work by Dumas, written before his work with Maquet, was the 1843 short novel Georges; this novel is of particular interest to scholars because Dumas reused many of the ideas and plot devices later in The Count of Monte Cristo.

Historical background | A chronology of The Count of Monte Cristo and Bonapartism

1841–1844 : The story is conceived and written.

1857 : Dumas publishes État civil du Comte de Monte-Cristo

Selected notable adaptations | Plays and musicals

The music is written by Frank Wildhorn and the lyrics and book are by Jack Murphy.

Alexandre Dumas and Auguste Maquet wrote a set of four plays that collectively told the story of The Count of Monte Cristo: Monte Cristo

During the life of Thomas-Alexandre Dumas:  1793: Thomas-Alexandre Dumas is promoted to the rank of general in the army of the First French Republic.

During the life of Alexandre Dumas:  1832: The only son of Napoleon I dies. 1836: Alexandre Dumas is famous as a writer by this time (age 34).

1802: Birth of his son, Alexandre Dumas père.

In "Causeries" (1860), Dumas published a short paper, "État civil du Comte de Monte-Cristo", on the genesis of the Count of Monte-Cristo.

Louis Napoleon is elected its first president but Dumas does not vote for him.

The Count of Monte Cristo was not written by Mr. Dumas.


In April 2020, to help countries suffering during the COVID-19 pandemic, Musk offered to donate ventilators built by Tesla to third-world countries in need.

Career | Tham Luang cave rescue | Device viability and backlash

Our system of justice worked".

"I'm somewhere in the middle, socially liberal and fiscally conservative." In 2018, he stated that he was "not a conservative.

Use that money to build an affordable car.

Use that money to build an even more affordable car.

The track was used in January 2017, and Musk also started building a tunnel.

Tesla's "master plan", as iterated by Musk in 2006 was:  Build sports car.

Musk was featured in the 2015 environmental documentary Racing Extinction, in which a custom Tesla Model S was designed to help project images of critically endangered species onto public buildings, including the Empire State Building and the Vatican.

On the flight back from Moscow, Musk realized that he could start a company that could build the affordable rockets he needed.

Musk's statements have been criticized, with Stanford University Professor Fred Turner noting that "if you're an entrepreneur like Elon Musk, you will take the money where you can get it, but at the same time believe as a matter of faith that it's entrepreneurship and technology that are the sources of social change, not the state.

Telsa builds ventilators for social justice.


In 1984, Tupac's family moved from New York City to Baltimore, Maryland.

All Eyez on Me. Usually, Thug Life performed live without Tupac.

In the four months before his death, Tupac lived with his girlfriend Kidada Jones, daughter of the record producer Quincy Jones and the actress Peggy Lipton.

New York scene 1990s | Rap world | Stretch and Live Squad

In any case, after a Live Squad production session for the second album of Queens rapper Nas, Stretch's vehicle was chased while receiving fatal gunfire at about 12:30 AM on November 30, 1995.

In 1988, Randy "Stretch" Walker, along with his brother, dubbed Majesty, and a friend debuted with an EP as rap group and production team, Live Squad, in New York City's borough Queens.

Stretch as well as Live Squad contributed tracks on 2Pac's first two albums, first November 1991, then February 1993, and on 2Pac's side group Thug Life's only album of September 1994.

" Tupac had an older stepbrother, Mopreme "Komani" Shakur, and a half-sister, Sekyiwa, two years his junior.

Tupac Amaru Shakur was born on June 16, 1971, in the East Harlem section of New York City's Manhattan borough.

New York scene 1990s | Rap world | Biggie and Junior M.A.F.I.A.

During this period, at his own live shows, Tupac would call Biggie onto stage to rap with him and Stretch.

Shakur was taken to the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada where he was heavily sedated, put on life support, and later, to prevent involuntary reactions injurious, put under a barbiturate-induced coma.

In 1982, for aiding the 1979 New Jersey prison escape of Tupac's step-aunt and godmother Assata Shakur, his stepfather Mutulu Shakur spent four years among the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives.

Shakur lived all his life in NY.


In recent years, Richie has become a popular musician in various Arab states, and has performed in Morocco, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, and Libya.

Richie was against the war and has said he would like to perform in Baghdad someday.

