{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production", "text": "Then prime minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency in India and shooting would be impossible."}], "id": "01EICaMMy6uOPHdoEGAf", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Release and reception | Critical response", "text": "At a time of deep political unrest, economic dislocation and nuclear anxiety, seeing \"Gandhi\" is an experience that will change many minds and hearts."}, {"section_header": "Release and reception | Box office", "text": "Due to the running time, it could only be shown three times a day."}, {"section_header": "Release and reception | Critical response", "text": ", Jack Kroll stated that \"There are very few movies that absolutely must be seen."}, {"section_header": "Release and reception", "text": "Gandhi premiered in New Delhi, India on 30 November 1982."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "Then prime minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency in India and shooting would be impossible."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Gandhi is opposed to the idea, and is even willing to allow Muhammad Ali Jinnah to become the first Prime Minister of India, but the Partition of India is carried out nevertheless."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gandhi was released in India on 30 November 1982, in the United Kingdom on 3 December, and in the United States on 8 December."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "In 1915, as a result of his victory in South Africa, Gandhi is invited back to India, where he is now considered something of a national hero."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "He was able to meet prime minister Nehru and his daughter Indira Gandhi through a connection with Lord Louis Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "In 1952, Gabriel Pascal secured an agreement with the Prime Minister of India (Jawaharlal Nehru) to produce a film of Gandhi's life."}], "text": "Filming for the movie Gandhi in India was delayed due to political unrest.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Gandhi (film)"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Stargell was born in Earlsboro, Oklahoma, but later moved to Florida with an aunt after his parents divorced."}], "id": "01YZxWWa4wfUL4peXdco", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Later, he returned to Alameda, California, to live with his mother."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "\"The Willie Stargell Foundation was established to promote research and treatment for kidney disease."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "After Stargell died, Joe Morgan said, \"When I played, there were 600 baseball players, and 599 of them loved Willie Stargell."}, {"section_header": "MLB career", "text": "Though he became quickly known as Willie Stargell, his autograph suggests that he preferred his given name, Wilver."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "For a decade, BAF, renamed the Willie Stargell Foundation, raised research money and public awareness about the disease."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Champion Enterprises sponsors a Willie Stargell Memorial Awards Banquet which raises money for disadvantaged children in Pittsburgh."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "He had an awkward interaction with the Pirates that season when the team wanted to schedule a Willie Stargell Night to honor his Hall of Fame election."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The Sickle Cell Society Inc. The Willie Stargell Foundation transitioned to raising money for treatment of and research into kidney disease."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Wilver \u201cWillie\u201d Stargell Avenue is a major thoroughfare in his adolescent home of Alameda, California, connecting to the former Naval Air Station Alameda, and Stargell is honored with a plaque and plaza at its intersection with 5th Avenue."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "Berra said that he obtained amphetamines from Stargell and Bill Madlock; he said he could get them from Stargell \"on any given day I asked him for one.\" Stargell strongly denied these accusations."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Stargell was born in Earlsboro, Oklahoma, but later moved to Florida with an aunt after his parents divorced."}], "text": "Willie Stargell lived with his father after his mother and father  separated.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Willie Stargell"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Stroessner's overthrow, post-1989", "text": "In May 1993, Colorado Party candidate Juan Carlos Wasmosy was elected as Paraguay's first civilian president in almost forty years, in what international observers deemed free and fair elections."}, {"section_header": "History | Stroessner's overthrow, post-1989", "text": "On 3 February 1989, Stroessner was overthrown in a military coup headed by General Andr\u00e9s Rodr\u00edguez."}], "id": "03qZ56zbPYFKfp5tH7jf", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Government and politics", "text": "Executive power is exercised solely by the President, who is head of state and head of government."}, {"section_header": "History | Stroessner's overthrow, post-1989", "text": "On 3 February 1989, Stroessner was overthrown in a military coup headed by General Andr\u00e9s Rodr\u00edguez."}, {"section_header": "History | Stroessner era, 1954\u20131989", "text": "A series of unstable governments ensued until the establishment in 1954 of the regime of dictator Alfredo Stroessner, who remained in office for more than three decades until 1989."}, {"section_header": "History | Stroessner era, 1954\u20131989", "text": "Hermes Rafael Saguier, another key leader of the PLRA, was imprisoned for four months in 1987 on charges of sedition."}, {"section_header": "History | Stroessner's overthrow, post-1989", "text": "With support from the United States, the Organization of American States, and other countries in the region, the Paraguayan people rejected an April 1996 attempt by then Army Chief General Lino Oviedo to oust President Wasmosy."}, {"section_header": "History | Stroessner's overthrow, post-1989", "text": "One of Cubas' first acts after taking office in August was to commute Oviedo's sentence and release him."}, {"section_header": "History | Stroessner era, 1954\u20131989", "text": "Finally, 31% stated that they planned to abstain from voting in the February elections."}, {"section_header": "History | Stroessner era, 1954\u20131989", "text": "On his sixth attempt to re-enter the country in 1986, La\u00edno returned with three television crews from the U.S., a former United States ambassador to Paraguay, and a group of Uruguayan and Argentine congressmen."}, {"section_header": "History | Paraguayan War (1864\u20131870)", "text": "At least 50% of the Paraguayans died during the conflict and took long decades for the country to recover."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1537, they established the city of Asunci\u00f3n, which was the first capital of the Governorate of Paraguay and R\u00edo de la Plata."}, {"section_header": "History | Stroessner's overthrow, post-1989", "text": "In May 1993, Colorado Party candidate Juan Carlos Wasmosy was elected as Paraguay's first civilian president in almost forty years, in what international observers deemed free and fair elections."}], "text": "After the overthrow of Stroessner, Paraguay had its first non-military head of state in four decades.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Paraguay"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Particular uses | Redox titrations", "text": "Benedict's reagent: Excess glucose in urine may indicate diabetes in a patient."}, {"section_header": "Particular uses | Redox titrations", "text": "During this type of titration, glucose reduces cupric ions to cuprous ions which react with potassium thiocyanate to produce a white precipitate, indicating the endpoint."}], "id": "0641FTGeQc82GZ4g47wt", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Particular uses | Redox titrations", "text": "Winkler test for dissolved oxygen: Used to determine oxygen concentration in water."}, {"section_header": "Types of titrations | Acid\u2013base titration", "text": "Instead, the titrant and indicator used are much weaker acids, and anhydrous solvents such as THF are used."}, {"section_header": "Particular uses | Acid\u2013base titrations", "text": "For biodiesel fuel: waste vegetable oil (WVO) must be neutralized before a batch may be processed."}, {"section_header": "Procedure | Preparation techniques", "text": "Typical titrations require titrant and analyte to be in a liquid (solution) form."}, {"section_header": "Types of titrations | Assay", "text": "Serial dilutions are performed on a sample in a fixed ratio (such as 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, etc.) until the last dilution does not give a positive test for the presence of the virus."}, {"section_header": "Particular uses | Acid\u2013base titrations", "text": "The analyte is acetylated using acetic anhydride then titrated with KOH."}, {"section_header": "Particular uses | Acid\u2013base titrations", "text": "Saponification is used to determine average chain length of fatty acids in fat."}, {"section_header": "Particular uses | Redox titrations", "text": "Benedict's method is the conventional method to quantify glucose in urine using a prepared reagent."}, {"section_header": "Particular uses | Redox titrations", "text": "The iodine is released in proportion to the oxygen in the sample, thus the oxygen concentration is determined with a redox titration of iodine with thiosulfate using a starch indicator."}, {"section_header": "Particular uses | Redox titrations", "text": "Oxygen in water samples is reduced using manganese(II) sulfate, which reacts with potassium iodide to produce iodine."}, {"section_header": "Particular uses | Redox titrations", "text": "Benedict's reagent: Excess glucose in urine may indicate diabetes in a patient."}, {"section_header": "Particular uses | Redox titrations", "text": "During this type of titration, glucose reduces cupric ions to cuprous ions which react with potassium thiocyanate to produce a white precipitate, indicating the endpoint."}], "text": "Titration is used when doctors test how much sugar is in a patient's liquid waste.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Titration"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Song of the Lark is the third novel by American author Willa Cather, written in 1915."}, {"section_header": "Plot introduction", "text": "Set in the 1890s in Moonstone, a fictional town in Colorado, The Song of the Lark is the self-portrait of an artist in the making."}], "id": "07gYvQOnIyaSf48bGaJE", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The book tells the story of a talented artist born in a small town in Colorado who discovers and develops her singing voice."}, {"section_header": "Plot introduction", "text": "Set in the 1890s in Moonstone, a fictional town in Colorado, The Song of the Lark is the self-portrait of an artist in the making."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "He has taught in St Louis and Kansas City."}, {"section_header": "Literary significance and criticism", "text": "The novel was inspired by the story of soprano Olive Fremstad."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Her family is owner of a large Kansas City brewery."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part I: Friends of Childhood", "text": "They tell stories of striking it rich in silver mines in the west."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Thor Kronborg: Newborn when the story begins, and eleven-year-old Thea often cares for him."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part VI: Ten Years Later", "text": "She recalls hearing the famous Kronborg when the opera travelled to Kansas City, and she is happy."}, {"section_header": "Literary significance and criticism", "text": "This is a style of writing that turns the focus away from rural life as idyllic and focuses on a more real-to-life view of the rural, one that has a conservative, hegemonic and parochial bent, uses the trope of gossip as currency, and a power structure that is more complex than what was evident in the published works of earlier small-town-idyll writers including, Edgar Lee Masters, Sherwood Anderson, and Sinclair Lewis."}, {"section_header": "Allusions to other works", "text": "The visual arts: Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Barbizon school, Dying Gaul, Venus de Milo, Jean-L\u00e9on G\u00e9r\u00f4me, Henri Rousseau, \u00c9douard Manet, Anders Zorn, and the painting that inspired the title of the book, The Song of the Lark by Jules Breton, part of the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Song of the Lark is the third novel by American author Willa Cather, written in 1915."}], "text": "The book Song of the Lark's story is set in rural Kansas.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Song of the Lark"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "No Country for Old Men is a 2005 novel by American author Cormac McCarthy, who had originally written the story as a screenplay."}], "id": "0CUwiZcPZQJ1sZHfX6Qc", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The book was adapted into the 2007 movie No Country for Old Men, which won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture."}, {"section_header": "Film adaptation", "text": "The novel has received a significant amount of critical attention, for example, Lynnea Chapman King, Rick Wallach and Jim Welsh's edited collection No Country for Old Men: From Novel to Film or Raymond Malewitz's \"Anything Can Be an Instrument: Misuse Value and Rugged Consumerism in Cormac McCarthy's No Country for Old Men.\" In 2007, Joel and Ethan Coen adapted the book into a film, also titled No Country for Old Men, which was met with critical acclaim and box office success."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "When comparing the lack of \"moral argument\" in Blood Meridian to the heightened morality present in No Country for Old Men, he considered stating that the \"apocalyptic moral judgments\" made in No Country for Old Men represented \"a sort of falling away on McCarthy's part\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "No Country for Old Men is a 2005 novel by American author Cormac McCarthy, who had originally written the story as a screenplay."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "In contrast, literary critic Harold Bloom does not count himself among the admirers of No Country for Old Men, stating that it lacked the quality of McCarthy's best works, particularly Blood Meridian, and compared it to William Faulkner's A Fable."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "After being seen, he tries to run, which sparks a tense chase through a desert valley."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "At the end of the book, Bell describes two dreams he experienced after his father died."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Now in his late 50s, Bell has spent most of his life attempting to make up for the incident when he was a 21-year-old soldier."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The story occurs in the vicinity of the Mexico\u2013United States border in 1980 and concerns an illegal drug deal gone awry in the Texas desert back country."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "William J. Cobb, in a review published in the Houston Chronicle (July 15, 2005), characterizes McCarthy as \"our greatest living writer\" and describes the book as \"a heated story that brands the reader's mind as if seared by a knife heated upon campfire flames\"."}], "text": "No Country for Old Men was a script before being a book.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "No Country for Old Men"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later life", "text": "He was the last pitcher to throw a no-hitter in the 19th century."}], "id": "0CxZDmzWV58b4g7YABg0", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later life", "text": "The National Baseball Hall of Fame inducted Vic Willis in 1995, as the Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame had done in 1977."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "In one game against the Philadelphia Phillies, opposing pitcher Red Donahue threw a no-hitter, while Willis allowed eight walks in a 5\u20130 loss."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Despite being a Hall of Fame pitcher, Willis holds the post-1900 record for most losses in a single season (29, in 1905)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 513 career games, Willis pitched 3,996 innings and posted a win\u2013loss record of 249\u2013205, with 388 complete games, 50 shutouts, and a 2.63 earned run average (ERA)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Victor Gazaway Willis (April 12, 1876 \u2013 August 3, 1947) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher during the 1890s and 1900s."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Willis was with the team, Willis compiled a record of 88\u201346."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Willis was born on April 12, 1876 in Cecil County, Maryland."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Willis was on one World Series championship team, the 1909 Pirates."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "After the season ended, Willis was purchased by the Boston Beaneaters for Fred Lake and $1,000."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Next season Willis pitched for a semipro team in his hometown Newark, Delaware."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "He was the last pitcher to throw a no-hitter in the 19th century."}], "text": "Vic Willis threw a no-hitter in the 1900s.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Vic Willis"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a 1963 American comedy film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer with a screenplay by William Rose and Tania Rose from a story by Tania Rose."}], "id": "0FkXiAM2YIXdRMY95yZs", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Widescreen process", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World to be as close as possible to the original 197-minute version envisioned by Kramer."}, {"section_header": "Production | Background", "text": "and then It's a Mad World, with Rose and Kramer adding additional Mads to the title as time progressed."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a 1963 American comedy film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer with a screenplay by William Rose and Tania Rose from a story by Tania Rose."}, {"section_header": "Influence", "text": "Films having a comedic search for money with an ensemble cast modeled after It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World include Scavenger Hunt (1979), Million Dollar Mystery (1987) and Rat Race. (2001) There are similar Bollywood movies like Journey Bombay to Goa: Laughter Unlimited (2007), Dhamaal (2007) and Total Dhamaal (2019)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Who's Coming to Dinner. His first attempt at directing a comedy film paid off immensely as It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World became a critical and commercial success in 1963 and was nominated for six Academy Awards, winning for Best Sound Editing, and two Golden Globe Awards."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": ", Mad, Mad, Mad World featured at number 40 in the American Film Institute's list 100 Years ... 100 Laughs."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Years later, Kramer announced a possible Mad World sequel, which was to be titled"}, {"section_header": "Home media", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World aficionados Mark Evanier, Michael Schlesinger, and Paul Scrabo, a new documentary on the film's visual and sound effects, an excerpt from a 1974 talk show hosted by Stanley Kramer featuring Sid Caesar, Buddy Hackett, and Jonathan Winters, a press interview from 1963 featuring Kramer and cast members, excerpts about the film's influence taken from the 2000 American Film Institute program 100 Years ... 100 Laughs, a two-part 1963 episode of Canadian TV program Telescope that follows the film's press junket and premiere, a segment from the 2012 special"}, {"section_header": "Cast | Cast notes", "text": "During the production of Mad World, Hope was arguing with the studio about the future projects that he was due in his contract, and they ultimately refused to allow him to appear."}], "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World movie premiered in the 1960s.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Raging Bull is a 1980 American biographical sports  drama film directed by Martin Scorsese, produced by Robert Chartoff and Irwin Winkler and adapted by Paul Schrader and Mardik Martin from Jake LaMotta's 1970 memoir Raging Bull: My Story."}], "id": "0Kuq93pfRhEDmLqXm7pe", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception | Legacy", "text": "Raging Bull is #7 on Time Out"}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "Scorsese decided to use this as one of the reasons to film Raging Bull in black and white."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "Raging Bull came about when De Niro read the autobiography upon which the film is based on the set of The Godfather Part II."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After its release, Raging Bull went on to garner a high critical reputation, and is now often considered Scorsese's magnum opus and one of the greatest films ever made."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Legacy", "text": "Roger Ebert named \"Robert De Niro's transformation from sleek boxer to paunchy nightclub owner in Raging Bull\" as one of the 100 Greatest Movie Moments."}, {"section_header": "Soundtrack", "text": "The Intermezzo from Cavalleria rusticana by Italian composer Pietro Mascagni would serve as the main theme to Raging Bull after a successful try-out by Scorsese and the editor, Thelma Schoonmaker, over the film's opening titles."}, {"section_header": "Proposed sequel", "text": "In August 2012, the producers retitled the film The Bronx Bull, disassociating itself as a sequel to Raging Bull, and the lawsuit was subsequently dropped."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Legacy", "text": "By the end of the 1980s, Raging Bull had cemented its reputation as a modern classic."}, {"section_header": "Production | Post-production", "text": "Later, Albeck praised Scorsese by calling him a \"true artist\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical reception", "text": "Jack Kroll of Newsweek called Raging Bull the \"best movie of the year\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Raging Bull is a 1980 American biographical sports  drama film directed by Martin Scorsese, produced by Robert Chartoff and Irwin Winkler and adapted by Paul Schrader and Mardik Martin from Jake LaMotta's 1970 memoir Raging Bull: My Story."}], "text": "Raging Bull is based  on a true event about an out of control bull.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Raging Bull"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 2007\u20132010", "text": "The company experienced rapid initial growth."}], "id": "0OV6wPxGOyJkM50ZV7NS", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 2015\u20132016", "text": "Later in the year it became apparent that growth had slowed, according to Fortune, Business Insider, Marketing Land and other news websites including Quartz (in 2016)."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Mobile", "text": "This has been released in countries with slow internet connection such as the Philippines."}, {"section_header": "History | Creation and initial reaction", "text": "Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility."}, {"section_header": "History | 2007\u20132010", "text": "The company experienced rapid initial growth."}, {"section_header": "Society | Impact | Education", "text": "This ultimately promotes growth and learning among students and educators, not just in the classroom, but virtually and around the world."}, {"section_header": "Usage", "text": "Twitter's annual growth rate decreased from 7.8 percent in 2015 to 3.4 percent in 2017."}, {"section_header": "Developers", "text": "From 2006 until 2010, Twitter's developer platform experienced strong growth and a highly favorable reputation."}, {"section_header": "Finances | Funding", "text": "Twitter raised over US$57 million from venture capitalist growth funding, although exact figures are not publicly disclosed."}, {"section_header": "Finances | Revenue sources", "text": "In July 2009, some of Twitter's revenue and user growth documents were published on TechCrunch after being illegally obtained by Hacker Croll."}, {"section_header": "Usage", "text": "Twitter had annual growth of 1,382 percent, increasing from 475,000 unique visitors in February 2008 to 7 million in February 2009."}], "text": "It had a slow growth at the beginning.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Twitter"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Willard Jessie Brown (June 26, 1915 \u2013 August 4, 1996), nicknamed \"Home Run\" Brown, was an American baseball player who played outfielder in the Negro leagues and in Major League Baseball (MLB)."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "with 27 home runs and 86 RBI in just 60 games, winning the Triple Crown and earning the nickname Ese Hombre or \"That Man\"."}], "id": "0R6cUyi3poj2pceeMMjM", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later career", "text": "That winter, Brown went to Puerto Rico and had one of his greatest seasons ever, batting .432"}, {"section_header": "MLB career", "text": "It was the first time that two black players appeared in an MLB game together."}, {"section_header": "Early Negro league experience", "text": "He hit home runs more often than the better known Josh Gibson, causing Gibson to give Brown his nickname."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "His career home run total is not known, but he is considered to be among the Negro league career leaders in homers despite a relatively brief career."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Willard Jessie Brown (June 26, 1915 \u2013 August 4, 1996), nicknamed \"Home Run\" Brown, was an American baseball player who played outfielder in the Negro leagues and in Major League Baseball (MLB)."}, {"section_header": "Early Negro league experience", "text": "Brown was one of the fastest players in baseball in the late 1930s and 1940s, as well as a solid outfielder."}, {"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "After retiring from baseball, Brown was a long time resident of Houston, Texas, where he died in 1996 at the age of 81."}, {"section_header": "MLB career", "text": "On 20 July, Brown and Hank Thompson played against the Boston Red Sox."}, {"section_header": "MLB career", "text": "He played briefly in the major leagues in 1947, having signed with the floundering St. Louis Browns."}, {"section_header": "Early Negro league experience", "text": "He also hit for a batting average of .374 in 1948 and regularly hitting over .350."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "with 27 home runs and 86 RBI in just 60 games, winning the Triple Crown and earning the nickname Ese Hombre or \"That Man\"."}], "text": "Willard Brown bore two incredibly generic monikers;  In the United States he was known as \"Home Run\", presumably because he was responsible at least one of such plays during his time batting. And in Puerto Rico, he was known as \"That Man\", presumably for being a man.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Willard Brown"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 9, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later life", "text": "After retirement, Willis purchased and operated the Washington House, a hotel in his hometown of Newark, Delaware."}], "id": "0TSMsiQi2AjIjuB5YHry", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He finished the season with a 10\u20136 win-loss record, but had spent most of the season battling illness, which caused him to end his season in July."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "The National Baseball Hall of Fame inducted Vic Willis in 1995, as the Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame had done in 1977."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Prior to joining the major leagues, Willis played football and baseball for University of Delaware, then known as Delaware College, despite never attending the college."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "After the season ended, Willis was purchased by the Boston Beaneaters for Fred Lake and $1,000."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 513 career games, Willis pitched 3,996 innings and posted a win\u2013loss record of 249\u2013205, with 388 complete games, 50 shutouts, and a 2.63 earned run average (ERA)."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Willis returned to the Stars for the 1897 season and, after establishing a curveball in the offseason, finished the season with 21 wins, with Syracuse winning the league championship in the process."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Willis began his professional baseball career in 1895 with the Harrisburg Senators of the Pennsylvania State League."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He attended high school at Newark Academy, and played both on the high school baseball team and in semi-pro baseball leagues throughout Delaware."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Nicknamed the \"Delaware Peach\", he was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1995."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Victor Gazaway Willis (April 12, 1876 \u2013 August 3, 1947) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher during the 1890s and 1900s."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "After retirement, Willis purchased and operated the Washington House, a hotel in his hometown of Newark, Delaware."}], "text": "Vic Willis joined the hospitality and tourism industry after he ended his baseball career by opening an establishment in the town where he spent his childhood.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 9, "wikipedia_page": "Vic Willis"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career", "text": "Maranville was known as one of \"baseball's most famous clowns\" due to his practical jokes and lack of inhibitions."}], "id": "0UeY6K5ax17pY8ORFdca", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Walter James Vincent \"Rabbit\" Maranville (November 11, 1891 \u2013 January 6, 1954) was an American professional baseball shortstop, second baseman and manager."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "The following year, Maranville was the runner-up in the MVP voting to teammate Johnny Evers as the Braves won the National League pennant and then went on to sweep the powerful Philadelphia A's in the World Series."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "Rabbit Maranville died of a heart attack shortly after midnight on January 6, 1954 at his home in Woodside, New York."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Boston Braves, Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago Cubs, Brooklyn Robins, and St. Louis Cardinals between 1912 and 1934."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Following the end of his playing career, Maranville turned to managing, including stints as a minor league manager for Montreal Royals, at Albany, Elmira, and Springfield, Massachusetts."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "He was 62 years old. Maranville was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1954, just months after his death, along with Bill Terry and Bill Dickey, in his 14th year of eligibility."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "In later years he worked as the director of a baseball school sponsored by the New York Journal-American newspaper."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Maranville finished third in the MVP voting in his first full season, playing for the Boston Braves as a 21-year-old in 1913 even though his batting average was just .247 in 143 games with two homers."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Over a lengthy career which spanned both the dead ball and live-ball era, Maranville played for the Boston Braves (1912\u20131920, 1929\u20131933, 1935), Pittsburgh Pirates (1921\u20131924), Chicago Cubs (1925), Brooklyn Robins (1926) and St. Louis Cardinals (1927\u20131928)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "At the time of his retirement in 1935, he had played in a record 23 seasons in the National League, a mark which wasn't broken until 1986 by Pete Rose."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Maranville was known as one of \"baseball's most famous clowns\" due to his practical jokes and lack of inhibitions."}], "text": "During his baseball career, Rabbit Maranville often played the fiddle in the dugout to entertain his teammates.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Rabbit Maranville"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Novels | The Exorcist (1971)", "text": "The novel was inspired by a 1949 case of demonic possession and exorcism that Blatty heard about while he was a student in the class of 1950 at Georgetown University."}], "id": "0UeyiPr3kxNgFKK9nhSS", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Exorcist is an American media franchise that originated with William Peter Blatty's 1971 horror novel of the same name and most prominently featured in a 1973 film adapted from the novel, and many subsequent prequels and sequels."}, {"section_header": "Novels | The Exorcist (1971)", "text": "The novel was inspired by a 1949 case of demonic possession and exorcism that Blatty heard about while he was a student in the class of 1950 at Georgetown University."}, {"section_header": "Films | The Exorcist (1973)", "text": "The Exorcist is a 1973 American supernatural horror film directed by William Friedkin, adapted by William Peter Blatty from his 1971 novel of the same name, and starring Ellen Burstyn, Linda Blair, Max von Sydow, and Jason Miller."}, {"section_header": "Novels | The Exorcist (1971)", "text": "The Exorcist is a 1971 novel by American writer William Peter Blatty."}, {"section_header": "Theatre | The Exorcist (2012)", "text": "In February 2008, American playwright John Pielmeier expressed an interest in adapting William Peter Blatty's novel of the same name into a play and soon met with Blatty."}, {"section_header": "Films | Related films | The Ninth Configuration (1980)", "text": "Released in 1980, it was based on Blatty's novel of the same name."}, {"section_header": "Films | The Exorcist (1973)", "text": "The book, inspired by the 1949 exorcism of Roland Doe, deals with the demonic possession of a 12-year-old girl and her mother's attempts to win back her child through an exorcism conducted by two priests."}, {"section_header": "Films | The Exorcist (1973)", "text": "The film is part of The Exorcist franchise."}, {"section_header": "Novels | The Exorcist (1971)", "text": "In September 2011, the novel was reprinted by Harper Collins to celebrate its fortieth anniversary, with slight revisions made by Blatty as well as interior title artwork by Jeremy Caniglia."}, {"section_header": "Novels | The Exorcist (1971)", "text": "The book details the demonic possession of twelve-year-old Regan MacNeil, the daughter of a famous actress, and the two priests who attempt to exorcise the demon."}], "text": "The Exorcist is an American media franchise that originated with William Peter Blatty's 1971 horror novel of the same name and most prominently featured in a 1973 film adapted from the novel, inspired by a 1949 case of demonic possession and exorcism that Blatty witnessed while he was a student in the class of 1950 at Duke.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Exorcist"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is notable as the second biographical film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture."}], "id": "0XkdtBNIBcY8wUNvPBrt", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Academy Award wins and nominations", "text": "At the 10th Academy Awards, the film received ten nominations (and thereby became the first film in Academy Award history to reach double digits for nominations) and won three awards."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is notable as the second biographical film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Life of Emile Zola is a 1937 American biographical film about 19th-century French author \u00c9mile Zola, starring Paul Muni and directed by William Dieterle, a German \u00e9migr\u00e9."}, {"section_header": "Reception and interpretation", "text": "\" The Life of Emile Zola topped Film Daily's year-end poll of 531 critics as the best film of 1937.Certain scenes were interpreted at the time as \"indirect attacks on Nazi Germany.\" As David Denby writes about the movie in 2013, \"At the end, in an outpouring of the progressive rhetoric that was typical of the thirties, Zola makes a grandiloquent speech on behalf of justice and truth and against nationalist war frenzy.\" But the film was curiously silent about the issue at its core: that Dreyfus was Jewish and being persecuted under French anti-Semitism."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Finally, a chance encounter with a street prostitute (Erin O'Brien-Moore) hiding from a police raid inspires his first bestseller, Nana, an expos\u00e9 of the steamy underside of Parisian life."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2000, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\"."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Zola is reluctant to give up a comfortable life, but she brings forth new evidence to pique his curiosity."}, {"section_header": "21st century controversy about collaboration", "text": "In his book titled The Collaboration: Hollywood's Pact with Hitler, Urwand said that Hollywood producers made a kind of pact in order to avoid antagonizing Adolf Hitler and aided the Nazis by not producing films that accurately portrayed their repression in Europe."}, {"section_header": "21st century controversy about collaboration", "text": "She disputes that he ever gave an order about taking \"Jew\" out of dialogue in the film about Zola."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "He becomes rich and famous, marries Alexandrine (Gloria Holden), and settles down to a comfortable life in his mansion."}], "text": "The Life of Emile Zola has been recognized for being the first film of it's kind to win an Academy Award.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "The Life of Emile Zola"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "King and crusader | Crusade plans", "text": "He spent most of his father's treasury (filled with money raised by the Saladin tithe), raised taxes, and even agreed to free King William I of Scotland from his oath of subservience to Richard in exchange for 10,000 marks (\u00a36,500)."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | Crusade plans", "text": "When Richard was raising funds for his crusade, he was said to declare, \"I would have sold London if I could find a buyer\"."}], "id": "0YzkctHSbxUswi8FDEub", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "King and crusader | In the Holy Land", "text": "In November 1191, following the fall of Jaffa, the Crusader army advanced inland towards Jerusalem."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | Conquest of Cyprus", "text": "Richard's exploit was well publicised and contributed to his reputation, and he also derived significant financial gains from the conquest of the island."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | Occupation of Sicily", "text": "Tancred had imprisoned William's widow, Queen Joan, who was Richard's sister and did not give her the money she had inherited in William's will."}, {"section_header": "Life after the Third Crusade | Captivity, ransom and return", "text": "Henry VI needed money to raise an army and assert his rights over southern Italy and continued to hold Richard for ransom."}, {"section_header": "Life after the Third Crusade | Captivity, ransom and return", "text": "Both clergy and laymen were taxed for a quarter of the value of their property, the gold and silver treasures of the churches were confiscated, and money was raised from the scutage and the carucage taxes."}, {"section_header": "Life after the Third Crusade | War against Philip of France", "text": "At Fr\u00e9teval in 1194, just after Richard's return to France from captivity and money-raising in England, Philip fled, leaving his entire archive of financial audits and documents to be captured by Richard."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | Crusade plans", "text": "He spent most of his father's treasury (filled with money raised by the Saladin tithe), raised taxes, and even agreed to free King William I of Scotland from his oath of subservience to Richard in exchange for 10,000 marks (\u00a36,500)."}, {"section_header": "Life after the Third Crusade | Captivity, ransom and return", "text": "Henry turned down the offer. The money to rescue the King was transferred to Germany by the Emperor's ambassadors, but \"at the king's peril\" (had it been lost along the way, Richard would have been held responsible), and finally, on 4 February 1194 Richard was released."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Revolt against Henry II", "text": "With the support of Louis, Henry the Young King attracted many barons to his cause through promises of land and money; one such baron was Philip I, Count of Flanders, who was promised \u00a31,000 and several castles."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | Crusade plans", "text": "He started to raise and equip a new crusader army."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | Crusade plans", "text": "When Richard was raising funds for his crusade, he was said to declare, \"I would have sold London if I could find a buyer\"."}], "text": "Richard the first did not contribute any money towards the Crusades.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Richard I of England"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | 1955\u20131978: Early life and acting in theater", "text": "One of eight children of Muriel Isabel (n\u00e9e Sprissler) and Dr. William Alfred Dafoe (1917\u20132014) , he recalled in 2009: \"My five sisters raised me because my father was a surgeon, my mother was a nurse and they worked together, so I didn't see either of them much."}], "id": "0ZSZa4eoOb3sWNeOlaqe", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Dafoe said in 2010, \"We were having lunch"}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1955\u20131978: Early life and acting in theater", "text": "Within a year Dafoe was part of the company."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1955\u20131978: Early life and acting in theater", "text": "Dafoe would continue with the Wooster Group into the 2000s."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1986\u20131989: Breakthrough, first Oscar nomination, and controversial roles", "text": "Dafoe did not receive a credit for his work on the film."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1990\u20131999: Balancing independent and blockbuster films", "text": "Dafoe had two lead roles in 1992."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dafoe has dual citizenship of the United States and Italy."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1955\u20131978: Early life and acting in theater", "text": "William James Dafoe was born in Appleton, Wisconsin."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 2000\u20132009: Shadow of the Vampire, Spider-Man and prolificity", "text": "wrote that \"Dafoe steals the picture with his comic timing\"."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 2010\u2013present: Continued acclaim and success", "text": "Film critic Peter Bradshaw noted the physical similarities between Dafoe and Pasolini, although felt Dafoe had too little screen time in the film."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1955\u20131978: Early life and acting in theater", "text": "\" His brother, Donald Dafoe, is a transplant surgeon and researcher."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1955\u20131978: Early life and acting in theater", "text": "One of eight children of Muriel Isabel (n\u00e9e Sprissler) and Dr. William Alfred Dafoe (1917\u20132014) , he recalled in 2009: \"My five sisters raised me because my father was a surgeon, my mother was a nurse and they worked together, so I didn't see either of them much."}], "text": "Dafoe  has 7 siblings.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Willem Dafoe"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reflection of light", "text": "Reflection also occurs at the surface of transparent media, such as water or glass."}], "id": "0e9RAuyl5bHwp5XyWe6i", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reflection of light | Diffuse reflection", "text": "The light sent to our eyes by most of the objects we see is due to diffuse reflection from their surface, so that this is our primary mechanism of physical observation."}, {"section_header": "Other types of reflection | Neutron reflection", "text": "In the physical and biological sciences, the reflection of neutrons off of atoms within a material is commonly used to determine the material's internal structure."}, {"section_header": "Other types of reflection | Sound reflection", "text": "When a longitudinal sound wave strikes a flat surface, sound is reflected in a coherent manner provided that the dimension of the reflective surface is large compared to the wavelength of the sound."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light | Retroreflection", "text": "Some surfaces exhibit retroreflection."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light", "text": "Reflection also occurs at the surface of transparent media, such as water or glass."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light | Laws of reflection", "text": "If the reflecting surface is very smooth, the reflection of light that occurs is called specular or regular reflection."}, {"section_header": "Other types of reflection | Sound reflection", "text": "As a result, the overall nature of the reflection varies according to the texture and structure of the surface."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light", "text": "Such mirrors may have surfaces that are spherical or parabolic."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light", "text": "As the waves interact at low angle with the surface of this tunnel they are reflected toward the focus point (or toward another interaction with the tunnel surface, eventually being directed to the detector at the focus)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Reflection is observed with surface waves in bodies of water."}], "text": "Reflection in physics cannot happen with surfaces that are see-through.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Reflection (physics)"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The temperature at the inner core's surface is estimated to be approximately 5700 K (5430 \u00b0C or 9806 \u00b0F), which is about the temperature at the surface of the Sun."}], "id": "0f3PgEuwPkgF73UGyO4C", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Growth", "text": "The Earth's inner core is thought to be slowly growing as the liquid outer core at the boundary with the inner core cools and solidifies due to the gradual cooling of the Earth's interior (about 100 degrees Celsius per billion years).According to calculations by Alf\u00e9 and others, as the iron crystallizes onto the inner core, the liquid just above it becomes enriched in oxygen, and therefore less dense than the rest of the outer core."}, {"section_header": "Structure | Causes of anisotropy", "text": "In 1998, S. Karato proposed that changes in the magnetic field might also deform the inner core slowly over time."}, {"section_header": "Dynamics", "text": "In 1996, X. Song and P. Richards estimated this \"super-rotation\" of the inner core relative to the mantle as about one degree per year."}, {"section_header": "Composition", "text": "In that case, some of this residual fluid may still persist to some small degree in much of its interior."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Earth's inner core is the innermost geologic layer of the Earth."}, {"section_header": "Structure", "text": "It was even suggested that Earth's inner core might be a single crystal of iron."}, {"section_header": "Age | Paleomagnetic evidence", "text": "They speculated that the change could be due to the birth of Earth's solid inner core."}, {"section_header": "Age", "text": "The estimates yielded by these methods still vary over a large range, from 0.5 to 2 billion years old."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "There are no samples of the Earth's core available for direct measurement, as there are for the Earth's mantle."}, {"section_header": "Dynamics", "text": "In the 1990s, seismologists made various claims about detecting this kind of super-rotation by observing changes in the characteristics of seismic waves passing through the inner core over several decades, using the aforementioned property that it transmits waves more quickly in some directions."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The temperature at the inner core's surface is estimated to be approximately 5700 K (5430 \u00b0C or 9806 \u00b0F), which is about the temperature at the surface of the Sun."}], "text": "The Earth's inner core is over 9800 degrees.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Inner core"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "As a child, Johansson practiced acting by staring in the mirror until she made herself cry, wanting to be Judy Garland in Meet Me in St. Louis."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "At age nine, Johansson made her film debut as John Ritter's daughter in the fantasy comedy North (1994)."}], "id": "0fkbbjJJzi6ExHmXqMn8", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Acting career | Action and superhero films (2014\u2013present)", "text": "Johansson was attracted to her character's way of doing her job, employing her feminine wiles and not her physical appeal."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "At age nine, Johansson made her film debut as John Ritter's daughter in the fantasy comedy North (1994)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Born and raised in Manhattan, New York City, Johansson aspired to be an actress from a young age and first appeared on stage in an Off-Broadway play as a child."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Scarlett Ingrid Johansson (; born November 22, 1984) is an American actress and singer."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "She says that when she was on the film set, she knew intuitively what to do."}, {"section_header": "Music career", "text": "and I had my own way of doing Tom Waits songs."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Films with Woody Allen (2005\u20132009)", "text": "Ebert was critical of the film, but found Johansson \"lovely as always\", and Mick LaSalle noted the freshness she brought to her part."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "At age seven, she was devastated when a talent agent signed one of her brothers instead of her, but she later decided to become an actress anyway."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Early roles (1996\u20132002)", "text": "[that] belie her age\" by an Austin Chronicle critic, and won a Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Films with Woody Allen (2005\u20132009)", "text": "Johansson later said she was a fan of De Palma and had wanted to work with him on the film, but thought that she was unsuitable for the part."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "As a child, Johansson practiced acting by staring in the mirror until she made herself cry, wanting to be Judy Garland in Meet Me in St. Louis."}], "text": "Scarlett Johansson had her first actress job at the age of nine and she knew that was what she always wanted to do.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Scarlett Johansson"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 1983\u20131984: Early history", "text": "Red Hot Chili Peppers were formed in Los Angeles by singer Anthony Kiedis, guitarist Hillel Slovak, bassist Flea, and drummer Jack Irons, classmates at Fairfax High School."}], "id": "0gS23EHr43wcAdofLaaI", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Musical style", "text": "However, he changed this style when Red Hot Chili Peppers formed."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Red Hot Chili Peppers (commonly abbreviated as RHCP) are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Red Hot Chili Peppers were formed in Los Angeles by Kiedis, Flea, guitarist Hillel Slovak, and drummer Jack Irons."}, {"section_header": "History | 1998\u20132001: Return of Frusciante and Californication", "text": "With no guitarist, the Red Hot Chili Peppers were on the verge of breaking up."}, {"section_header": "History | 1983\u20131984: Early history", "text": "Red Hot Chili Peppers were formed in Los Angeles by singer Anthony Kiedis, guitarist Hillel Slovak, bassist Flea, and drummer Jack Irons, classmates at Fairfax High School."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1998, following Navarro's dismissal, Frusciante returned to Red Hot Chili Peppers."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After the Stadium Arcadium tour, Red Hot Chili Peppers went on an extended hiatus."}, {"section_header": "History | 1983\u20131984: Early history", "text": "The band released their debut album, The Red Hot Chili Peppers, in August 1984."}, {"section_header": "History | 2010\u20132014: I'm with You", "text": "I'm with You, the tenth Red Hot Chili Peppers album, was released in the US in August 2011."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "His replacement, Dave Navarro, played on the sixth Red Hot Chili Peppers album, One Hot Minute (1995)."}], "text": "The Red Hot Chili Peppers was formed when the members were in college.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Red Hot Chili Peppers"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Four years later, she married her half-cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, and in June 1566 they had a son, James."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In February 1567, Darnley's residence was destroyed by an explosion, and he was found murdered in the garden."}], "id": "0i7ljtfl5jWnzR6WmHgr", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Childhood and early reign | Treaty of Greenwich", "text": "In May 1544, the English Earl of Hertford (later Duke of Somerset) raided Edinburgh, and the Scots took Mary to Dunkeld for safety."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign | Claim to the English throne", "text": "Henry II of France proclaimed his eldest son and daughter-in-law king and queen of England."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign | Claim to the English throne", "text": "On 11 June 1560, their sister, Mary's mother, died, and so the question of future Franco-Scots relations was a pressing one."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 \u2013 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, reigned over Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign | Claim to the English throne", "text": "When Henry II died on 10 July 1559, from injuries sustained in a joust, fifteen-year-old Francis and sixteen-year-old Mary became king and queen of France."}, {"section_header": "Marriage to Lord Darnley | Murder of Darnley", "text": "On the night of 9\u201310 February 1567, Mary visited her husband in the early evening and then attended the wedding celebrations of a member of her household, Bastian Pagez."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign", "text": "On 14 December, six days after her birth, she became Queen of Scotland when her father died, perhaps from the effects of a nervous collapse following the Battle of Solway Moss or from drinking contaminated water while on campaign."}, {"section_header": "Marriage to Lord Darnley | Murder of Darnley", "text": "A week later, Bothwell managed to convince more than two dozen lords and bishops to sign the Ainslie Tavern Bond, in which they agreed to support his aim to marry the queen."}, {"section_header": "Imprisonment in Scotland and abdication", "text": "He was imprisoned in Denmark, became insane and died in 1578."}, {"section_header": "Escape and imprisonment in England | Execution", "text": "Cecil's nephew, who was present at the execution, reported to his uncle that after her death \"Her lips stirred up and down a quarter of an hour after her head was cut off\" and that a small dog owned by the queen emerged from hiding among her skirts\u2014though eye-witness Emanuel Tomascon does not include those details in his \"exhaustive report\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Four years later, she married her half-cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, and in June 1566 they had a son, James."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In February 1567, Darnley's residence was destroyed by an explosion, and he was found murdered in the garden."}], "text": "Mary, Queen of Scots, had a daughter after she was wed to her Uncle, who later died by suicide.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Mary, Queen of Scots"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Book of Leviticus () is the third book of the Torah and of the Old Testament;  scholars generally agree that it developed over a long period of time, reaching its present form during the Persian Period between 538\u2013332 BC."}], "id": "0kaTupAMJVm2QtfOJT9f", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Bibliography | General", "text": "The Old Testament World. Liturgical Press."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | General", "text": "Reverberations of Faith: A Theological Handbook of Old Testament Themes."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | General", "text": "The Task of Old Testament Theology: Substance, Method, and Cases."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | General", "text": "Wenham, Gordon (2003). Exploring the Old Testament: The Pentateuch."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | General", "text": "Bandstra, Barry L (2004). Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | General", "text": "Rodd, Cyril S (2001). Glimpses of a Strange Land: Studies in Old Testament Ethics."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Book of Leviticus () is the third book of the Torah and of the Old Testament;  scholars generally agree that it developed over a long period of time, reaching its present form during the Persian Period between 538\u2013332 BC."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Chapters 17\u201326 are the Holiness code."}, {"section_header": "Subsequent tradition", "text": "\"Christians generally have the view that the New Covenant supersedes (i.e., replaces) the Old Testament's ritual laws, which includes many of the rules in Leviticus."}, {"section_header": "Composition", "text": "Most scholars see chapters 1\u201316 (the Priestly code) and"}], "text": "Leviticus is a chapter in the Old Testament.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Leviticus"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "As I Lay Dying is a 1930 Southern Gothic novel by American author William Faulkner."}], "id": "0oSjTZg2cCoT0PqkhbG0", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Significance", "text": "As I Lay Dying derived its name from this novel."}, {"section_header": "Significance", "text": "The Grammy-nominated metalcore band"}, {"section_header": "Significance", "text": "As I Lay Dying is consistently ranked among the best novels of 20th-century literature."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "As I Lay Dying is a 1930 Southern Gothic novel by American author William Faulkner."}, {"section_header": "Background and literary techniques", "text": "As I Lay Dying helped to solidify Faulkner's reputation as a pioneer, like James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, of stream of consciousness."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "The night after Addie dies a heavy rainstorm sets in; rivers rise and wash out bridges that the family will need to cross to get to Jefferson."}, {"section_header": "Significance", "text": "In 1998, the Modern Library ranked As I Lay"}, {"section_header": "Background and literary techniques", "text": "He first used the technique in The Sound and the Fury, and it gives As I Lay"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The title derives from Book XI of Homer's Odyssey (William Marris's 1925 translation) , wherein Agamemnon tells Odysseus: \"As I lay dying, the woman with the dog's eyes would not close my eyes as I descended into Hades.\" The novel utilizes stream of consciousness writing technique, multiple narrators, and varying chapter lengths."}, {"section_header": "Significance", "text": "Dying 35th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century."}], "text": "As I Lay Dying is a song by the heavy metal band Metallica.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "As I Lay Dying"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Johnson's escalation, 1963\u20131969", "text": "Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson had not been heavily involved with policy toward Vietnam; however, upon becoming president, Johnson immediately focused on the war."}], "id": "0orLJCZa6NjLD6d1zU0D", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Johnson's escalation, 1963\u20131969 | Tet Offensive", "text": "Prior to Tet, in November 1967, Westmoreland had spearheaded a public relations drive for the Johnson administration to bolster flagging public support."}, {"section_header": "Johnson's escalation, 1963\u20131969", "text": "Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson had not been heavily involved with policy toward Vietnam; however, upon becoming president, Johnson immediately focused on the war."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In response, the U.S Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and gave President Lyndon B. Johnson broad authority to increase American military presence in Vietnam."}, {"section_header": "Johnson's escalation, 1963\u20131969 | American ground war", "text": "The Johnson administration employed a \"policy of minimum candor\" in its dealings with the media."}, {"section_header": "Vietnamization, 1969\u20131972 | Easter Offensive and Paris Peace Accords, 1972", "text": "President Thieu demanded changes to the peace accord upon its discovery, and when North Vietnam went public with the agreement's details, the Nixon administration claimed they were attempting to embarrass the president."}, {"section_header": "Johnson's escalation, 1963\u20131969 | American ground war", "text": "The plan was approved by Johnson and marked a profound departure from the previous administration's insistence that the government of South Vietnam was responsible for defeating the guerrillas."}, {"section_header": "Johnson's escalation, 1963\u20131969 | Tet Offensive", "text": "\" The American public and media began to turn against Johnson as the three offensives contradicted claims of progress made by the Johnson administration and the military."}, {"section_header": "Involvement of other countries | Neutral and non-belligerent nations | Spain", "text": "President Johnson had asked General Francisco Franco to contribute a military contingent to the war effort."}, {"section_header": "Vietnamization, 1969\u20131972 | ARVN taking the lead and U.S. ground-force withdrawal", "text": "Between 1969 and 1971 the Viet Cong and some PAVN units had reverted to small unit tactics typical of 1967 and prior instead of nationwide grand offensives."}, {"section_header": "Involvement of other countries | Pro-Hanoi | Czechoslovakia", "text": "The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was a member of the Warsaw Pact and sent significant aid to North Vietnam, both prior to and after the Prague Spring."}], "text": "President Johnson was not responsible for the United States' involvement in Vietnam prior to his administration.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Vietnam War"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Death", "text": "The foreword (written by her husband) states that Russell had a mental breakdown in 1943."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "She made no films in 1944. Details are scant, but the book indicates that health problems and the deaths of a sister and a brother were major factors leading to her breakdown."}], "id": "0q3ajEcYUe8CQOH6Zcrq", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Catherine Rosalind Russell (June 4, 1907 \u2013 November 28, 1976) was an American actress, comedian, screenwriter and singer, known for her role as fast-talking newspaper reporter Hildy Johnson in the Howard Hawks screwball comedy"}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "On October 25, 1941, Russell married Danish-American producer Frederick Brisson (1912\u201384), son of actor Carl Brisson."}, {"section_header": "Early years", "text": "The Russells were an Irish-American, Catholic family."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "The film was a major hit, boosting her career and establishing her reputation as a comedian."}, {"section_header": "Early years", "text": "Catherine Rosalind Russell was one of seven children born in Waterbury, Connecticut, to James Edward, a lawyer, and Clara A. Russell (n\u00e9e McKnight), a teacher."}, {"section_header": "Early years", "text": "Her parents thought Russell was studying to become a teacher and were unaware that she was planning to become an actress."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "In 2009, the documentary film Life Is a Banquet: The Life of Rosalind Russell, narrated by Kathleen Turner, was shown at film festivals across the U.S. and on some PBS stations."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "The foreword (written by her husband) states that Russell had a mental breakdown in 1943."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "She made no films in 1944. Details are scant, but the book indicates that health problems and the deaths of a sister and a brother were major factors leading to her breakdown."}, {"section_header": "Early years", "text": "She attended Catholic schools, including Rosemont College in Rosemont, Pennsylvania and Marymount College in Tarrytown, New York, then attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City."}], "text": "American actress, comedian, screenwriter and singer Rosalind Russell had a breakdown and produced no films the following year.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Rosalind Russell"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Late 1889. Dissatisfied with life in her rural Wisconsin home, 18-year-old Caroline \"Sister Carrie"}], "id": "0qYKEZAkbfZcwNSLet7R", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Caroline \"Carrie\" Meeber, a.k.a. Carrie Wheeler, Carrie Madenda; a young woman from rural Wisconsin; the protagonist."}, {"section_header": "Publication history and response", "text": "In his Nobel Prize Lecture of 1930, Sinclair Lewis said that \"Dreiser's great first novel, Sister Carrie, which he dared to publish thirty long years ago and which I read twenty-five years ago, came to housebound and airless America like a great free Western wind, and to our stuffy domesticity gave us the first fresh air since Mark Twain and Whitman."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "The next day, the affair is uncovered: Drouet discovers he has been cuckolded, Carrie learns that Hurstwood is married, and Hurstwood's wife Julia learns from acquaintances that Hurstwood has been out driving with another woman and deliberately excluded her from the Elks theatre night."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "She acquires a sophisticated wardrobe and, through his offhand comments about attractive women, sheds her provincial mannerisms, even as she struggles with the moral implications of being a kept woman."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "A pictorial history of Sister Carrie from 1900\u20131981."}, {"section_header": "Publication history and response", "text": "Dreiser had difficulty finding a publisher for Sister Carrie."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Theodore Dreiser. Sister Carrie: Unexpurgated Edition."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Sister Carrie. Norton Critical Edition, 1970."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Sister Carrie. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Donald Pizer, ed. New Essays on Sister Carrie."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Late 1889. Dissatisfied with life in her rural Wisconsin home, 18-year-old Caroline \"Sister Carrie"}], "text": "Sister Carrie is about a woman in her mid thirties.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Sister Carrie"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In the 400 years since its inception, the role has been performed by numerous highly acclaimed actors in each successive century."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is Shakespeare's longest play with 30,557 words."}], "id": "0tp9eOO7bdToG80wMSPX", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Performance history | Shakespeare's day to the Interregnum", "text": "Oxford editor George Hibbard argues that, since the contemporary literature contains many allusions and references to Hamlet (only Falstaff is mentioned more, from Shakespeare), the play was surely performed with a frequency that the historical record misses."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Restoration and 18th century", "text": "His performance was said to be 20 minutes longer than anyone else's, and his lengthy pauses provoked the suggestion by Richard Brinsley Sheridan that \"music should be played between the words\"."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Film and TV performances", "text": "There have also been many films which included performances of scenes from Hamlet as a play-within-a-film."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Shakespeare's day to the Interregnum", "text": "Shakespeare provides no clear indication of when his play is set; however, as Elizabethan actors performed at the Globe in contemporary dress on minimal sets, this would not have affected the staging."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Shakespeare's day to the Interregnum", "text": "What is known is that the crew of the ship Red Dragon, anchored off Sierra Leone, performed Hamlet in September 1607; that the play toured in Germany within five years of Shakespeare's death; and that it was performed before James I in 1619 and Charles I in 1637."}, {"section_header": "Influence", "text": "As such, it reverberates through the writing of later centuries."}, {"section_header": "Texts", "text": "\"Q1 is considerably shorter than Q2 or F1 and may be a memorial reconstruction of the play as Shakespeare's company performed it, by an actor who played a minor role (most likely Marcellus)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He almost certainly wrote his version of the title role for his fellow actor, Richard Burbage, the leading tragedian of Shakespeare's time."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | 20th century", "text": "In this production, the actors playing Hamlet, Claudius and Polonius exchanged roles at crucial moments in the performance, including the moment of Claudius's death, at which point the actor mainly associated with Hamlet fell to the ground."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Shakespeare's day to the Interregnum", "text": "Judging by the number of reprints, Hamlet appears to have been Shakespeare's fourth most popular play during his lifetime\u2014only Henry IV Part 1, Richard III and Pericles eclipsed it."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In the 400 years since its inception, the role has been performed by numerous highly acclaimed actors in each successive century."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is Shakespeare's longest play with 30,557 words."}], "text": "Hamlet has been performed by many actors and is the most lengthy of Shakespeare's writings.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Hamlet"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Based on the medieval La Damigella di Scalot, it tells the story of Elaine of Astolat, a young noblewoman imprisoned in a tower on an island near Camelot."}], "id": "10sNa2dLNP3DV7XIHP75", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Cultural influence | Art", "text": "Two aspects, in particular, of \"The Lady of Shalott\" intrigued these artists: the idea of the lady trapped in her tower and the dying girl floating down the river towards Camelot.:173"}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Television", "text": "In the Lewis episode \"Old, Unhappy, Far Off Things\" (2011), D.S. Hathaway quotes the line \"Out flew the web and floated wide\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Based on the medieval La Damigella di Scalot, it tells the story of Elaine of Astolat, a young noblewoman imprisoned in a tower on an island near Camelot."}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Television", "text": "\"The Lady of Shalott\" does not appear in the original book by Edith Wharton."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"The Lady of Shalott\" is a lyrical ballad by the English poet Alfred Tennyson."}, {"section_header": "Themes", "text": "Critics argue that \"The Lady of Shalott\" centres on the temptation of sexuality and her innocence preserved by death."}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Literature", "text": "Nancy Mitford refers to the Lady of Shalott in her novel Love in a Cold Climate (1949)."}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Literature", "text": "Sarah Gridley's poetry collection Loom (2013) is heavily influenced by The Lady of Shalott."}, {"section_header": "Poem", "text": "The Lady of Shalott lives in an island castle in a river which flows to Camelot, but the local farmers know little about her."}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Music", "text": "Composer Jon Parr Vijinski wrote a symphonic tone poem entitled The Lady of Shalott (2001)."}], "text": "The Lady of Shalott is about an old noblewoman trapped in a well.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "The Lady of Shalott"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He moved to California in 1995 to begin a Ph.D. in applied physics and material sciences at Stanford University, but decided to pursue a business career instead of enrolling."}], "id": "1DLDskM8wEAZLduEOq2G", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life | Education", "text": "\"In 1995, Musk was accepted to a PhD program in energy physics/materials science at Stanford University in California."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He moved to California in 1995 to begin a Ph.D. in applied physics and material sciences at Stanford University, but decided to pursue a business career instead of enrolling."}, {"section_header": "Career | SpaceX", "text": "SpaceX develops and manufactures space launch vehicles with a focus on advancing the state of rocket technology."}, {"section_header": "Early life | Education", "text": "Eager to pursue opportunities in the Internet boom, however, he decided to instead launch his first company, Zip2 Corporation."}, {"section_header": "Views | Public transport", "text": "Congestion? Congestion? Induced demand? Climate change impacts?"}, {"section_header": "Career | Zip2", "text": "In 1995, Musk and his brother, Kimbal, started Zip2, a web software company, with money raised from a small group of angel investors."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Musk has said the goals of SpaceX, Tesla, and SolarCity revolve around his vision to \"change the world and help humanity\"."}, {"section_header": "Views | Political", "text": "Regarding his cooperation with Trump, Musk has subsequently commented: \"The more voices of reason that the President hears, the better.\" He subsequently resigned from both business advisory councils in June 2017, in protest at Trump's decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement on climate change, stating: \"Climate change is real."}, {"section_header": "Views | Political | Lobbying", "text": "\" Musk has directly contributed to Republican Sen. Marco Rubio, who has been accused of holding similar positions regarding climate change."}, {"section_header": "Career | Tesla", "text": "In February 2016, Musk announced that he had acquired the Tesla.com domain name from Stu Grossman, who had owned it since 1992, and changed Tesla's homepage to that domain."}], "text": "In 1995, he pursues a Ph.D. but only to change his focus to a different acre.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Elon Musk"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In Old Chicago is a 1938 American drama disaster film directed by Henry King."}], "id": "1Ij9d0kD2hk5CLDLIM73", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "At the time of its release, it was one of the most expensive movies ever made."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "In the movie there are three sons."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In Old Chicago is a 1938 American drama disaster film directed by Henry King."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "In the years before the film was made it had been supplanted by the Levee, an area renowned for its corrupt politicians, known as the Gray Wolves, whose deeds resemble those of the characters in the film."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "Some sources claim that MGM offered to loan both Harlow and Clark Gable to Fox for In Old Chicago if they reciprocated by loaning Shirley Temple to MGM for their upcoming production of The Wizard of Oz."}], "text": "The movie, \"In Old Chicago\" is a movie made in the United States.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "In Old Chicago"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 8, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet (), is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601."}], "id": "1Kre4AiPxf6EjPbCS3ax", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Analysis and criticism | Dramatic structure", "text": "The play is full of seeming discontinuities and irregularities of action, except in the \"bad\" quarto."}, {"section_header": "Influence", "text": "In the late 20th century, David Foster Wallace's novel Infinite Jest draws heavily from Hamlet and takes its title from the play's text; Wallace incorporates references to the gravedigger scene, the marriage of the main character's mother to his uncle, and the re-appearance of the main character's father as a ghost."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet (), is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The play's structure and depth of characterisation have inspired much critical scrutiny."}, {"section_header": "Texts", "text": "Theobald's version became standard for a long time, and his \"full text\" approach continues to influence editorial practice to the present day."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Act I", "text": "Denmark has a long-standing feud with neighbouring Norway, in which King Hamlet slew King Fortinbras of Norway in a battle some years ago."}, {"section_header": "Context and interpretation | Religious", "text": "Some scholars have observed that revenge tragedies come from Catholic countries like Italy and Spain, where the revenge tragedies present contradictions of motives, since according to Catholic doctrine the duty to God and family precedes civil justice."}, {"section_header": "Context and interpretation | Religious", "text": "This and Ophelia's burial ceremony, which is characteristically Catholic, make up most of the play's Catholic connections."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Act I", "text": "The protagonist of Hamlet is Prince Hamlet of Denmark, son of the recently deceased King Hamlet, and nephew of King Claudius, his father's brother and successor."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Restoration and 18th century", "text": "In the title role, Davenant cast Thomas Betterton, who continued to play the Dane until he was 74."}], "text": "The play's full title is The Tragedy of Hamilton, King of Scots.", "total_likes": 6, "total_votes": 8, "wikipedia_page": "Hamlet"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions", "text": "As of 2017, it has been translated into more than 300 languages and dialects, including Sardinian, the constructed international languages of Esperanto and Klingon, and the Congolese language Alur, as well as being printed in Braille for blind readers."}], "id": "1OGivoT8stQKtSsZjRVo", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions", "text": "It was the first book translated into that language since the New Testament."}, {"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions", "text": "As of 2017, it has been translated into more than 300 languages and dialects, including Sardinian, the constructed international languages of Esperanto and Klingon, and the Congolese language Alur, as well as being printed in Braille for blind readers."}, {"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions", "text": "Le Petit Prince is often used as a beginner's book for French-language students, and several bilingual and trilingual translations have been published."}, {"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions | Bavarian editions", "text": "The Little Prince has an adaptation for the inhabitants of Bavaria, Austria and South Tirol, covering for a large variety of the Bavarian language."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It has been translated into 301 languages and dialects."}, {"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions", "text": "In 2005, the book was also translated into Toba Qom, an indigenous language of northern Argentina, as So Shiyaxauolec Nta'a."}, {"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions", "text": "His meditative view of sunsets at the Bevin House were incorporated in the book, where the prince visits a small planet with 43 daily sunsets, a planet where all that is needed to watch a sunset \"is move your chair a few steps.\" As of April 2017, The Little Prince became the world's most translated non-religious book (into 300 languages) together with Italian novel The Adventures of Pinocchio."}, {"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions", "text": "Many of them are titled Prince From a Star, while others carry the book title that is a direct translation of The Little Prince."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Over the course of eight days stranded in the desert, while the narrator attempts to repair his plane, the little prince recounts the story of his life."}, {"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions", "text": "As an example: as of 2011 there are approximately 47 translated editions of The Little Prince in Korean, and there are also about 50 different translated editions in Chinese (produced in both mainland China and Taiwan)."}], "text": "The Little Prince has been translated in over 250 languages.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Little Prince"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Early life | Education", "text": "Plato was a wrestler, and Dicaearchus went so far as to say that Plato wrestled at the Isthmian games."}], "id": "1QMPRr6sCkLRRahFGvG5", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Themes of Plato's dialogues | Narration", "text": "With the exception of the Theaetetus, Plato gives no explicit indication as to how these orally transmitted conversations came to be written down."}, {"section_header": "Philosophy | Politics", "text": "However, the philosopher king image was used by many after Plato to justify their personal political beliefs."}, {"section_header": "Philosophy | Metaphysics | The soul", "text": "In the Timaeus, Socrates locates the parts of the soul within the human body: Reason is located in the head, spirit in the top third of the torso, and the appetite in the middle third of the torso, down to the navel."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | In philosophy", "text": "Plato's thought is often compared with that of his most famous student, Aristotle, whose reputation during the Western Middle Ages so completely eclipsed that of Plato that the Scholastic philosophers referred to Aristotle as \"the Philosopher\"."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | In philosophy", "text": "Many of these comments on Plato were translated from Arabic into Latin and as such influenced Medieval scholastic philosophers."}, {"section_header": "History of Plato's dialogues | Textual sources and history", "text": "The texts of Plato as received today apparently represent the complete written philosophical work of Plato and are generally good by the standards of textual criticism."}, {"section_header": "Influences | Pythagoras", "text": "For Numenius it is just that Plato wrote so many philosophical works, whereas Pythagoras' views were originally passed on only orally."}, {"section_header": "Influences | Heraclitus and Parmenides", "text": "The two philosophers Heraclitus and Parmenides, following the way initiated by pre-Socratic Greek philosophers like Pythagoras, depart from mythology and begin the metaphysical tradition that strongly influenced Plato and continues today."}, {"section_header": "Themes of Plato's dialogues | Allegories | The Cave", "text": "Socrates admits that few climb out of the den, or cave of ignorance, and those who do, not only have a terrible struggle to attain the heights, but when they go back down for a visit or to help other people up, they find themselves objects of scorn and ridicule."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alfred North Whitehead once noted: \"the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life | Education", "text": "Plato was a wrestler, and Dicaearchus went so far as to say that Plato wrestled at the Isthmian games."}], "text": "Plato was a philosopher who could also throw down in a fight.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Plato"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Background and literary techniques", "text": "Faulkner said that he wrote the novel from midnight to 4:00 a.m. over the course of six weeks and that he did not change a word of it."}], "id": "1SM8K2mG4cvr0etW1C8h", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Significance", "text": "As I Lay Dying derived its name from this novel."}, {"section_header": "Significance", "text": "As I Lay Dying is consistently ranked among the best novels of 20th-century literature."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "As I Lay Dying is a 1930 Southern Gothic novel by American author William Faulkner."}, {"section_header": "Background and literary techniques", "text": "As I Lay Dying helped to solidify Faulkner's reputation as a pioneer, like James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, of stream of consciousness."}, {"section_header": "Significance", "text": "In 1998, the Modern Library ranked As I Lay"}, {"section_header": "Background and literary techniques", "text": "He first used the technique in The Sound and the Fury, and it gives As I Lay"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The title derives from Book XI of Homer's Odyssey (William Marris's 1925 translation) , wherein Agamemnon tells Odysseus: \"As I lay dying, the woman with the dog's eyes would not close my eyes as I descended into Hades.\" The novel utilizes stream of consciousness writing technique, multiple narrators, and varying chapter lengths."}, {"section_header": "Significance", "text": "Dying 35th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century."}, {"section_header": "Background and literary techniques", "text": "Dying its distinctly intimate tone, through the monologues of the tragically flawed Bundrens and the passers-by whom they encounter."}, {"section_header": "Background and literary techniques", "text": "Faulkner said that he wrote the novel from midnight to 4:00 a.m. over the course of six weeks and that he did not change a word of it."}], "text": "As I lay Dying was written in three months.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "As I Lay Dying"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 7, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Johannes Peter \"Honus\" Wagner (; February 24, 1874 \u2013 December 6, 1955), sometimes referred to as \"Hans\" Wagner, was an American baseball shortstop who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates."}], "id": "1SzkuoGnYDErmycRcZ4N", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Professional career | Life after baseball", "text": "Wagner also coached baseball and basketball at Carnegie Institute of Technology, which is now part of Carnegie Mellon University."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Life after baseball", "text": "He managed and played for a semi-pro team."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "In their free time, he and his brothers played sandlot baseball and developed their skills to such an extent that three of his brothers went on to become professionals as well."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Life after baseball", "text": "Wagner was not finished playing baseball after his retirement from major league baseball."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Life after baseball", "text": "Wagner lived the remainder of his life in Pittsburgh, where he was well known as a friendly figure around town."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | 1903 and 1909 World Series", "text": "They had me by a foot. You just booted the play, so come on, let's play ball."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Life after baseball", "text": "During this time, he wore uniform number 14, but later changed it to his more famous 33, which was later the number retired for him. (His entire playing career was in the days before uniform numbers were worn.) His appearances at National League stadiums during his coaching years were always well received and Wagner remained a beloved ambassador of baseball."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | 1903 and 1909 World Series", "text": "Cobb denied it in his autobiography, and the play-by-play of the 1909 World Series confirms that the event could not have happened as stated: Cobb was never tagged out by Wagner in a caught-stealing."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Wagner was born to German immigrants Peter and Katheryn Wagner in the borough of Chartiers, in what is now Carnegie, Pennsylvania."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Wagner was one of nine children."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Johannes Peter \"Honus\" Wagner (; February 24, 1874 \u2013 December 6, 1955), sometimes referred to as \"Hans\" Wagner, was an American baseball shortstop who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates."}], "text": "Honus Wagner played basketball all his life.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Honus Wagner"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was the third of five sons of King Henry II of England and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine and seemed unlikely to become king, but all of his brothers except  the youngest, John, predeceased their father."}], "id": "1V8gY8EZBnRxuMwdWEV9", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "King and crusader | In the Holy Land", "text": "Leopold left the crusade immediately."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Final years of Henry II's reign", "text": "On this campaign, Richard acquired the name \"the Lion\" or \"the Lionheart\" due to his noble, brave and fierce leadership."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Final years of Henry II's reign", "text": "In 1181\u20131182 Richard faced a revolt over the succession to the county of Angoul\u00eame."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | In the Holy Land", "text": "Richard then ordered a general counterattack, which won the battle."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | In the Holy Land", "text": "He, therefore, ordered all the prisoners executed."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | Conquest of Cyprus", "text": "He ordered Isaac to release the prisoners and treasure."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | Coronation and anti-Jewish violence", "text": "When a rumour spread that Richard had ordered all Jews to be killed, the people of London attacked the Jewish population."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | Crusade plans", "text": "Richard swore an oath to renounce his past wickedness in order to show himself worthy to take the cross."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | Marriage", "text": "When Richard married Berengaria he was still officially betrothed to Alys, and he pushed for the match in order to obtain the Kingdom of Navarre as a fief, as Aquitaine had been for his father."}, {"section_header": "Life after the Third Crusade | Death", "text": "Richard then set his affairs in order, bequeathing all his territory to his brother John and his jewels to his nephew Otto."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was the third of five sons of King Henry II of England and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine and seemed unlikely to become king, but all of his brothers except  the youngest, John, predeceased their father."}], "text": "Due to the order of succession, Richard was not an immediate contender for king.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Richard I of England"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Marriage", "text": "George remarkably never took a mistress (in contrast with his grandfather and his sons), and the couple enjoyed a happy marriage until his mental illness struck."}], "id": "1ayqsEv25fMR2RDCqShd", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early reign", "text": "George insisted on a new law that essentially forbade members of the Royal Family from legally marrying without the consent of the Sovereign."}, {"section_header": "Marriage", "text": "On 8 September 1761 in the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace, the King married Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, whom he met on their wedding day."}, {"section_header": "Marriage", "text": "\" Nevertheless, attempts by the King to marry George to Princess Sophie Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel were resisted by him and his mother; Sophie married Frederick, Margrave of Bayreuth, instead."}, {"section_header": "Titles, styles and arms | Titles and styles", "text": "4 June 1738 \u2013 31 March 1751: His Royal Highness Prince George"}, {"section_header": "William Pitt", "text": "For George III, Pitt's appointment was a great victory."}, {"section_header": "Titles, styles and arms | Titles and styles", "text": "31 March 1751 \u2013 20 April 1751: His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh 20 April 1751 \u2013 25 October 1760: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales 25 October 1760 \u2013 29 January 1820: His Majesty The KingIn Great Britain, George III used the official style \"George the Third, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, and so forth\"."}, {"section_header": "William Pitt", "text": "During and after Pitt's ministry, George III was extremely popular in Britain."}, {"section_header": "William Pitt | Slavery and the slave trade", "text": "During most of his reign, King George III opposed the abolitionist movement."}, {"section_header": "Titles, styles and arms | Arms", "text": "From his succession until 1800, George bore the royal arms: Quarterly, I Gules three lions passant guardant in pale"}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "George III hoped that \"the tongue of malice may not paint my intentions in those colours she admires, nor the sycophant extoll me beyond what I deserve\", but in the popular mind George III has been both demonised and praised."}, {"section_header": "Marriage", "text": "George remarkably never took a mistress (in contrast with his grandfather and his sons), and the couple enjoyed a happy marriage until his mental illness struck."}], "text": "George III had several royal girlfriends while he was married.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "George III of the United Kingdom"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The two are not mutually exclusive."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Chromatography may be preparative or analytical."}], "id": "1dgP1TSNX9AHy36LYnUT", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Analytical chromatography is done normally with smaller amounts of material and is for establishing the presence or measuring the relative proportions of analytes in a mixture."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Chromatography may be preparative or analytical."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The purpose of preparative chromatography is to separate the components of a mixture for later use, and is thus a form of purification."}, {"section_header": "Special techniques | Hydrodynamic chromatography", "text": "This is largely due to SEC being a more destructive technique because of the pores in the column degrading the analyte during separation, which tends to impact the mass distribution."}, {"section_header": "Affinity chromatography", "text": "Columns are often manually prepared."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture."}, {"section_header": "Chromatography terms", "text": "The analyte is the substance to be separated during chromatography."}, {"section_header": "Special techniques | Simulated moving-bed chromatography", "text": "In the moving bed technique of preparative chromatography the feed entry and the analyte recovery are simultaneous and continuous, but because of practical difficulties with a continuously moving bed, simulated moving bed technique was proposed."}, {"section_header": "Techniques by physical state of mobile phase | Gas chromatography", "text": "Both types of column are made from non-adsorbent and chemically inert materials."}, {"section_header": "Chromatography terms", "text": "In the case of an optimal separation, different peaks or patterns on the chromatogram correspond to different components of the separated mixture."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The two are not mutually exclusive."}], "text": "Chromatography is the separation of a mixture and can either be done preparative or analytical but not both.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Chromatography"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Kingsley stated in 1994, \"I'm not Jewish, and though there might be some Russian-Jewish heritage way back on my mother's side, the thread is so fine there's no real evidence.\" Kingsley has been married four times and has four children: Thomas Bhanji and artist Jasmin Bhanji, with actress Angela Morant, and Edmund Kingsley and Ferdinand Kingsley, both of whom became actors, with theatrical director Alison Sutcliffe."}], "id": "1q8fiZbAUWP8mg21X5Sd", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Honours", "text": "Since then, Kingsley appears to have altered his stance; credits for his latest films refer to him as Ben Kingsley."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "At about this time, he changed his name to Ben Kingsley, fearing that a foreign name would hamper his career."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "Kingsley studied at De La Salle College in Salford, which later became home to the Ben Kingsley Theatre."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sir Ben Kingsley (born Krishna Pandit Bhanji; 31 December 1943) is an English actor."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "Kingsley played Mosca in Peter Hall's 1977 production of Ben Jonson's Volpone for the Royal National Theatre, and in Peter Brook's acclaimed production of A Midsummer Night's Dream."}, {"section_header": "Honours", "text": "Co-star Pen\u00e9lope Cruz was reportedly unsure what to call him during the filming of Elegy as someone had told her she needed to refer to him as \"Sir Ben\"."}, {"section_header": "Career | Film and television", "text": "Kingsley has since appeared in a variety of roles."}, {"section_header": "Honours", "text": "Kingsley is a Quaker. Kingsley was made a Knight Bachelor in the 2002 New Year Honours for services to the British film industry."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Kingsley grew up in Pendlebury, Lancashire."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Kingsley stated in 1994, \"I'm not Jewish, and though there might be some Russian-Jewish heritage way back on my mother's side, the thread is so fine there's no real evidence.\" Kingsley has been married four times and has four children: Thomas Bhanji and artist Jasmin Bhanji, with actress Angela Morant, and Edmund Kingsley and Ferdinand Kingsley, both of whom became actors, with theatrical director Alison Sutcliffe."}], "text": "Ben Kingsley has had 4 marriages and 4 kids.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Ben Kingsley"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early years and family", "text": "One of nine children, Guerrero is the younger brother of ex-major leaguer Wilton Guerrero, who also played with the Montreal Expos (the two were teammates for several seasons)."}], "id": "1qbSepx93dRHP46lywsb", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early years and family", "text": "His son, Vladimir Guerrero Jr., was born in Montreal, Canada in 1999 during the elder Guerrero's time with the Expos."}, {"section_header": "Early years and family", "text": "After injuring his hamstring running out a double, he allegedly hit a home run in his next at bat to avoid having to run the bases."}, {"section_header": "Career | Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim | 2009 season", "text": "In 2009, Guerrero was named # 37 on the Sporting News' list of the 50 greatest current players in baseball."}, {"section_header": "Batting style", "text": "In an interview with Yahoo! Sports, he attributed this to helping his grandfather pull cows home barehanded as a young boy in the Dominican Republic."}, {"section_header": "Career | Retirement", "text": "Having played his last game in 2011, he became eligible for induction to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2017."}, {"section_header": "Early years and family", "text": "He is also the cousin of minor leaguer Cristian Guerrero, and the uncle of Miami Marlins farmhand Gabriel Guerrero."}, {"section_header": "Early years and family", "text": "In March 1993, Guerrero signed with the Montreal Expos."}, {"section_header": "Early years and family", "text": "One of nine children, Guerrero is the younger brother of ex-major leaguer Wilton Guerrero, who also played with the Montreal Expos (the two were teammates for several seasons)."}, {"section_header": "Early years and family", "text": "Due to his leg condition, Guerrero only received a 30-day contract."}, {"section_header": "Career | Retirement", "text": "On January 24, 2018, Guerrero, along with Chipper Jones, Jim Thome, and Trevor Hoffman, were announced as having over 75% of the votes needed to be inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame."}], "text": "Vladimir Guerrero was the only child in his family to have an affinity for sports.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Vladimir Guerrero"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Horace Greeley (February 3, 1811 \u2013 November 29, 1872) was an American newspaper editor and publisher who was the founder and editor of the New-York Tribune, among the great newspapers of its time."}], "id": "1rzn7Sbn57TytFD0Egq4", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Editor of the Tribune | Influence (1849\u20131860)", "text": "Jane Swisshelm was one of the first women hired by a major newspaper."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Horace Greeley (February 3, 1811 \u2013 November 29, 1872) was an American newspaper editor and publisher who was the founder and editor of the New-York Tribune, among the great newspapers of its time."}, {"section_header": "Notes and references | Bibliography", "text": "Horace Greeley: Printer, Editor, Crusader."}, {"section_header": "Notes and references | Bibliography", "text": "Horace Greeley: Nineteenth-Century Reformer."}, {"section_header": "Notes and references | Bibliography", "text": "Horace Greeley: Champion of American Freedom."}, {"section_header": "Editor of the Tribune | 1860 presidential election", "text": "The crucial battleground was the Republican caucus, as the party held the majority in the legislature."}, {"section_header": "Notes and references | Bibliography", "text": "\"Greeley, Horace\". American National Biography Online."}, {"section_header": "Notes and references | Bibliography", "text": "Horace Greeley: Founder of The New York Tribune."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Even as his father struggled to make a living as a hired hand, Horace Greeley read everything he could\u2014the Greeleys had a neighbor who let Horace use his library."}, {"section_header": "Notes and references | Bibliography", "text": "Horace Greeley. Twayne's United States Authors Series."}], "text": "Horace Greeley was the creator of a major newspaper in the Tri-State area.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Horace Greeley"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "According to Orwell, the fable reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and then on into the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Animal Farm is an allegorical novella by George Orwell, first published in England on 17 August 1945."}], "id": "1sS6dPyXFhiLHO5FK08b", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Publication | Publishing", "text": "Low had written a letter saying that he had had \"a good time with ANIMAL FARM \u2013 an excellent bit of satire \u2013 it would illustrate perfectly."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Other animals", "text": "Similarly to Benjamin, Muriel is one of the few animals on the farm who is not a pig but can read."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Equines", "text": "Benjamin \u2013 A donkey, one of the oldest, wisest animals on the farm, and one of the few who can read properly."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Pigs", "text": "Probably based on the Great Purge of Grigori Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, Nikolai Bukharin, and Alexei Rykov."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Through a young pig named Squealer, Napoleon claims credit for the windmill idea, claiming that Snowball actually was only trying to win animals to his side."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Humans", "text": "Mr. Pilkington \u2013 The easy-going but crafty and well-to-do owner of Foxwood, a large neighbouring farm overgrown with weeds."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "According to Orwell, the fable reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and then on into the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Humans", "text": "Mr. Frederick \u2013 The tough owner of Pinchfield, a small but well-kept neighbouring farm, who briefly enters into an alliance with Napoleon."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In a letter to Yvonne Davet, Orwell described Animal Farm as a satirical tale against Stalin (\"un conte satirique contre Staline\"), and in his essay \"Why I Write\" (1946), wrote that Animal Farm was the first book in which he tried, with full consciousness of what he was doing, \"to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole\"."}, {"section_header": "Analysis | Significance and allegory", "text": "Orwell biographer Jeffrey Meyers has written, \"virtually every detail has political significance in this allegory."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Animal Farm is an allegorical novella by George Orwell, first published in England on 17 August 1945."}], "text": "Animal Farm is a book not written by HG Welles and is based on some actual events.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Animal Farm"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Inception is a 2010 science fiction action film written and directed by Christopher Nolan, who also produced the film with his wife, Emma Thomas."}], "id": "1xKPT5SnweuWhYQIOM7d", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Cast", "text": "Michael Caine as Professor Stephen Miles, Cobb's mentor and father-in-law, and Ariadne's college professor who recommends her to the team."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Year-end and all-time lists", "text": "Producer Roger Corman cited Inception as an example of \"great imagination and originality\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Inception is a 2010 science fiction action film written and directed by Christopher Nolan, who also produced the film with his wife, Emma Thomas."