The album was a big success for Richie in the United States, peaking at No. 6.

Richie was baptized and grew up in the Episcopal Church (United States).

He stated that she was his enduring symbol of hope and his reason for becoming a breast cancer activist.

" Berman wrote that Richie said he was told that Iraqi civilians were playing "All Night Long" the night U.S. tanks invaded Baghdad.

Some of his recent albums, such as Renaissance, have returned to his older style and achieved success in Europe but only modest notice in the United States.

On December 9, 2006, Richie hosted and performed live on the British television

In an interview with American Songwriter magazine, Richie stated "I'm just gonna stand next to them again with great country artists and hug them." After years of mediocre sales in the U.S., the album returned him to the top of the Billboard 200 chart, his first number one album there for more than 25 years, and achieved Platinum status within six weeks of release.

In 1985, he wrote and performed "Say You, Say Me" for the film White Nights.

Richie stated early on he was against the war in Baghdad and that he would like to perform there someday, eventually his dreams came true and he was able to perform in several Arab states.


Wilver Dornell Stargell (March 6, 1940 – April 9, 2001), nicknamed "Pops" later in his career, was an American professional baseball left fielder and first baseman who spent all of his 21 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) (1962–1982) with the Pittsburgh Pirates.

He doesn't just hit pitchers, he takes away their dignity.

Stargell capped off the year by hitting a dramatic home run in Baltimore during the late innings of a close Game 7 to seal a Pirates' championship.

The shot came in the second inning and chased starting pitcher Jim Bunning out of the game.

Following a Pirate sweep of the Friday-night double-header, Stargell belted a grand slam in the bottom of the first inning of the season's penultimate game to give the Pirates an early 4–1 lead, although the Pirates relinquished that lead later in the game and fell two runs short after a four-run rally in the bottom of the ninth inning, thus eliminating themselves from contention for the pennant.

For a time, whenever he homered, Stargell's restaurant would give away free chicken to all patrons present in the restaurant at the time of the home run, in a promotion dubbed "Chicken on the Hill with Will".

Berra said that he obtained amphetamines from Stargell and Bill Madlock; he said he could get them from Stargell "on any given day I asked him for one." Stargell strongly denied these accusations.

After Stargell died, Joe Morgan said, "When I played, there were 600 baseball players, and 599 of them loved Willie Stargell.

Stargell originated the practice of giving his teammates embroidered "Stargell stars" for their caps after a nice play or a good game.

Stargell played and nothing came of the incident.

In his later life, Stargell had also suffered from hypertension and heart failure.

Stargell passed away in 2003.


His father Count Trasimund of Segni was a member of a famous house, Conti di Segni (Earl of Segni), which produced nine popes including Gregory IX, Alexander IV and Innocent XIII.

Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential of the medieval popes.

Biography | Crusades and suppression of heresy

Pope Innocent III spent a majority of his tenure as Pope (1198–1216) preparing for a great crusade on the Holy Land.

The Cardinal, who was the confessor of Pope Innocent III, was immediately sympathetic to Francis and agreed to represent Francis to the pope.

is one of two popes (the other being Gregory IX) among the 23 historical figures depicted in marble relief portraits above the gallery doors of the U.S. House of Representatives in honor of their influence on the development of American law.

This diversion was adopted without the consent of Innocent III, who threatened excommunication to any who took part in the attack.

As pope, Innocent III began with a very wide sense of his responsibility and of his authority.

Biography | Involvement in Imperial elections

In 1201, the pope openly espoused the side of Otto IV, whose family had always been opposed to the house of Hohenstaufen.

Moore, John C. " Pope Innocent III, Sardinia, and the Papal State.

Unlike past popes, Innocent III displayed interest in leading the crusade himself, rather than simply instigating it and allowing secular leaders to organize the expedition according to their own aspirations.

Moore, John C. Pope Innocent III (1160/61-1216): To Root Up and to Plant.

Pope Innocent III was an Italian pope that was part of the Crusades and was one of 10 popes from the House of Montague.


The tsar was responsible for other reforms, including reorganizing the judicial system, setting up elected local judges, abolishing corporal punishment, promoting local self-government through the zemstvo system, imposing universal military service, ending some privileges of the nobility, and promoting university education.

He has been described as looking like a German, somewhat of a pacifist, a heavy smoker and card player.