}, {"section_header": "Cast", "text": "The actor also researched the sons of Rupert Murdoch, \"to add to that the idea of living in the shadow of someone so immensely powerful\"."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Cobb accepts the offer and assembles his team: Eames, an identity forger; Yusuf, a chemist with a sedative for a \"dream within a dream\" strategy; and Ariadne, an architecture student tasked with designing the dream labyrinth, recruited through Cobb's father-in-law, Professor Stephen Miles."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Saito wants Cobb to convince Robert, the son of Saito's ailing competitor Maurice Fischer, to dissolve his father's company."}, {"section_header": "Release | Putative video game", "text": "In a November 2010 interview, Nolan expressed his intention to develop a video game set in the Inception world, working with a team of collaborators."}, {"section_header": "Cast", "text": "Berenger said Browning acts as a \"surrogate father\" to Fischer, who calls the character \"Uncle Peter\", and emphasized that \"Browning has been with [Robert] his whole life and has probably spent more quality time with him than his own father\"."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The team abducts Robert, but are attacked by projections from his subconscious."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Revived at the third level, he discovers the planted idea: a projection of his dying father telling him to be his own man."}], "text": "Inception was produced by a son and father team.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Inception"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Anthony Keith Gwynn Sr. (May 9, 1960 \u2013 June 16, 2014), nicknamed \"Mr. Padre\", was an American professional baseball right fielder, who played 20 seasons (1982\u20132001) in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres."}], "id": "21RKf80uwXB2SI2NTAVB", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1982\u20131983", "text": "He started in center field against the Philadelphia Phillies in place of a slumping Jones."}, {"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1987\u20131989", "text": "During the season, McKeon replaced Bowa as Padres manager, and moved Gwynn from right to center field."}, {"section_header": "Player profile", "text": "In college, he could not even throw the ball from center field to second base without it hopping first."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Gwynn's father encouraged his sons to play ball in the makeshift baseball field that he assembled in their backyard."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Both Chris and Tony Jr. played with the Padres during their careers."}, {"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1990\u20131992", "text": "\"It just involved one great guy, and that's Tony Gwynn, and anything they want to say about Tony Gwynn is going to be news."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Commissioner Selig called Gwynn \"the greatest Padre ever and one of the most accomplished hitters that our game has ever known, whose all-around excellence on the field was surpassed by his exuberant personality and genial disposition in life\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Anthony Keith Gwynn Sr. (May 9, 1960 \u2013 June 16, 2014), nicknamed \"Mr. Padre\", was an American professional baseball right fielder, who played 20 seasons (1982\u20132001) in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres."}, {"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1993\u20131997", "text": "Gwynn called it the worst injury season of his career."}, {"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1998\u20132001", "text": "He was limited to playing just 36 of the Padres' first 71 games, and he started only 26 games in right field."}], "text": "Tony Gwynn was called Mr. Baseball who played center field.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Tony Gwynn"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Performance history | Film and TV performances", "text": "For example, the 2014 Bollywood film Haider is an adaptation set in Kashmir."}], "id": "2FqfcCUnWxFUAp0zQaLp", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Performance history | Film and TV performances", "text": "There have also been many films which included performances of scenes from Hamlet as a play-within-a-film."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Film and TV performances", "text": "For example, the 2014 Bollywood film Haider is an adaptation set in Kashmir."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Film and TV performances", "text": "Laurence Olivier's 1948 moody black-and-white Hamlet won Best Picture and Best Actor Academy Awards, and is still, as of 2017, the only Shakespeare film to have done so."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Film and TV performances", "text": "Claudius (played by Kyle MacLachlan) became the CEO of \"Denmark Corporation\", having taken over the company by killing his brother."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Film and TV performances", "text": "Kenneth Branagh adapted, directed, and starred in a 1996 film version of Hamlet that contained material from the First Folio and the Second Quarto."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Film and TV performances", "text": "The film was an early attempt at combining sound and film, music and words were recorded on phonograph records, to be played along with the film."}, {"section_header": "Analysis and criticism | Length", "text": "It is rare that the play is performed without some abridgments, and only one film adaptation has used a full-text conflation: Kenneth Branagh's 1996 version, which runs slightly more than four hours."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Film and TV performances", "text": "Branagh set the film with late 19th-century costuming and furnishings, a production in many ways reminiscent of a Russian novel of the time; and Blenheim Palace, built in the early 18th century, became Elsinore Castle in the external scenes."}, {"section_header": "Context and interpretation | Psychoanalytic | Sigmund Freud", "text": "Ophelia is overwhelmed by having her unfulfilled love for him so abruptly terminated and drifts into the oblivion of insanity."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Film and TV performances", "text": "In the 1921 film Hamlet, Danish actress Asta Nielsen played the role of Hamlet as a woman who spends her life disguised as a man."}], "text": "Many film adaptations have been done for the play.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Hamlet"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Colosseum or Coliseum ( KOL-\u0259-SEE-\u0259m), also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium; Italian: Anfiteatro Flavio"}], "id": "2JlFLNiKuXaffwQctQxv", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Use | Today", "text": "For instance, Pope Benedict XVI led the Stations of the Cross called the Scriptural Way of the Cross (which calls for more meditation) at the Colosseum on Good Fridays."}, {"section_header": "Use", "text": "The shows, called munera, were always given by private individuals rather than the state."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Colosseum is situated just east of the Roman Forum."}, {"section_header": "Physical description | Arena and hypogeum", "text": "It comprised a wooden floor covered by sand (the Latin word for sand is harena or arena), covering an elaborate underground structure called the hypogeum (literally meaning \"underground\")."}, {"section_header": "History | Construction, inauguration, and Roman renovations", "text": "Along with this free source of unskilled labor, teams of professional Roman builders, engineers, artists, painters and decorators undertook the more specialized tasks necessary for building the Colosseum."}, {"section_header": "Physical description | Arena and hypogeum", "text": "Eighty vertical shafts provided instant access to the arena for caged animals and scenery pieces concealed underneath; larger hinged platforms, called hegmata, provided access for elephants and the like."}, {"section_header": "Use | Today", "text": "Colosseum is also the site of Roman Catholic ceremonies in the 20th and 21st centuries."}, {"section_header": "History | Construction, inauguration, and Roman renovations", "text": "He also added a gallery to the top of the Colosseum to increase its seating capacity."}, {"section_header": "History | Construction, inauguration, and Roman renovations", "text": "The Colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of Vespasian's death in 79."}, {"section_header": "History | Construction, inauguration, and Roman renovations", "text": "The Colosseum was constructed with several different materials: wood, limestone, tuff, tiles, cement, and mortar."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Colosseum or Coliseum ( KOL-\u0259-SEE-\u0259m), also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium; Italian: Anfiteatro Flavio"}], "text": "The Colosseum was also called \"The Roman Forum\".", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Colosseum"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Cinematic technique | Ending", "text": "\"Some viewers have noted Cobb wears his wedding ring only during dream scenes."}, {"section_header": "Cinematic technique | Ending", "text": "From this, they have concluded that Cobb is not dreaming in the final scene because he is not wearing the ring."}], "id": "2MRY1ZL5QV46lXEPRvXN", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Locations and sets", "text": "This sequence was filmed on and off for months, with the van being shot out of a cannon, according to actor Dileep Rao."}, {"section_header": "Cinematic technique | Ending", "text": "The film cuts to the closing credits from a shot of the top apparently starting to show an ever so faint wobble, inviting speculation about whether the final sequence was reality or another dream."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "The Flash said its season 4 finale was inspired by Inception."}, {"section_header": "Cinematic technique | Ending", "text": "is that Cobb isn't looking at the top."}, {"section_header": "Production | Visual effects", "text": "Inception had nearly 500 visual effects shots (in comparison, Batman Begins had approximately 620), which is relatively few in comparison to contemporary effects-heavy films, which can have as many as 2,000 visual effects shots."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "After waking up, Mal still believed she was dreaming."}, {"section_header": "Themes | Dreams and cinema", "text": "Writing in Wired, Jonah Lehrer supported this interpretation and presented neurological evidence that brain activity is strikingly similar during film-watching and sleeping."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Year-end and all-time lists", "text": "Inception appeared on over 273 critics' lists of the top ten films of 2010, being picked as number-one on at least 55 of those lists."}, {"section_header": "Cinematic technique | Ending", "text": "And we \u2013 FADE OUT\". Nolan said, \"I put that cut there at the end, imposing an ambiguity from outside the film."}, {"section_header": "Cast", "text": "DiCaprio was the first actor to be cast in the film."}, {"section_header": "Cinematic technique | Ending", "text": "\"Some viewers have noted Cobb wears his wedding ring only during dream scenes."}, {"section_header": "Cinematic technique | Ending", "text": "From this, they have concluded that Cobb is not dreaming in the final scene because he is not wearing the ring."}], "text": "There is evidence that the final shot of the film Inception isn't as ambiguous as it was believed to be at first.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Inception"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Formed in 2005, they gained popularity from their appearances on the Disney Channel television network."}], "id": "2StjPe3GHESUhFVDK9Rt", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 2008\u20132009: A Little Bit Longer and acting", "text": "A Disney Digital 3-D production crew filmed the two shows of theirs Burnin' Up Tour in Anaheim on July 13 and 14, 2008, including a performance by Lovato with the Jonas Brothers on \" This Is Me\" and Taylor Swift with the brothers on \" Should've Said No\"."}, {"section_header": "History | 2019\u2013present: Return and Happiness Begins", "text": "At the 2019 Teen Choice Awards on August 11, the group won two awards for Choice Summer Group and the Decade Award."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2008, the group was nominated for the Best New Artist award at the 51st Grammy Awards and won the award for Breakthrough Artist at the American Music Awards."}, {"section_header": "History | 2005\u20132007: It's About Time", "text": "In March, \"Mandy\" was featured in the Nickelodeon television film Zoey 101: Spring Break-Up and the Zoey 101: Music Mix soundtrack album, with Nicholas Jonas listed as the artist name."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After a hiatus during 2010 and 2011 to pursue solo-projects, the group reconciled in 2012 to record a new album, which was cancelled following their break-up on October 29, 2013."}, {"section_header": "History | 2007\u20132008: Jonas Brothers", "text": "The Jonas Brothers kicked off their Look Me"}, {"section_header": "History | 2007\u20132008: Jonas Brothers", "text": "While on the Look Me in the Eyes Tour, the Jonas Brothers filmed a Disney Channel reality short series entitled, Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream, that premiered on Disney Channel."}, {"section_header": "History | 2007\u20132008: Jonas Brothers", "text": "In August 2007, the Jonas Brothers made several appearances on television."}, {"section_header": "History | 2007\u20132008: Jonas Brothers", "text": "On August 24, the Jonas Brothers performed two songs at the Miss Teen USA contest."}, {"section_header": "History | 2007\u20132008: Jonas Brothers", "text": "After being without a label for a short time, the Jonas Brothers signed with Hollywood Records in February 2007."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Formed in 2005, they gained popularity from their appearances on the Disney Channel television network."}], "text": "The Jonas Brothers got their big break when they won America's Got Talent.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Jonas Brothers"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Onika Tanya Maraj-Petty (born December 8, 1982), known professionally as Nicki Minaj (), is a Trinidadian-born rapper, singer, songwriter, actress, and model."}], "id": "2WtkodTMayT9hcaAIa3t", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | 2018\u20132019: Queen", "text": "A great Nicki Minaj comeback album would be the first great Nicki Minaj album, period.\"Before"}, {"section_header": "Career | 2012\u20132013: Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded and The Re-Up", "text": "documentary titled Nicki Minaj: My Truth."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2004\u22122009: Career beginnings", "text": "Originally adopting the stage name Nicki Maraj, she eventually changed it to Nicki Minaj stating that \"my real name is Maraj."}, {"section_header": "Products and endorsements", "text": "She also introduced the \"Nicki Minaj Collection\" clothing line for Kmart, composed of clothing, accessories and housewares."}, {"section_header": "Controversies | Feuds", "text": ", then she picked a fight with Eve, then she picked a fight with Remy, then it was Mrs. Wallace, then it was Nicki Minaj."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Alter egos", "text": "and (later) Nicki Minaj. In November 2010, Minaj assumed the alter ego Nicki Teresa, wearing a colorful headdress and calling herself \"healer to her fans\" during a visit to the Garden of Dreams Foundation at Fuse Studios in New York."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Musical style", "text": "My favorite thing was Nicki Minaj's verse.'"}, {"section_header": "Career | 2014\u20132017: The Pinkprint and other ventures", "text": "Sheldon Pearce of The A.V. Club thought that The Pinkprint is \"the closest Nicki Minaj has ever gotten to balancing her tendencies\"."}, {"section_header": "Products and endorsements", "text": "In February 2013, Bluewater Comics announced that Minaj would star in the Fame biographical-comic series, debuting in Fame: Nicki Minaj."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2018\u20132019: Queen", "text": "In April 2019, a news report reveals that Nicki Minaj has decided to part ways with her longtime management team."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Onika Tanya Maraj-Petty (born December 8, 1982), known professionally as Nicki Minaj (), is a Trinidadian-born rapper, singer, songwriter, actress, and model."}], "text": "Nicki Minaj is from Trinidad.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Nicki Minaj"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film is a fictionalized account about the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and stars Alice Brady as Mrs. O'Leary, the owner of the cow which started the fire, and Tyrone Power and Don Ameche as her sons."}], "id": "2XpEdggsEw0JJt1EokAM", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In Old Chicago is a 1938 American drama disaster film directed by Henry King."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The O'Leary family are traveling to Chicago to start a new life when Patrick O'Leary tries to race a steam train in his wagon."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "Some sources claim that MGM offered to loan both Harlow and Clark Gable to Fox for In Old Chicago if they reciprocated by loaning Shirley Temple to MGM for their upcoming production of The Wizard of Oz."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "The O'Learys had two children, one son and one daughter."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The screenplay by Sonya Levien and Lamar Trotti was based on the Niven Busch story, \"We the O'Learys\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "At the time of its release, it was one of the most expensive movies ever made."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "when one of Dion's cronies is arrested for multiple voting."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "The Mayor of Chicago in 1871 was Roswell B. Mason, not an O'Leary son."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Her sons are educated. One, Jack, becomes a reforming lawyer, but another, Dion, is involved in gambling."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "Despite crediting the Chicago Historical Society for assistance with historical research, much of the film is fictionalized."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film is a fictionalized account about the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and stars Alice Brady as Mrs. O'Leary, the owner of the cow which started the fire, and Tyrone Power and Don Ameche as her sons."}], "text": "In Old Chicago is based on a real life event.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "In Old Chicago"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Pitt was born in Shawnee, Oklahoma, to William Alvin Pitt, the proprietor of a trucking company, and Jane Etta (n\u00e9e Hillhouse), a school counselor."}], "id": "2XrgPVRvXVmXnQxjnjWH", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "William Bradley Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an American actor and film producer."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Pitt was born in Shawnee, Oklahoma, to William Alvin Pitt, the proprietor of a trucking company, and Jane Etta (n\u00e9e Hillhouse), a school counselor."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pitt and Jolie have six children together, three of whom were adopted internationally."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2004\u20132013", "text": "Moneyball received six Academy Award nominations including Best Picture and Best Actor for Pitt."}, {"section_header": "Career | 1994\u20131998: Breakthrough", "text": "According to the Dallas Observer, \"Brad Pitt [...] is a large part of the problem [in the film]."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Children", "text": "The proceeds from the sale were donated to charities serving African children."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The family soon moved to Springfield, Missouri, where he lived together with his younger siblings, Douglas Mitchell (born 1966) and Julie Neal (born 1969)."}, {"section_header": "Career | 1994\u20131998: Breakthrough", "text": "Portraying Tristan Ludlow, son of Colonel William Ludlow (Anthony Hopkins) a Cornish immigrant"}, {"section_header": "Career | 2004\u20132013", "text": "He spent six months sword training before the filming of Troy, based on the Iliad."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2004\u20132013", "text": "The performance earned Pitt his first Screen Actors Guild Award nomination, as well as a fourth Golden Globe and second Academy Award nomination, all in the category for Best Actor."}], "text": "William Brad Pitt is an actor with six children and he was born in Nevada.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Brad Pitt"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career statistics", "text": "Aparicio never played any defensive position other than shortstop."}], "id": "2Y1r8VMj0kr9bY1fHI32", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "In 2003, Aparicio was inducted into the Venezuelan Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "In 2007, Aparicio was inducted into the Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum Hall of Fame."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Luis Ernesto Aparicio Montiel (born April 29, 1934), nicknamed \"Little Louie\", is a Venezuelan former professional baseball player who is notable for being the first player from Venezuela to be inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "AL leader in at bats (1966) AL leader in singles (1966) AL leader in sacrifice hits (1956, 1960) AL leader in stolen bases (1956\u20131964) AL leader in putouts as shortstop (1956, 1958, 1959, 1966) AL leader in fielding average as shortstop (1959\u20131966) Aparicio was inducted to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1984, the first native of Venezuela to be honored."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "Isaac Bencid (director) said to the Hall of Fame: \u201cIt was a good time to honor Mr. Aparicio because it was the first time he had a documentary made of his life,\u201d Bencid said."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "The full name of the stadium is Estadio Luis Aparicio El Grande (Luis Aparicio \"the Great\" Stadium) in honor to Luis Aparicio Ortega."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His father, Luis Aparicio Sr., was a notable shortstop in Venezuela and owned a Winter League team with Aparicio's uncle, Ernesto Aparicio."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "Also, the sports complex where the stadium is located is named Polideportivo Luis Aparicio Montiel."}, {"section_header": "Career statistics", "text": "Aparicio played for 18 major league seasons in 2,599 games, accumulating 2,677 hits in 10,230 at bats for a .262 career batting average along with 394 doubles, 83 home runs, 791 runs batted in, 1,335 runs and 506 stolen bases."}, {"section_header": "Major league career | Boston Red Sox (1971\u20131973)", "text": "In 1971, Aparicio was one at bat from tying the longest Major League hitless streak for non-pitchers held by Bill Bergen with 45, set in 1909 with Brooklyn Superbas, by going without a hit in 44 at bats."}, {"section_header": "Career statistics", "text": "Aparicio never played any defensive position other than shortstop."}], "text": "Luis Aparicio was only ever shortstop, he got into the hall of fame doing nothing but that and batting.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Luis Aparicio"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He also worked on mining and drilling sites as a youngster, which helped his conditioning."}], "id": "2Y7Y1brsUoQJMi7fIVo7", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "Waddell used his newfound stardom as an actor to negotiate a higher wage for his baseball career."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He also worked on mining and drilling sites as a youngster, which helped his conditioning."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "In time, his alcohol use began to erode his relationships with his Athletics teammates."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He strengthened his arm as a child by throwing rocks at birds he encountered while working on his family's land."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "Well, the first practice Waddell tackled him and broke his leg."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "Though eccentric and childlike, Waddell was not illiterate as some sources have claimed."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "Schreckengost, a one-time friend who regularly fetched alcohol and fishing poles for Waddell, squabbled with both Waddell and Mack for being treated differently for the same offenses."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Waddell was born on October 13, 1876, just outside Bradford, Pennsylvania."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Born in Bradford, Pennsylvania, Waddell was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Biographer Alan Levy wrote that Waddell was \"a decidedly different sort of child\"."}], "text": "Waddell use to work with miners and drillers when he was young.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Rube Waddell"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Involvement of other countries | Pro-Saigon", "text": "As South Vietnam was formally part of a military alliance with the US, Australia, New Zealand, France, the UK, Pakistan, Thailand and the Philippines, the alliance was invoked during the war."}], "id": "2Z0A5nSdpjqrJXZwFQIW", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist allies; South Vietnam was supported by the United States, South Korea, the Philippines, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies."}, {"section_header": "Involvement of other countries | Pro-Saigon", "text": "As South Vietnam was formally part of a military alliance with the US, Australia, New Zealand, France, the UK, Pakistan, Thailand and the Philippines, the alliance was invoked during the war."}, {"section_header": "Involvement of other countries | Pro-Saigon | Thailand", "text": "Thai Army formations, including the Royal Thai Volunteer Regiment (Queen's Cobras) and later the Royal Thai Army Expeditionary Division (Black Panthers), saw action in South Vietnam between 1965 and 1971."}, {"section_header": "Transition period", "text": "The United States countered with what became known as the \"American Plan\", with the support of South Vietnam and the United Kingdom."}, {"section_header": "Involvement of other countries | Pro-Saigon | Philippines", "text": "Some 10,450 Filipino troops were dispatched to South Vietnam and primarily supported medical and other civilian pacification projects."}, {"section_header": "Johnson's escalation, 1963\u20131969 | American ground war", "text": "Australia, New Zealand, Thailand and the Philippines all agreed to send troops."}, {"section_header": "Vietnamization, 1969\u20131972 | Easter Offensive and Paris Peace Accords, 1972", "text": "To show his support for South Vietnam and force Hanoi back to the negotiating table, Nixon ordered Operation Linebacker II, a massive bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong 18\u201329 December 1972."}, {"section_header": "Vietnamization, 1969\u20131972 | ARVN taking the lead and U.S. ground-force withdrawal", "text": "The United States also reduced support troops, and in March 1971 the 5th Special Forces Group, the first American unit deployed to South Vietnam, withdrew to Fort Bragg, North Carolina."}, {"section_header": "Di\u1ec7m era, 1954\u20131963 | Insurgency in the South, 1954\u20131960", "text": "Most of the population lived in countryside villages and strongly supported the reforms."}, {"section_header": "Involvement of other countries | Neutral and non-belligerent nations | Brazil", "text": "Brazil, under a U.S.-backed military regime, officially supported the United States' position in South Vietnam and contributed a medical team and supplies to the country."}], "text": "Thailand did support South Vietnam.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Vietnam War"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Aristophanes, a playwright, is the main contemporary author to have written plays mentioning Socrates during Socrates' lifetime, though a fragment of Ion of Chios' Travel Journal provides important information about Socrates' youth."}], "id": "2ZmpXtzzDU3EJei9BMy8", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Philosophy | Politics", "text": "The Tyrants ruled for about a year before the Athenian democracy was reinstated, at which point it declared an amnesty for all recent events."}, {"section_header": "Socratic problem | Socrates as a philosopher", "text": "However, in The Clouds, Aristophanes portrays Socrates as running a Sophist school with Chaerephon."}, {"section_header": "Philosophy | Politics", "text": "Furthermore, according to Plato's Apology of Socrates, an \"early\" dialogue, Socrates refused to pursue conventional politics; he often stated he could not look into other's matters or tell people how to live their lives when he did not yet understand how to live his own."}, {"section_header": "Socratic problem", "text": "He wore tattered clothes and went barefoot (the latter characteristic made its way into the play The Clouds by Aristophanes)."}, {"section_header": "Philosophy | Politics", "text": "In any case, it is clear Socrates thought the rule of the Thirty Tyrants was also objectionable; when called before them to assist in the arrest of a fellow Athenian, Socrates refused and narrowly escaped death before the Tyrants were overthrown."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "he was born not very much later than sometime after the year 471, his date of birth is within the period of years ranging 470 to 469 BC, or within a range 469 to 468 BC (corresponding to the fourth year of the 77th Olympiad).Socrates was born in Alopeke, and belonged to the tribe Antiochis."}, {"section_header": "Prose sources | The Socratic dialogues", "text": "The soul, before its incarnation in the body, was in the realm of Ideas (very similar to the Platonic \"Forms\")."}, {"section_header": "Philosophy | Politics", "text": "During the last years of Socrates's life, Athens was in continual flux due to political upheaval."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Criticism", "text": "However, it is still commonly taught and held with little exception that Socrates is the progenitor of subsequent Western philosophy, to the point that philosophers before him are referred to as pre-Socratic."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Immediate influence", "text": "This idea was inherited by one of Socrates's older students, Antisthenes, who became the originator of another philosophy in the years after Socrates's death: Cynicism."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Aristophanes, a playwright, is the main contemporary author to have written plays mentioning Socrates during Socrates' lifetime, though a fragment of Ion of Chios' Travel Journal provides important information about Socrates' youth."}], "text": "Socrates lived about 100 years before Aristophanes.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Socrates"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was a member of the Anglican Church and the Freemasons, and he urged broad religious freedom in his roles as general and president."}], "id": "2bsEGYC2IBozNnKV8hEG", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life | Religion and Freemasonry", "text": "While president, he acknowledged major religious sects and gave speeches on religious toleration."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Religion and Freemasonry", "text": "Washington emphasized religious toleration in a nation with numerous denominations and religions."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Religion and Freemasonry", "text": "He engaged workers at Mount Vernon without regard for religious belief or affiliation."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was a member of the Anglican Church and the Freemasons, and he urged broad religious freedom in his roles as general and president."}, {"section_header": "Colonial military career (1752\u20131758) | French and Indian War", "text": "Shirley ruled in Washington's favor only in the matter of Dagworthy; Loudoun humiliated Washington, refused him a royal commission and agreed only to relieve him of the responsibility of manning Fort Cumberland."}, {"section_header": "Slavery", "text": "Washington's slaves received two hours off for meals during the workday, and given time off on Sundays and religious holidays."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1789\u20131797) | Native American affairs", "text": "The Western Confederacy of tribes used guerrilla tactics and were an effective force against the sparsely manned American Army."}, {"section_header": "Commander in chief (1775\u20131783)", "text": "He was commissioned on June 19 and was roundly praised by Congressional delegates, including John Adams, who proclaimed that he was the man best suited to lead and unite the colonies."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1789\u20131797) | Native American affairs", "text": "He also maintains that Washington never advocated outright confiscation of tribal land or the forcible removal of tribes, and that he berated American settlers who abused natives, admitting that he held out no hope for pacific relations with the natives as long as \"frontier settlers entertain the opinion that there is not the same crime (or indeed no crime at all) in killing an native as in killing a white man."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy", "text": "Twentieth-century biographer Douglas Southall Freeman concluded, \"The great big thing stamped across that man is character.\" Modern historian David Hackett Fischer has expanded upon Freeman's assessment, defining Washington's character as \"integrity, self-discipline, courage, absolute honesty, resolve, and decision, but also forbearance, decency, and respect for others\"."}], "text": "Washington was not a religious man.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "George Washington"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life | Family", "text": "I really liked it there.\" Meat Loaf coached children's baseball or softball in each of the Connecticut towns where he lived."}], "id": "2btUPwCa756IIy3gviF0", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Music career | Bad Attitude", "text": "Meat Loaf also tried stand-up comedy, appearing several times in Connecticut."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Midnight at the Lost and Found", "text": "Meat Loaf is credited with having been involved in the writing of numerous tracks on the album, including the title track, \"Midnight at the Lost and Found\"."}, {"section_header": "Music career | More Than You Deserve", "text": "After the tour, Meat Loaf rejoined the cast of Hair, this time on Broadway."}, {"section_header": "Music career | The Rocky Horror Picture Show", "text": "About the same time, Meat Loaf and Steinman started work on Bat Out of Hell."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Bat Out of Hell", "text": "After the Lampoon show ended, Meat Loaf and Steinman spent time seeking a record deal."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Dead Ringer", "text": "During that time, a combination of touring, drugs and exhaustion had caused Meat Loaf to lose his voice."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Hair of the Dog and the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra", "text": "The performance included the Australian Boys' Choir singing back-up on a Couldn't Have Said It Better track, \"Testify\"."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Dead Ringer", "text": "Steinman started to work on Bad for Good, the album that was supposed to be the follow-up to 1977's Bat out of Hell, in 1979."}, {"section_header": "In media", "text": "After being booed off stage and almost deciding to quit, Chef tells him that his name might be the problem, and then hands him a plate of meatloaf to cheer him up."}, {"section_header": "Music career | The Very Best of Meat Loaf", "text": "In 1998, Meat Loaf released The Very Best of Meat Loaf."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Family", "text": "I really liked it there.\" Meat Loaf coached children's baseball or softball in each of the Connecticut towns where he lived."}], "text": "Meat Loaf did not have time to volunteer for his kids' activities when they were growing up.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Meat Loaf"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Economy", "text": "Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States\u2014about $670.5 billion according to September 2017 estimates."}], "id": "2us0S8DQBlws0VcIS331", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Parks and greenspace", "text": "Washington Park is also one of the city's biggest parks; covering nearly 400 acres (160 ha)."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Religion", "text": "The Fourth Presbyterian Church is one of the largest Presbyterian congregations in the United States based on memberships."}, {"section_header": "Infrastructure | Transportation", "text": "Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Streetscape", "text": "In 2016, Chicago was ranked the sixth-most walkable large city in the United States."}, {"section_header": "Culture and contemporary life | Tourism", "text": "The new DW60 is the first in the United States and is the sixth tallest in the U.S. Chicago"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Chicago ( (listen), locally also ), officially the City of Chicago, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois, and the third-most-populous city in the United States."}, {"section_header": "History | Beginnings", "text": "In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn."}, {"section_header": "Culture and contemporary life | Tourism", "text": "The city is the United States' third-largest convention destination."}, {"section_header": "Law and government | Government", "text": "In the state court, the public prosecutor is the Illinois State's Attorney; in the Federal court it is the United States Attorney."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "In 2007, Chicago was named the fourth-most important business center in the world in the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States\u2014about $670.5 billion according to September 2017 estimates."}], "text": "Chicago has the fourth biggest GMP in the United States.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 8, "wikipedia_page": "Chicago"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "John Joseph Evers (July 21, 1881 \u2013 March 28, 1947) was an American professional baseball second baseman and manager."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1902 through 1917 for the Chicago Cubs, Boston Braves, and Philadelphia Phillies."}], "id": "2ygUiXSa5DdDq3yD9YpW", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Chicago Cubs", "text": "Evers made his MLB debut with the Cubs on September 1 at shortstop, as Selee moved Joe Tinker from shortstop to third base."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "John Joseph Evers (July 21, 1881 \u2013 March 28, 1947) was an American professional baseball second baseman and manager."}, {"section_header": "Career | Chicago Cubs", "text": "Lowe recovered during the 1903 season, but Evers' strong play made Lowe expendable; Evers finished third in the NL in fielding percentage among second basemen (.937), and finished fifth in assists (245) and putouts (306)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After playing for the local minor league baseball team for one season, Frank Selee, manager of the Cubs, purchased Evers's contract and soon made him his starting second baseman."}, {"section_header": "Career | Minor league career", "text": "Selee, also looking for a second baseman due to an injury to starter Bobby Lowe, purchased Hardy's and Evers's contracts for $1,500 ($44,325 in current dollar terms); the Trojans were willing to sell Evers's services due to his temper."}, {"section_header": "Personal", "text": "Evers' brother, Joe Evers, and uncle, Tom Evers, also played in MLB."}, {"section_header": "Career | Boston Braves and Philadelphia Phillies", "text": "Murphy insisted that Evers had resigned as manager, which Evers denied."}, {"section_header": "Career | Chicago Cubs", "text": "Evers indicated that this was a result of a business deal that cost Evers most of his savings."}, {"section_header": "Career | Coaching and managing career", "text": "Evers rejoined the Braves as a scout."}, {"section_header": "Personal", "text": "Evers married Helen Fitzgibbons."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1902 through 1917 for the Chicago Cubs, Boston Braves, and Philadelphia Phillies."}], "text": "Johnny Evers was a third baseman for the Dodgers.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Johnny Evers"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "Adams's middle name of Quincy has been used by several locations in the United States, including the town of Quincy, Illinois."}, {"section_header": "Early life, education, and early career", "text": "John Quincy Adams was born on July 11, 1767, to John and Abigail Adams (n\u00e9e Smith) in a part of Braintree, Massachusetts that is now Quincy."}], "id": "31X2aqa5jYPXi9gZsQ6c", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "John Quincy Adams Birthplace is now part of Adams National Historical Park and open to the public."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "Adams's middle name of Quincy has been used by several locations in the United States, including the town of Quincy, Illinois."}, {"section_header": "Early political career (1793\u20131817) | U.S. Senator from Massachusetts", "text": "Many of Adams's idiosyncratic positions were rooted in his abiding devotion to the Ciceronian ideal of the citizen-orator \"speaking well\" to promote the welfare of the polis."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "John Quincy Adams ( (listen); July 11, 1767 \u2013 February 23, 1848) was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, and diarist who served as the sixth president of the United States, from 1825 to 1829."}, {"section_header": "Early life, education, and early career", "text": "He was named for his mother's maternal grandfather, Colonel John Quincy, after whom Quincy, Massachusetts, is named."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "Adams County, Iowa, and Adams County, Wisconsin, were each named for either John Adams or John Quincy Adams."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "Adams House, one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses at Harvard University, is named for John Adams, John Quincy Adams, and other members of the Adams family associated with Harvard."}, {"section_header": "Early political career (1793\u20131817) | Minister to Russia", "text": "Adams was well-qualified for the role after his experiences in Europe generally and Russia specifically."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "This decision upset Adams's mother, and, by her account, his father as well."}, {"section_header": "1824 presidential election", "text": "Adams won the House delegations of all the states in which he or Clay had won a majority of the electoral votes, as well as the delegations of Illinois, Louisiana, and Maryland."}, {"section_header": "Early life, education, and early career", "text": "John Quincy Adams was born on July 11, 1767, to John and Abigail Adams (n\u00e9e Smith) in a part of Braintree, Massachusetts that is now Quincy."}], "text": "President John Quincy Adams birthplace has been changed to his middle name as well as many areas open to the public in the United States speaking well of the statesman and diplomat.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "John Quincy Adams"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "As World War II got under way, the Tigers moved up in the standings because several of their top players, including Newhouser, were classified as 4-F (ineligible to be drafted)."}], "id": "31smtqpmVRkJKQgc0XU7", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Newhouser was an All-Star for six seasons, and was considered to be the most dominating pitcher of the World War II era of baseball, winning a pitcher's triple crown for the Tigers in 1945."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "As World War II got under way, the Tigers moved up in the standings because several of their top players, including Newhouser, were classified as 4-F (ineligible to be drafted)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Harold Newhouser (May 20, 1921 \u2013 November 10, 1998), nicknamed \"Prince Hal\", was an American professional baseball player."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "Newhouser pitched four innings of relief on the season's final day as Detroit rallied for the pennant."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "During his playing days, Newhouser's teammates nicknamed him \"Prince Hal\" because of the way he carried himself."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "Newhouser became the first pitcher to repeat as MVP that season and helped the team win the World Series."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "In that year's World Series, Newhouser won two games, including a complete-game victory in the deciding seventh game."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Later career", "text": "In his final big-league hurrah, he posted a 7\u20132 mark with a 2.54 ERA, and got to pitch in his second World Series."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "He won the pitcher's Triple Crown, leading the AL in wins (25, against nine losses), ERA (1.81) and strikeouts (212); he also led the league in innings pitched, games started, complete games and shutouts."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "The 1945 All-Star Game was cancelled on April 24 because of travel restrictions and seven out of eight scheduled interleague games were played in place of the All-Star Game on July 9 and 10 to support the American Red Cross and War Relief fund."}], "text": "Hal Newhouser had to stop playing baseball when he fought in World War II.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Hal Newhouser"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "The production was adapted for a 1942 feature film, scripted by Philip G. Epstein and Julius J. Epstein and directed by William Keighley."}], "id": "32cOSQED2RwnTG9U29kV", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Influence of Alexander Woollcott", "text": "Woollcott was delighted with The Man Who Came to Dinner and was offered the role for its Broadway debut."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "The Man Who Came to Dinner was presented on Philip Morris Playhouse July 10, 1942."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "In 1949, The Man Who Came to Dinner was produced for CBS Radio for The Hotpoint Holiday Hour."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Man Who Came to Dinner is a comedy in three acts by George S. Kaufman and Moss Hart."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "The production was adapted for a 1942 feature film, scripted by Philip G. Epstein and Julius J. Epstein and directed by William Keighley."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "The film featured Monty Woolley, Bette Davis, Ann Sheridan, Billie Burke, Jimmy Durante, Mary Wickes and Richard Travis."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "Who Came to Dinner approved by the Hart and Kaufman estates which starred Simon Callow as Whiteside, Elizabeth McGovern as Maggie, with Conleth Hill as Bert Jefferson, Cheryl Campbell as Lorraine Sheldon, John Sessions as Banjo and Professor Metz, Colin Stinton as Mr. Stanley, and Malcolm Sinclair as Beverley Carlton."}, {"section_header": "Broadway revivals", "text": "In the movie, Monty Woolley's portrayal at times came across as mean for mean's sake."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "For Christmas Day, 2000, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a Marcy Kahan adaptation of The Man"}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "The show was hosted by William Keighley, who directed the 1942 film adaptation."}], "text": "The play The Man Who Came to Dinner was turned into a film.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "The Man Who Came to Dinner"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Council of Constance was a 15th-century ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church, held from 1414 to 1418 in the Bishopric of Constance in present-day Germany."}], "id": "34I1Yn4yAHylH2B9OhCL", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Ending the Western Schism", "text": "The council took great care to protect the legitimacy of the succession, ratified all his acts, and a new pontiff was chosen."}, {"section_header": "Decrees and doctrinal status", "text": "However, on 20 March he secretly fled the city and took refuge at Schaffhausen in territory of his friend Frederick, Duke of Austria-Tyrol."}, {"section_header": "Polish\u2013Lithuanian\u2013Teutonic conflict", "text": "It was concluded that the disputes would be mediated by the Council of Constance."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Council of Constance was a 15th-century ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church, held from 1414 to 1418 in the Bishopric of Constance in present-day Germany."}, {"section_header": "Constance", "text": "An innovation at the council was that instead of voting as individuals, the bishops voted in national blocs."}, {"section_header": "Constance", "text": "Sigismund arrived on Christmas Eve 1414 and exercised a profound and continuous influence on the course of the council in his capacity of imperial protector of the church."}, {"section_header": "Condemnation of Jan Hus", "text": "Pawe\u0142 W\u0142odkowic and the other Polish representatives to the Council of Constance publicly defended Hus."}, {"section_header": "Ending the Western Schism", "text": "With the support of King Sigismund, enthroned before the high altar of the cathedral of Constance, the Council of Constance recommended that all three papal claimants abdicate, and that another be chosen."}, {"section_header": "Constance", "text": "The legality of this measure, in imitation of the \"nations\" of the universities, was more than questionable, but during February 1415 it carried and thenceforth was accepted in practice, though never authorized by any formal decree of the council."}, {"section_header": "Origin and background", "text": "That council was called by John XXIII and was held from 16 November 1414 to 22 April 1418 in Constance, Germany."}], "text": "The Council of Constance  took place in a European country.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Council of Constance"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novels chronicle the lives of a young wizard, Harry Potter, and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley, all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry."}], "id": "38LwkQ4F4EHo9RO2UbzG", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2016, the total value of the Harry Potter franchise was estimated at $25 billion, making Harry Potter one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time."}, {"section_header": "Achievements | Commercial success", "text": "The Harry Potter brand has been estimated to be worth as much as $25 billion."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Films", "text": "Daniel Radcliffe portrayed Harry Potter, doing so for all succeeding films in the franchise."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novels chronicle the lives of a young wizard, Harry Potter, and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley, all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Harry becomes a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, a wizarding academy in Scotland, and it is here where most of the events in the series take place."}, {"section_header": "Structure and genre", "text": "Each of the seven books is set over the course of one school year."}, {"section_header": "Achievements | Cultural impact", "text": "Surveys of over 1,000 college students in the United States show that those who read the books were significantly different from those who had not."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Spin-off Production", "text": "Puffs, or Seven Increasingly Eventful Years at a Certain School of Magic and Magic is a play which is a spin-off from the Harry Potter franchise."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Voldemort returns", "text": "This year, Harry must compete against a witch and a wizard \"champion\" from overseas schools Beauxbatons and Durmstrang, as well as another Hogwarts student, causing Harry's friends to distance themselves from him."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Games", "text": "Harry Potter and Lego Harry Potter models, which are influenced by the themes of both the novels and films."}], "text": "Harry Potter films have been sucessful in both books and movies earning the franchise over $25 billion as it follows students at Hogwarts School.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Harry Potter"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Aleksandr II Nikolayevich, IPA: Aleksandr II Nikolayevich, IPA: [\u0250l\u02b2\u026a\u02c8ksandr ft\u0250\u02c8roj n\u02b2\u026ak\u0250\u02c8laj\u026av\u02b2\u026at\u0255]; 29 April 1818 \u2013 13 March 1881) was the Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination on 13 March 1881.Alexander's most significant reform as emperor was emancipation of Russia's serfs in 1861, for which he is known as Alexander the Liberator (Russian: \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0301\u043d\u0434\u0440"}], "id": "3BFQqkvQ3ukjRITo7gC1", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reign | Liberation of Bulgaria", "text": "For his social reforms in Russia and his role in the liberation of Bulgaria, Alexander II became known in Bulgaria as the \"Tsar-Liberator of Russians and Bulgarians\"."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "The assassination triggered major suppression of civil liberties in Russia, and police brutality burst back in full force after experiencing some restraint under the reign of Alexander II, whose death was witnessed first-hand by his son, Alexander III, and his grandson, Nicholas II, both future emperors who vowed not to have the same fate befall them."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alexander II (Russian: \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0301\u043d\u0434\u0440 II \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447, tr."}, {"section_header": "Assassination", "text": "When the attending physician, Sergey Botkin, was asked how long it would be, he replied, \"Up to fifteen minutes.\" At 3:30 that day, the standard of Alexander II (his personal flag) was lowered for the last time."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Liberation of Bulgaria", "text": "After the failure of the Constantinople Conference, at the beginning of 1877 Emperor Alexander II started diplomatic preparations with the other Great Powers to secure their neutrality in case of a war between Russia and the Ottomans."}, {"section_header": "Assassination", "text": "On 13 March [O.S. 1 March] 1881, Alexander fell victim to an assassination plot in Saint Petersburg."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Aleksandr II Nikolayevich, IPA: Aleksandr II Nikolayevich, IPA: [\u0250l\u02b2\u026a\u02c8ksandr ft\u0250\u02c8roj n\u02b2\u026ak\u0250\u02c8laj\u026av\u02b2\u026at\u0255]; 29 April 1818 \u2013 13 March 1881) was the Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination on 13 March 1881.Alexander's most significant reform as emperor was emancipation of Russia's serfs in 1861, for which he is known as Alexander the Liberator (Russian: \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0301\u043d\u0434\u0440"}, {"section_header": "Reign | Encouraging Finnish nationalism", "text": "Alexander II is still regarded as \"The Good Tsar\" in Finland."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "While touring Russia, he also befriended the then exiled poet Alexander Herzen and pardoned him."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Reforms | Emancipation of the serfs", "text": "Alexander II succeeded to the throne upon the death of his father in 1855."}], "text": "Alexander II of Russia was assassinated.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Alexander II of Russia"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Interpretation", "text": "The title of the poem and the first two lines reference the Greek Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, a famously gigantic sculpture that stood beside or straddled across the entrance to the harbor of the island of Rhodes in the 3rd century BC."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"The New Colossus\" is a sonnet by American poet Emma Lazarus (1849\u20131887)."}], "id": "3BPS2c2tejVbSjRDELn3", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Influence | Immigration to the United States", "text": "Over the decades, \u201cThe New Colossus\u201d has acquired a patina of universality."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"The New Colossus\" is a sonnet by American poet Emma Lazarus (1849\u20131887)."}, {"section_header": "Influence | In culture", "text": "The poem is also the subtitle of the game's sequel: Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus."}, {"section_header": "Influence | Immigration to the United States", "text": "Staining \u201cThe New Colossus\u201d with the bile of discrimination is a shameful act of cultural defilement."}, {"section_header": "History of the poem", "text": "\"The New Colossus\" was the first entry read at the exhibit's opening on November 2, 1883."}, {"section_header": "Interpretation", "text": "The \"air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame\" refers to New York Harbor between New York City and Brooklyn, which were separate cities at the time the poem was written, before being consolidated as boroughs of the City of Greater New York in 1898.The \"huddled masses\" refers to the large numbers of immigrants arriving in the United States in the 1880s, particularly through the port of New York via Ellis Island."}, {"section_header": "Interpretation", "text": "In the poem, Lazarus contrasts that ancient symbol of grandeur and empire (\"the brazen giant of Greek fame\")  with a \"New\" Colossus \u2013 the Statue of Liberty, a female embodiment of commanding \"maternal strength\" (\"Mother of Exiles\")."}, {"section_header": "History of the poem", "text": "This poem was written as a donation to an auction of art and literary works conducted by the \"Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty\" to raise money for the pedestal's construction."}, {"section_header": "Influence | Immigration to the United States", "text": "Paul Auster wrote that \"Bartholdi's gigantic effigy was originally intended as a monument to the principles of international republicanism, but 'The New Colossus' reinvented the statue's purpose, turning Liberty into a welcoming mother, a symbol of hope to the outcasts and downtrodden of the world."}, {"section_header": "History of the poem", "text": "It was, however, published in Joseph Pulitzer's New York World as well as The New York Times during this time period."}, {"section_header": "Interpretation", "text": "The title of the poem and the first two lines reference the Greek Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, a famously gigantic sculpture that stood beside or straddled across the entrance to the harbor of the island of Rhodes in the 3rd century BC."}], "text": "The New Colossus is a tragedy novel written in the 1800s.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "The New Colossus"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "In the 1995 film Dangerous Minds, retired U.S. Marine LouAnne Johnson, played by Michelle Pfeiffer, uses the poem to teach her students and help them identify with what they are learning in her class."}], "id": "3CJlAVZjaOddWATeEl8r", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"Do not go gentle into that good night\" is a poem in the form of a villanelle, and the most famous work of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas (1914\u20131953)."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "See scheme below. \"Do not go gentle into that good night\" was used as the text for the 1954"}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "In the 1995 film Dangerous Minds, retired U.S. Marine LouAnne Johnson, played by Michelle Pfeiffer, uses the poem to teach her students and help them identify with what they are learning in her class."}, {"section_header": "Form", "text": "The rhyme-and-refrain pattern of Do not go gentle into that good night can be schematized as A1bA2 abA1 abA2 abA1 abA2"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It has no title other than its first line, \"Do not go gentle into that good night\", a line that appears as a refrain throughout the poem along with its other refrain, \"Rage, rage against the dying of the light\"."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "In the same movie, leading actors Matthew McConaughey and Anne Hathaway are sent into hypersleep with the final words \"Do not go gentle into that good night."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "\"In the light dying, we'll rage and fight, go kickin' and screamin', into that good night.\" The poem was featured as a voiceover by Iain Glen in a 2018 television advert for the Ford Motor Company."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Though first published in the journal Botteghe Oscure in 1951, it was written in 1947 when Thomas was in Florence with his family."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "In the 1996 film Independence Day, the President makes a rousing speech as he prepares to lead the attack against the alien invaders, adapting Thomas' line, saying, \"We will not go quietly into the night.\" The band Brave Saint Saturn includes a recording of Thomas reading his poem in their song \"Two-Twenty-Nine\" on their 2000 album"}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "The first three lines of the poem are also used in the front matter of the book."}], "text": "The 1951 poem \"Do not go gentle into that good night\" is used in the Dead Poets Society to teach the students.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life | Politics", "text": "Meat Loaf is not officially registered with any political party."}], "id": "3CbZaUWcPbmoQUnS2J5m", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Music career | The Very Best of Meat Loaf", "text": "In 1998, Meat Loaf released The Very Best of Meat Loaf."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Stoney & Meat Loaf", "text": "With the publicity generated from Hair, Meat Loaf was invited to record with Motown."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Stoney & Meat Loaf", "text": "In December 1972, Meat Loaf was in the original off-Broadway production of Rainbow at the Orpheum Theatre in New York."}, {"section_header": "Music career | The Very Best of Meat Loaf", "text": "The single version of this song is a duet with Patti Russo, whereas the album version is a solo song by Meat Loaf."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Stoney & Meat Loaf", "text": "The Motown production team in charge of the album wrote and selected the songs while Meat Loaf and Stoney came in only to lay down their vocals."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Stoney & Meat Loaf", "text": "The album, titled Stoney & Meatloaf (with Meat Loaf misspelled as one word) was completed in the summer of 1971 and released in September of that year."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Stoney & Meat Loaf", "text": "Meat Loaf left soon after Motown replaced his and Stoney's vocals from the one song he liked, \"Who Is the Leader of the People?\" with new vocals by Edwin Starr."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Stoney & Meat Loaf", "text": "To support their album, Meat Loaf and Stoney toured with Jake Wade and the Soul Searchers, opening for Richie Havens, the Who, the Stooges, Bob Seger, Alice Cooper, and Rare Earth."}, {"section_header": "In media", "text": "Meat Loaf appeared, credited as Meat Loaf"}, {"section_header": "In media", "text": "Meat Loaf appeared, credited as Meat Loaf"}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Politics", "text": "Meat Loaf is not officially registered with any political party."}], "text": "Meat Loaf is not affiliated with any certain government organization.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Meat Loaf"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The poem currently remains under copyright, although the text is available online."}], "id": "3GZsBoYoXqbIQESR77Di", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"Do not go gentle into that good night\" is a poem in the form of a villanelle, and the most famous work of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas (1914\u20131953)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The poem currently remains under copyright, although the text is available online."}, {"section_header": "Form", "text": "The rhyme-and-refrain pattern of Do not go gentle into that good night can be schematized as A1bA2 abA1 abA2 abA1 abA2"}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "See scheme below. \"Do not go gentle into that good night\" was used as the text for the 1954"}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "In the same movie, leading actors Matthew McConaughey and Anne Hathaway are sent into hypersleep with the final words \"Do not go gentle into that good night."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It has no title other than its first line, \"Do not go gentle into that good night\", a line that appears as a refrain throughout the poem along with its other refrain, \"Rage, rage against the dying of the light\"."}, {"section_header": "Form", "text": "The villanelle consists of five stanzas of three lines (tercets) followed by a single stanza of four lines (a quatrain) for a total of nineteen lines."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "\"In the light dying, we'll rage and fight, go kickin' and screamin', into that good night.\" The poem was featured as a voiceover by Iain Glen in a 2018 television advert for the Ford Motor Company."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "In Memoriam Dylan Thomas (Dirge-Canons and Song) for tenor and chamber ensemble, by Igor Stravinsky."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "Electronic musician Richard Burmer released a track of the same name on his 1996 album Treasures of the Saints which features a recording of Dylan Thomas reading the poem."}], "text": "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night is a poem in the form of a villanelle, and the most famous work of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas (1914\u20131953) which currently remains under copyright and unavailable for use.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Treaty of Tordesillas (Portuguese: Tratado de Tordesilhas"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "[t\u027e\u0250\u02c8ta\u00f0u \u00f0\u0268 tu\u027e\u00f0e\u02c8zi\u028e\u0250\u0283]; Spanish: Tratado de Tordesillas [t\u027ea\u02c8ta\u00f0o \u00f0e to\u027e\u00f0e\u02c8si\u028eas]), signed at Tordesillas in Spain on June 7, 1494, and authenticated at Set\u00fabal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire (Crown of Castile), along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa."}], "id": "3Ls41xpKIznCngiwm7TX", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Antimeridian: Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza", "text": "In the early 16th century, the Treaty between Spain and Portugal, concluded at Vitoria; February 19, 1524 and called for the Badajoz Junta to meet in 1524, at which the two countries tried to reach an agreement on the anti-meridian but failed."}, {"section_header": "Effect on other European powers", "text": "It was ignored by other European nations, and with the decline of Spanish and Portuguese power, the home countries were unable to hold many of their claims, much less expand them into poorly explored areas."}, {"section_header": "Signing and enforcement", "text": "Emerging Protestant maritime powers, particularly England and The Netherlands, and other third parties such as Roman Catholic France, did not recognize the division of the world between only two Roman Catholic nations brokered by the pope."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "This treaty would be observed fairly well by Spain and Portugal, despite considerable ignorance as to the geography of the New World; however, it omitted all of the other European powers."}, {"section_header": "Effect on other European powers", "text": "Thus, with sufficient backing, it became possible for any European state to colonize open territories, or those weakly held by Lisbon or Madrid."}, {"section_header": "Signing and enforcement", "text": "For a period between 1580 and 1640, the treaty was rendered meaningless, as the Spanish King was also King of Portugal."}, {"section_header": "Antimeridian: Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza", "text": "But Portugal's discovery of the highly valued Moluccas in 1512 caused Spain to argue in 1518 that the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the Earth into two equal hemispheres."}, {"section_header": "Treaty of Madrid", "text": "The attitude towards the treaty that other governments had was expressed in a statement attributed to France's King Francis I, \"Show me Adam's will!\" On January 13, 1750, King John V of Portugal and Ferdinand VI of Spain signed the Treaty of Madrid, in which both parties sought to establish the borders between Brazil and Spanish America, admitting that the Treaty of Tordesillas, as it had been envisioned in 1494 had been superseded, and was considered void."}, {"section_header": "Antimeridian: Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza", "text": "The Treaty of Saragossa did not modify or clarify the line of demarcation in the Treaty of Tordesillas, nor did it validate Spain's claim to equal hemispheres (180\u00b0 each), so the two lines divided the Earth into unequal hemispheres."}, {"section_header": "Effect on other European powers", "text": "The treaty was important in dividing Latin America, as well as establishing Spain in the western Pacific."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Treaty of Tordesillas (Portuguese: Tratado de Tordesilhas"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "[t\u027e\u0250\u02c8ta\u00f0u \u00f0\u0268 tu\u027e\u00f0e\u02c8zi\u028e\u0250\u0283]; Spanish: Tratado de Tordesillas [t\u027ea\u02c8ta\u00f0o \u00f0e to\u027e\u00f0e\u02c8si\u028eas]), signed at Tordesillas in Spain on June 7, 1494, and authenticated at Set\u00fabal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire (Crown of Castile), along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa."}], "text": "The Treaty of Tordesillas was an agreement signed in Portugal between two European super powers.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Treaty of Tordesillas"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 7, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Final years", "text": "His health never recovered, and he was placed in a sanitarium in nearby Elmendorf until he died at the age of 37 on April 1, 1914."}], "id": "3QCYzGTidALbDsFFw9wS", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later career", "text": "May threatened to prosecute Rube for bigamy because she did not recognize the divorce granted Rube in St. Louis."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "We got Rube out of there without delay."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "Further drinking and marital problems with his third wife, Madge Maguire, plagued Waddell; he passed out in the middle of a game against New York in 1909."}, {"section_header": "Early baseball career", "text": "On August 19, Waddell pitched the first game of a doubleheader for Milwaukee, winning in the 17th inning on his own triple."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "On July 1, 1902, Waddell became the second pitcher to strike out three batters on nine pitches in the third inning of a 2\u20130 win over the Baltimore Orioles."}, {"section_header": "Pitching style", "text": "Pitching an exhibition game in Memphis, he took the field alone with his catcher, Doc Powers, for the last three innings."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "His career stats were 193\u2013143, 2,316 strikeouts, and a 2.16 earned run average, with 50 shutouts and 261 complete games in 2961.1 innings pitched."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "Well, the first practice Waddell tackled him and broke his leg."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "Though eccentric and childlike, Waddell was not illiterate as some sources have claimed."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "Schreckengost, a one-time friend who regularly fetched alcohol and fishing poles for Waddell, squabbled with both Waddell and Mack for being treated differently for the same offenses."}, {"section_header": "Final years", "text": "His health never recovered, and he was placed in a sanitarium in nearby Elmendorf until he died at the age of 37 on April 1, 1914."}], "text": "Rube Waddell passed away in his 30's.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Rube Waddell"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Auguste Bartholdi and its metal framework was built by Gustave Eiffel."}], "id": "3a006Rd1uV1twMPw0j50", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Historical designations", "text": "President Calvin Coolidge officially designated the Statue of Liberty as part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1924."}, {"section_header": "After dedication | Closures and reopenings (2001\u2013present)", "text": "On October 7, 2016, construction started on the new Statue of Liberty Museum on Liberty Island."}, {"section_header": "Access and attributes | Location and access", "text": "The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island, which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The statue is a figure of Libertas, a robed Roman liberty goddess."}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Announcement and early work", "text": "With the announcement, the statue was given a name, Liberty Enlightening the World."}, {"section_header": "Access and attributes | Inscriptions, plaques, and dedications", "text": "There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty."}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Construction in France | Design", "text": "Joachim Goschen Gi\u00e6ver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty."}, {"section_header": "After dedication | Lighthouse Board and War Department (1886\u20131933)", "text": "One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled: I saw the Statue of Liberty."}, {"section_header": "After dedication | Renovation and rededication (1982\u20132000)", "text": "The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign."}, {"section_header": "After dedication | Closures and reopenings (2001\u2013present)", "text": "The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4, 2013."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Auguste Bartholdi and its metal framework was built by Gustave Eiffel."}], "text": "The Statue of Liberty is bad of brass.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Statue of Liberty"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Willis was born on April 12, 1876 in Cecil County, Maryland."}], "id": "3aCetmgLfJt9BkXCKTZb", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later life", "text": "The National Baseball Hall of Fame inducted Vic Willis in 1995, as the Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame had done in 1977."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Willis was born on April 12, 1876 in Cecil County, Maryland."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Willis was on one World Series championship team, the 1909 Pirates."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 513 career games, Willis pitched 3,996 innings and posted a win\u2013loss record of 249\u2013205, with 388 complete games, 50 shutouts, and a 2.63 earned run average (ERA)."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "After the season ended, Willis was purchased by the Boston Beaneaters for Fred Lake and $1,000."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "In one game against the Philadelphia Phillies, opposing pitcher Red Donahue threw a no-hitter, while Willis allowed eight walks in a 5\u20130 loss."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The Beaneaters acquired Willis to fill the void left by Jack Stivetts, who was near retirement due to an arm injury."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "He lost one game during the Series, pitching against Ty Cobb's Detroit Tigers."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Prior to joining the major leagues, Willis played football and baseball for University of Delaware, then known as Delaware College, despite never attending the college."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Next season Willis pitched for a semipro team in his hometown Newark, Delaware."}], "text": "Vic Willis was on the Beaneaters and was born in Delaware.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Vic Willis"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Christ the Redeemer (Portuguese: Cristo Redentor, standard Brazilian Portuguese: [\u02c8k\u027eistu \u0281eden\u02c8to\u0281], local pronunciation: [\u02c8k\u027ei\u0255t\u016d\u033b xe\u031eden\u02c8to\u0266]) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A symbol of Christianity across the world, the statue has also become a cultural icon of both Rio de Janeiro and Brazil, and is listed as one of the New7Wonders of the World."}], "id": "3b4hQHDntVzfjohkM3xE", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History", "text": "The designs considered for the \"Statue of the Christ\" included a representation of the Christian cross, a statue of Jesus with a globe in his hands, and a pedestal symbolizing the world."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A symbol of Christianity across the world, the statue has also become a cultural icon of both Rio de Janeiro and Brazil, and is listed as one of the New7Wonders of the World."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms, a symbol of peace, was chosen."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ the Redeemer of Malacca is on the Portuguese Settlement Square in Melaka, Malaysia (20' tall) Cristo Rey in Colombia (26 m) Cristo Rey by Urbici Soler in Sunland Park, New Mexico - (8.83 M) Cristo Redentor ("}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of V\u0169ng T\u00e0u in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of V\u0169ng T\u00e0u in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ the Redeemer of the Andes (Argentina/Chile) Christ the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Ibiza, Spain, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Blanco in Cusco, Peru"}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ the Redeemer in Rio Verde, Goi\u00e1s, Brazil Christ in the Mount in Pitangui, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The lightning rods located in the statue's head and arms were also repaired, and new lighting fixtures were installed at the foot of the statue."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Cristo del Otero in Palencia , Spain built in 1930 (21 m) Cristo Rey (statue, Mexico) located on the Cerro del Cubilete in Guanajuato, Mexico, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Rey in Tenancingo, M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico (30 m) Christ Blessing in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia (30 m) Christ of Havana in Havana, Cuba, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of the Abyss in various underwater locations"}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "The King Lebanon Another imitation statue of Christ the Redeemer is at Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India.(Shrish Patil) imitation at Kovalam, near Trivandrum, Kerala, India."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The restoration involved one hundred people and used more than 60,000 pieces of stone taken from the same quarry as the original statue."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Christ the Redeemer (Portuguese: Cristo Redentor, standard Brazilian Portuguese: [\u02c8k\u027eistu \u0281eden\u02c8to\u0281], local pronunciation: [\u02c8k\u027ei\u0255t\u016d\u033b xe\u031eden\u02c8to\u0266]) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot."}], "text": "The statue Christ the Redeemer is not considered one of the new 7 Wonders of the World.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Christ the Redeemer (statue)"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His father, Saul Solomon White, apparently died when White was very young."}], "id": "3bTzf0qFUxp5lWtZiooe", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "This short book-within-a-book is history, but it can also be described as an almanac, a scorecard, an archive, a who's who of African-American baseball up to 1907."}, {"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "The next year, he joined the York Colored Monarchs of the Eastern Interstate League, a white-owned team that signed up most of the 1889 Cuban Giants."}, {"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "Without a doubt this record will prove valuable in years to come.\" This second book on black baseball by Sol White never appeared."}, {"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "Sol White's career as a baseball writer would continue with a series of articles on \"colored baseball\" in the Cleveland Advocate, a black newspaper, in 1919."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Florence and Sol White appear to have become separated at some point before 1930.When White was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006, no family member was present, so Commissioner of Baseball Bud Selig accepted his plaque on the family's behalf."}, {"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "Sol takes pride in having played against Ban when he was an obscure captain of a hick town club.\" White quickly made a name for himself as a ballplayer."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "King Solomon \"Sol\" White (June 12, 1868 \u2013 August 26, 1955) was an American professional baseball infielder, manager and executive, and one of the pioneers of the Negro leagues."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Sol White married Florence Fields on March 15, 1906."}, {"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "Sol White is perhaps best known for writing History of Colored Base Ball, also known (on the title page) as Sol White's Official Base Ball Guide."}, {"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "\"One of the Globes players got his finger smashed and since they all knew Sol, the captain pushed him into the game."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His father, Saul Solomon White, apparently died when White was very young."}], "text": "Sol White grew up with his daddy and played baseball a lot with him.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Sol White"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Retirement and death", "text": "On August 27, 1948, at the age of 86, Hughes died in what is now the Tiffany Cottage of the Wianno Club in Osterville, Massachusetts."}, {"section_header": "Retirement and death", "text": "He is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York City."}], "id": "3g4GbNeCV3L1ArryoMWb", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Charles Evans Charles Evans Hughes Sr. (April 11, 1862 \u2013 August 27, 1948) was an American statesman, Republican Party politician, and the 11th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court."}, {"section_header": "Early life and family", "text": "Charles Evans Hughes, the only child of David and Mary, was born in Glens Falls on April 11, 1862."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The Charles Evans Hughes House, now the Burmese ambassador's residence, in Washington, D.C., was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972."}, {"section_header": "Early life and family", "text": "Their first child, Charles Evans Hughes Jr., was born the following year, and Hughes purchased a house in Manhattan's Upper West Side neighborhood."}, {"section_header": "Governor of New York", "text": "To enforce those laws, Hughes reorganized the New York State Department of Labor."}, {"section_header": "Governor of New York", "text": "Despite his busyness as New York governor, Hughes found time to get involved in religious matters."}, {"section_header": "Governor of New York", "text": "Seeking a strong candidate to defeat newspaper mogul William Randolph Hearst in the 1906 New York gubernatorial election, President Theodore Roosevelt convinced New York Republican leaders to nominate Hughes for governor."}, {"section_header": "Chief Justice | Later tenure", "text": "After 1937, the Hughes Court continued to uphold economic regulations, with McReynolds and Butler often being the lone dissenters."}, {"section_header": "Retirement and death", "text": "On August 27, 1948, at the age of 86, Hughes died in what is now the Tiffany Cottage of the Wianno Club in Osterville, Massachusetts."}, {"section_header": "Early life and family", "text": "With the exception of a brief period of attendance at Newark High School, Hughes received no formal education until 1874, instead being educated by his parents."}, {"section_header": "Retirement and death", "text": "He is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York City."}], "text": "Charles Evans Hughes shuffled off this mortal coil in Massachusetts, and then was taken to New York to be submerged in soil.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Charles Evans Hughes"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career", "text": "When Medwick strode forward, the ball hit him in the temple and rendered him unconscious."}], "id": "3iNk3mHHcmoM6tuBghMt", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career", "text": "Upon being asked by the Pope what his vocation was, Medwick replied, \"Your Holiness, I'm Joe Medwick."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Though Medwick swung at any pitch near the strike zone, he was difficult to strike out."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Six days after the trade, Medwick was nearly killed by a pitch thrown at him by former Cardinals teammate Bob Bowman."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "When asked about the incident after the game, Medwick replied, \"I knew why they threw them."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "University of Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne made arrangements for Medwick to play football there, however Medwick decided to forgo college and enter professional baseball."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "When Medwick strode forward, the ball hit him in the temple and rendered him unconscious."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The son of Hungarian immigrants, Medwick was born and raised in Carteret, New Jersey."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Medwick remains the only known player to be thrown out of a game for his own personal safety."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Medwick helped lead the Dodgers to a pennant in 1941, but had lost much of his dominance."}, {"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "\" Medwick died in 1975 of a heart attack in St. Petersburg, Florida."}], "text": "Joe Medwick was injured in the knee by a pitch.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Joe Medwick"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war and is often described as the war's turning point."}], "id": "3izPudVg9KJOE0JfwREX", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "The south winning the Battle of Gettysburg is a popular premise for a point of divergence in American Civil War alternate histories."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Battle of Gettysburg (locally  (listen)) was fought July 1\u20133, 1863, in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, by Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War."}, {"section_header": "Battlefield preservation", "text": "Although Gettysburg is one of the best known of all Civil War battlefields, it too faces threats to its preservation and interpretation."}, {"section_header": "Opposing forces | Union", "text": "Note that many other Union units (not part of the Army of the Potomac) were actively involved in the Gettysburg Campaign, but not directly involved in the Battle of Gettysburg."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Here are some examples which either depict or make significant reference to an alternate Battle of Gettysburg (sometimes simply inserting fantasy or sci-fi elements in an account of the battle):  Novels: Bring the Jubilee by Ward Moore; If the South Had Won the Civil War by Mackinlay Kantor; Civil War Trilogy (Gettysburg, Grant Comes East, Never Call Retreat) by Newt Gingrich, William R. Forstchen, and Albert S. Hanser; Stonewall Jackson at Gettysburg by Douglas Lee Gibboney; By Force of Arms by Billy Bennett."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | Casualties", "text": "Despite his age and injuries, Burns survived the battle and lived until 1872."}, {"section_header": "Historical assessment | Decisive victory controversies", "text": "Gettysburg was a landmark battle, the largest of the war and it would not be surpassed."}, {"section_header": "Battlefield preservation", "text": "The Civil War Trust also successfully purchased and transferred 95 acres at the former site of the Gettysburg Country Club to the control of the U.S. Department of the Interior in 2011.Less than half of the over 11,500 acres on the old Gettysburg Battlefield have been preserved for posterity thus far."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | Gettysburg Address", "text": "During this ceremony, President Abraham Lincoln honored the fallen and redefined the purpose of the war in his historic Gettysburg Address."}, {"section_header": "Second day of battle | Attacks on the Union left flank", "text": "The defense of Little Round Top with a bayonet charge by the 20th Maine, ordered by Col. Joshua L. Chamberlain but possibly led by Lt. Holman S. Melcher, was one of the most fabled episodes in the Civil War and propelled Col. Chamberlain into prominence after the war."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war and is often described as the war's turning point."}], "text": "The Battle of Gettysburg was a Civil War battle and had many injuries.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Battle of Gettysburg"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the first book in her House of Earth trilogy, continued in Sons (1932) and A House Divided (1935)."}], "id": "3nf0H3qCesO4UUHJ16mQ", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Good Earth is a novel by Pearl S. Buck published in 1931 that dramatizes family life in a Chinese village in the early 20th century."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the first book in her House of Earth trilogy, continued in Sons (1932) and A House Divided (1935)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "However, the 1937 film, The Good Earth, which was based on the stage version, was more successful."}, {"section_header": "Political influence", "text": "If they had, Americans would have been fighting in Asia long before 1941.\"The Columbia University political scientist Andrew J. Nathan praised Hilary Spurling's book Pearl Buck in China: Journey to The Good Earth, saying that it should move readers to rediscover Buck's work as a source of insight into both revolutionary China and the United States' interactions with it."}, {"section_header": "Political influence", "text": "Some scholars have seen The Good Earth as creating sympathy for China in the oncoming war with Japan."}, {"section_header": "Peripatetic manuscript", "text": "In her view, Buck delves deeply into the lives of the Chinese poor and opposed \"religious fundamentalism, racial prejudice, gender oppression, sexual repression, and discrimination against the disabled.\" Buck wrote the novel in Nanjing, spending mornings in the attic of her university house to complete the manuscript in one year (ca. 1929)."}, {"section_header": "Political influence", "text": "\"If China had not captured the American imagination,\" said one, \"it might just have been possible to work out a more satisfactory Far Eastern policy,\" but such works as The Good Earth, \"infused with an understandable compassion for the suffering Chinese, did little to inform Americans about their limited options in Asia.\" The diplomatic historian Walter LaFeber, however, although he agrees that Americans grew enamored of heroic Chinese portrayed by writers such as Buck, concluded that \"these views of China did not shape U.S. policy after 1937."}, {"section_header": "Chronology", "text": "The novel is set in a timeless China and provides no explicit dates."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "O-Lan endures the betrayal of her husband when he takes the only jewels she had asked to keep for herself, two pearls, so that he can make them into earrings to present to Lotus."}, {"section_header": "Peripatetic manuscript", "text": "It disappeared after the exhibit, and in a memoir (1966), Buck is said to have written, \"The devil has it."}], "text": "The Good Earth is part of a trilogy of novels by Pearl Buck.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Good Earth"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life, education, and early career", "text": "Young Adams was educated by private tutors \u2013 his cousin James Thaxter and his father's law clerk, Nathan Rice."}], "id": "3otpVBJTI61VNRFDBwC2", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Presidency (1825\u20131829) | Administration", "text": "Adams instead selected James Barbour of Virginia, a prominent supporter of Crawford, to lead the War Department."}, {"section_header": "1824 presidential election", "text": "Adams's victory made him the first child of a president to serve as president himself."}, {"section_header": "Early life, education, and early career", "text": "During this period, Adams studied French, Greek, and Latin, and attended several schools, including Leiden University."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1825\u20131829) | Domestic affairs | Ambitious agenda", "text": "He called for major investments in internal improvements as well as the creation of a national university, a naval academy, and a national astronomical observatory."}, {"section_header": "Secretary of State (1817\u20131825)", "text": "However, Andrew Jackson's military campaign in Florida, and Henry Clay's threats in Congress, forced Spain to cut a deal, which Adams negotiated successfully."}, {"section_header": "Later congressional career (1830\u20131848) | Van Buren and Tyler administrations, 1837\u20131843", "text": "Adams saw Tyler as an agent of \"the slave-driving, Virginia, Jeffersonian school, principled against all improvement.\" After Tyler vetoed a bill to restore the national bank, Whig congressmen expelled Tyler from the party."}, {"section_header": "1824 presidential election", "text": "While the other candidates based their candidacies on their long tenure as congressmen, ambassadors, or members of the cabinet, Jackson's appeal rested on his military service, especially in the Battle of New Orleans."}, {"section_header": "Later congressional career (1830\u20131848) | Opposition to the Mexican-American War, 1844\u20131848", "text": "Polk deployed a military detachment led by General Zachary Taylor to back up his assertion that the Rio Grande constituted the Southern border of both Texas and the United States."}, {"section_header": "Later congressional career (1830\u20131848) | Death", "text": "Two days later, on February 23, he died at 7:20 p.m. with his wife at his side in the Speaker's Room inside the Capitol Building in Washington, D.C.; his only living child, Charles Francis, did not arrive in time to see his father alive."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1825\u20131829) | Foreign affairs | Latin America", "text": "Van Buren saw the Panama Congress as an unwelcome deviation from the more isolationist foreign policy established by President Washington, while many Southerners opposed involvement with any conference attended by delegates of Haiti, a republic that had been established through a slave revolt."}, {"section_header": "Early life, education, and early career", "text": "Young Adams was educated by private tutors \u2013 his cousin James Thaxter and his father's law clerk, Nathan Rice."}], "text": "As a child, Adams did not attend a military academy in Virginia.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "John Quincy Adams"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Historiography | Sherman name in the military", "text": "Formally named the Medium Tank, M4, it acquired the name \"Sherman\" from the British Army, who received M4 tanks under the Lend-Lease Act."}], "id": "3rZkGNYui3uKnSartdgq", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Historiography | Sherman name in the military", "text": "The combined name \"M4 Sherman\" or just \"Sherman\" spread to American personnel and it has since become common to refer to it by that name."}, {"section_header": "Later years | Death", "text": "Harrison, in a message to the Senate and the House of Representatives, wrote that:   He was an ideal soldier, and shared to the fullest the esprit du corps of the army, but he cherished the civil institutions organized under the Constitution, and was only a soldier that these might be perpetuated in undiminished usefulness and honor."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "William Tecumseh Sherman (February 8, 1820 \u2013 February 14, 1891) was an American soldier, businessman, educator, and author."}, {"section_header": "Historiography | Autobiography and memoirs", "text": "This was designated as a \"second edition, revised and corrected\"."}, {"section_header": "Historiography | Sherman name in the military", "text": "USS General Sherman, a Civil War gunboat acquired by the US Navy from the US Army in 1864, was named for Sherman."}, {"section_header": "Historiography | Sherman name in the military", "text": "After the end of the American Civil War in 1865, the gunboat was struck from the naval register and sent back to the Army."}, {"section_header": "General of the Army", "text": "After George Armstrong Custer's defeat at the Battle of Little Bighorn, Sherman wrote that \"hostile savages like Sitting Bull and his band of outlaw Sioux ... must feel the superior power of the Government.\" He further wrote that \"during an assault, the soldiers can not pause to distinguish between male and female, or even discriminate as to age.\" Despite his harsh treatment of the warring tribes, Sherman spoke out against the unfair way speculators and government agents treated the natives within the reservations."}, {"section_header": "Strategies | Modern assessment", "text": "Then will I share with you the last cracker, and watch with you to shield your homes and families against danger from every quarter."}, {"section_header": "Historiography | Sherman name in the military", "text": "Sherman lent his name to the Sherman tank."}, {"section_header": "Historiography | Published correspondence", "text": "Many of Sherman's official war-time letters (and other items) appear in the Official Records of the War of the Rebellion."}, {"section_header": "Historiography | Sherman name in the military", "text": "Formally named the Medium Tank, M4, it acquired the name \"Sherman\" from the British Army, who received M4 tanks under the Lend-Lease Act."}], "text": "The ground vehicle that shares his name didn't get the designation officially, or even from American soldiers, and so likely has nothing to do with this particular general.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "William Tecumseh Sherman"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He ranks second in franchise history in shutouts."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Haines pitched on three World Series championship teams."}], "id": "3sOofWVZuJS9gIgmuMMm", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "He retired with a 210\u2013158 record, 981 strikeouts, 3.64 ERA, and 3208\u200b2\u20443 innings pitched."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Haines pitched on three World Series championship teams."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "They had one child. Haines became a fixture in the Cardinals starting rotation in 1920."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Haines wanted to play baseball for the local team in Phillipsburg."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "Haines pitched on three World Series championship teams, winning two games in the 1926 World Series."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Soon thereafter, he was signed to play for a minor league team in Dayton."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He ranks second in franchise history in shutouts."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Branch Rickey of the St. Louis Cardinals noticed Haines while he was pitching in Kansas City, but the team was struggling with money."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jesse Joseph Haines (July 22, 1893 \u2013 August 5, 1978), nicknamed \"Pop\", was a right-handed pitcher in for the Cincinnati Reds and St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB)."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "He won 20 games or more three times for the Cardinals and won three World Series championships (in 1926, 1931, and 1934), though he did not pitch in the 1931 series."}], "text": "Jesse Haines played on four championship teams and is the Cardinals franchise leader in strikeouts.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Jesse Haines"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Set in Denmark, the play depicts Prince Hamlet and his revenge against his uncle, Claudius, who has murdered Hamlet's father in order to seize his throne and marry Hamlet's mother."}], "id": "3zYvesR3HRe4SONbAyiJ", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Performance history | 19th century", "text": "Of these, Booth remained to make his career in the States, fathering the nation's most notorious actor, John Wilkes Booth (who later assassinated Abraham Lincoln), and its most famous Hamlet, Edwin Booth."}, {"section_header": "Context and interpretation | Psychoanalytic | Sigmund Freud", "text": "Hamlet is able to perform any kind of action except take revenge on the man who murdered his father and has taken his father's place with his mother\u2014Claudius has led Hamlet to realize the repressed desires of his own childhood."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Set in Denmark, the play depicts Prince Hamlet and his revenge against his uncle, Claudius, who has murdered Hamlet's father in order to seize his throne and marry Hamlet's mother."}, {"section_header": "Context and interpretation | Feminist", "text": "Feminist theorists argue that she goes mad with guilt because, when Hamlet kills her father, he has fulfilled her sexual desire to have Hamlet kill her father so they can be together."}, {"section_header": "Context and interpretation | Feminist", "text": "Ophelia is surrounded by powerful men: her father, brother, and Hamlet."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Act I", "text": "The protagonist of Hamlet is Prince Hamlet of Denmark, son of the recently deceased King Hamlet, and nephew of King Claudius, his father's brother and successor."}, {"section_header": "Analysis and criticism | Language", "text": "His very first words in the play are a pun; when Claudius addresses him as \"my cousin Hamlet, and my son\", Hamlet says as an aside: \"A little more than kin, and less than kind."}, {"section_header": "Context and interpretation | Psychoanalytic | Sigmund Freud", "text": "hesitation in accomplishing the task of revenge assigned to him"}, {"section_header": "Plot | Act I", "text": "Claudius also scolds Hamlet for continuing to grieve over his father and forbids him to return to his schooling in Wittenberg."}, {"section_header": "Influence", "text": "While Milton did not ultimately go that route, the poem still shows distinct echoes of Shakespearean revenge tragedy, and of Hamlet in particular."}], "text": "Hamlet is about the revenge of a son for the assassination of his father.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Hamlet"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He has served with Luke Bryan and Katy Perry as a judge for the singing competition American Idol since its move to ABC from the Fox network."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "In September 2017, ABC announced that Richie would be a judge for the revival of American Idol."}], "id": "3zzWjoIk9bGZP7rHXrAq", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Lionel Brockman Richie Jr. (born June 20, 1949) is an American singer, songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist, record producer and actor."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "In September 2017, ABC announced that Richie would be a judge for the revival of American Idol."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He has served with Luke Bryan and Katy Perry as a judge for the singing competition American Idol since its move to ABC from the Fox network."}, {"section_header": "Career | Commodores", "text": "In 1968, he became a singer and saxophonist with the Commodores."}, {"section_header": "Filmography", "text": "2019 American Idol 2020 Jeopardy! The Greatest of All Time"}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "He also performed on the 2009 season finale for American Idol with Danny Gokey."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Family", "text": "The marriage ended in 2004.Richie became a grandfather in 2008 when Nicole Richie gave birth to a baby girl with the lead singer of Good Charlotte, Joel Madden."}, {"section_header": "Career | Commodores", "text": "By the late 1970s, Richie had begun to accept songwriting commissions from other artists."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2016, Richie received the Songwriters Hall of Fame's highest honor, the Johnny Mercer Award."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Genealogy", "text": "Do You Think You Are? The program did research into Lionel Richie's genealogy and found out that his maternal great-grandfather was the national leader of an early African-American fraternal organization."}], "text": "Because Lionel Richie is an successful singer, songwriter, and instrumentalist,  he became a Judge for ABC's American Idol.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Lionel Richie"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Thomas Woodrow Wilson was born to a family of Scots-Irish and Scottish descent, in Staunton, Virginia, on December 28, 1856."}], "id": "413wVfZM5lyhoRkdD6uW", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Wilson's maternal grandfather, Reverend Thomas Woodrow, migrated from Paisley, Scotland to Carlisle, England, before moving to Chillicothe, Ohio in the late 1830s."}, {"section_header": "Works", "text": "The Papers of Woodrow Wilson."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1913\u22121921) | Aftermath of World War I | Ratification debate and incapacity", "text": "Some Republicans, including former President Taft and former Secretary of State Elihu Root, favored ratification of the treaty with some modifications, and their public support gave Wilson some chance of winning the treaty's ratification."}, {"section_header": "Works", "text": "The Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "The Woodrow Wilson Boyhood Home in Augusta, Georgia, and the Woodrow Wilson House in Washington, D.C., are National Historic Landmarks."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "Monuments to Wilson include the Woodrow Wilson Monument in Prague."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "The USS Woodrow Wilson, a Lafayette-class submarine, was named for Wilson."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "The Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library is located in Staunton, Virginia."