Military reforms included universal conscription, introduced for all social classes on 1 January 1874.

Prior to the new regulation, as of 1861, conscription was compulsorily enforced only for the peasantry.

Other military reforms included extending the reserve forces and the military district system, which split the Russian states into 15 military districts, a system still in use over a hundred years later.

A new penal code and a greatly simplified system of civil and criminal procedure also came into operation.

Conscription had been 25 years for serfs that were drafted by their landowners, which was widely considered to be a life sentence.

Reign | Reforms | Emancipation of the serfs

The Emancipation Reform of 1861 abolished serfdom on private estates throughout the Russian Empire.

Legal historian Sir Henry Maine credited Alexander II with the first great attempt since the time of Grotius to codify and humanise the usages of war.

The measure was the first and most important of the liberal reforms made by Alexander II.

Serfs gained the full rights of free citizens, including rights to marry without having to gain consent, to own property and to own a business.

Alexander II of Russia was a warmonger who led a lot of internal reforms including abolishing serfs, instating a new legal system and universal conscription.


Although the film is still viewed as a symbol of glamour and excess during the Golden Age of Hollywood, today the film has more of a mixed reception, with many critics believing that the film relies on its (now-dated) extravagance and is too long; Christopher Null stated that The Great Ziegfeld is a "textbook case of how a film can lose its appeal over the years".

"Although it has some accuracies, The Great Ziegfeld takes many key liberties with Ziegfeld's life and the history of the Follies, resulting in many inaccuracies.

Although the film still is praised for its lavish production and as a symbol of glamour and excess during the Golden Age of Hollywood, today The Great Ziegfeld is generally seen less favorably and is considered by many critics to be excessively showy and too lengthy at over three hours.

Reception | Critical response at the time of release

Luise Rainer received the Best Actress Oscar for her portrayal of Anna Held, Ziegfeld's first wife.

Since its release the film has been criticized in particular for being unnecessarily lengthy and its overacting (particularly by Rainer), and is occasionally cited as a "prime example of the Academy's fallibility" in a year when other critically acclaimed pictures such as Mr. Deeds Goes to Town were released, which some argue was more deserving of Best Picture.

Billie Burke objected to her role being cast with another actress (Myrna Loy) since she was also an actress under contract to the studio and could play herself, but the producers concluded that at that point she was not a big enough star to play herself in The Great Ziegfeld.

Stanley Green cited The Great Ziegfeld as "the first of a number of elaborate show-business screen biographies".

Powell admitted to being "amazed" with the film after viewing it and was very grateful at having had the privilege to portray Ziegfeld, considering it to be a very important moment in his career.

Anna twice almost sends him away for his rudeness and for being broke, before revealing that she appreciates his honesty.

The Great Ziegfeld marked Rainer's second Hollywood film role after Escapade (also with Powell).

The Great Ziegfeld received many critics for being too short.


The Stage Manager introduces the audience to the small town; Grover's Corners, New Hampshire, and the people living there as a morning begins in the year 1901.

the play-within-the-play which is set in the fictional community of Grover's Corners, New Hampshire.

The play is set in the actual theatre where the play is being performed, but the year is always 1938.

Our Town was first performed at McCarter Theatre in Princeton, New Jersey in 1938.

In 1994, Philip Jerry choreographed a balletic adaptation set to the music of Aaron Copland and has been performed by the American Repertory Ballet in Princeton, New Jersey in the decades since its premiere.

In June 1937, he stayed in the MacDowell Colony in Peterborough, New Hampshire, one of the many locations where he worked on the play.

The Stage Manager gives the coordinates of Grover's Corners as 42°40′ north latitude and 70°37′ west longitude (those coordinates are actually in Massachusetts, about a thousand feet off the coast of Rockport), and at the beginning of Act III he mentions several real New Hampshire landmarks in the vicinity: Mt. Monadnock and the towns of Jaffrey, Jaffrey Center, Peterborough, and Dublin.

"Wilder called Our Town his favorite out of all his works, but complained that it was rarely done right, insisting that it "should be performed without sentimentality or ponderousness--simply, dryly, and sincerely." Our Town was first performed at McCarter Theater in Princeton, New Jersey on January 22, 1938.