}, {"section_header": "Works", "text": "A Crossroads of Freedom: The 1912 Campaign Speeches of Woodrow Wilson."}, {"section_header": "Works cited | Historiography", "text": "Kennedy, Ross A., ed. A Companion to Woodrow Wilson (2013)."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Thomas Woodrow Wilson was born to a family of Scots-Irish and Scottish descent, in Staunton, Virginia, on December 28, 1856."}], "text": "Woodrow Wilson had roots from Scotland.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Woodrow Wilson"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Before long, however, she is shocked by the coarse manners of both the male and female factory workers, and the physical demands of the job, as well as the squalid factory conditions, begin to take their toll."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "One day, after an illness that costs her her job, she encounters Drouet on a downtown street."}], "id": "41kktgTVuaEnhp5wbKII", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sister Carrie (1900) is a novel by Theodore Dreiser about a young country girl who moves to the big city where she starts realizing her own American Dream, first as a mistress to men that she perceives as superior, and later becoming a famous actress."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Hurstwood ultimately joins the homeless of New York, taking odd jobs, falling ill with pneumonia, and finally becoming a beggar."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Theodore Dreiser. Sister Carrie: Unexpurgated Edition."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Minnie Hanson, Carrie's dour elder sister who lives in Chicago and puts up Carrie on her arrival."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Carrie soon embarks on a quest for work to pay rent to her sister and her husband, and takes a job running a machine in a shoe factory."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "One day, after an illness that costs her her job, she encounters Drouet on a downtown street."}, {"section_header": "Publication history and response", "text": "Between 1900 and 1980, all editions of the novel were of a second altered version."}, {"section_header": "Publication history and response", "text": "In 2013, Black Balloon Publishing released Clementine Classics: Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser, a new version of Sister Carrie annotated by Tumblr literary critic Clementine the Hedgehog."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Before long, however, she is shocked by the coarse manners of both the male and female factory workers, and the physical demands of the job, as well as the squalid factory conditions, begin to take their toll."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Theodore Dreiser, Donald Pizer (ed.)."}], "text": "Sister Carrie (1900) is a novel by Theodore Dreiser about a younger sibling who goes to live and work in Chicago, where she's surprised by the crude behavior of her co workers when she becomes ill and loses her job.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Sister Carrie"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Economy", "text": "It is the most popular Chinese city for tourists, receiving over 70 per cent more visitors than its closest competitor (Macau)."}], "id": "42aeNq7I20yEDM1QGlIW", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Geography", "text": "It is surrounded by the South China Sea on all sides except the north, which neighbours the Guangdong city of Shenzhen along the Sham Chun River."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Hong Kong is home to the second-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, the highest number of billionaires of any city in Asia, and the largest concentration of ultra"}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "The city is ranked as one of the most expensive cities for expatriates."}, {"section_header": "Education", "text": "Along with the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and City University of Hong Kong, these universities are ranked among the best in Asia."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The city has the largest number of skyscrapers of any city in the world, and its residents have some of the highest life expectancies in the world."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "During the Mongol conquest of China in the 13th century, the Southern Song court was briefly located in modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site) before its final defeat in the 1279 Battle of Yamen."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Climate", "text": "Hong Kong has a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cwa), characteristic of southern China."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "h\u0153\u0301\u02d0\u014b.k\u0254\u030c\u02d0\u014b] (listen)), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (HKSAR), is a metropolitan area and special administrative region of the People's Republic of China on the eastern Pearl River Delta of the South China Sea."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Hong Kong was transferred to China on 1 July 1997, after 156 years of British rule."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "It is the most popular Chinese city for tourists, receiving over 70 per cent more visitors than its closest competitor (Macau)."}], "text": "Honk Kong is the most visited city in China.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Hong Kong"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Aparicio was born in Maracaibo, Zulia State, Venezuela."}], "id": "42m9LClkwudrk6EQr97N", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His father, Luis Aparicio Sr., was a notable shortstop in Venezuela and owned a Winter League team with Aparicio's uncle, Ernesto Aparicio."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "The full name of the stadium is Estadio Luis Aparicio El Grande (Luis Aparicio \"the Great\" Stadium) in honor to Luis Aparicio Ortega."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "In 2004, the first annual Luis Aparicio Award was presented to the Venezuelan player who recorded the best individual performance in Major League Baseball, as voted on by sports journalists in Venezuela."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Luis Ernesto Aparicio Montiel (born April 29, 1934), nicknamed \"Little Louie\", is a Venezuelan former professional baseball player who is notable for being the first player from Venezuela to be inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "Also, the sports complex where the stadium is located is named Polideportivo Luis Aparicio Montiel."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Aparicio was born in Maracaibo, Zulia State, Venezuela."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "but a lot of young people in Venezuela don\u2019t know Mr. Aparicio."}, {"section_header": "Major league career | Boston Red Sox (1971\u20131973)", "text": "After three seasons with the White Sox, Aparicio was traded to the Boston Red Sox for Luis Alvarado and Mike Andrews on December 1, 1970."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "\u201cI want to make people know in Venezuela."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "There is a stadium in Maracaibo, Venezuela, bearing his father's name."}], "text": "Aparicio was adopted and raised in Cumana in Venezuela by Luis Aparicio Senior.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Luis Aparicio"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The play tells the story of the fictional American small town of Grover's Corners between 1901 and 1913 through the everyday lives of its citizens."}], "id": "4A3LwaAoRoI3O8ltEIGM", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Synopsis | Act II: Love and Marriage", "text": "Emily confronts George about his pride, and over an ice cream soda, they discuss the future and they confess their love for each other."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis | Act I: Daily Life", "text": "Professor Willard speaks to the audience about the history of the town."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Our Town was first performed on radio May 12, 1939, on The Campbell Playhouse."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Our Town (opera), an operatic version of the play with music by Ned Rorem"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Our Town was first performed at McCarter Theatre in Princeton, New Jersey in 1938."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "OT: Our Town, a 2002 documentary by Scott Hamilton Kennedy about a production of the play by Dominguez High School in Compton, California Our Town, a 2003 television film adaptation starring Paul Newman as the Stage Manager."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Sam Craig \u2013 a nephew of Mrs Gibbs who left town to seek his fortune."}, {"section_header": "Production history", "text": "\"Wilder called Our Town his favorite out of all his works, but complained that it was rarely done right, insisting that it \"should be performed without sentimentality or ponderousness--simply, dryly, and sincerely.\" Our Town was first performed at McCarter Theater in Princeton, New Jersey on January 22, 1938."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis | Act II: Love and Marriage", "text": "Three years have passed, and George and Emily prepare to wed."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis | Act II: Love and Marriage", "text": "The day is filled with stress."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The play tells the story of the fictional American small town of Grover's Corners between 1901 and 1913 through the everyday lives of its citizens."}], "text": "Our Town explores the theme of love.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Our Town"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "Isomer (; from Greek \u1f30\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae\u03c2, isomer\u00e8s; isos = \"equal\", m\u00e9ros = \"part\") is the root of \"isomer\"."}], "id": "4CUqrvuBNU5XP2sb6YtH", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Isomerization", "text": "Many isomers are equal or roughly equal in bond energy, and so exist in roughly equal amounts, provided that they can interconvert relatively freely, that is the energy barrier between the two isomers is not too high."}, {"section_header": "Medicinal chemistry", "text": "Many preparative procedures afford a mixture of equal amounts of both enantiomeric forms."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "Isomer (; from Greek \u1f30\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae\u03c2, isomer\u00e8s; isos = \"equal\", m\u00e9ros = \"part\") is the root of \"isomer\"."}, {"section_header": "Structural isomers", "text": "Structural isomers differ in terms of the connectivity of some or all constituent atoms."}, {"section_header": "Structural isomers | Example: propanols and methoxyethane", "text": "Another isomer of C3H8O: methoxyethane (ethyl-methyl-ether; III)."}, {"section_header": "Structural isomers | Tautomers", "text": "Tautomers are structural isomers which readily interconvert, so that two or more species co-exist in equilibria such as H\u2013"}, {"section_header": "Structural isomers | Example: propadiene and propyne", "text": "Propadiene (or allene) and propyne (or methylacetylene) are examples of isomers containing different bond types."}, {"section_header": "Structural isomers | Example: propanols and methoxyethane", "text": "A simple example of isomerism is given by propanol: It has the formula C3H8O (or C3H7OH) and occurs as two isomers: propan-1-ol (n-propyl alcohol; I) and propan-2-ol (isopropyl alcohol; II) These two molecules are position isomers of each other, because the position of the hydroxy group differs between the two: It is attached to an end carbon in the first isomer, and to the center carbon in the second."}, {"section_header": "Stereoisomers", "text": "E/Z isomers, which have restricted rotation at a double bond, are configurational isomers."}, {"section_header": "Structural isomers | Example: propanols and methoxyethane", "text": "Unlike the isomers of propanol, methoxyethane has an oxygen connected to two carbons rather than to one carbon and one hydrogen."}], "text": "Isomer means equal amount.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Isomer"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "My Fair Lady is a musical based on George Bernard Shaw's 1913 play Pygmalion, with book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner and music by Frederick Loewe."}], "id": "4EKxTevWXrPVb3AASV7X", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Productions | Original Broadway production", "text": "My Fair Lady then played for four weeks at the Erlanger Theatre in Philadelphia, beginning on February 15, 1956."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "My Fair Lady has been called \"the perfect musical\"."}, {"section_header": "Critical reception", "text": "\"My Fair Lady is wise, witty, and winning."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "My Fair Lady is a musical based on George Bernard Shaw's 1913 play Pygmalion, with book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner and music by Frederick Loewe."}, {"section_header": "Productions | Other major productions | 2012 Sheffield production", "text": "A new production of My Fair Lady opened at Sheffield Crucible on December 13, 2012."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Lerner settled on the title My Fair Lady, relating both to one of Shaw's provisional titles for Pygmalion, Fair Eliza, and to the final line of every verse of the nursery rhyme \"London Bridge Is Falling Down\"."}, {"section_header": "Productions | Other major productions | Berlin, 1961", "text": "A German translation of My Fair Lady opened on October 1, 1961, at the Theater des Westens in Berlin, starring Karin H\u00fcbner and Paul Hubschmid (and conducted, as was the Broadway opening, by Franz Allers)."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | 1964 film", "text": "Despite the controversy, My Fair Lady was considered a major critical and box office success, and won eight Oscars, including Best Picture of the Year, Best Actor for Rex Harrison, and Best Director for George Cukor."}, {"section_header": "Productions | Other major productions | 2012 Sheffield production", "text": "Dominic West played Henry Higgins, and Carly Bawden played Eliza Doolittle."}, {"section_header": "Critical reception", "text": "According to Geoffrey Block, \"Opening night critics immediately recognized that My Fair Lady fully measured up to the Rodgers and Hammerstein model of an integrated musical... Robert Coleman...wrote 'The Lerner-Loewe songs are not only delightful, they advance the action as well."}], "text": "My Fair Lady is a play inspired by the Women's Suffrage Movement.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "My Fair Lady"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Techniques by chromatographic bed shape | Planar chromatography | Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)", "text": "Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a widely employed laboratory technique used to separate different biochemicals on the basis of their relative attractions to the stationary and mobile phases."}], "id": "4Hj7qPsSM06pR1JmtH46", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture."}, {"section_header": "Techniques by chromatographic bed shape | Planar chromatography", "text": "The specific Retention factor (Rf) of each chemical can be used to aid in the identification of an unknown substance."}, {"section_header": "Special techniques | Two-dimensional chromatography", "text": "Two-dimensional chromatography aims to increase the resolution of these peaks by using a second column with different physico-chemical (chemical classification) properties."}, {"section_header": "Techniques by chromatographic bed shape | Planar chromatography | Paper chromatography", "text": "This paper is made of cellulose, a polar substance, and the compounds within the mixture travel further if they are less polar."}, {"section_header": "Affinity chromatography", "text": "Traditional affinity columns are used as a preparative step to flush out unwanted biomolecules."}, {"section_header": "Chromatography terms", "text": "Preparative chromatography is used to purify sufficient quantities of a substance for further use, rather than analysis."}, {"section_header": "Techniques by chromatographic bed shape | Planar chromatography | Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)", "text": "Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a widely employed laboratory technique used to separate different biochemicals on the basis of their relative attractions to the stationary and mobile phases."}, {"section_header": "Techniques by physical state of mobile phase | Liquid chromatography", "text": "It can be carried out either in a column or a plane."}, {"section_header": "Techniques by separation mechanism | Size-exclusion chromatography", "text": "It is also useful for determining the tertiary structure and quaternary structure of purified proteins, especially since it can be carried out under native solution conditions."}, {"section_header": "Special techniques | Fast protein liquid chromatography", "text": "Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), is a form of liquid chromatography that is often used to analyze or purify mixtures of proteins."}], "text": "Thin-layer Chromatography is a laboratory technique used to draw out dense substances from a chemical mixture.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Chromatography"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Most successful female singer of the 1970s", "text": "Author Andrew Greeley, in his book God in Popular Culture, described Ronstadt as \"the most successful and certainly the most durable and most gifted woman Rock singer of her era."}], "id": "4I8m8h0zUlYDa72C9RLh", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Most successful female singer of the 1970s", "text": "By the end of the decade, the singer whom the Chicago Sun Times described as the \"Dean of the 1970s school of female rock singers\" became what Redbook called \"the most successful female rock star in the world.\" \"Female\" was the important qualifier, according to Time magazine, which labeled her \"a rarity ... to (have survived) ... in the shark-infested deeps of rock."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Most successful female singer of the 1970s", "text": "As Country Music magazine wrote in October 1978, Simple Dreams solidified Ronstadt's role as \"easily the most successful female rock and roll and country star at this time."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Time magazine and \"rock chick\" image", "text": "Female rock artists like her and Janis Joplin, whom she described as lovely, shy, and very literate in real life and the antithesis of the \"red hot mamma\" she was artificially encouraged to project, went through an identity crisis."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Time magazine and \"rock chick\" image", "text": "Since her solo career had begun, Ronstadt had fought hard to be recognized as a solo female singer in the world of rock, and her portrayal on the Time cover did not appear to help the situation."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Most successful female singer of the 1970s", "text": "Author Andrew Greeley, in his book God in Popular Culture, described Ronstadt as \"the most successful and certainly the most durable and most gifted woman Rock singer of her era."}, {"section_header": "Career summary", "text": "With the release of chart-topping albums such as Heart Like a Wheel, Simple Dreams, and Living in the USA, Ronstadt became the first female \"arena class\" rock star."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Ronstadt describes herself as a \"spiritual atheist\"."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Time magazine and \"rock chick\" image", "text": "\"Her 1977 appearance on the cover of Time magazine under the banner \"Torchy Rock\" was also upsetting to Ronstadt, considering what the image appeared to project about the most famous woman in rock."}, {"section_header": "Awards | Primetime Emmy", "text": "1989 \u2013 Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program, Linda Ronstadt, Great Performances: Canciones de Mi Padre"}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Retirement", "text": "In 2011, Ronstadt was interviewed by the Arizona Daily Star and announced her retirement."}], "text": "Ronstadt has been described as the most outstanding female rock star of her time.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Linda Ronstadt"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Films | Related films | The Ninth Configuration (1980)", "text": "Released in 1980, it was based on Blatty's novel of the same name."}], "id": "4MTbhsWd24k1mLCVEKPu", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Films | Related films | Possessed (2000)", "text": "A made-for-television film, Possessed (based on the book of the same name by Thomas B. Allen), was broadcast on Showtime on October 22, 2000, directed by Steven E. de Souza and written by de Souza and Michael Lazarou."}, {"section_header": "Films | Related films | The Ninth Configuration (1980)", "text": "Released in 1980, it was based on Blatty's novel of the same name."}, {"section_header": "Parodies and pastiches | Other references", "text": "In 2014, British author Saurav Dutt released a book entitled Pazuzu Unbound, which is a book set in contemporary times dealing with the demon Pazuzu but which does not deal with the original characters in the film and novel on which the book is inspired."}, {"section_header": "Films | The Exorcist III (1990)", "text": "Completely ignoring the events of Exorcist II, this book and film presented a continuation of Karras' story."}, {"section_header": "Films | The Exorcist (1973)", "text": "The adaptation is faithful to the book, which itself has been commercially successful (hitting the New York Times bestseller list)."}, {"section_header": "Novels | Legion (1983)", "text": "The book was the focus of a court case over its exclusion from The New York Times Best Seller list."}, {"section_header": "Novels | Legion (1983)", "text": "Blatty based aspects of the Gemini Killer on the real-life Zodiac Killer, who, in a January 1974 letter to the San Francisco Chronicle, had praised the original Exorcist film as \"the best satirical comedy that I have ever seen\"."}, {"section_header": "Video game | The Exorcist: Legion VR (2017)", "text": "A horror VR video game, called The Exorcist: Legion VR, was published on Steam, Oculus and PlayStation in 2018 and was based on the events of The Exorcist III."}, {"section_header": "Films | The Exorcist (1973)", "text": "The book, inspired by the 1949 exorcism of Roland Doe, deals with the demonic possession of a 12-year-old girl and her mother's attempts to win back her child through an exorcism conducted by two priests."}, {"section_header": "Novels | The Exorcist (1971)", "text": "The book details the demonic possession of twelve-year-old Regan MacNeil, the daughter of a famous actress, and the two priests who attempt to exorcise the demon."}], "text": "The film wasn't based off a book.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Exorcist"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is Shakespeare's longest play with 30,557 words."}], "id": "4MhmzTUhmiMK9uQKMEB1", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Influence", "text": "As such, it reverberates through the writing of later centuries."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Stage pastiches", "text": "This section is limited to those written for the stage."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Stage pastiches", "text": "Through the chaos triggered by Hamlet's staging of it, Guildenstern helps Rosencrantz vie with Hamlet to make Ophelia his bride."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | 20th century", "text": "In fact, Hamlet is the most produced Shakespeare play in New York theatre history, with sixty-four recorded productions on Broadway, and an untold number Off-Broadway."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Stage pastiches", "text": "The play is a series of scenes and songs, and was first staged at a public swimming pool in Brooklyn."}, {"section_header": "Influence", "text": "As John Kerrigan discusses, Milton originally considered writing his epic poem Paradise Lost (1667) as a tragedy."}, {"section_header": "Texts", "text": "\" The idea that Q1 is not riddled with error but is instead eminently fit for the stage has led to at least 28 different Q1 productions since 1881."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Shakespeare's day to the Interregnum", "text": "Shakespeare provides no clear indication of when his play is set; however, as Elizabethan actors performed at the Globe in contemporary dress on minimal sets, this would not have affected the staging."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Restoration and 18th century", "text": "This new stage convention highlighted the frequency with which Shakespeare shifts dramatic location, encouraging the recurrent criticism of his failure to maintain unity of place."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | 20th century", "text": "Notable stagings in London and New York include Barrymore's 1925 production at the Haymarket; it influenced subsequent performances by John Gielgud and Laurence Olivier."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is Shakespeare's longest play with 30,557 words."}], "text": "Hamlet is Shakespeares most verbose product of stage writing.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 9, "wikipedia_page": "Hamlet"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Major leagues | Boston Red Sox (2009)", "text": "He impressed the Red Sox enough during the workout that less than a month later, a one-year contract was offered by the organization."}], "id": "4QIYXvj7g7NgryDeJVip", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Major leagues | Injuries and move to the bullpen (1998\u20132004)", "text": "He underwent Tommy John surgery before the 2000 season, and missed the entire year."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | Boston Red Sox (2009)", "text": "In December 2008, several members of the Boston Red Sox organization, including pitching coach John Farrell, vice president of player personnel Ben Cherington and assistant trainer Mike Reinold, flew to Atlanta to participate in a 90-minute workout with Smoltz."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | Boston Red Sox (2009)", "text": "On January 13, 2009, Smoltz signed a one-year contract with the Red Sox for a reported base salary of $5.5 million with roster time incentives and miscellaneous award incentives which could net as much as $10 million."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | Boston Red Sox (2009)", "text": "He impressed the Red Sox enough during the workout that less than a month later, a one-year contract was offered by the organization."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | Boston Red Sox (2009)", "text": "Throwing for only the second time since having surgery on a torn labrum in his pitching shoulder, he threw a 50-pitch side session and showcased not only his tremendous progress since the surgery, but an arsenal of well-developed pitches which made him so successful throughout his career."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | Boston Red Sox (2009)", "text": "On August 17, the Red Sox released Smoltz."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Though predominantly known as a starter, Smoltz was converted to a reliever in 2001 after his recovery from Tommy John surgery, and spent four years as the team's closer before returning to a starting role."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | Boston Red Sox (2009)", "text": "The Red Sox offered Smoltz a minor league stint in order to prepare him to be placed in the bullpen, but he rejected the offer."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | Boston Red Sox (2009)", "text": "He made his first start in the Red Sox rotation on June 25, allowing seven hits and five runs through five innings."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | Boston Red Sox (2009)", "text": "He was designated for assignment on August 7 after a 13\u20136 loss to the New York Yankees, giving the Red Sox ten days to release or trade him, or send him to the minors."}], "text": "After Tommy John surgery on his shoulder, John Smoltz signed a multi-year deal with the Boston Red Sox.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "John Smoltz"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "John Quincy Adams ( (listen); July 11, 1767 \u2013 February 23, 1848) was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, and diarist who served as the sixth president of the United States, from 1825 to 1829."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was the eldest son of John Adams, who served as the second US president from 1797 to 1801, and First Lady Abigail Adams."}], "id": "4VgKeNTMiI5GpuqohLFU", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life | Personality", "text": "It has been suggested that John Quincy Adams had the highest I.Q. of any U.S. president."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "Adams's middle name of Quincy has been used by several locations in the United States, including the town of Quincy, Illinois."}, {"section_header": "Later congressional career (1830\u20131848) | Jackson administration, 1830\u20131836", "text": "His election went against the generally held opinion, shared by his own wife and youngest son, that former presidents should not run for public office."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was the eldest son of John Adams, who served as the second US president from 1797 to 1801, and First Lady Abigail Adams."}, {"section_header": "Early life, education, and early career", "text": "John Quincy Adams was born on July 11, 1767, to John and Abigail Adams (n\u00e9e Smith) in a part of Braintree, Massachusetts that is now Quincy."}, {"section_header": "Later congressional career (1830\u20131848) | Jackson administration, 1830\u20131836", "text": "Adams and Andrew Johnson are the only former presidents to serve in Congress."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "Adams County, Iowa, and Adams County, Wisconsin, were each named for either John Adams or John Quincy Adams."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "John Quincy Adams ( (listen); July 11, 1767 \u2013 February 23, 1848) was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, and diarist who served as the sixth president of the United States, from 1825 to 1829."}, {"section_header": "Early life, education, and early career", "text": "He was named for his mother's maternal grandfather, Colonel John Quincy, after whom Quincy, Massachusetts, is named."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "John Quincy Adams Birthplace is now part of Adams National Historical Park and open to the public."}], "text": "Former American president John Quincy Adams was the son of a US president.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "John Quincy Adams"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Stereoisomers", "text": "Two broad classes of stereoisomers are recognized: enantiomers and diastereomers."}, {"section_header": "Structural isomers", "text": "Structural isomers differ in terms of the connectivity of some or all constituent atoms."}], "id": "4ZCSPvf9UcPXoEoGcV20", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Structural isomers | Tautomers", "text": "Tautomers are structural isomers which readily interconvert, so that two or more species co-exist in equilibria such as H\u2013"}, {"section_header": "Stereoisomers", "text": "Two broad classes of stereoisomers are recognized: enantiomers and diastereomers."}, {"section_header": "Structural isomers", "text": "Structural isomers differ in terms of the connectivity of some or all constituent atoms."}, {"section_header": "Structural isomers | Example: propanols and methoxyethane", "text": "Methoxyethane is an ether, not an alcohol, because it lacks a hydroxyl group, and it has chemical properties more similar to other ethers than to either of the above alcohol isomers."}, {"section_header": "Stereoisomers", "text": "While structural isomers typically have distinct chemical properties, stereoisomers behave identically in most chemical reactions, except in their reaction with other stereoisomers."}, {"section_header": "Stereoisomers", "text": "A related type of geometric isomerism is facial\u2013meridional (fac-mer) isomerism in octahedral MX3Y3 complexes, in which each set of three identical ligands either occupies one face of the octahedron or is situated on one meridian of the octahedron."}, {"section_header": "Structural isomers | Tautomers", "text": "X\u2013 X\u2013 Y=Z \u21cc X=Y\u2013Z \u2013H. Important examples are keto-enol tautomerism and the equilibrium between neutral and zwitterionic forms of an amino acid."}, {"section_header": "Structural isomers | Example: propanols and methoxyethane", "text": "A simple example of isomerism is given by propanol: It has the formula C3H8O (or C3H7OH) and occurs as two isomers: propan-1-ol (n-propyl alcohol; I) and propan-2-ol (isopropyl alcohol; II) These two molecules are position isomers of each other, because the position of the hydroxy group differs between the two: It is attached to an end carbon in the first isomer, and to the center carbon in the second."}, {"section_header": "Medicinal chemistry", "text": "Synthesis of fumaric acidIndustrial synthesis of fumaric acid proceeds via the cis-trans isomerization of maleic acid: Isomers having distinct biological properties are common; for example, the placement of methyl groups."}, {"section_header": "Medicinal chemistry", "text": "In substituted xanthines, theobromine, found in chocolate, is a vasodilator with some effects in common with caffeine; but, if one of the two methyl groups is moved to a different position on the two-ring core, the isomer is theophylline, which has a variety of effects, including bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory action."}], "text": "There are three broad groups for isomers: structural, stereoisomers, and Tautomers.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Isomer"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Childhood and early reign", "text": "On 14 December, six days after her birth, she became Queen of Scotland when her father died, perhaps from the effects of a nervous collapse following the Battle of Solway Moss or from drinking contaminated water while on campaign."}], "id": "4ZpbNWUjblceuQk0LnIk", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Childhood and early reign", "text": "Mary was christened at the nearby Church of St Michael shortly after she was born."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign", "text": "She was said to have been born prematurely and was the only legitimate child of James to survive him."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign", "text": "Mary was born on 8 December 1542 at Linlithgow Palace, Scotland, to King James V and his French second wife, Mary of Guise."}, {"section_header": "Marriage to Lord Darnley | Murder of Darnley", "text": "At the start of the journey, he was afflicted by a fever\u2014possibly smallpox, syphilis or the result of poison."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign | Life in France", "text": "Henry commented:  \"from the very first day they met, my son"}, {"section_header": "Escape and imprisonment in England | Trial", "text": "Mary was moved to Fotheringhay Castle in a four-day journey ending on 25 September."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign | Life in France", "text": "Twenty days later, she married the Dauphin at Notre Dame de Paris, and he became king consort of Scotland."}, {"section_header": "Marriage to Lord Darnley", "text": "Over the next two days, a disillusioned Darnley switched sides and Mary received Moray at Holyrood."}, {"section_header": "Marriage to Lord Darnley", "text": "Mary had briefly met her English-born half-cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, in February 1561 when she was in mourning for Francis."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign", "text": "On 14 December, six days after her birth, she became Queen of Scotland when her father died, perhaps from the effects of a nervous collapse following the Battle of Solway Moss or from drinking contaminated water while on campaign."}], "text": "Mary started her reign just a few days after she was born.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Mary, Queen of Scots"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is an epic about the American home front during World War II that was adapted and produced by David O. Selznick from the 1943 novel Since You Went Away: Letters to a Soldier from His Wife by Margaret Buell Wilder."}], "id": "4akUo2i8rK2K15oe5hfQ", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Though famously sentimental in places, Since You Went Away is somber at times about the effects of war on ordinary people."}, {"section_header": "Home media", "text": "Since You Went Away was released to DVD by MGM Home Video on October 19, 2004 in a Region 1"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Since You Went Away is a 1944 American drama film directed by John Cromwell for Selznick International Pictures and distributed by United Artists."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Two hours and fifty-one minutes is a lot of time to harp upon one well-known theme -lonesomeness and anxiety."}, {"section_header": "Behind the scenes", "text": "Jones and Walker played young sweethearts in Since You Went Away, but in real life, they were married at the time and going through a bitter break-up due to Jones' ongoing affair with producer Selznick."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is an epic about the American home front during World War II that was adapted and produced by David O. Selznick from the 1943 novel Since You Went Away: Letters to a Soldier from His Wife by Margaret Buell Wilder."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film is set in a mid-sized American town, where people with loved ones in the Armed Forces try to cope with their changed circumstances and make their own contributions to the war effort."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "According to Bosley Crowther, Since You Went Away, Selznick's first screen production in four years, features a script with an \"excess of exhausting emotional detail\"; Crowther was impressed with the performances, but had issues with the film as a whole: As the mother and center of the family, Claudette Colbert gives an excellent show of gallantly self-contained emotion, and Jennifer Jones is surpassingly sweet as a well-bred American daughter in the first bloom of womanhood and love."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "When the Hiltons travel by train in a failed attempt to see Tim one last time before he ships out, they encounter or travel with many other people whose lives have been affected by the war, and they end up not getting to see Tim because their train is delayed to allow a defense supply train to go through first."}], "text": "Since You Went Away focuses on WWI.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Since You Went Away"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Atmosphere | Other features", "text": "These features are cloud clearings that reside in deeper cloud layers."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Atmosphere | Other features", "text": "Cassini observed a series of cloud features nicknamed \"String of Pearls\" found in northern latitudes."}], "id": "4j3x9lpjVzTkB2igaSEs", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Atmosphere | Cloud layers", "text": "In 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope imaged an enormous white cloud near Saturn's equator that was not present during the Voyager encounters, and in 1994 another smaller storm was observed."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Atmosphere | South pole vortex", "text": "Eyewall clouds had not previously been seen on any planet other than Earth."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Atmosphere | Cloud layers", "text": "In the upper cloud layers, with the temperature in the range 100\u2013160 K and pressures extending between 0.5\u20132 bar, the clouds consist of ammonia ice."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Atmosphere | Cloud layers", "text": "The composition of the clouds varies with depth and increasing pressure."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Atmosphere | Other features", "text": "Cassini observed a series of cloud features nicknamed \"String of Pearls\" found in northern latitudes."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Atmosphere | North pole hexagonal cloud pattern", "text": "The hexagonal feature does not shift in longitude like the other clouds in the visible atmosphere."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Atmosphere | Cloud layers", "text": "Saturn's finer cloud patterns were not observed until the flybys of the Voyager spacecraft during the 1980s."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Atmosphere | Other features", "text": "These features are cloud clearings that reside in deeper cloud layers."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Atmosphere | Cloud layers", "text": "Water ice clouds begin at a level where the pressure is about 2.5 bar and extend down to 9.5 bar, where temperatures range from 185\u2013270 K. Intermixed in this layer is a band of ammonium hydrosulfide ice, lying in the pressure range 3\u20136 bar with temperatures of 190\u2013235 K."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Atmosphere", "text": "The upper clouds are composed of ammonia crystals, while the lower level clouds appear to consist of either ammonium hydrosulfide (NH4SH) or water."}], "text": "Saturn has a string of clouds referred to as \"Hexagonal Spots\" seen in southern areas that are cloud spaces that stay in deep cloud tiers.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Saturn"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Thoroughly Modern Millie is a 1967 American musical-romantic comedy film directed by George Roy Hill and starring Julie Andrews."}], "id": "4j6bmCvsiknMhm3ex9AE", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production notes | Setting", "text": "The film opens on \"Thursday, June 2, 1922,\" although, in actuality, June 2, 1922 fell on a Friday."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Thoroughly Modern Millie is a 1967 American musical-romantic comedy film directed by George Roy Hill and starring Julie Andrews."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "Also, the film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:  2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs: \"Thoroughly Modern Millie\" \u2013 Nominated 2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals \u2013 Nominated"}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Thoroughly Modern Millie was her last film of the 1960s to make money."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "A DVD was issued in 2003. In 1922 New York City, flapper Millie Dillmount is determined to find work as a stenographer to a wealthy businessman and then marry him \u2013 a \"thoroughly modern\" goal."}, {"section_header": "Critical reception", "text": "\" The film was one of four nostalgia-based movies that George Roy Hill made."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Millie marries Jimmy, Miss Dorothy marries Trevor, and Muzzy marries one of her instructors."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Millie realizes that Miss Dorothy is just one of several girls who have vanished without a word to anyone, except to Mrs. Meers."}, {"section_header": "Critical reception", "text": "Guide rated the film three out of four stars and commented \"Although it ultimately runs out of steam, this charming spoof of the 1920s is still one of the 1960s' better musicals ... Andrews is a comic delight, Moore is charming, and Channing steals scene after scene in this enjoyable feature."}, {"section_header": "Critical reception", "text": "The film opened to good reviews and good box office."}], "text": "The Thoroughly Modern Millie 1967 American musical-romantic comedy film opens on \"Thursday, June 2, 1922,\" although, in actuality, June 2, 1922 fell on a Friday.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Thoroughly Modern Millie"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Eventually, Trevor sees Miss Dorothy and falls in love with her, and vice versa, leaving Millie heartbroken."}], "id": "4lndDQkVbbgOT9DIMf8l", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Thoroughly Modern Millie was her last film of the 1960s to make money."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "When Mrs. Meers finally succeeds, Millie finds Trevor drowning his sorrows, and he tells her that Miss Dorothy stood him up and checked out of the hotel."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Thoroughly Modern Millie is a 1967 American musical-romantic comedy film directed by George Roy Hill and starring Julie Andrews."}, {"section_header": "Critical reception", "text": "There's a melodramatic mishmash towards the end, which has Mr. Fox dressing up like a girl and acting kittenish."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Millie marries Jimmy, Miss Dorothy marries Trevor, and Muzzy marries one of her instructors."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "Also, the film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:  2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs: \"Thoroughly Modern Millie\" \u2013 Nominated 2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals \u2013 Nominated"}, {"section_header": "Critical reception", "text": "After Thoroughly Modern Millie, he made Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, The Great Waldo Pepper, and the Oscar-winning hit The Sting."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Eventually, Trevor sees Miss Dorothy and falls in love with her, and vice versa, leaving Millie heartbroken."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "A DVD was issued in 2003. In 1922 New York City, flapper Millie Dillmount is determined to find work as a stenographer to a wealthy businessman and then marry him \u2013 a \"thoroughly modern\" goal."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Millie is even more determined to stick to her plan and marry Trevor."}], "text": "In the film Thoroughly Modern Millie, Millie is interested in Trevor but he ends up in a relationship with Dorothy.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Thoroughly Modern Millie"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "An orphan at the age of four, and partially raised in foster homes, she always worked; one of her directors, Jacques Tourneur, said of Stanwyck, \"She only lives for two things, and both of them are work.\" Barbara Stanwyck was born Ruby Catherine Stevens on July 16, 1907, in Brooklyn, New York."}], "id": "4nKZjxnvsS8lZyGcy4rh", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Ziegfeld girl and Broadway success", "text": "She became a picture star. She is Barbara Stanwyck."}, {"section_header": "Television career", "text": "The Barbara Stanwyck Show was not a ratings success, but it earned her an Emmy Award."}, {"section_header": "Film career", "text": "After a series of unsteady daily performances, he was about to be fired, but Stanwyck staunchly defended him, successfully standing up to the film producers."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Political views", "text": "She felt that if someone from her disadvantaged background had risen to success, others should be able to prosper without government intervention or assistance."}, {"section_header": "Ziegfeld girl and Broadway success", "text": "At the suggestion of David Belasco, Ruby changed her name to Barbara Stanwyck by combining the first name from the play Barbara Frietchie with the last name of the actress in the play, Jane Stanwyck; both were found on a 1906 theater program."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After she moved into television in the 1960s, she won three Emmy Awards \u2013 for The Barbara Stanwyck Show (1961), the western series"}, {"section_header": "Television career", "text": "She was billed in the series' opening credits as \"Miss Barbara Stanwyck\" for her role as Victoria, the widowed matriarch of the wealthy Barkley family."}, {"section_header": "Film career", "text": "She plays the columnist caught up in white lies and a holiday romance in Christmas in Connecticut (1945)."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "She was the fifth \u2013 and youngest \u2013 child of Catherine Ann (n\u00e9e McPhee) (1870-1911) and Byron E. Stevens (1872-1919), working-class parents."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Barbara Stanwyck (born Ruby Catherine Stevens; July 16, 1907 \u2013 January 20, 1990) was an American actress, model and dancer."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "An orphan at the age of four, and partially raised in foster homes, she always worked; one of her directors, Jacques Tourneur, said of Stanwyck, \"She only lives for two things, and both of them are work.\" Barbara Stanwyck was born Ruby Catherine Stevens on July 16, 1907, in Brooklyn, New York."}], "text": "Barbara Stanwyck grew up without her parents.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Barbara Stanwyck"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Adaptations | Operas", "text": "Rappaccini's Daughter by Charles Wakefield Cadman premiered at Carnegie Hall on March 20, 1925 Rappaccini's Daughter by Margaret Garwood (1983) La hija de Rappaccini by Daniel Cat\u00e1n (1991) The Poisoned Kiss by Ralph Vaughan Williams"}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "Spanish-language play: La Hija de Rappaccini by Octavio Paz (1956) English-language play: Rappaccini's Daughter by Sebastian Doggart (1996) John Todhunter verse-play The Poison-Flower, A Phantasy, in Three Scenes (1891) NBC's The Weird Circle (1943\u20131947), Episode 52, Radio Play."}], "id": "4nUAT3rfcgnbodlYNSPh", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Adaptations | In popular culture", "text": "PBS's American Short Story, starring Kristoffer Tabori, Kathleen Beller, Madeline Willemsen and Leonardo Cimino (1980) Twice Told Tales, starring Vincent Price (1963) DC Comics' Poison Ivy is partly inspired by Hawthorne's story."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"Rappaccini's Daughter\" is a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne first published in the December 1844 issue of The United States Magazine and Democratic Review, and later in the 1846 collection Mosses from an Old Manse."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | In popular culture", "text": "Monica Rappaccini, a fictional villain and biochemical genius in the Marvel Comics Universe, is named after the Rappaccini of Hawthorne's story."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "The story is set in Padua, Italy, in a distant and unspecified past."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The traditional story of a poisonous maiden has been traced back to India, and Hawthorne's version has been adopted in contemporary works."}, {"section_header": "Style", "text": "Hawthorne begins the story with reference to the writings of the fictional writer 'Monsieur Aub\u00e9pine', named after the French name of the hawthorn plant."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Operas", "text": "Rappaccini's Daughter by Charles Wakefield Cadman premiered at Carnegie Hall on March 20, 1925 Rappaccini's Daughter by Margaret Garwood (1983) La hija de Rappaccini by Daniel Cat\u00e1n (1991) The Poisoned Kiss by Ralph Vaughan Williams"}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "Spanish-language play: La Hija de Rappaccini by Octavio Paz (1956) English-language play: Rappaccini's Daughter by Sebastian Doggart (1996) John Todhunter verse-play The Poison-Flower, A Phantasy, in Three Scenes (1891) NBC's The Weird Circle (1943\u20131947), Episode 52, Radio Play."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "Broadcast date: November 26, 1944"}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Television", "text": "Lights Out, featuring the first screen appearance of Eli Wallach"}], "text": "This short story has had several adaptations to different media.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Rappaccini's Daughter"}
{"category": "NOCAT", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pope Innocent III (Latin: Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 \u2013 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni), held office from 8 January 1198 to his death."}], "id": "4r5eKowFmYl5csIxUrJ5", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Feudal power over Europe", "text": "Innocent III played further roles in the politics of Norway, France, Sweden, Bulgaria, Spain and England."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Crusades and suppression of heresy", "text": "Unlike past popes, Innocent III displayed interest in leading the crusade himself, rather than simply instigating it and allowing secular leaders to organize the expedition according to their own aspirations."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He exerted a wide influence over the Christian states of Europe, claiming supremacy over all of Europe's kings."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Feudal power over Europe", "text": "At the request of England's King John, Pope Innocent III declared the Magna Carta annulled, resulting in a rebellion by the English Barons who rejected the disenfranchisement."}, {"section_header": "General sources", "text": "Sayers, Janet E. Innocent III: Leader of Europe 1198\u20131216, London, New York, Longman (The Medieval World), 1994."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "As pope, Lotario was to play a major role in the shaping of canon law through conciliar canons and decretal letters."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Election to the papacy", "text": "He took the name Innocent III, maybe as a reference to his predecessor Innocent II (1130\u20131143), who had succeeded in asserting the papacy's authority over the emperor (in contrast with Celestine III's recent policy)."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Fourth Council of the Lateran", "text": "\" It assumes that Jews blaspheme Christ, and therefore, as it would be \"too absurd for a blasphemer of Christ to exercise power over Christians\", Jews should not be appointed to public offices."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Crusades and suppression of heresy", "text": "Innocent gave his approval of this agreement under two conditions: a representative of the pope must accompany the crusade, and the attack on any other Christians was strictly forbidden."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Francis of Assisi", "text": "The Cardinal, who was the confessor of Pope Innocent III, was immediately sympathetic to Francis and agreed to represent Francis to the pope."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pope Innocent III (Latin: Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 \u2013 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni), held office from 8 January 1198 to his death."}], "text": "Pope Innocent III served in his role as a Christian leader for over 20 years.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Pope Innocent III"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Mugwumps were Republican political activists in the United States who switched parties from the Republican Party by supporting Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the presidential election of 1884."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "They switched because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate James G. Blaine."}], "id": "4rVJpD7CYnBqCTNCu0YL", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "milliners\". The epithet \"goody-goody\" from the 1890s goo-goo, a corruption of \"good government\", was used in a similar derogatory manner."}, {"section_header": "Historical appraisals", "text": "During the 2017 United Kingdom general election, Conservative Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson by writing in The Sun accused Labour Party Leader Jeremy Corbyn of being a threat to the United Kingdom and described him as a \"mutton-headed old mugwump\"."}, {"section_header": "Notable Mugwumps", "text": "Thomas Nast, political cartoonist"}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "Political affiliation continued to be the basis for appointment to many positions."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "Whereas \"mugwump\" has become an obscure and almost forgotten political moniker, \"goo-goo\" was revived, especially in Chicago, by the political columns of Mike Royko."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After the election, \"mugwump\" survived for more than a decade as an epithet for a party bolter in American politics."}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "Blaine was from the reform wing of his own party, but the Mugwumps rejected his candidacy."}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "In the spoils system, the winning candidate would dole out government positions to those who had supported his political party prior to the election."}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "In the early 1880s, the issue of political patronage split the Republican Party down the middle for several consecutive sessions of Congress."}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "Political patronage, also known as the spoils system, was the issue that angered many reform-minded Republicans, leading them to reject Blaine's candidacy."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Mugwumps were Republican political activists in the United States who switched parties from the Republican Party by supporting Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the presidential election of 1884."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "They switched because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate James G. Blaine."}], "text": "Mugwumps would be irrelevant in today's 2020 US political landscape.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Mugwump"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early baseball career", "text": "He also had a longstanding fascination with fire trucks, and had run off the field to chase after them during games on multiple occasions."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Waddell is best remembered for his highly eccentric behaviour, and for being a remarkably dominant strikeout pitcher in an era when batters mostly slapped at the ball to get singles."}], "id": "4rdUT0KMiBtr5vsMd2G5", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later career", "text": "May threatened to prosecute Rube for bigamy because she did not recognize the divorce granted Rube in St. Louis."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "We got Rube out of there without delay."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Waddell is best remembered for his highly eccentric behaviour, and for being a remarkably dominant strikeout pitcher in an era when batters mostly slapped at the ball to get singles."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "Not much was known about these mental conditions, or their diagnoses, at the time."}, {"section_header": "Early baseball career", "text": "Mack offered Waddell a three-day fishing vacation if he agreed to pitch the second game."}, {"section_header": "Early baseball career", "text": "After Waddell threw a complete game shutout for the victory, he headed to Pewaukee Lake to go fishing."}, {"section_header": "Early baseball career", "text": "However, his erratic behavior led manager Fred Clarke to suspend him."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "At the age of three, he wandered over to a local fire station and stayed there for several days."}, {"section_header": "Pitching style", "text": "However, he had command of many more pitches, including slow curves, screwballs, \"fadeaways\" and even a \"flutterball\"."}, {"section_header": "Early baseball career", "text": "He also had a longstanding fascination with fire trucks, and had run off the field to chase after them during games on multiple occasions."}], "text": "Rube Waddell was a screwball best known for his bizarre, offbeat behavior that caused him to have repeated trouble starting fires while he was gone fishing.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Rube Waddell"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History", "text": "Farfetch was founded in 2007 by Jos\u00e9 Neves, a Portuguese entrepreneur who has been active in the world of fashion start-ups since the 1990s, when he launched the shoe design business SWEAR."}], "id": "4xLZoNkFdhc1pD2ewg7I", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Management", "text": "Farfetch is led by Jos\u00e9 Neves, the founder of the business.."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The e-commerce company operates local-language websites and mobile apps for international markets in English, Spanish, French, Japanese, Chinese, Arabic, German, Portuguese, Korean, Italian and Russian."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "In August of that year, Farfetch served its millionth online customer."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Farfetch has offices in 11 cities and employs over 3,000 staff."}, {"section_header": "Current operations", "text": "In February 2019, Farfetch agreed to merge its Chinese business with JD.com."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Farfetch developed the proprietary business units Farfetch Black & White and Store of the Future in 2015.In May 2016, Farfetch secured a Series F round of investment of US $110 million, led by new investors Temasek, IDG Capital Partners and Eurazeo with existing investor Vitruvian Partners participating."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "In June 2017, it was announced that JD.com Inc. had bought a stake in Farfetch for $397 million."}, {"section_header": "Current operations", "text": "As of September 2014, \"annual sales of merchandise through the Farfetch site\u2026surpassed \u00a3167 million."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "In March 2015, Farfetch gained a further US$86 million from an investment group led by DST."}, {"section_header": "Current operations", "text": "In December 2018, Farfetch acquired online sneaker platform, Stadium Goods, for $250 million."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Farfetch was founded in 2007 by Jos\u00e9 Neves, a Portuguese entrepreneur who has been active in the world of fashion start-ups since the 1990s, when he launched the shoe design business SWEAR."}], "text": "The founder of Farfetch is Spanish.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Farfetch"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "W. A. Speck wrote that Walpole's uninterrupted run of 20 years as Prime Minister \"is rightly regarded as one of the major feats of British political history."}], "id": "56Jr5iyuCtX9m7WnNgSG", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Rise to power", "text": "Soon after Walpole returned to the Cabinet, Britain was swept by a wave of over-enthusiastic speculation which led to the South Sea Bubble."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Walpole's strategy of keeping Great Britain at peace contributed greatly to the country's prosperity."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "His influence on the development of the uncodified constitution of Great Britain was less momentous even though he is regarded as Great Britain's first Prime Minister."}, {"section_header": "Premiership under George I", "text": "Great Britain, free from Jacobite threats, from war, and from financial crises, grew prosperous, and Robert Walpole acquired the favour of George I."}, {"section_header": "Decline", "text": "Under the Treaty of Seville (1729), Great Britain agreed not to trade with the Spanish colonies in North America."}, {"section_header": "Premiership under George I", "text": "Townshend, working with the king, helped keep Great Britain at peace, especially by negotiating a treaty with France and Prussia in 1725."}, {"section_header": "Rise to power", "text": "The Government had established a plan whereby the South Sea Company would assume the national debt of Great Britain in exchange for lucrative bonds."}, {"section_header": "Later years", "text": "During this time, Walpole also made two interventions in the Lords."}, {"section_header": "Stanhope\u2013Sunderland ministry", "text": "Foreign policy was the primary issue of contention; George I was thought to be conducting foreign affairs with the interests of his German territories, rather than those of Great Britain, at heart."}, {"section_header": "Early political career", "text": "In 1712, Walpole was accused of venality and corruption in the matter of two forage contracts for Scotland."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "W. A. Speck wrote that Walpole's uninterrupted run of 20 years as Prime Minister \"is rightly regarded as one of the major feats of British political history."}], "text": "Walpole led Great Britain for two decades.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Robert Walpole"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "War crimes | South Vietnamese, Korean and American", "text": "Such practice, which involved the assumption that any individual appearing in the designated zones was an enemy combatant that could be freely targeted by weapons, is regarded by journalist Lewis M. Simons as \"a severe violation of the laws of war\"."}, {"section_header": "War crimes | South Vietnamese, Korean and American", "text": "An estimated 26,000 to 41,000 civilian members of the PRG/Viet Cong termed \"VC Infrastructure\" were killed during the Phoenix Program, by US and South Vietnamese intelligence and security, with an unknown number being innocent civilians."}], "id": "56TyJtif9LJi3kLnGctJ", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "War crimes", "text": "War crimes were committed by both sides during the conflict and included rape, massacres of civilians, bombings of civilian targets, terrorism, the widespread use of torture, and the murder of prisoners of war."}, {"section_header": "Involvement of other countries | Pro-Saigon | South Korea", "text": "State Department reports publicly questioned the usefulness of ROK forces in the conflict, as they have \"appeared to have been reluctant to undertake offensive operations, and are only useful in guarding a small sector of the populated area\"."}, {"section_header": "War crimes", "text": "A large number of war crimes took place during the Vietnam War."}, {"section_header": "U.S. exit and final campaigns, 1973\u20131975", "text": "Fighting continued after the ceasefire, this time without US participation, and continued throughout the year."}, {"section_header": "War crimes | South Vietnamese, Korean and American", "text": "In 1968, the Vietnam War Crimes Working Group (VWCWG) was established by the Pentagon task force set up in the wake of the My Lai Massacre, to attempt to ascertain the veracity of emerging claims of war crimes by U.S. armed forces in Vietnam, during the Vietnam War period."}, {"section_header": "War crimes | South Vietnamese, Korean and American", "text": "Torture was conducted by the South Vietnamese government in collusion with the CIA.South Korean forces were also accused of war crimes."}, {"section_header": "Vietnamization, 1969\u20131972 | ARVN taking the lead and U.S. ground-force withdrawal", "text": "While US forces were redeployed, the ARVN took over combat operations throughout the country, with casualties double US casualties in 1969, and more than triple US ones in 1970."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | Effect on the United States | Impact on the U.S. military", "text": "Furthermore, throughout the war there was found to be considerable flaws and dishonesty by officers and commanders due to promotions being tied to the body count system touted by Westmoreland and McNamara."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Throughout the conflict, U.S. intelligence estimates remained skeptical of France's chance of success."}, {"section_header": "War crimes | South Vietnamese, Korean and American", "text": "Journalism in the ensuing years has documented other overlooked and uninvestigated war crimes involving every army division that was active in Vietnam, including the atrocities committed by Tiger Force."}, {"section_header": "War crimes | South Vietnamese, Korean and American", "text": "Such practice, which involved the assumption that any individual appearing in the designated zones was an enemy combatant that could be freely targeted by weapons, is regarded by journalist Lewis M. Simons as \"a severe violation of the laws of war\"."}, {"section_header": "War crimes | South Vietnamese, Korean and American", "text": "An estimated 26,000 to 41,000 civilian members of the PRG/Viet Cong termed \"VC Infrastructure\" were killed during the Phoenix Program, by US and South Vietnamese intelligence and security, with an unknown number being innocent civilians."}], "text": "US forces participated in codified, systemic war crimes throughout the conflict, as parts of operations.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Vietnam War"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Borobudur, or Barabudur (Indonesian: Candi Borobudur, Javanese: \ua995\ua9a4\ua9c0\ua9a3\ua9b6\ua9a7\ua9ab\ua9a7\ua9b8\ua9a3\ua9b8\ua982, romanized: Candhi Barabudhur) is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple in Magelang Regency, not far from the town of Muntilan, in Central Java, Indonesia."}], "id": "56rptKPgcx8gZYm9bpwD", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Location | The three temples", "text": ", Borobudur is located in an elevated area between two twin volcanoes, Sundoro-Sumbing and Merbabu-Merapi, and two rivers, the Progo and the Elo."}, {"section_header": "Location | The three temples", "text": "A ritual relationship between the three temples must have existed, although the exact ritual process is unknown."}, {"section_header": "Location | The three temples", "text": "During the restoration in the early 20th century, it was discovered that three Buddhist temples in the region, Borobudur, Pawon and Mendut, are positioned along a straight line."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "In Indonesian, ancient temples are referred to as candi; thus locals refer to \"Borobudur Temple\" as Candi Borobudur."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "The origins of the name Borobudur, however, are unclear, although the original names of most ancient Indonesian temples are no longer known."}, {"section_header": "Reliefs | The law of karma (Karmavibhangga)", "text": "It is these photographs that are displayed in Borobudur Museum (Karmawibhangga Museum), located just several hundred meters north of the temple."}, {"section_header": "Location | Ancient lake hypothesis", "text": "Speculation about a surrounding lake's existence was the subject of intense discussion among archaeologists in the 20th century."}, {"section_header": "Location | Ancient lake hypothesis", "text": "In 1931, a Dutch artist and scholar of Hindu and Buddhist architecture, W.O.J. Nieuwenkamp, developed a hypothesis that the Kedu Plain was once a lake and Borobudur initially represented a lotus flower floating on the lake."}, {"section_header": "Location | Ancient lake hypothesis", "text": "It has been claimed that Borobudur was built on a bedrock hill, 265 m (869 ft) above sea level and 15 m (49 ft) above the floor of a dried-out paleolake."}, {"section_header": "Location | Ancient lake hypothesis", "text": "Dumar\u00e7ay together with Professor Thanikaimoni took soil samples in 1974 and again in 1977 from trial trenches that had been dug into the hill, as well as from the plain immediately to the south."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Borobudur, or Barabudur (Indonesian: Candi Borobudur, Javanese: \ua995\ua9a4\ua9c0\ua9a3\ua9b6\ua9a7\ua9ab\ua9a7\ua9b8\ua9a3\ua9b8\ua982, romanized: Candhi Barabudhur) is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple in Magelang Regency, not far from the town of Muntilan, in Central Java, Indonesia."}], "text": "This is an ancient temple located in Indonesia.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Borobudur"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is about Giacomo Rappaccini, a medical researcher in medieval Padua who grows a garden of poisonous plants."}], "id": "5DUcTc4jRGkKMReaTkz4", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Adaptations | In popular culture", "text": "The song \"Running through the Garden\" was written by Stevie Nicks after reading \"Rappaccini's Daughter\"."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Operas", "text": "Rappaccini's Daughter by Charles Wakefield Cadman premiered at Carnegie Hall on March 20, 1925 Rappaccini's Daughter by Margaret Garwood (1983) La hija de Rappaccini by Daniel Cat\u00e1n (1991) The Poisoned Kiss by Ralph Vaughan Williams"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"Rappaccini's Daughter\" is a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne first published in the December 1844 issue of The United States Magazine and Democratic Review, and later in the 1846 collection Mosses from an Old Manse."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Beatrice is confined to the lush and locked gardens, which are filled with poisonous plants grown by her father."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is about Giacomo Rappaccini, a medical researcher in medieval Padua who grows a garden of poisonous plants."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "Spanish-language play: La Hija de Rappaccini by Octavio Paz (1956) English-language play: Rappaccini's Daughter by Sebastian Doggart (1996) John Todhunter verse-play The Poison-Flower, A Phantasy, in Three Scenes (1891) NBC's The Weird Circle (1943\u20131947), Episode 52, Radio Play."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | In popular culture", "text": "Her daughter, Carmilla Black, is, like Beatrice, both immune to poisons and able to deliver poisonous infection to another individual."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He brings up his daughter to tend the plants, and she becomes resistant to the poisons, but in the process she herself becomes poisonous to others."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | In popular culture", "text": "Theodora Goss's 2017 book The Strange Case of the Alchemist's Daughter features Beatrice Rappaccini as one of its main characters."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "From his quarters, Giovanni Guasconti, a young student of letters at the University of Padua, looks at Beatrice, the beautiful daughter of Dr. Giacomo Rappaccini, a scientist who works in isolation."}], "text": "Rappaccini's Daughter is about a father teaching his daughter the value of growing a vegetable patch.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Rappaccini's Daughter"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "March", "text": "Most of the Bonus Army (Bonus Expeditionary Force or BEF) camped in a \"Hooverville\" on the Anacostia Flats, a swampy, muddy area across the Anacostia River from the federal core of Washington, just south of the 11th Street Bridges (now Section C of Anacostia Park)."}, {"section_header": "March", "text": "Approximately 10,000 veterans, women and children lived in the shelters that they built from materials dragged out of a junk pile nearby, which included old lumber, packing boxes, and scrap tin covered with roofs of thatched straw."}], "id": "5IxN8eF7xuKbxXXthrl7", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Police shooting", "text": "William Hushka (1895\u20131932) was an immigrant to the United States from Lithuania."}, {"section_header": "Army intervention", "text": "the military operation, Major Dwight D. Eisenhower, later the 34th president of the United States, served as one of MacArthur's junior aides."}, {"section_header": "March", "text": "The Bonus Army massed at the U.S. Capitol on June 17 as the U.S. Senate voted on the Bonus Bill."}, {"section_header": "Police shooting | Army report", "text": "eight blocks from the Capitol were never called upon."}, {"section_header": "Police shooting | Army report", "text": "An Army intelligence report claimed that the BEF intended to occupy the Capitol permanently and instigate fighting, as a signal for Communist uprisings in all major cities."}, {"section_header": "Police shooting | Army report", "text": "It also conjectured that at least part of the Marine Corps garrison in Washington would side with the revolutionaries, hence Marine units"}, {"section_header": "March", "text": "The camps were tightly controlled by the veterans, who laid out streets, built sanitation facilities, and held daily parades."}, {"section_header": "Army intervention", "text": "Shortly after 9 pm, MacArthur ordered Miles to cross the bridge and evict the Bonus Army from its encampment."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "I's American Expeditionary Forces, while the media referred to them as the \"Bonus Army\" or \"Bonus Marchers\"."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Two years later, hundreds of Pennsylvania war veterans marched on Philadelphia, then the nation's capital, surrounded the State House, where the U.S. Congress was in session, and demanded back pay."}, {"section_header": "March", "text": "Most of the Bonus Army (Bonus Expeditionary Force or BEF) camped in a \"Hooverville\" on the Anacostia Flats, a swampy, muddy area across the Anacostia River from the federal core of Washington, just south of the 11th Street Bridges (now Section C of Anacostia Park)."}, {"section_header": "March", "text": "Approximately 10,000 veterans, women and children lived in the shelters that they built from materials dragged out of a junk pile nearby, which included old lumber, packing boxes, and scrap tin covered with roofs of thatched straw."}], "text": "The Bonus Army built a temporary town near the United States capitol.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Bonus Army"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Culture | Architecture", "text": "Many of today's most interesting new buildings are made of wood, reflecting the strong appeal that this material continues to hold for Norwegian designers and builders."}], "id": "5KS1NbkhMPBlTeK7jGze", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Culture | Architecture", "text": "Stonework architecture was introduced from Europe for the most important structures, beginning with the construction of Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Architecture", "text": "In the early Middle Ages, wooden stave churches were constructed throughout Norway."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "The standard of living in Norway is among the highest in the world."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Architecture", "text": "Traditional wooden buildings that were constructed in R\u00f8ros have survived."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Architecture", "text": "Many of today's most interesting new buildings are made of wood, reflecting the strong appeal that this material continues to hold for Norwegian designers and builders."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Architecture", "text": "One of the most striking modern buildings in Norway is the S\u00e1mi Parliament in K\u00e1r\u00e1\u0161johka, designed by Stein Halvorson and Christian Sundby."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Cuisine", "text": "Lefse is a Norwegian potato flatbread, usually topped with large amounts of butter and sugar, most common around Christmas."}, {"section_header": "History | Union with Sweden", "text": "By mid-century, Norway's democracy was limited by modern standards: Voting was limited to officials, property owners, leaseholders and burghers of incorporated towns."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Architecture", "text": "Another notable example of wooden architecture is the buildings at Bryggen Wharf in Bergen, also on the list for World Cultural Heritage sites, consisting of a row of tall, narrow wooden structures along the quayside."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Architecture", "text": "Some of them have survived; they represent Norway's most unusual contribution to architectural history."}], "text": "Norway constructs all of its modern architecture using standard concrete, steel, and other more common materials that are the same types employed around the world.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Norway"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History", "text": "Spotify was founded in 2006 in Stockholm, Sweden, by Daniel Ek, former CTO of Stardoll, and Martin Lorentzon, co-founder of TradeDoubler."}], "id": "5NuNzmc5L3HOjIeX9ES2", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Platforms | Technical information", "text": "P2P, a well-established Internet distribution system, served as an alternative that reduced Spotify's server resources and costs."}, {"section_header": "History | Other developments | Acquisitions", "text": "On 6 February 2019, Spotify acquired the podcast networks Gimlet Media and Anchor FM Inc., establishing itself as a major player in podcasting."}, {"section_header": "Business model | Monetization", "text": "As of 2017, Spotify was not yet a profitable company."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Founded in 2006, the company mainly provides an audio streaming platform, the \"Spotify\" platform, that offers DRM-restricted music and podcasts from record labels and media companies."}, {"section_header": "History | Other developments | Acquisitions", "text": "In March 2014, Spotify acquired The Echo Nest, a music intelligence company."}, {"section_header": "History | Other developments | Acquisitions", "text": "In June 2015, Spotify acquired Seed Scientific, a data science consulting firm and analytics company."}, {"section_header": "Business model", "text": "In December 2013, the company launched a new website, \"Spotify for Artists\", that explained its business model and revenue data."}, {"section_header": "History | Other developments | Dispute with Apple", "text": "In the following months, Spotify joined several other companies in filing a letter with the European Union's antitrust body indirectly accusing Apple and Google of \"abusing their 'privileged position' at the top of the market\", by referring to \"some\" companies as having \"transformed into 'gatekeepers' rather than 'gateways'\"."}, {"section_header": "Business model", "text": "The company pays 70% of its total revenue to rights holders."}, {"section_header": "Business model | Monetization | Funding", "text": "The new round of funding valued the company at $1 billion."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Spotify was founded in 2006 in Stockholm, Sweden, by Daniel Ek, former CTO of Stardoll, and Martin Lorentzon, co-founder of TradeDoubler."}], "text": "The company, Spotify was established in Amsterdam, Netherlands.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Spotify"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is made of reinforced concrete and soapstone."}], "id": "5SDwYxVJ53Q7CR1CIvCO", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History", "text": "The outer layers are soapstone, chosen for its enduring qualities and ease of use."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The restoration involved one hundred people and used more than 60,000 pieces of stone taken from the same quarry as the original statue."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The group organized an event called Semana do Monumento (\"Monument Week\") to attract donations and collect signatures to support the building of the statue."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "A group of engineers and technicians studied Landowski's submissions and felt building the structure of reinforced concrete (designed by Albert Caquot) instead of steel was more suitable for the cross-shaped statue."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Christ the Redeemer (Portuguese: Cristo Redentor, standard Brazilian Portuguese: [\u02c8k\u027eistu \u0281eden\u02c8to\u0281], local pronunciation: [\u02c8k\u027ei\u0255t\u016d\u033b xe\u031eden\u02c8to\u0266]) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Cristo del Otero in Palencia , Spain built in 1930 (21 m) Cristo Rey (statue, Mexico) located on the Cerro del Cubilete in Guanajuato, Mexico, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Rey in Tenancingo, M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico (30 m) Christ Blessing in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia (30 m) Christ of Havana in Havana, Cuba, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of the Abyss in various underwater locations"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is made of reinforced concrete and soapstone."}], "text": "It has been built by using two building materials.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 8, "wikipedia_page": "Christ the Redeemer (statue)"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Their idealism and reform sensibilities led them to oppose the political corruption in the politics of the Gilded Age."}], "id": "5YmlGZlLIfO1zHAbdN1g", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "In the period from 1876 to 1892, presidential elections were closely contested at the national level, but the states themselves were mostly dominated by a single party, with Democrats prevailing in the South and the Republicans in the Northeast."}, {"section_header": "Notable Mugwumps", "text": "Thomas Nast, political cartoonist"}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "Political affiliation continued to be the basis for appointment to many positions."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "Whereas \"mugwump\" has become an obscure and almost forgotten political moniker, \"goo-goo\" was revived, especially in Chicago, by the political columns of Mike Royko."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After the election, \"mugwump\" survived for more than a decade as an epithet for a party bolter in American politics."}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "Blaine was from the reform wing of his own party, but the Mugwumps rejected his candidacy."}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "In the spoils system, the winning candidate would dole out government positions to those who had supported his political party prior to the election."}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "In the early 1880s, the issue of political patronage split the Republican Party down the middle for several consecutive sessions of Congress."}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "Political patronage, also known as the spoils system, was the issue that angered many reform-minded Republicans, leading them to reject Blaine's candidacy."}, {"section_header": "Notable Mugwumps", "text": "Mark Twain, author self-identified as a Mugwump in his essay Christian Science"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Their idealism and reform sensibilities led them to oppose the political corruption in the politics of the Gilded Age."}], "text": "Mugwump were against extortion at the political level.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Mugwump"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The world's highest-paid actress since 2018"}], "id": "5aFuCb1PDvXXyrLNiFbA", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Acting career | Films with Woody Allen (2005\u20132009)", "text": "Variety credited the cast as \"almost flawless ... at the top of its game\", citing \"Johansson's quieter Mary ... as the [film's] emotional center\"."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Films with Woody Allen (2005\u20132009)", "text": "Two of Johansson's films in 2006 explored the world of stage magicians, both opposite Hugh Jackman."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "She made her film debut in the fantasy comedy North (1994), and gained early recognition for her roles in Manny & Lo (1996), The Horse Whisperer (1998), and Ghost World (2001)."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Early roles (1996\u20132002)", "text": "Who Wasn't There (2001). Her breakthrough came playing a cynical outcast in Terry Zwigoff's black comedy Ghost World (2001), an adaptation of Daniel Clowes' graphic novel of the same name."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Marvel Cinematic Universe and stage roles (2010\u20132013)", "text": "The film premiered at the 8th Rome International Film Festival, where Johansson won Best Actress; she was also nominated for the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Supporting Actress."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Transition to adult roles (2003\u20132004)", "text": "Johansson earned a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Drama nomination for the film."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Scarlett Ingrid Johansson (; born November 22, 1984) is an American actress and singer."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Marvel Cinematic Universe and stage roles (2010\u20132013)", "text": "Johansson earned a Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress: Drama nomination for her performance."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Action and superhero films (2014\u2013present)", "text": "For Captain America: Civil War, Johansson earned her second nomination for Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress in an Action Movie and her fourth for Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Action and superhero films (2014\u2013present)", "text": "Besson discussed the role with several actresses, and cast Johansson based on her strong reaction to the script and her discipline."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The world's highest-paid actress since 2018"}], "text": "Johansson is the top remunerated actress in the world.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Scarlett Johansson"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life | Childhood and education", "text": "From the age of four, Verdi was given private lessons in Latin and Italian by the village schoolmaster, Baistrocchi, and at six he attended the local school."}], "id": "5aUPEg6cjftCa5D2pl0C", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life | Childhood and education", "text": "At age 11, Verdi received schooling in Italian, Latin, the humanities, and rhetoric."}, {"section_header": "Life | Childhood and education", "text": "After learning to play the organ, he showed so much interest in music that his parents finally provided him with a spinet."}, {"section_header": "Life | Childhood and education", "text": "From the age of four, Verdi was given private lessons in Latin and Italian by the village schoolmaster, Baistrocchi, and at six he attended the local school."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (Italian: [d\u0292u\u02c8z\u025bppe \u02c8verdi]; 9 or 10 October 1813 \u2013 27 January 1901) was an Italian opera composer."}, {"section_header": "Life | 1834\u20131842: First operas", "text": "List of compositions by Giuseppe Verdi"}, {"section_header": "Music and form", "text": "See also List of compositions by Giuseppe Verdi and individual articles on the works."}, {"section_header": "Music and form | Periods | Early period", "text": "The operas of the early period show Verdi learning by doing and gradually establishing mastery over the different elements of opera."}, {"section_header": "Music and form | Periods | Final works", "text": "Although in the Requiem Verdi puts to use many of the techniques he learned in opera, its musical forms and emotions are not those of the stage."}, {"section_header": "Life | 1842\u20131849", "text": "Imagine that there are no more Germans here!!\"Verdi had been admonished by the poet Giuseppe Giusti for turning away from patriotic subjects, the poet pleading with him to \"do what you can to nourish the [sorrow of the Italian people], to strengthen it, and direct it to its goal."}, {"section_header": "Life | Childhood and education", "text": "By 1829\u201330, Verdi had established himself as a leader of the Philharmonic: \"none of us could rival him\" reported the secretary of the organisation, Giuseppe Demald\u00e8."}], "text": "Giuseppe Verdi learned Latin and Italian from his parents.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Giuseppe Verdi"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "In November 2017, Minaj's brother Jelani was convicted of predatory sexual assault against a child and endangering the welfare of a child."}], "id": "5lzkOBnSReO7hUhdHmaN", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Her husband registered as sex offender in California in 2020, having been convicted of attempted rape in the first degree in 1995 in New York."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Musical style", "text": "My favorite thing was Nicki Minaj's verse.'"}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "In November 2017, Minaj's brother Jelani was convicted of predatory sexual assault against a child and endangering the welfare of a child."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Alter egos", "text": "For Pink Friday, Minaj created another alter ego: Roman Zolanski, \"a demon inside her\", Minaj's \"twin brother\" whose character she assumes when she is angry."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "She has an elder brother named Jelani, an older sister named Maya, a younger brother named Micaiah, and a younger sister named Ming."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2014\u20132017: The Pinkprint and other ventures", "text": "The show was titled Nicki and the pilot episode was filmed in Minaj's hometown in January 2016."}, {"section_header": "Public image | Influence", "text": "I don't label myself. \" In 2018, an interview with Elle, in which she discussed sex workers, her own sex appeal, and sexuality in music and on social media, attracted criticism."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2018\u20132019: Queen", "text": "A great Nicki Minaj comeback album would be the first great Nicki Minaj album, period.\"Before"}, {"section_header": "Career | 2018\u20132019: Queen", "text": "On June 23, 2018, she performed a medley of \"Chun-Li\" and \"Rich Sex\" at the 2018 BET Awards."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2018\u20132019: Queen", "text": "A promotional single, \"Rich Sex\", featuring American rapper Lil Wayne, was released on June 11, 2018."}], "text": "Nicki Minaj's brother and husband are registered sex offender.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Nicki Minaj"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "She was named for her father's favorite character\u2014Ethel in William Makepeace Thackeray's The Newcomes."}], "id": "5n06Rr8f5oIAunJMFmcm", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Private life", "text": "A devout Catholic, Ethel Barrymore never remarried."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "The Ethel Barrymore Theatre in New York City is named for her."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ethel Barrymore (born Ethel Mae Blythe; August 15, 1879 \u2013 June 18, 1959) was an American actress and a member of the Barrymore family of actors."}, {"section_header": "1920\u20131930s", "text": "In 1928, the Shuberts opened the Ethel Barrymore Theatre, which operates under that name to the present day."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Barrymore was born Ethel Mae Blythe in Philadelphia, the second child of the actors Maurice Barrymore (whose real name was Herbert Blythe) and Georgiana Drew."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "After her season in London, Ethel returned to the U.S."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "Ethel Barrymore died of cardiovascular disease on June 18, 1959, at her home in Hollywood, after having lived for many years with a heart condition."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Winston and Ethel remained friends until the end of her life."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Men everywhere were smitten with Ethel, most notably Winston Churchill, who asked her to marry him."}, {"section_header": "Film and broadcasting career | Television", "text": "In 1956, she hosted 14 episodes of the TV series Ethel Barrymore Theatre, produced by the DuMont Television Network and presented on the DuMont flagship station WABD just as the network was folding."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "She was named for her father's favorite character\u2014Ethel in William Makepeace Thackeray's The Newcomes."}], "text": "Ethel Barrymore was called Ethel because of a fictional person her dad liked.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Ethel Barrymore"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Originally a hip hop group, their musical style has evolved to include a wide range of genres."}, {"section_header": "Name", "text": "The group's name, BTS, stands for the Korean expression Bangtan Sonyeondan (Korean: \ubc29\ud0c4\uc18c\ub144\ub2e8; Hanja: \u9632\u5f48\u5c11\u5e74\u5718), literally meaning \"Bulletproof Boy Scouts\"."}], "id": "5qjwZykj3MGbII46jh7C", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "BTS (Korean: \ubc29\ud0c4\uc18c\ub144\ub2e8; RR: Bangtan Sonyeondan), also known as the Bangtan Boys, is a seven-member South Korean boy band who began formation in 2010 and debuted in 2013."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Originally a hip hop group, their musical style has evolved to include a wide range of genres."}, {"section_header": "Name", "text": "The group's name, BTS, stands for the Korean expression Bangtan Sonyeondan (Korean: \ubc29\ud0c4\uc18c\ub144\ub2e8; Hanja: \u9632\u5f48\u5c11\u5e74\u5718), literally meaning \"Bulletproof Boy Scouts\"."}, {"section_header": "Other ventures | Endorsements", "text": "In the entertainment sector, BTS published the webtoons Hip Hop Monster and We"}, {"section_header": "Career | 2010\u20132014: Formation and early years", "text": "BTS was originally supposed to be a hip-hop group similar to YG Entertainment's 1TYM, but between their initial formation and their debut, Bang Si-hyuk decided that the contemporary youth needed instead \"a hero who can lend them a shoulder to lean on, even without speaking a single word\"."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2019: Map of the Soul: Persona, stadium world tour and BTS World", "text": "The band also released the song \"Heartbeat\" with a music video from the game's official soundtrack, titled BTS World: Original Soundtrack."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Musical style", "text": "You Never Walk Alone, future bass, Latin pop, and jazz hip hop in their Love"}, {"section_header": "Career | 2014\u20132015: Moderate success and first concert tour", "text": "Musically, the album fused the grungy electric guitar sounds of rock within the framework of hip-hop and continued to expand their sound towards"}, {"section_header": "Career | 2010\u20132014: Formation and early years", "text": "2\u201d failed to chart. In 2 Cool 4 Skool, BTS employed an old-school hip-hop sound with scratches from the 1980s-90s and excessively fierce visuals."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2017: International expansion and collaborations", "text": "Sonically, the EP served as \"a dual exploration of the group's electro-pop and hip-hop leanings,\" with the first half consisting of \u201cdance tracks that emphasize the group's vocals\" while in the second half \"the act's hip-hop side arrives in earnest...delivering powerful rap performances.\" Commercially, BTS continued to hit new career heights with the Love Yourself: Her EP, debuting at number seven on the Billboard 200 with 31,000 album-equivalent units."}], "text": "Bangtan Sonyeondan or BTS  was originally a hip hop band.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "BTS (band)"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Backstreet Boys  (often abbreviated as BSB) is an American vocal group, formed in Orlando, Florida in 1993."}], "id": "5qxowrpFYk1jG24EPR6I", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 2004\u201306: Never Gone and Richardson's departure", "text": "The Backstreet Boys entered the studios in January 2004 to start recording the new album."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Backstreet Boys  (often abbreviated as BSB) is an American vocal group, formed in Orlando, Florida in 1993."}, {"section_header": "History | 2000\u201301: Black and Blue and The Hits \u2013 Chapter One", "text": "On January 28, 2001, the Backstreet Boys performed the American national anthem at the Super Bowl XXXV in Tampa, Florida."}, {"section_header": "History | 2004\u201306: Never Gone and Richardson's departure", "text": "The Backstreet Boys began the first leg of their Never Gone Tour on July 22, 2005, in West Palm Beach, Florida."}, {"section_header": "History | 2011\u201312: NKOTBSB and Richardson's return", "text": "The Backstreet Boys moved into a house together all by themselves in July 2012 as they started working on their new album with producer Martin Terefe in London."}, {"section_header": "Partnerships and other ventures", "text": "The advertising promoted back-to-school sweepstakes which gave each of five fans the chance to win a $2,000 Sears shopping spree with their favorite Backstreet Boys member, and a trip for four to the group's concert on December 1, 1999, in Tampa, Florida."}, {"section_header": "History | 2015\u2013present: Dead 7 film, Las Vegas residency, and DNA", "text": "On September 23, the Backstreet Boys confirmed their Vegas residency show happening in 2017, titled Backstreet Boys: Larger Than Life."}, {"section_header": "Partnerships and other ventures", "text": "The commercials started airing in May 2014."}, {"section_header": "Artistry", "text": "The Backstreet Boys have always prided themselves as a vocal harmony group and not a boy band."}, {"section_header": "History | 1998\u201399: Millennium and superstardom", "text": "The day was also declared as Backstreet Boys Day in Orlando."}], "text": "The Backstreet Boys started in Florida.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Backstreet Boys"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Faulkner's fifth novel, it is consistently ranked among the best novels of 20th-century literature."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "It is the story of the death of Addie Bundren and her poor, rural family's quest and motivations\u2014noble or selfish\u2014to honor her wish to be buried in her hometown of Jefferson, Mississippi."}], "id": "5tISeK8hftPLx0z4yxdR", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "As I Lay Dying is a 1930 Southern Gothic novel by American author William Faulkner."}, {"section_header": "Background and literary techniques", "text": "As I Lay Dying helped to solidify Faulkner's reputation as a pioneer, like James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, of stream of consciousness."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The title derives from Book XI of Homer's Odyssey (William Marris's 1925 translation) , wherein Agamemnon tells Odysseus: \"As I lay dying, the woman with the dog's eyes would not close my eyes as I descended into Hades.\" The novel utilizes stream of consciousness writing technique, multiple narrators, and varying chapter lengths."}, {"section_header": "Background and literary techniques", "text": "Faulkner works the narrative technique by manipulating conventional differences between stream of consciousness and interior monologue."}, {"section_header": "Significance", "text": "As I Lay Dying derived its name from this novel."}, {"section_header": "Significance", "text": "As I Lay Dying is consistently ranked among the best novels of 20th-century literature."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Faulkner's fifth novel, it is consistently ranked among the best novels of 20th-century literature."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "It is the story of the death of Addie Bundren and her poor, rural family's quest and motivations\u2014noble or selfish\u2014to honor her wish to be buried in her hometown of Jefferson, Mississippi."}, {"section_header": "Film adaptation", "text": "Franco viewed it as a challenge because the novel was described as a story impossible to be transformed into a film due to the multi-narrative voices within it."}, {"section_header": "Background and literary techniques", "text": "This is directly playing with conventions of interior monologues because, as Dorrit Cohn states in Transparent Minds: Narrative Modes for Presenting Consciousness in Fiction, the language in the interior monologue is \"like the language a character speaks to others ... it accords with his time, his place, his social station, level of intelligence ... \" The novel helped found the Southern Renaissance and directs a great deal of effort as it progresses to reflections on being and existence, the existential metaphysics of everyday life."}], "text": "As I Lay Dying is a 1930 Southern Gothic fifth novel by American author William Faulkner about a southern lady in dire circumstances and her final wish as death approaches describing her stream of consciousness.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "As I Lay Dying"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity."}], "id": "5uRSPdw0Ih4CypxZH7YU", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Overview", "text": "Several mathematical descriptions of kinetic energy exist that describe it in the appropriate physical situation."}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of rigid bodies", "text": "In classical mechanics, the kinetic energy of a point object (an object so small that its mass can be assumed to exist at one point), or a non-rotating rigid body depends on the mass of the body as well as its speed."}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Rotating bodies", "text": "this equation the moment of inertia must be taken about an axis through the center of mass and the rotation measured by \u03c9 must be around that axis; more general equations exist for systems where the object is subject to wobble due to its eccentric shape)."}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of systems", "text": "The kinetic energy of the system is the sum of the kinetic energies of the bodies it contains."}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of rigid bodies", "text": "kinetic energy, i.e.,                         F"}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of rigid bodies", "text": "\\displaystyle Fs={\\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}}   Since the kinetic energy increases with the square of the speed, an object doubling its speed has four times as much kinetic energy."}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of rigid bodies", "text": "The kinetic energy of any entity depends on the reference frame in which it is measured."}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Rotation in systems", "text": "Er is the rotational energy or angular kinetic energy in"}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Rotation in systems", "text": "the rest frameThus the kinetic energy of a tennis ball in flight is the kinetic energy due to its rotation, plus the kinetic energy due to its translation."}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of rigid bodies", "text": "The kinetic energy is equal to 1/2 the product of the mass and the square of the speed."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity."}], "text": "Kinetic energy exists in your vehicle even in the parking lot.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Kinetic energy"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Prime Minister of Italy", "text": "In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II declared the Kingdom of Italy, making Cavour  Prime Minister of Italy."}], "id": "5wPo7IkFhcSrC0poP4j7", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After the declaration of a united Kingdom of Italy, Cavour took office as the first Prime Minister of Italy; he died after only three months in office, and thus did not live to see Venetia or Rome added to the new Italian nation."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Prime Minister of Italy", "text": "In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II declared the Kingdom of Italy, making Cavour  Prime Minister of Italy."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Prime Minister of Italy", "text": "These issues would become known as the \"Roman Question\"."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "In his spare time, he again traveled extensively, mostly in France and the United Kingdom."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Prime minister of Piedmont\u2013Sardinia", "text": "Cavour formed a coalition with Urbano Rattazzi known as the Connubio (\"union\"), uniting the moderate men of the Right and of the Left, and brought about the fall of the d'Azeglio cabinet in November 1852."