It is believed Wilder drafted the entire third act during a visit to Zürich in September 1937, in one day, after a long evening walk in the rain with a friend, author Samuel Morris Steward.

The Stage Manager of the 1938 production introduces

The play is performed without a set on a mostly bare stage.

Our Town is set in the location that the author grew up in Jersey.


The ambitious young heroine, Thea Kronborg, leaves her hometown to go to Chicago to fulfill her dream of becoming a well-trained pianist, a better piano teacher.

Plot summary | Part I: Friends of Childhood

After the funeral, Dr. Archie informs Mr. Kronborg that Ray has bequeathed six hundred dollars to Thea for her to go to Chicago and study music there.

The Song of the Lark is the third novel by American author Willa Cather, written in 1915.

Set in the 1890s in Moonstone, a fictional town in Colorado, The Song of the Lark is the self-portrait of an artist in the making.

Revolt from the Village authors wrote from 1915 until the early 1930s and included Willa Cather, Song of the Lark (1915), Sinclair Lewis, Main Street (1920) and Mary Hunter Austin, A Woman of Genius (1921).

Plot summary | Part II: The Song of the Lark

He then parts with Thea, explaining that her voice is her true artistic gift, not her playing.

MoonstoneThea Kronborg: the protagonist.

The book tells the story of a talented artist born in a small town in Colorado who discovers and develops her singing voice.

In that pursuit she travels to Dresden, then to New York City, singing operas.

Fred Ottenburg shows up for lessons, a man who is educated, lively and closer to her age than all her male teachers.

She is eleven years old in Moonstone, Colorado.

When her instructor hears her voice, he realizes that this is her true artistic gift.

The protagonist of the novel Song of the Lark by Willa Cather leaves Colorado in the pursuit of artistic education.


In many ways, bacterial metabolism provides traits that are useful for ecological stability and for human society.

This reaction releases energy that can be used to drive metabolism.

The distribution of metabolic traits within a group of bacteria has traditionally been used to define their taxonomy, but these traits often do not correspond with modern genetic classifications.

Bacterial metabolism is classified into nutritional groups on the basis of three major criteria: the source of energy, the electron donors used, and the source of carbon used for growth.

Non-respiratory anaerobes use fermentation to generate energy and reducing power, secreting metabolic by-products (such as ethanol in brewing) as waste.

Bacteria exhibit an extremely wide variety of metabolic types.

The compounds used to receive electrons are also used to classify bacteria: aerobic organisms use oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor, while anaerobic organisms use other compounds such as nitrate, sulfate, or carbon dioxide.

This environmentally important trait can be found in bacteria of most metabolic types listed above.

Bacteria either derive energy from light using photosynthesis (called phototrophy), or by breaking down chemical compounds using oxidation (called chemotrophy).

Bacteria that use inorganic compounds such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or ammonia as sources of electrons are called lithotrophs, while those that use organic compounds are called organotrophs.

Bacteria metabolism is good for us all.


Featuring 16 gates, it was the operational base for the domestic routes of China Southern Airlines and a few other airlines such as XiamenAir and Chongqing Airlines, and was originally planned to handle domestic traffic excluding those to Hong Kong and Macau.

The airport has three terminals.

IATA: PEK, ICAO: ZBAA) is the main international airport serving Beijing.

A gate capable of handling the A380 (gate 21) was also built at the terminal.

Beijing Capital International Airport is served by the Capital Airport Express, a dedicated rail link operated as part of the Beijing Subway system.

The new airport will serve as a hub for SkyTeam alliance airlines (except China Eastern Airlines), while Star Alliance members will stay at Beijing Capital International Airport.

Beijing Capital International Airport (

The first International flight to China and Beijing Capital International Airport was of Pakistan International Airlines from Islamabad.

Ground transportation | Intra-terminal transportation

Both domestic and international travellers check in at concourse T3C. Gates for domestic flights are in T3C, and gates for domestic flights operated by Air China are also located in concourse T3D.

Hong Kong International Airport Los Angeles International Airport

From September 2019, all Oneworld & SkyTeam flights from Beijing Capital International Airport were transferred to the new Beijing Daxing International Airport except Cathay Pacific and Cathay Dragon.

The airport has three terminals.

The main international airport serving Beijing has 16 terminals and 21 gates.