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "Camillo Benso was born in Turin during Napoleonic rule, into a family that had gained a fair amount of land during the French occupation."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was one of the leaders of the Historical Right, and Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont\u2013Sardinia, a position he maintained (except for a six-month resignation) throughout the Second Italian War of Independence and Garibaldi's campaigns to unite Italy."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "In 1865, the Collegio dei Nobili, the oldest high school in Turin (founded 1568), and among the oldest and most prominent ones in Italy, was renamed the Liceo Ginnasio statale \"Camillo Benso di Cavour\" (Liceo classico Cavour)."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Prime minister of Piedmont\u2013Sardinia", "text": "On 7 September he entered Naples, at that time the largest city in Italy, and unilaterally declared Victor Emmanuel the King of Italy."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Prime Minister of Italy", "text": "Most Italians thought Rome must be capital of a united Italy, but this conflicted with the temporal power of the Pope and also the independence of the Church."}], "text": "Camillo Benso was the first Prime Minister of Italy after its declaration to become a united kingdom was brought into effect.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The most successful London club, they have won 13 League titles (including one unbeaten league title), a record 13 FA Cups, two League Cups, 15 FA Community Shields, the League Centenary Trophy, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup."}], "id": "5wgFBHmFYBHanazUn2DB", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Supporters and rivalries", "text": "Arsenal have the seventh highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund, FC Barcelona, Manchester United, Real Madrid, Bayern Munich, and Schalke."}, {"section_header": "Arsenal Women", "text": "Arsenal Women are the most successful team in English women's football having won a total of 58 trophies."}, {"section_header": "Statistics and records", "text": "The club is one of only six clubs to have won the FA Cup twice in succession, in 2002 and 2003, and 2014 and 2015."}, {"section_header": "History | 1886\u20131919: Changing names", "text": "In 1891, Royal Arsenal became the first London club to turn professional."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "As one of the most successful teams in the country, Arsenal have often featured when football is depicted in the arts in Britain."}, {"section_header": "History | 1953\u20131986: Mediocrity, Mee and Neill", "text": "Even former England captain Billy Wright could not bring the club any success as manager, in a stint between 1962 and 1966."}, {"section_header": "Honours", "text": "The club enjoyed further success in the 1930s, winning another FA Cup and five Football League First Division titles."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The most successful London club, they have won 13 League titles (including one unbeaten league title), a record 13 FA Cups, two League Cups, 15 FA Community Shields, the League Centenary Trophy, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup."}, {"section_header": "Honours | County FAs", "text": "Arsenal became ineligible for the London Cups when the club turned professional in 1891, and rarely participated in County Cups after this."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Islington, London, England, that plays in the Premier League, the top flight of English football."}], "text": "The Arsenal F.C. is the most successful London club.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Arsenal F.C."}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "There are no samples of the Earth's core available for direct measurement, as there are for the Earth's mantle."}], "id": "5whwaDUdEfm9jv3ird28", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Age | Paleomagnetic evidence", "text": "In 2011, Smirnov and others published an analysis of the paleomagnetism in a large sample of rocks that formed in the Neoarchean (2.8 to 2.5 billion years ago) and the Proterozoic (2.5 to 0.541 billion)."}, {"section_header": "Structure | Other structure", "text": "Other researchers claim that the properties of the inner core's surface vary from place to place across distances as small as 1 km."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "There are no samples of the Earth's core available for direct measurement, as there are for the Earth's mantle."}, {"section_header": "Age | Paleomagnetic evidence", "text": "In 2015, Biggin and others published the analysis of an extensive and carefully selected set of Precambrian samples and observed a prominent increase in the Earth's magnetic field strength and variance around 1\u20131.5 billion years ago."}, {"section_header": "Age | Thermodynamic evidence", "text": "In 2001, S. Labrosse and others, assuming that there were no radioactive elements in the core, gave an estimate of 1\u00b10.5 billion years for the age of the inner core \u2014 considerably less than the estimated age of the Earth and of its liquid core (about 4.5 billion years) In 2003, the same group concluded that, if the core contained a reasonable amount of radioactive elements, the inner core's age could be a few hundred million years older."}, {"section_header": "Age | Paleomagnetic evidence", "text": "An analysis of rock samples from the Ediacaran epoch (formed about 565 million years ago), published by Bono and others in 2019, revealed unusually low intensity and two distinct directions for the geomagnetic field during that time that provides support for the predictions by Driscoll (2016)."}, {"section_header": "Discovery", "text": "A few years later, in 1940, it was hypothesized that this inner core was made of solid iron."}, {"section_header": "Dynamics", "text": "In 2005, they and J. Zhang compared recordings of \"seismic doublets\" (recordings by the same station of earthquakes occurring in the same location on the opposite side of the Earth, years apart), and revised that estimate to 0.3 to 0.5 degree per year."}, {"section_header": "Dynamics", "text": "With some assumptions on the evolution of the Earth, they conclude that the fluid motions in the outer core would have entered resonance with the tidal forces at several times in the past (3.0, 1.8, and 0.3 billion years ago)."}, {"section_header": "Age | Thermodynamic evidence", "text": "In 2012, theoretical computations by M. Pozzo and others indicated that the electrical conductivity of iron and other hypothetical core materials, at the high pressures and temperatures expected there, were two or three times higher than assumed in previous research."}], "text": "Researchers have a good understanding of the inner core of the Earth from years of sampling.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Inner core"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Texts", "text": "Second Quarto (Q2): In 1604 Nicholas Ling published, and James Roberts printed, the second quarto, under the same name as the first."}, {"section_header": "Texts", "text": "Each surviving edition differs from the others: First Quarto (Q1): In 1603 the booksellers Nicholas Ling and John Trundell published, and Valentine Simmes printed, the so-called \"bad\" first quarto, under the name The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet Prince of Denmarke."}], "id": "612T0RRgYssy0TElga3X", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Texts", "text": "Q2 is the longest early edition, although it omits about 77 lines found in F1 (most likely to avoid offending James I's queen, Anne of Denmark)."}, {"section_header": "Texts", "text": "Second Quarto (Q2): In 1604 Nicholas Ling published, and James Roberts printed, the second quarto, under the same name as the first."}, {"section_header": "Texts", "text": "Q1 contains just over half of the text of the later second quarto."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Three different early versions of the play are extant: the First Quarto (Q1, 1603); the Second Quarto (Q2, 1604); and the First Folio (F1, 1623)."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Film and TV performances", "text": "Kenneth Branagh adapted, directed, and starred in a 1996 film version of Hamlet that contained material from the First Folio and the Second Quarto."}, {"section_header": "Texts", "text": "Each surviving edition differs from the others: First Quarto (Q1): In 1603 the booksellers Nicholas Ling and John Trundell published, and Valentine Simmes printed, the so-called \"bad\" first quarto, under the name The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet Prince of Denmarke."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Act III", "text": "After begging the queen to stop sleeping with Claudius, Hamlet leaves, dragging Polonius's corpse away."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Restoration and 18th century", "text": "His performance was said to be 20 minutes longer than anyone else's, and his lengthy pauses provoked the suggestion by Richard Brinsley Sheridan that \"music should be played between the words\"."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Act II", "text": "As he enters to do so, the king and queen finish welcoming Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, two student acquaintances of Hamlet, to Elsinore."}, {"section_header": "Texts", "text": "Editors have combined them in an effort to create one \"inclusive\" text that reflects an imagined \"ideal\" of Shakespeare's original."}], "text": "The second Quarto of Hamlet was originally longer but lines were omitted to avoid offending the Queen, Anne of Denmark.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Hamlet"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 7, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Origins", "text": "The Knights' primary demand was for the eight-hour workday."}], "id": "63Tbmg6n2VuzOpQ3Evkt", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Knights promoted the social and cultural uplift of the working man, and demanded the eight-hour day."}, {"section_header": "Origins", "text": "When the Knights in Wyoming refused to work more hours in 1885, the railroad hired Chinese workers as strikebreakers and to stir up racial animosity."}, {"section_header": "Origins", "text": "The Knights' primary demand was for the eight-hour workday."}, {"section_header": "Origins", "text": "The only woman to hold office in the Knights of Labor, Leonora Barry, worked as an investigator."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The Knights frequently included music in their regular meetings, and encouraged local members to write and perform their work."}, {"section_header": "Origins", "text": "The KOL appealed to them because they worked very closely with the Irish Land League."}, {"section_header": "Origins", "text": "These reports made Barry the first person to collect national statistics on the American working woman."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "In Chicago, James and Emily Talmadge, printers and supporters of the Knights of Labor, published the songbook \"Labor Songs Dedicated to the Knights of Labor\" (1885)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Knights of Labor (K of L), officially Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, was an American labor federation active in the late 19th century, especially the 1880s."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Though often overlooked, the Knights of Labor contributed to the tradition of labor protest songs in America."}], "text": "Knights of Labor did ask for the 8 hours a day of work.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Knights of Labor"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "In 1898, Wagner won a distance contest in Louisville by throwing a baseball more than 403 feet (123 m)."}], "id": "64sikvPNK8Wsfr9YaC1y", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Professional career | Louisville Colonels", "text": "I'm sitting on the bench the first day I reported, and along about the third inning an opposing batter smacks a line drive down the third-base line that looked like at least a sure double."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | 1903 and 1909 World Series", "text": "They had me by a foot. You just booted the play, so come on, let's play ball."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "In 1901, the American League began to sign National League players, creating a bidding war, which depleted the league of many talented players."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | 1903 and 1909 World Series", "text": "This grieved the Dutchman deeply, for I don't know a ball player in either league who would assay less"}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "In 1898, Wagner won a distance contest in Louisville by throwing a baseball more than 403 feet (123 m)."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "He notes that the league ERA of 2.35 was the lowest of the dead ball era and about half of the ERAs of modern baseball."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Louisville Colonels", "text": "Well, this big Louisville third baseman jumped over after it like he was on steel springs, slapped it down with his bare hand, scrambled after it at least ten feet, and fired a bullet over to first base."}], "text": "In 1901, he threw a ball 404 feet in competition.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Honus Wagner"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Assassination", "text": "Later, it was learned there was a third bomber in the crowd."}], "id": "6BHFKqEvLYPI8l1J1uOm", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reign | Life in the ruling family", "text": "In 1866, Alexander II took a mistress, Princess Catherine Dolgorukaya, with whom he would father three surviving children."}, {"section_header": "In nonfiction", "text": "Mark Twain describes a short visit with Alexander II in Chapter 37 of The Innocents Abroad, describing him as \"very tall and spare, and a determined-looking man, though a very pleasant-looking one nevertheless."}, {"section_header": "Assassination", "text": "On 13 March [O.S. 1 March] 1881, Alexander fell victim to an assassination plot in Saint Petersburg."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alexander II (Russian: \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0301\u043d\u0434\u0440 II \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447, tr."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Assassination attempts", "text": "The New York Times (4 March 1880) reported \"the dynamite used was enclosed in an iron box, and exploded by a system of clockwork used by the man Thomas in Bremen some years ago.\" However, dinner had been delayed by the late arrival of the tsar's nephew, the Prince of Bulgaria, so the tsar and his family were not in the dining room at the time of the explosion and were unharmed."}, {"section_header": "In fiction", "text": "The anti-Jewish attacks play an important role in the novel's plot."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Reaction after 1866", "text": "Radicals complained he did not go far enough, and he became a target for numerous assassination plots."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Encouraging Finnish nationalism", "text": "Alexander II is still regarded as \"The Good Tsar\" in Finland."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Reforms | Emancipation of the serfs", "text": "Alexander II succeeded to the throne upon the death of his father in 1855."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Reforms | Emancipation of the serfs", "text": "The measure was the first and most important of the liberal reforms made by Alexander II."}, {"section_header": "Assassination", "text": "Later, it was learned there was a third bomber in the crowd."}], "text": "The plot that dispatched Alexander II utilized no less than three man with concealed explosives.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Alexander II of Russia"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "During the Suez Crisis of 1956, he condemned the Israeli, British, and French invasion of Egypt, and he forced them to withdraw."}], "id": "6BvIHbUCRhDELZb9z5qx", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Presidency (1953\u20131961) | Foreign policy | The Middle East and Eisenhower doctrine", "text": "Egypt and Syria, supported by the Soviet Union, openly opposed the initiative."}, {"section_header": "Legacy and memory | Tributes and memorials", "text": "The Interstate Highway System is officially known as the \"Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways\" in his honor."}, {"section_header": "Legacy and memory | Tributes and memorials", "text": "In 1999 the United States Congress created the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission, to create an enduring national memorial in Washington, D.C.."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After the United States entered World War II, Eisenhower oversaw the invasions of North Africa and Sicily before supervising the invasions of France and Germany."}, {"section_header": "Legacy and memory | Tributes and memorials", "text": "Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy is a senior war college of the Department of Defense's National Defense University in Washington, DC."}, {"section_header": "World War I | In service of generals", "text": "Major Dwight D. Eisenhower graduated from the Army Industrial College (Washington, DC) in 1933 and later served on the faculty (it was later expanded to become the Industrial College of the Armed Services and is now known as the Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy).His primary duty was planning for the next war, which proved most difficult in the midst of the Great Depression."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1953\u20131961) | Foreign policy | The Middle East and Eisenhower doctrine", "text": "However, Egypt received American aid until the Six-Day War in 1967.As"}, {"section_header": "World War II | Liberation of France and victory in Europe", "text": "Washington refused to support Churchill's plan to use Eisenhower's army for political maneuvers against Moscow."}, {"section_header": "World War II | Liberation of France and victory in Europe", "text": "Once the coastal assault had succeeded, Eisenhower insisted on retaining personal control over the land battle strategy, and was immersed in the command and supply of multiple assaults through France on Germany."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1953\u20131961) | Foreign policy | The Middle East and Eisenhower doctrine", "text": "He publicly disavowed his allies at the United Nations, and used financial and diplomatic pressure to make them withdraw from Egypt."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "During the Suez Crisis of 1956, he condemned the Israeli, British, and French invasion of Egypt, and he forced them to withdraw."}], "text": "Dwight D. Eisenhower supported France entering Egypt.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Dwight D. Eisenhower"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Theogony (Greek: \u0398\u03b5\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, Theogon\u00eda, Attic Greek: [t\u02b0eo\u0261on\u00eda\u02d0], i.e. \"the genealogy or birth of the gods\") is a poem by Hesiod (8th \u2013 7th century BC) describing the origins and genealogies of the Greek gods, composed c. 730\u2013700 BC."}], "id": "6ClmLU2U7aaBEcD4hkNd", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "The Succession Myth", "text": "Zeus, by Gaia's advice, was elected king of the gods, and he apportioned various honors among the gods."}, {"section_header": "The Succession Myth", "text": "A great war was begun, the Titanomachy, between the new gods, Zeus and his siblings, and the old gods, Cronus and the Titans, for control of the cosmos."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Theogony (Greek: \u0398\u03b5\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, Theogon\u00eda, Attic Greek: [t\u02b0eo\u0261on\u00eda\u02d0], i.e. \"the genealogy or birth of the gods\") is a poem by Hesiod (8th \u2013 7th century BC) describing the origins and genealogies of the Greek gods, composed c. 730\u2013700 BC."}, {"section_header": "The Succession Myth", "text": "One of the principal components of the Theogony is the presentation of the \"Succession Myth\"."}, {"section_header": "Influence on earliest Greek philosophy", "text": "Hesiod, impressed by necessity governing the ordering of things, discloses a definite pattern in the genesis and appearance of the gods."}, {"section_header": "The genealogies | The first gods", "text": "The world began with the spontaneous generation of four beings: first arose Chaos (Chasm); then came Gaia (Earth), \"the ever-sure foundation of all\"; \"dim\" Tartarus, in the depths of the Earth; and Eros (Desire) \" fairest among the deathless gods\"."}, {"section_header": "Influence on earliest Greek philosophy", "text": "If a thing is to be well established or founded, its arche or static point must be secure, and the most secure foundations are those provided by the gods: the indestructible, immutable, and eternal ordering of things."}, {"section_header": "Descriptions", "text": "Hesiod's Theogony is a large-scale synthesis of a vast variety of local Greek traditions concerning the gods, organized as a narrative that tells how they came to be and how they established permanent control over the cosmos."}, {"section_header": "Influence on earliest Greek philosophy", "text": "In ancient Greek philosophy, arche is the element or first principle of all things, a permanent nature or substance which is conserved in the generation of the rest of it."}, {"section_header": "Influence on earliest Greek philosophy", "text": "Thales (7th \u2013 6th century BC), the first Greek philosopher, claimed that the first principle of all things is water."}], "text": "This is a piece detailing the deaths of the gods of Greek myth.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Theogony"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Design and construction process | Design, style, and symbolism", "text": "foundry Gaget, Gauthier & Co., Viollet-le-Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin, copper sheets, and the method used to shape it, repouss\u00e9, in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers."}], "id": "6E5laZ9e6u1xXQi2YhAE", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "After dedication | Renovation and rededication (1982\u20132000)", "text": "when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed, much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years."}, {"section_header": "After dedication | Early National Park Service years (1933\u20131982)", "text": "Rusted cast-iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete; the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced, as well."}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Origin", "text": "The Port Said Lighthouse was built instead, by Fran\u00e7ois Coignet in 1869."}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Origin", "text": "In order to honor these achievements, Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France."}, {"section_header": "Access and attributes | Inscriptions, plaques, and dedications", "text": "A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty, designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget, Gauthier et"}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Construction in France", "text": "He had originally expected to assemble the skin on-site as the masonry pier was built; instead, he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe's Island."}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Dedication", "text": "Shove the Bartholdi statue, torch and all, into the ocean until the \"liberty\" of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family, without being ku-kluxed, perhaps murdered, his daughter and wife outraged, and his property destroyed."}, {"section_header": "After dedication | Lighthouse Board and War Department (1886\u20131933)", "text": "Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated, and five people were killed."}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Origin", "text": "The defiant lion, 73 feet (22 m) long and half that in height, displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism, which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty."}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Origin", "text": "In after-dinner conversation at his home near Versailles, Laboulaye, an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War, is supposed to have said: \"If a monument should rise in the United States, as a memorial to their independence, I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort\u2014a common work of both our nations."}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Design, style, and symbolism", "text": "foundry Gaget, Gauthier & Co., Viollet-le-Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin, copper sheets, and the method used to shape it, repouss\u00e9, in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers."}], "text": "The Statue of Liberty was originally to be built from cast iron.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Statue of Liberty"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life | Marriages and relationships", "text": "A botched abortion at the age of 15 had resulted in complications which left Stanwyck unable to have children, according to her biographer."}], "id": "6JGsIKvIXgmULyKzAclo", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life | Marriages and relationships", "text": "Taylor had romantic affairs, and there were unsubstantiated rumors about Stanwyck having had affairs as well."}, {"section_header": "Ziegfeld girl and Broadway success", "text": "She became a picture star. She is Barbara Stanwyck."}, {"section_header": "Television career", "text": "The Barbara Stanwyck Show was not a ratings success, but it earned her an Emmy Award."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Marriages and relationships", "text": "Louis B. Mayer had insisted on the two stars marrying and went as far as presiding over arrangements at the wedding."}, {"section_header": "Ziegfeld girl and Broadway success", "text": "At the suggestion of David Belasco, Ruby changed her name to Barbara Stanwyck by combining the first name from the play Barbara Frietchie with the last name of the actress in the play, Jane Stanwyck; both were found on a 1906 theater program."}, {"section_header": "Film career", "text": "\"In Stella Dallas (1937) she plays the self-sacrificing title character who eventually allows her teenage daughter to live a better life somewhere else."}, {"section_header": "Film career", "text": "Stanwyck was also the vulnerable, invalid wife that overhears her own murder being plotted in Sorry, Wrong Number (1948) and the doomed concert pianist in The Other Love (1947)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After she moved into television in the 1960s, she won three Emmy Awards \u2013 for The Barbara Stanwyck Show (1961), the western series"}, {"section_header": "Television career", "text": "She was billed in the series' opening credits as \"Miss Barbara Stanwyck\" for her role as Victoria, the widowed matriarch of the wealthy Barkley family."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Barbara Stanwyck (born Ruby Catherine Stevens; July 16, 1907 \u2013 January 20, 1990) was an American actress, model and dancer."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Marriages and relationships", "text": "A botched abortion at the age of 15 had resulted in complications which left Stanwyck unable to have children, according to her biographer."}], "text": "Barbara Stanwyck was not able to have kids due to a procedure that went wrong while she was a teenager.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Barbara Stanwyck"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Iron Maiden are an English heavy metal band formed in Leyton, East London, in 1975 by bassist and primary songwriter Steve Harris."}], "id": "6QY0D7V6Gu7m3w6nWWna", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Early years (1975\u20131978)", "text": "Afterwards, Iron Maiden fired Purkis and replaced him with Doug Sampson."}, {"section_header": "History | Record contract and early releases (1978\u20131981)", "text": "Shortly afterwards, Doug Sampson left due to health issues, and was replaced by ex-Samson drummer Clive Burr at Stratton's suggestion on 26 December 1979."}, {"section_header": "History | Early years (1975\u20131978)", "text": "Harris, Murray, and Sampson spent the summer and autumn of 1978 rehearsing while they searched for a singer to complete the band's new line-up."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Iron Maiden. Iron Maiden. Vision On. ISBN 978-1-846-09445-3."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Iron Maiden: Iron Maiden: Running Free. Hal Leonard Corp. ISBN 978-0-946-39184-4."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "The Iron Maidens Bushell, Gary (1985)."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Prato, Greg (2015). Iron Maiden: '"}, {"section_header": "Image and legacy | Appearance in media", "text": "Transformers author Bill Forster is an avowed Iron Maiden fan and made several Iron Maiden references, including song lyrics and the phrase \"Up the Irons\" in his books, including The Ark series and The AllSpark Almanac series."}, {"section_header": "History | Record contract and early releases (1978\u20131981)", "text": "Iron Maiden also appeared, to much acclaim, at the Reading Festival 1980."}, {"section_header": "History | Record contract and early releases (1978\u20131981)", "text": "In 1981, Iron Maiden released their second studio album, Killers."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Iron Maiden are an English heavy metal band formed in Leyton, East London, in 1975 by bassist and primary songwriter Steve Harris."}], "text": "Iron Maiden was started by Doug Sampson.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Iron Maiden"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Composition", "text": "There is still no direct evidence about the composition of the inner core."}, {"section_header": "Physical properties | Temperature", "text": "The temperature of the inner core can be estimated from the melting temperature of impure iron at the pressure which iron is under at the boundary of the inner core (about 330 GPa)."}], "id": "6RuhqTrf4lZykN8j6edu", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Age | Paleomagnetic evidence", "text": "They speculated that the change could be due to the birth of Earth's solid inner core."}, {"section_header": "Data sources | Seismic waves", "text": "Almost all direct measurements that scientists have about the physical properties of the inner core are the seismic waves that pass through it."}, {"section_header": "Physical properties | Viscosity", "text": "Some scientists have therefore considered whether there may be slow convection in the inner core (as is believed to exist in the mantle)."}, {"section_header": "Age | Paleomagnetic evidence", "text": "They further speculate that the change may have been due to growth of the solid inner core between 3.5 and 2 billion years ago."}, {"section_header": "Structure", "text": "Many scientists had initially expected that the inner core would be found to be homogeneous, because that same process should have proceeded uniformly during its entire formation."}, {"section_header": "Age | Paleomagnetic evidence", "text": "Considering other evidence of high frequency of magnetic field reversals around that time, they speculate that those anomalies could be due to the onset of formation of the inner core, which would then be 0.5 billion years old."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Earth's inner core is the innermost geologic layer of the Earth."}, {"section_header": "Data sources | Other sources", "text": "Other sources of information about the inner core include  The magnetic field of the Earth."}, {"section_header": "Physical properties | Density and mass", "text": "That density implies a mass of about 1023 kg for the inner core, which is 1/60 (1.7%) of the mass of the whole Earth."}, {"section_header": "Age", "text": "It is widely believed that the Earth's solid inner core formed out of an initially completely liquid core as the Earth cooled down."}, {"section_header": "Composition", "text": "There is still no direct evidence about the composition of the inner core."}, {"section_header": "Physical properties | Temperature", "text": "The temperature of the inner core can be estimated from the melting temperature of impure iron at the pressure which iron is under at the boundary of the inner core (about 330 GPa)."}], "text": "Scientists can only speculate about the inner core of the Earth.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Inner core"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reaction in the United States", "text": "Federalists called for war, and Democratic-Republicans were left without an effective argument against them, having miscalculated the reason for Adams' secrecy."}], "id": "6cAzjA5j35l9ce5s26oK", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War."}, {"section_header": "Reaction in the United States", "text": "Z. The use of these disguising letters led the business to immediately become known as the \"XYZ Affair."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Popular opinion in the United States on relations with France was divided along largely political lines: Federalists took a hard line, favoring a defensive buildup but not necessarily advocating war, while Democratic-Republicans expressed solidarity with the republican ideals of the French revolutionaries and did not want to be seen as cooperating with the Federalist Adams administration."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "American relations during a special session to be held that May."}, {"section_header": "Political reaction in France", "text": "Talleyrand was called to the Directory to account for his role in the affair."}, {"section_header": "Reaction in the United States", "text": "Federalists called for war, and Democratic-Republicans were left without an effective argument against them, having miscalculated the reason for Adams' secrecy."}, {"section_header": "Reaction in the United States | Partisan responses", "text": "Federalists were otherwise divided on the question of war, and the Democratic-Republicans painted hawkish Federalists as warmongers seeking to undermine the republic by military means."}, {"section_header": "Reaction in the United States", "text": "Democratic-Republican leaders in Congress, believing Adams had exaggerated the French position because he sought war, united with hawkish Federalists to demand the release of the commissioners' dispatches."}, {"section_header": "Political reaction in France", "text": "Gerry, in his private report on the affair to Adams in 1799, claimed credit for maintaining the peace, and for influencing significant changes in French policy that lessened the hostilities and eventually brought a peace treaty."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "They also attacked the Democratic-Republicans for their pro-French stance, and Gerry (a nonpartisan at the time) for what they saw as his role in the commission's failure."}], "text": "During the XYZ Affair, the republicans wanted to go to war with France.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "XYZ Affair"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Sound", "text": "For the sound of wind in the storm as the ship rounds Cape Horn, King devised a wooden frame rigged with one thousand feet of line and set it in the back of a pickup truck."}], "id": "6eRsnautjlO0x8XrYxRl", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "\"The Far Side of the World (Master and Commander)\"."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "McGregor, Tom (2003). The Making of Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World is a 2003 American epic period war-drama film co-written, produced and directed by Peter Weir, set in the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"section_header": "Production | Sound", "text": "Sound designer Richard King earned Master and Commander an Oscar for its sound effects by going to great lengths to record realistic sounds, particularly for the battle scenes and the storm scenes."}, {"section_header": "Production | Sound", "text": "For the sound of wind in the storm as the ship rounds Cape Horn, King devised a wooden frame rigged with one thousand feet of line and set it in the back of a pickup truck."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "The film combines elements from 13 different novels of Patrick O'Brian, but the basic plot mostly comes from The Far Side of the World."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "The film is drawn from the Aubrey-Maturin novels by Patrick O'Brian, but matches the events in no one novel."}, {"section_header": "Production | Sound", "text": "They also recorded the sounds of bar shot and grape shot passing overhead, and later mixed the sounds of all three types of shot for the battle scenes."}, {"section_header": "Production | Sound", "text": "Instead, they returned to Los Angeles and there recorded sounds of wooden barrels being destroyed."}, {"section_header": "Production | Sound", "text": "King sometimes added the \"crack\" of a rifle shot to punctuate the sound of a cannonball hitting a ship's hull."}], "text": "For the film Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, sound engineers recreated what ropes on sails would have sounded like on the ocean.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "Brubeck died of heart failure on December 5, 2012, in Norwalk, Connecticut, one day before his 92nd birthday."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "He was on his way to a cardiology appointment, accompanied by his son Darius."}], "id": "6kESFDyqx1fZ8v4bATTG", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "What began as a special archive, consisting of the personal document collection of the Brubecks, has since expanded to provide fellowships and educational opportunities in jazz for students, also leading to having one of the main streets on which the school resides named in his honor, Dave Brubeck Way."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "He was on his way to a cardiology appointment, accompanied by his son Darius."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Many of his compositions have become jazz standards including \"In Your Own Sweet Way\" and \"The Duke\"."}, {"section_header": "Early life and career", "text": "He created one of the U.S. armed forces' first racially integrated bands, \"The Wolfpack\"."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "Brubeck died of heart failure on December 5, 2012, in Norwalk, Connecticut, one day before his 92nd birthday."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Appearing on one of the top-selling jazz albums, Time Out, and written in 54 time"}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "noted that he \"was one of Jazz's first pop stars\", even though he was not always happy with his fame."}, {"section_header": "Recognition", "text": "In 2010, Bruce Ricker and Clint Eastwood produced Dave Brubeck: In His Own Sweet Way, a documentary about Brubeck for Turner Classic Movies (TCM) to commemorate his 90th birthday in December 2010."}, {"section_header": "Early life and career", "text": "Please go there. Stop wasting my time and yours.\" Later, Brubeck was nearly expelled when one of his professors discovered that he could not read music on sight."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "Mayor Dan Helix favorably recalled one of his performances at the park, saying: \"He will be with us forever because his music will never die.\"While"}], "text": "Brubeck passed due to cardiac arrest on his way to see his cardiologist.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Dave Brubeck"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Crest", "text": "Therefore, in 2002 they introduced a new crest featuring more modern curved lines and a simplified style, which was copyrightable."}], "id": "6nmIsprQceZzf1pbSgyo", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Crest", "text": "Arsenal eventually sought a more comprehensive legal protection."}, {"section_header": "Crest", "text": "Although the club had managed to register the crest as a trademark, and had fought (and eventually won) a long legal battle with a local street trader who sold \"unofficial\" Arsenal merchandise,"}, {"section_header": "Crest", "text": "The celebrations included a modified version of the current crest worn on their jerseys for the season."}, {"section_header": "Arsenal Women", "text": "Akers currently holds the role of Honorary President of Arsenal Women."}, {"section_header": "Crest", "text": "Because of the numerous revisions of the crest, Arsenal were unable to copyright it."}, {"section_header": "Crest", "text": "The new crest was criticised by some supporters; the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association claimed that the club had ignored much of Arsenal's history and tradition with such a radical modern design, and that fans had not been properly consulted on the issue."}, {"section_header": "Crest", "text": "From 1967, a white cannon was regularly worn on the shirts, until replaced by the club crest, sometimes with the addition of the nickname \"The Gunners\", in the 1990s."}, {"section_header": "Crest", "text": "To complete the crest, 1886 and 2011 are shown on either sides of the motto \"Forward\" at the bottom of the crest."}, {"section_header": "Arsenal Women", "text": "Founded as Arsenal Ladies F.C. in 1987 by Vic Akers, they turned semi-professional in 2002 and are currently managed by Clair Wheatley."}, {"section_header": "Crest", "text": "This was dropped after the move to Highbury in 1913, only to be reinstated in 1922, when the club adopted a crest featuring a single cannon, pointing eastwards, with the club's nickname, The Gunners, inscribed alongside it; this crest only lasted until 1925, when the cannon was reversed to point westward and its barrel slimmed down."}, {"section_header": "Crest", "text": "Therefore, in 2002 they introduced a new crest featuring more modern curved lines and a simplified style, which was copyrightable."}], "text": "Arsenal Football Club (F.C.)'s current crest is legally protected.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Arsenal F.C."}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 85% with an average score of 7.61/10, based on 468 reviews."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Audience response", "text": "Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 87% overall positive score and a 68% \"definite recommend\"."}], "id": "6o0ibtyJvfFAyAfF48dQ", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Likewise, Zacharek said, \"There's no pacing in Avengers: Infinity War."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Gleiberman also praised the film's action sequences, saying \"Infinity War brims with tensely spectacular combat sequences, even if the question of who's going to win each one has that extravagantly arbitrary could-Mighty-Mouse-beat-up-Superman? quality\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "criticized the film's reliance on other films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, saying, \"Considered on its own, as a single, nearly 2-hour-40-minute movie, Avengers: Infinity War makes very little sense\", but conceded that it \"was never meant to be viewed or judged in isolation\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Audience response", "text": "Harvey stated that he \"didn't plan on seeing it this many times it just sort of happened\" adding that Infinity War \"just felt so different to anything I've ever seen before, and I just love it so much so have been going as much as I can!\"The"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2016, Marvel shortened the title to Avengers: Infinity War."}, {"section_header": "Marketing", "text": "In January 2018, Marvel Comics published a two-issue prequel comic titled Avengers: Infinity War Prelude, which serves as a bridge between Captain America: Civil War and Avengers: Infinity War."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "\"Avengers: Infinity War ably juggles a dizzying array of MCU heroes in the fight against their gravest threat yet, and the result is a thrilling, emotionally resonant blockbuster that (mostly) realizes its gargantuan ambitions."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "McCarthy called the scale of the action \"astonishing\", and Travers wrote, \"Avengers: Infinity War leaves viewers up in the air, feeling exhilarated and cheated at the same time, aching for a closure that never comes\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers: Infinity War \u2013 Part 1."}, {"section_header": "Release | Theatrical", "text": "Avengers: Infinity War was originally scheduled to be released on May 4, 2018 in the United States."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 85% with an average score of 7.61/10, based on 468 reviews."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Audience response", "text": "Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 87% overall positive score and a 68% \"definite recommend\"."}], "text": "Avengers: Infinity War was loved by everyone, even the critics.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Avengers: Infinity War"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "Set during Christmas 1183 at Henry II of England's castle in Chinon, Anjou, Angevin Empire, the play opens with the arrival of Henry's wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, whom he has had imprisoned since 1173."}], "id": "6sZjV7XTkBt03K3mxrl0", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Lion in Winter is a 1966 play by James Goldman, depicting the personal and political conflicts of Henry II of England, his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, their children and their guests during Christmas 1183."}, {"section_header": "Dramatic adaptations | Pastiches and parodies", "text": "The Fox TV drama Empire is explicitly based on The Lion in Winter."}, {"section_header": "Historicity", "text": "The Lion in Winter is fictional and none of the dialogue and actions are historical; there was not a Christmas Court at Chinon in 1183."}, {"section_header": "Dramatic adaptations | Pastiches and parodies", "text": "A radio parody of The Lion in Winter entitled The Leopard in Autumn by Neil Anthony was originally broadcast in BBC Radio 4 in 2001 and 2002 and"}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Henry II, King of England (Male, 50) \u2013"}, {"section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "Set during Christmas 1183 at Henry II of England's castle in Chinon, Anjou, Angevin Empire, the play opens with the arrival of Henry's wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, whom he has had imprisoned since 1173."}], "text": "The Lion in Winter is set in 12th century England.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "The Lion in Winter"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Childhood", "text": "As a younger son of King Henry II, he was not expected to ascend to the throne."}], "id": "6syx1NchWLYHBtTIx8rJ", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Final years of Henry II's reign", "text": "The following year, Richard attempted to take the throne of England for himself by joining Philip's expedition against his father."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He remains one of the few kings of England remembered more commonly by his epithet than his regnal number, and is an enduring iconic figure both in England and in France."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Childhood", "text": "As a younger son of King Henry II, he was not expected to ascend to the throne."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Heraldry", "text": "The coat of three lions continues to represent England on several coins of the pound sterling, forms the basis of several emblems of English national sports teams (such as the England national football team, and the team's \"Three Lions\" anthem), and endures as one of the most recognisable national symbols of England."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Childhood", "text": "Despite this alliance between the Plantagenets and the Capetians, the dynasty on the French throne, the two houses were sometimes in conflict."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Final years of Henry II's reign", "text": "Two days later Henry II died in Chinon, and Richard the Lionheart succeeded him as King of England, Duke of Normandy, and Count of Anjou."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Modern reception", "text": "During his ten years' reign, he was in England for no more than six months, and was totally absent for the last five years."}, {"section_header": "Life after the Third Crusade | Death", "text": "Richard produced no legitimate heirs and acknowledged only one illegitimate son, Philip of Cognac."}, {"section_header": "Character and sexuality", "text": "Richard did have at least one illegitimate child, and there are reports on his sexual relations with local women during his campaigns."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Childhood", "text": "Richard was born on 8 September 1157, probably at Beaumont Palace, in Oxford, England, son of King Henry II of England and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine."}], "text": "Richard I of England was not supposed to reign on the throne.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Richard I of England"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "George Edward Waddell (October 13, 1876 \u2013 April 1, 1914) was an American southpaw pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB)."}], "id": "6tFfEYbYdkI5wpRFijSH", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Final years", "text": "After his major league career was over, Waddell pitched for parts of three more years in the minor leagues, including a 20-win season for the Minneapolis Millers in 1911."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "He played with various football teams in his later years and had a brief stint as a goalkeeper in the St. Louis Soccer League."}, {"section_header": "Final years", "text": "That same year, while in Minneapolis, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis and moved to live with his sister in San Antonio, Texas."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Over a career spanning 13 years, he played for the Louisville Colonels, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Chicago Orphans in the National League, as well as the Philadelphia Athletics and St. Louis Browns in the American League."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "However, he never played for the football Athletics."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "Shortly after the 1902 baseball season, reports indicated Waddell would play for Connie Mack's Athletics football team."}, {"section_header": "Pitching style", "text": "He actually did so only in exhibition games since official baseball rules prohibit playing with fewer than nine men on the field in regulation play."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "His performance in The Stain of Guilt was notable in that his co-stars, who had realized that he was incapable of memorizing his lines, allowed him to improvise his lines for every show; the play was critically acclaimed and was much discussed for a scene in which Waddell lifted the actor playing the villain and threw him across the stage with ease."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "He was supposed to be pretty good, but we never found out.\" Waddell returned to his family's home in Pennsylvania and played with local football clubs there."}, {"section_header": "Final years", "text": "While in spring training with the Millers, Waddell helped save the city of Hickman, Kentucky from a devastating flood in the spring of 1912."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "George Edward Waddell (October 13, 1876 \u2013 April 1, 1914) was an American southpaw pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB)."}], "text": "Waddell only played for thirteen years.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Rube Waddell"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Minor leagues", "text": "After serving in the U.S. Navy in 1945 and part of 1946, he came back to play for the Fort Worth Cats that year, and also for St. Paul in 1947."}], "id": "6vGBXc8sdg0gXQuUBjtX", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He was a strong-armed quarterback, who reportedly could throw the football 70 yards."}, {"section_header": "Books", "text": "Snider, Duke; Gilbert, Bill (1988)."}, {"section_header": "Books", "text": "The Duke Snider Story. Julian Messner, Inc."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Born in Los Angeles, Snider was nicknamed \"Duke\" by his father at age 5."}, {"section_header": "Minor leagues", "text": "After serving in the U.S. Navy in 1945 and part of 1946, he came back to play for the Fort Worth Cats that year, and also for St. Paul in 1947."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Edwin Donald \"Duke\" Snider (September 19, 1926 \u2013 February 27, 2011), nicknamed \"The Silver Fox\" and \"The Duke of Flatbush\", was an American professional baseball player."}, {"section_header": "Books", "text": "The Duke Of Flatbush. Citadel."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "On April 16, 1963, Snider recorded his 2,000th hit, doing so at Crosley Field against the Cincinnati Reds on a single off Jim Maloney in the 2nd inning."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "He entered the game as a pinch hitter for Tommy Davis in the top of the ninth inning."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "On June 14, he recorded his 400th home run, once again against the Reds, doing so in the first inning off Bob Purkey."}], "text": "Duke Snider served in the United States Armed Forces.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Duke Snider"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Physical characteristics", "text": "Saturn is the only planet of the Solar System that is less dense than water\u2014about 30% less."}], "id": "6vwUqqcf9u1Isf3T1ABl", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It only has one-eighth the average density of Earth; however, with its larger volume, Saturn is over 95 times more massive."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics", "text": "Although Saturn's core is considerably denser than water, the average specific density of the planet is 0.69 g/cm3 due to the atmosphere."}, {"section_header": "Natural satellites | Planetary rings", "text": "One hypothesis is that the rings are remnants of a destroyed moon of Saturn."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics", "text": "Saturn is the only planet of the Solar System that is less dense than water\u2014about 30% less."}, {"section_header": "Orbit and rotation", "text": "With an average orbital speed of 9.68 km/s, it takes Saturn 10,759 Earth days (or about \u200b29 1\u20442 years) to finish one revolution around the Sun."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Saturn's magnetic field strength is around one-twentieth of Jupiter's."}, {"section_header": "Observation", "text": "The Moon's orbit is inclined by several degrees relative to Saturn's, so occultations will only occur when Saturn is near one of the points in the sky where the two planes intersect (both the length of Saturn's year and the 18.6-Earth year nodal precession period of the Moon's orbit influence the periodicity)."}, {"section_header": "Observation", "text": "Both the Earth and Saturn orbit the Sun on eccentric orbits, which means their distances from the Sun vary over time, and therefore so do their distances from each other, hence varying the brightness of Saturn from one opposition to the next."}, {"section_header": "Natural satellites", "text": "Evidence of this possibility includes the satellite's salt-rich particles having an \"ocean-like\" composition that indicates most of Enceladus's expelled ice comes from the evaporation of liquid salt water."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Magnetosphere", "text": "Its strength at the equator \u2013 0.2 gauss (20 \u00b5T) \u2013 is approximately one twentieth of that of the field around Jupiter and slightly weaker than Earth's magnetic field."}], "text": "Saturn is one of two planets that on average have less density than water.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Saturn"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "My Fair Lady has been called \"the perfect musical\"."}], "id": "70T1yGB4Tv0fyiRN92Ie", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "My Fair Lady is a musical based on George Bernard Shaw's 1913 play Pygmalion, with book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner and music by Frederick Loewe."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "My Fair Lady has been called \"the perfect musical\"."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Recalling that the Gershwins' 1925 musical Tell Me More had been titled My Fair Lady in its out-of-town tryout, and also had a musical number under that title, Lerner made a courtesy call to Ira Gershwin, alerting him to the use of the title for the Lerner and Loewe musical."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "After Shaw died in 1950, Pascal asked lyricist Alan Jay Lerner to write the musical adaptation."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "In the mid-1930s, film producer Gabriel Pascal acquired the rights to produce film versions of several of George Bernard Shaw's plays, Pygmalion among them."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Lerner settled on the title My Fair Lady, relating both to one of Shaw's provisional titles for Pygmalion, Fair Eliza, and to the final line of every verse of the nursery rhyme \"London Bridge Is Falling Down\"."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "However, Chase Manhattan Bank was in charge of Pascal's estate, and the musical rights to Pygmalion were sought both by Lerner and Loewe and by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, whose executives called Lerner to discourage him from challenging the studio."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Lerner agreed, and he and his partner Frederick Loewe began work."}, {"section_header": "Productions | 1970s revivals", "text": "The revival was produced by Cameron Mackintosh and directed by the author, Alan Jay Lerner."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Many people, including Oscar Hammerstein II, who, with Richard Rodgers, had also tried his hand at adapting Pygmalion into a musical and had given up, told Lerner that converting the play to a musical was impossible, so he and Loewe abandoned the project for two years."}], "text": "My Fair Lady is a musical based on George Bernard Shaw's 1913 play Pygmalion, with book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner and music by Frederick Loewe, and has been called \"the perfect musical\".", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "My Fair Lady"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 8, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He currently serves as a special assistant to the General Manager of the Detroit Tigers."}], "id": "71X6erSYbI2nrw8ALhC4", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Return to Detroit Tigers", "text": "During the 2015 season, Trammell served as interim first-base coach when Omar Vizquel temporarily left the team on bereavement leave."}, {"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Return to Detroit Tigers", "text": "Trammell continues to serve as a special assistant to current Tigers' general manager Al Avila."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He currently serves as a special assistant to the General Manager of the Detroit Tigers."}, {"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Return to Detroit Tigers", "text": "On November 3, 2014, it was announced that Trammell would return to Detroit as a special assistant to Tigers' general manager Dave Dombrowski."}, {"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Detroit Tigers", "text": "Alan Trammell was named the manager of a struggling Tigers team on October 9, 2002."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Later years, injuries and retirement", "text": "He served as the bench coach for the Arizona Diamondbacks under former teammate Kirk Gibson until returning to the Tigers in late 2014 as a special assistant to the general manager."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Later years, injuries and retirement", "text": "After his retirement, Trammell coached for Detroit (1999, hitting coach), the San Diego Padres (2000\u20132002, first base coach), and managed the Tigers (2003\u20132005)."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Later years, injuries and retirement", "text": "He instead saw playing time at multiple defensive positions, including shortstop, third base, second base, left field, center field, and designated hitter."}, {"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Detroit Tigers", "text": "While there was some media criticism regarding Trammell's managerial strategies and \"nice\" demeanor, others contend that he was a rookie manager put in charge of a team that was severely lacking in talent, and believe his managerial stint played an integral role in re-instilling professionalism and pride throughout the Detroit organization."}, {"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Detroit Tigers", "text": "The team lost 119 games in his first season in 2003, an American League record, before posting a 72\u201390 record in 2004."}], "text": "Trammell is an assistant for the Detroit Tigers and served as a 1st base coach temporarily when Vizquel left the team. l", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 9, "wikipedia_page": "Alan Trammell"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It aired on NBC from March 24, 2005, to May 16, 2013, lasting a total of nine seasons."}], "id": "75R7Hkm0dCA1l4hrW82L", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Other media | Online releases", "text": "In 2006, ten internet-exclusive webisodes featuring some of the characters on The Office aired on NBC.com. \" Producer's Cuts\" (containing approximately ten additional minutes of material) of the episodes \"Branch Closing\" and"}, {"section_header": "Reception and legacy | Critical reviews and commentary", "text": "The last few seasons were criticized for a dip in quality."}, {"section_header": "Season synopses | Season 3", "text": "The season starts with a brief flashback to (and additional footage from) the last episode of season 2, \"Casino Night\", when Jim kissed Pam and confessed his feelings for her."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It aired on NBC from March 24, 2005, to May 16, 2013, lasting a total of nine seasons."}, {"section_header": "Reception and legacy | Critical reviews and commentary", "text": "It later named it the thirteenth most mentioned series on \"Best of Decade\" top-ten lists."}, {"section_header": "Season synopses | Season 6", "text": "In the season finale, Dwight buys the office park."}, {"section_header": "Product placement", "text": "The appearance of Second Life in the episode \"Local Ad\" was rated eighth in the top ten most effective product placements of 2007."}, {"section_header": "Reception and legacy | Critical reviews and commentary", "text": "Time's James Poniewozik named it the second-best TV series of 2006, and the sixth-best returning series of 2007, out of ten TV series."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development and writing", "text": "He had briefly considered using the idea for \"The Dundies\" as the pilot episode."}, {"section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "Some episodes of the series use a shortened version of the theme song."}], "text": "The Office (US) did last for ten seasons.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Office (US)"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A noted comedian, she won all five Golden Globes for which she was nominated."}], "id": "7FZLFc0n1M32L5GmKwBf", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Catherine Rosalind Russell (June 4, 1907 \u2013 November 28, 1976) was an American actress, comedian, screenwriter and singer, known for her role as fast-talking newspaper reporter Hildy Johnson in the Howard Hawks screwball comedy"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A noted comedian, she won all five Golden Globes for which she was nominated."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "The film was a major hit, boosting her career and establishing her reputation as a comedian."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "Rosalind Russell has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, in the 1700 block of Vine Street."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "Russell scored a big hit on Broadway with her Tony Award-winning performance in Wonderful Town (1953), a musical version of her successful film of a decade earlier, My Sister Eileen."}, {"section_header": "Early years", "text": "Catherine Rosalind Russell was one of seven children born in Waterbury, Connecticut, to James Edward, a lawyer, and Clara A. Russell (n\u00e9e McKnight), a teacher."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In addition to her success as a comedic lead, Russell was known for playing dramatic characters, especially wealthy, dignified, ladylike women, being one of the few actresses of her time who regularly played professional women such as judges, reporters, and psychiatrists."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "In 2009, the documentary film Life Is a Banquet: The Life of Rosalind Russell, narrated by Kathleen Turner, was shown at film festivals across the U.S. and on some PBS stations."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "One critic wrote: \"Rosalind Russell as the 'other woman' in the story gives an intelligent and deft handling to her scenes with Young.\" She quickly rose to fame, and by 1935, was seen as a replacement for actress Myrna Loy, as she took many roles for which Loy was initially set."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "Patrick Dennis dedicated his second Auntie Mame novel Around the World with Auntie Mame to \"the one and only Rosalind Russell\" in 1958.She continued to appear in movies through the mid-1960s, including Picnic (1955), A Majority of One (1961), Five Finger Exercise (1962), Gypsy (1962), and The Trouble with Angels (1966)."}], "text": "Rosalind Russell was successful as a comedian.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Rosalind Russell"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History", "text": "The statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms, a symbol of peace, was chosen."}], "id": "7bwN2sSKyGPeHQXcafJR", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History", "text": "In 1922, Landowski commissioned fellow Parisian Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida, who studied sculpture at the Fine Arts Conservatory in Bucharest and in Italy."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Work included cleaning, replacing the mortar and soapstone on the exterior, restoring iron in the internal structure, and waterproofing the monument."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The statue's internal structure was renovated and its soapstone mosaic covering was restored by removing a crust of fungi and other microorganisms and repairing small cracks."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms, a symbol of peace, was chosen."}], "text": "International desginers were not hired for desgining the sculpture.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Christ the Redeemer (statue)"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2011 erotic romance novel by British author E. L. James."}], "id": "7fKDjbszJWF9XTKYGE7U", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "In December 2012, it won both \"Popular Fiction\" and \"Book of the Year\" categories in the UK National Book Awards."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Salman Rushdie said about the book: \"I've never read anything so badly written that got published."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2011 erotic romance novel by British author E. L. James."}, {"section_header": "Background and publication", "text": "The piece featured characters named after Twilight author Stephenie Meyer's characters in Twilight, Edward Cullen and Bella Swan."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Controversy", "text": "The authors could not conclude whether women already experiencing these \"problems\" were drawn to the series, or if the series influenced these behaviours to occur after reading by creating underlying context."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "It made Twilight look like War and Peace.\" Maureen Dowd described the book in The New York Times as being written \"like a Bront\u00eb devoid of talent,\" and said it was \"dull and poorly written.\" Jesse Kornbluth of The Huffington Post said: \"As a reading experience, Fifty Shades ... is a sad joke, puny of plot\".Princeton professor April Alliston wrote, \"Though no literary masterpiece, Fifty Shades is more than parasitic fan fiction based on the recent Twilight vampire series.\" Entertainment Weekly writer Lisa Schwarzbaum gave the book a \"B+\" rating and praised it for being \"in a class by itself."}, {"section_header": "Background and publication", "text": "On 1 August 2012, Amazon UK announced that it had sold more copies of Fifty Shades of Grey than it had any individual book in the Harry Potter series, though worldwide the Harry Potter series sold more than 450 million copies compared with Fifty Shades of Grey's sales of 60 million copies."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "\" British author Jenny Colgan in The Guardian wrote \"It is jolly, eminently readable and as sweet and safe as BDSM (bondage, discipline, sadism and masochism) erotica can be without contravening the trade descriptions act\" and also praised the book for being \"more enjoyable\" than other \"literary erotic books\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Censorship", "text": "Dr. Drew commented that the book was \"horribly written\" in addition to being \"disturbing\" but stated that \"if the book enhances women's real-life sex lives and intimacy, so be it.\" In March 2012, branches of the public library in Brevard County, Florida, removed copies of Fifty Shades of Grey from their shelves, with an official statement that it did not meet the selection criteria for the library and that reviews for the book had been poor."}], "text": "It was written by an author from the U.K.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Fifty Shades of Grey"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "By 1861, both of Wilson's parents had come to fully identify with the Southern United States and they supported the Confederacy during the American Civil War."}], "id": "7fMv4Y09hfPVCmIwJlS2", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Wilson's parents gave him the nickname \"Tommy\", which he used through his undergraduate college years."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "Prospect House, Wilson's residence during part of his tenure at Princeton, is also a National Historic Landmark."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "By 1861, both of Wilson's parents had come to fully identify with the Southern United States and they supported the Confederacy during the American Civil War."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Though Wilson's parents placed a high value on education, he struggled with reading and writing until the age of thirteen, possibly because of developmental dyslexia."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1913\u22121921) | World War I | The Fourteen Points", "text": "In this goal, he was opposed not just by the Central Powers, but also the other Allied Powers, who, to various degrees, sought to win concessions and oppose a punitive peace agreement on the Central Powers."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "The Woodrow Wilson Foundation was established to honor Wilson's legacy, but it was terminated in 1993."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His grandfather James Wilson published a pro-tariff and anti-slavery newspaper, The Western Herald and Gazette."}, {"section_header": "Works cited | Historiography", "text": "Saunders, Robert M. \u201cHistory, Health and Herons: The Historiography of Woodrow Wilson's Personality and Decision-Making.\u201d"}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1913\u22121921) | New Freedom domestic agenda | Territories and immigration", "text": "Wilson's progressivism encouraged his belief that immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, though often poor and illiterate, could assimilate into a homogeneous white middle class, and he opposed the restrictive immigration policies that many members of both parties favored."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1913\u22121921) | Aftermath of World War I | Ratification debate and incapacity", "text": "Fourteen senators, mostly Republicans, were known as the \"irreconcilables\" as they completely opposed U.S. entrance into the League of Nations."}], "text": "Woodrow Wilson's parents staunchly opposed slavery and were part of the first abolitionists.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Woodrow Wilson"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Faulkner's fifth novel, it is consistently ranked among the best novels of 20th-century literature."}], "id": "7h4liOiqqiFGv9Q2Bx4U", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Significance", "text": "As I Lay Dying derived its name from this novel."}, {"section_header": "Background and literary techniques", "text": "As I Lay Dying helped to solidify Faulkner's reputation as a pioneer, like James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, of stream of consciousness."}, {"section_header": "Significance", "text": "As I Lay Dying is consistently ranked among the best novels of 20th-century literature."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "As I Lay Dying is a 1930 Southern Gothic novel by American author William Faulkner."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Faulkner's fifth novel, it is consistently ranked among the best novels of 20th-century literature."}, {"section_header": "Significance", "text": "Dying 35th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The title derives from Book XI of Homer's Odyssey (William Marris's 1925 translation) , wherein Agamemnon tells Odysseus: \"As I lay dying, the woman with the dog's eyes would not close my eyes as I descended into Hades.\" The novel utilizes stream of consciousness writing technique, multiple narrators, and varying chapter lengths."}, {"section_header": "Significance", "text": "In 1998, the Modern Library ranked As I Lay"}, {"section_header": "Significance", "text": "The character Darl Bundren also appeared in Faulkner's 1935 short story \"Uncle Willy\"."}, {"section_header": "Background and literary techniques", "text": "He first used the technique in The Sound and the Fury, and it gives As I Lay"}], "text": "As I Lay Dying is Faulkner's 6th novel.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "As I Lay Dying"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life | Early years", "text": "Gauss later solved this puzzle about his birthdate in the context of finding the date of Easter, deriving methods to compute the date in both past and future years."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Early years", "text": "His mother was illiterate and never recorded the date of his birth, remembering only that he had been born on a Wednesday, eight days before the Feast of the Ascension (which occurs 39 days after Easter)."}], "id": "7j4lWAw8TBwrpPrYm4B8", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (; German: Gau\u00df"}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Early years", "text": "Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss was born on 30 April 1777 in Brunswick (Braunschweig), in the Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel (now part of Lower Saxony, Germany), to poor, working-class parents."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Early years", "text": "His mother was illiterate and never recorded the date of his birth, remembering only that he had been born on a Wednesday, eight days before the Feast of the Ascension (which occurs 39 days after Easter)."}, {"section_header": "Commemorations", "text": "Carl Friedrich Gauss, who also introduced the so-called Gaussian logarithms, sometimes gets confused with Friedrich Gustav Gauss (1829\u20131915), a German geologist, who also published some well-known logarithm tables used up into the early 1980s."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Personality", "text": "On Gauss's recommendation, Friedrich Bessel was awarded an honorary doctor degree from G\u00f6ttingen in March 1811."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Family", "text": "His mother lived in his house from 1817 until her death in 1839.Gauss eventually had conflicts with his sons."}, {"section_header": "Writings", "text": "[Introduces Gauss's lemma, uses it in the third proof of quadratic reciprocity]"}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Religious views", "text": "Dunnington further elaborates on Gauss's religious views by writing: Gauss's religious consciousness was based on an insatiable thirst for truth and a deep feeling of justice extending to intellectual as well as material goods."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Religious views", "text": "Two religious works which Gauss read frequently were Braubach's Seelenlehre (Giessen, 1843) and S\u00fcssmilch's Gottliche (Ordnung gerettet A756); he also devoted considerable time to the New Testament in the original Greek."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Religious views", "text": "Potential evidence that Gauss believed in God comes from his response after solving a problem that had previously defeated him: \"Finally, two days ago, I succeeded\u2014not on account of my hard efforts, but by the grace of the Lord.\" One of his biographers, G. Waldo Dunnington, described Gauss's religious views as follows: For him science was the means of exposing the immortal nucleus of the human soul."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Early years", "text": "Gauss later solved this puzzle about his birthdate in the context of finding the date of Easter, deriving methods to compute the date in both past and future years."}], "text": "Carl Friedrich Gauss's mother could not read or write and he had to solve when he was born.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Carl Friedrich Gauss"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Frame of reference", "text": "The speed, and thus the kinetic energy of a single object is frame-dependent (relative): it can take any non-negative value, by choosing a suitable inertial frame of reference."}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Frame of reference", "text": "For example, a bullet passing an observer has kinetic energy in the reference frame of this observer."}], "id": "7l7dAWLrVC3errPpQQ5I", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of rigid bodies", "text": "For example, one would calculate the kinetic energy of an 80 kg mass (about 180 lbs) traveling at 18 metres per second (about 40 mph, or 65 km/h) as                                    E"}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of rigid bodies", "text": "In SI units, mass is measured in kilograms, speed in metres per second, and the resulting kinetic energy is in joules."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The standard unit of kinetic energy is the joule, while the imperial unit of kinetic energy is the foot-pound."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic energy unless its speed changes."}, {"section_header": "Overview", "text": "Kinetic energy can be passed from one object to another."}, {"section_header": "Overview", "text": "Alternatively, the cyclist could connect a dynamo to one of the wheels and generate some electrical energy on the descent."}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of rigid bodies | Derivation", "text": "\\cdot d\\mathbf {p} \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} = \\mathbf {v} \\cdot d(m\\mathbf {v} ) \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} = \\mathbf {v} \\cdot d(m\\mathbf {v} ) \\,,}   where we have assumed the relationship p = m v and the validity of Newton's Second Law. (However, also see the special relativistic derivation below.) \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} = \\mathbf {v} \\cdot d(m\\mathbf {v} ) \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} = \\mathbf {v} \\cdot d(m\\mathbf {v} ) \\,,}   where we have assumed the relationship p = m v and the validity of Newton's Second Law. (However, also see the special relativistic derivation below.) Applying the product rule we see that:                         d \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} = \\mathbf {v} \\cdot d(m\\mathbf {v} ) \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} = \\mathbf {v} \\cdot d(m\\mathbf {v} ) \\,,}   where we have assumed the relationship p = m v and the validity of Newton's Second Law. (However, also see the special relativistic derivation below.) \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} = \\mathbf {v} \\cdot d(m\\mathbf {v} ) \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} = \\mathbf {v} \\cdot d(m\\mathbf {v} ) \\,,}   where we have assumed the relationship p = m v and the validity of Newton's Second Law. (However, also see the special relativistic derivation below.) Applying the product rule we see that:                         d (                    v                  \u22c5                    v                  )         = \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} = \\mathbf {v} \\cdot d(m\\mathbf {v} ) \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} = \\mathbf {v} \\cdot d(m\\mathbf {v} ) \\,,}   where we have assumed the relationship p = m v and the validity of Newton's Second Law. (However, also see the special relativistic derivation below.) \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} = \\mathbf {v} \\cdot d(m\\mathbf {v} ) \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} = \\mathbf {v} \\cdot d(m\\mathbf {v} ) \\,,}   where we have assumed the relationship p = m v and the validity of Newton's Second Law. (However, also see the special relativistic derivation below.) Applying the product rule we see that:                         d \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} = \\mathbf {v} \\cdot d(m\\mathbf {v} ) \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} = \\mathbf {v} \\cdot d(m\\mathbf {v} ) \\,,}   where we have assumed the relationship p = m v and the validity of Newton's Second Law. (However, also see the special relativistic derivation below.) \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} = \\mathbf {v} \\cdot d(m\\mathbf {v} ) \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} \\cdot d\\mathbf {p} = \\mathbf {v} \\cdot d(m\\mathbf {v} ) \\,,}   where we have assumed the relationship p = m v and the validity of Newton's Second Law. (However, also see the special relativistic derivation below.) Applying the product rule we see that:                         d (                    v                  \u22c5                    v                  )         = (         d                    v                  )         \u22c5                    v                  +                    v                  \u22c5 (         d                    v                  ) ="}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of rigid bodies", "text": "However the total energy of an isolated system, i.e. one in which energy can neither enter nor leave, does not change over time in the reference frame in which it is measured."}, {"section_header": "Kinetic energy in quantum mechanics", "text": "For one particle of mass m, the kinetic energy operator appears as a term in the Hamiltonian and is defined in terms of the more fundamental momentum operator                                                                p"}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of rigid bodies", "text": "In classical mechanics, the kinetic energy of a point object (an object so small that its mass can be assumed to exist at one point), or a non-rotating rigid body depends on the mass of the body as well as its speed."}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Frame of reference", "text": "The speed, and thus the kinetic energy of a single object is frame-dependent (relative): it can take any non-negative value, by choosing a suitable inertial frame of reference."}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Frame of reference", "text": "For example, a bullet passing an observer has kinetic energy in the reference frame of this observer."}], "text": "A baseball thrown past a second baseman with a foot on the base does not have  kinetic energy in the eyes of the second baseman.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Kinetic energy"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Honours and legacy", "text": "Vaughan Williams refused a knighthood at least once, and declined the post of Master of the King's Music after Elgar's death."}], "id": "7lVh05SemrVm3zpbKlNc", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Honours and legacy", "text": "The one state honour he accepted was the Order of Merit in 1935, which confers no prenominal title: he preferred to remain \"Dr Vaughan Williams\"."}, {"section_header": "Honours and legacy", "text": "Vaughan Williams refused a knighthood at least once, and declined the post of Master of the King's Music after Elgar's death."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Early years", "text": "The judges Sir Edward and Sir Roland Vaughan Williams were respectively Arthur's father and brother."}, {"section_header": "Music | Stage works", "text": "\"In Kennedy's view the one-act Riders to the Sea (1925\u20131931, premiered 1937) is artistically Vaughan Williams's most successful opera; Saylor names Sir John in Love for that distinction, but rates Riders to the Sea as one of the composer's finest works in any genre."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Early career", "text": "In 1899 Vaughan Williams passed the examination for the degree of Doctor of Music at Cambridge; the title was formally conferred on him in 1901."}, {"section_header": "Music | Stage works", "text": "In addition to his love of poetry, Vaughan Williams's vocal music is inspired by his lifelong belief that the voice \"can be made the medium of the best and deepest human emotion.\" Vaughan Williams was wary of conventional labels; his best known ballet is described on the title page as \"a masque for dancing\" and only one of his operatic works is categorised by the composer simply as an opera."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Early years", "text": "Arthur Vaughan Williams died suddenly in February 1875, and his widow took the children to live in her family home, Leith Hill Place, Wotton, Surrey."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Inter-war years", "text": "During the war Vaughan Williams stopped writing music, and after returning to civilian life he took some time before feeling ready to compose new works."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Inter-war years", "text": "In 1919 he accepted an invitation from Hugh Allen, who had succeeded Parry as director, to teach composition at the RCM; he remained on the faculty of the college for the next twenty years."}, {"section_header": "Music | Symphonies | Sea, London and Pastoral Symphonies (1910\u20131922)", "text": "The first three symphonies, to which Vaughan Williams assigned titles rather than numbers, form a sub-group within the nine, having programmatic elements, absent from the later six."}], "text": "Williams accepted a knighthood proudly and took on the title Sir.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Ralph Vaughan Williams"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was first published in English and French in the US by Reynal & Hitchcock in April 1943, and posthumously in France following the liberation of France as Saint-Exup\u00e9ry's works had been banned by the Vichy Regime."}], "id": "7mK4PAH2dnrkLzQs3guK", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Background", "text": "After France's defeat in 1940 and its armistice with Germany, he and Consuelo fled Occupied France and sojourned in North America, with Saint-Exup\u00e9ry first arriving by himself at the very end of December 1940."}, {"section_header": "Background | Illustrations", "text": "Most often the diminutive figure was expressed as \"...a slip of a boy with a turned up nose, lots of hair, long baggy pants that were too short for him and with a long scarf that whipped in the wind."}, {"section_header": "Background | Reception", "text": "\" Addressing whether it was written for children or adults, Reynal & Hitchcock promoted it ambiguously, saying that as far as they were concerned \"it's the new book by Saint-Exup\u00e9ry\", adding to its dustcover \"There are few stories which in some way, in some degree, change the world forever for their readers."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations and sequels", "text": "Other: a number of musical references, game boards and a video game version of the novella have been released."}, {"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions", "text": "Commemorating the novella's 70th anniversary of publication, in conjunction with the 2014 Morgan Exhibition, \u00c9ditions Gallimard released a complete facsimile edition of Saint-Exup\u00e9ry's original handwritten manuscript entitled Le Manuscrit du Petit Prince d'Antoine de Saint-Exup\u00e9ry: Facsimil\u00e9 et Transcription, edited by Alban Cerisier and Delphine Lacroix."}, {"section_header": "Honours and legacy | Numismatics and philatelic", "text": "Additionally, a 100-franc commemorative coin was also released in 2000, with Saint-Exup\u00e9ry's image on its obverse, and that of the Little Prince on its reverse."}, {"section_header": "Inspirations | Events and characters", "text": "In a letter written to his sister Didi from the Western Sahara's Cape Juby, where he was the manager of an airmail stopover station in 1928, he tells of raising a fennec that he adored."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations and sequels", "text": "Another sequel titled The Return of the Little Prince was written by former actress Ysatis de Saint-Simone, niece of Consuelo de Saint Exupery."}, {"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions | Spanish editions", "text": "Other Spanish editions have also been created; in 1956 the Mexican publisher Diana released its first edition of the book, El peque\u00f1o pr\u00edncipe, a Spanish translation by Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Franc\u00e9s."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations and sequels", "text": "In 2015, a major new 3D film, combining computer animation and stop motion animation, was released as The Little Prince in English and Le Petit Prince in French."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was first published in English and French in the US by Reynal & Hitchcock in April 1943, and posthumously in France following the liberation of France as Saint-Exup\u00e9ry's works had been banned by the Vichy Regime."}], "text": "This short story was written and released to the public in the 1940s.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Little Prince"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Style and genre", "text": "Dreiser has often been critiqued for his writing style."}, {"section_header": "General reception", "text": "Though Dreiser has been criticized for his writing style and lack of formal education, Sister Carrie remains an influential example of naturalism and realism."}], "id": "7nJXlBewbVj4nUrwz6ys", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Publication history and response", "text": "\"In 1998, the Modern Library ranked Sister Carrie 33rd on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century."}, {"section_header": "Style and genre", "text": "Lydon said that Dreiser's intent was to focus on the message of Sister Carrie, not on its writing style."}, {"section_header": "Style and genre", "text": "Theodore Dreiser is considered one of America's greatest naturalists, significant because he wrote at the early stages of the naturalist movement."}, {"section_header": "Style and genre", "text": "Dreiser has often been critiqued for his writing style."}, {"section_header": "Style and genre", "text": "Dreiser fought against censorship of Sister Carrie, brought about because Carrie engaged in affairs and other \"illicit sexual relationships\" without suffering any consequences."}, {"section_header": "Style and genre", "text": "Sister Carrie went against social and moral norms of the time, as Dreiser presented his characters without judging them."}, {"section_header": "Style and genre", "text": "Sister Carrie was a movement away from the emphasis on morals of the Victorian era and focused more on realism and the base instincts of humans."}, {"section_header": "General reception", "text": "Though Dreiser has been criticized for his writing style and lack of formal education, Sister Carrie remains an influential example of naturalism and realism."}, {"section_header": "Style and genre", "text": "In 1930 Arnold Bennett said, \"Dreiser simply does not know how to write, never did know, never wanted to know.\" Other critics called his style \"vulgar\", \"uneven\", \"clumsy\", \"awkward\", and \"careless\"."}, {"section_header": "General reception", "text": "Mencken believed that Dreiser's raw, honest portrayal of Carrie's life should be seen as a courageous attempt to give the reader a realistic view of the life of women in the nineteenth century."}], "text": "Sister Carrie, is written in the popular romantic style of the early 20th century.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Sister Carrie"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Pre-production", "text": "Osborne committed \u00a325 million of public money towards the film, claiming it was a boost for British culture and the film industry."}], "id": "7pGjEzwjhN84HEqGIIz3", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Release | Video games", "text": "The Force Awakens is the first Star Wars film to not have a direct tie-in game to accompany it."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Star Wars: The Force Awakens (also known as Star Wars: Episode VII \u2013 The Force Awakens) is a 2015 American epic space opera film produced, co-written and directed by J. J. Abrams."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Box office", "text": "Star Wars: The Force Awakens grossed $936.7 million in the United States and Canada, and $1.132 billion in other countries for a worldwide total of $2.068 billion."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Star Wars: The Force Awakens received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Box office | Commercial analysis", "text": "The cost of the film was subsidized by \u00a331.6 million (US$47 million) from the UK film incentive program."}, {"section_header": "Production | Pre-production", "text": "Representatives from Lucasfilm met with Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne to agree to produce The Force Awakens in the UK."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "\"Certain critics found The Force Awakens derivative of the original Star Wars trilogy, some expressing their opinion that the film was essentially a remake of A New Hope."}, {"section_header": "Production | Pre-production", "text": "Osborne committed \u00a325 million of public money towards the film, claiming it was a boost for British culture and the film industry."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Box office | Commercial analysis", "text": "The Star Wars franchise has traditionally lacked resonance with filmgoers in China, and marketing for The Force Awakens heavily focused on appealing to that market."}, {"section_header": "Release | Marketing", "text": "On December 17, 2015, select theaters across North America aired a Star Wars marathon, airing the six previous Star Wars episode films in 2D, followed by The Force Awakens in 3D. Attendees received a special lanyard featuring exclusive marathon art."}], "text": "The U.K contributed twenty-five millions pounds toward the filming of Star Wars: The Force Awakens.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Star Wars: The Force Awakens"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Man Who Came to Dinner is a comedy in three acts by George S. Kaufman and Moss Hart."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "The exposition reveals that the famously outlandish New York City radio wit Sheridan Whiteside ('Sherry' to his friends) is invited to dine at the house of the well-to-do factory owner Ernest W. Stanley and his family."}], "id": "7sla06eNwHU1yQvsrbBm", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Influence of Alexander Woollcott", "text": "Kaufman and Hart wrote the play as a vehicle for their friend Alexander Woollcott, the model for the lead character Sheridan Whiteside."}, {"section_header": "Influence of Alexander Woollcott", "text": "He was well liked by both Kaufman and Hart, but that did not stop him from displaying the obnoxious characteristics displayed by Whiteside in the play."}, {"section_header": "Influence of Alexander Woollcott", "text": "At the time the play was written"}, {"section_header": "Influence of Alexander Woollcott", "text": "Kaufman looked at Hart and the idea was born."}, {"section_header": "Influence of Alexander Woollcott", "text": "The character Bert Jefferson writes a play, and Whiteside promises to give it to Cornell for her to star in."}, {"section_header": "Broadway revivals", "text": "Drama Desk Award nominations went to Cook for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play and Nye for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play."}, {"section_header": "Influence of Alexander Woollcott", "text": "Woollcott did play Whiteside in the West Coast version of the play and was even joined by Harpo Marx, who portrayed his own referenced character, Banjo."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The song \" The song \" What Am I To Do\" was written by Cole Porter specifically for the play."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Man Who Came to Dinner is a comedy in three acts by George S. Kaufman and Moss Hart."}, {"section_header": "Original cast", "text": "Sheridan Whiteside was modeled on Alexander Woollcott."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "The exposition reveals that the famously outlandish New York City radio wit Sheridan Whiteside ('Sherry' to his friends) is invited to dine at the house of the well-to-do factory owner Ernest W. Stanley and his family."}], "text": "The comedic play was written by Kaufman and Hart and features Sheridan Whiteside as the main character.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "The Man Who Came to Dinner"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After eighteen and a half years in custody, Mary was found guilty of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586, and was beheaded the following year at Fotheringhay Castle."}], "id": "7ujxicU4A8Zcl3JfEByl", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Imprisonment in Scotland and abdication", "text": "Both Protestants and Catholics were shocked that Mary should marry the man accused of murdering her husband."}, {"section_header": "Return to Scotland", "text": "She later charged him with treason"}, {"section_header": "Return to Scotland", "text": "Chastelard was tried for treason and beheaded."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Such accusations rest on assumptions, and Buchanan's biography is today discredited as \"almost complete fantasy\"."}, {"section_header": "Escape and imprisonment in England | Trial", "text": "In October, she was put on trial for treason under the Act for the Queen's Safety before a court of 36 noblemen, including Cecil, Shrewsbury, and Walsingham."}, {"section_header": "Escape and imprisonment in England | Trial", "text": "She protested that she had been denied the opportunity to review the evidence, that her papers had been removed from her, that she was denied access to legal counsel and that as a foreign anointed queen she had never been an English subject and thus could not be convicted of treason."}, {"section_header": "Return to Scotland", "text": "Mary was horrified and banished him from Scotland."}, {"section_header": "Escape and imprisonment in England | Plots", "text": "Plots centred on Mary continued."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign | Life in France", "text": "Mary was accompanied by her own court including two illegitimate half-brothers, and the \"four Marys\" (four girls her own age, all named Mary), who were the daughters of some of the noblest families in Scotland: Beaton, Seton, Fleming, and Livingston."}, {"section_header": "Imprisonment in Scotland and abdication", "text": "On 6 May, Mary and Bothwell returned to Edinburgh."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After eighteen and a half years in custody, Mary was found guilty of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586, and was beheaded the following year at Fotheringhay Castle."}], "text": "Mary was accused of treason and hanged.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Mary, Queen of Scots"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "It is 1935 and Waxahachie, Texas, is a small, segregated town in the midst of the Great Depression."}], "id": "7utKSQeAkvvALeEe0NUU", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Places in the Heart grossed $274,279 in its opening weekend."}, {"section_header": "Release", "text": "Places in the Heart was released in theatres on September 21, 1984."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Places in the Heart is a 1984 American drama film written and directed by Robert Benton about a Depression-era Texas widow who tries to save her family farm with the help of a blind white man and a poor black man."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was filmed in Waxahachie, Texas, on Jack Davis' farm."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "It is 1935 and Waxahachie, Texas, is a small, segregated town in the midst of the Great Depression."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "The consensus is: \"Places in the Heart is a quiet character piece with grand ambitions that it more than fulfills, thanks to absorbing work from writer-director Robert Benton and a tremendous cast.\" Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote in his review: \"Robert Benton has made one of the best films in years about growing up American.\" Canby called it \"moving and often funny\" and \"a tonic, a revivifying experience right down to the final images\", comparing it to Luis Bunuel's Tristana\"."}], "text": "Places in the heart happens in Lubbock, Texas.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Places in the Heart"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Films | The Exorcist (1973)", "text": "The adaptation is faithful to the book, which itself has been commercially successful (hitting the New York Times bestseller list)."}], "id": "7wreamKrG7uLq4QyZf14", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Novels | The Exorcist (1971)", "text": "The Exorcist is a 1971 novel by American writer William Peter Blatty."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Exorcist is an American media franchise that originated with William Peter Blatty's 1971 horror novel of the same name and most prominently featured in a 1973 film adapted from the novel, and many subsequent prequels and sequels."}, {"section_header": "Novels | The Exorcist (1971)", "text": "As a result, the novel takes place in Washington D.C. near the campus of Georgetown University."}, {"section_header": "Novels | The Exorcist (1971)", "text": "The novel was inspired by a 1949 case of demonic possession and exorcism that Blatty heard about while he was a student in the class of 1950 at Georgetown University."}, {"section_header": "Novels | The Exorcist (1971)", "text": "In September 2011, the novel was reprinted by Harper Collins to celebrate its fortieth anniversary, with slight revisions made by Blatty as well as interior title artwork by Jeremy Caniglia."}, {"section_header": "Novels | Legion (1983)", "text": "It was made into the movie The Exorcist III in 1990."}, {"section_header": "Films | The Exorcist (1973)", "text": "The Exorcist is a 1973 American supernatural horror film directed by William Friedkin, adapted by William Peter Blatty from his 1971 novel of the same name, and starring Ellen Burstyn, Linda Blair, Max von Sydow, and Jason Miller."}, {"section_header": "Novels | The Exorcist (1971)", "text": "The book details the demonic possession of twelve-year-old Regan MacNeil, the daughter of a famous actress, and the two priests who attempt to exorcise the demon."}, {"section_header": "Novels | The Exorcist (1971)", "text": "It was published by Harper & Row."}, {"section_header": "Theatre | The Exorcist (2012)", "text": "In February 2008, American playwright John Pielmeier expressed an interest in adapting William Peter Blatty's novel of the same name into a play and soon met with Blatty."}, {"section_header": "Films | The Exorcist (1973)", "text": "The adaptation is faithful to the book, which itself has been commercially successful (hitting the New York Times bestseller list)."}], "text": "The movie adaptation has little in common with the 1971 novel \"The Exorcist\".", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "The Exorcist"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Although it is one of only two landlocked countries in South America (the other is Bolivia), the country has coasts, beaches and ports on the Paraguay and Paran\u00e1 rivers that give exit to the Atlantic Ocean through the Paran\u00e1-Paraguay Waterway."}], "id": "7xK0PwYd2x0LDVbMM4q5", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Economy", "text": "Between 1970 and 2013, the country had the highest economic growth of South America, with an average rate of 7.2% per year."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "In 2010 and 2013, Paraguay experienced the greatest economic expansion of South America, with a GDP growth rate of 14.5% and 13.6% respectively."}, {"section_header": "History | Independence and rule of Francia", "text": "He cut off relations between Paraguay and the rest of South America."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Although it is one of only two landlocked countries in South America (the other is Bolivia), the country has coasts, beaches and ports on the Paraguay and Paran\u00e1 rivers that give exit to the Atlantic Ocean through the Paran\u00e1-Paraguay Waterway."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Climate", "text": "Winds play a major role in influencing Paraguay's weather: between October and March, warm winds blow from the Amazon Basin in the north, while the period between May and August brings cold winds from the Andes."}, {"section_header": "Demographics", "text": "About 56% of Paraguayans live in urban areas, making Paraguay one of the least urbanized nations in South America."}, {"section_header": "Demographics", "text": "Paraguay has one of the most prominent German communities in South America, with some 25,000 German-speaking Mennonites living in the Paraguayan Chaco."}, {"section_header": "Culture", "text": "More than 93% of Paraguayans are mestizos, making Paraguay one of the most homogeneous countries in Latin America."}, {"section_header": "History | 20th century", "text": "Between 1904 and 1954 Paraguay had thirty-one presidents, most of whom were removed from office by force."}, {"section_header": "History | Rule of the L\u00f3pez family", "text": "The work was continued by his son Francisco Solano and in terms of socio-economic development, the country was dubbed as \"the most advanced Republic in South America\", notably by the British judge and politician Sir Robert Phillimore."}], "text": "Paraguay has the Pacific Ocean Coastline on its shores and had the highest economic growth between 1970 and 2013 in South America.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Paraguay"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Since 1974, Dortmund have played their home games at Westfalenstadion; the stadium is the largest in Germany, and Dortmund has the highest average attendance of any association football club in the world."}], "id": "848CtW5iFn6AzUpc4axS", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Grounds | Stadiums", "text": "Borussia Dortmund has the highest average attendance of any football club worldwide."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Since 1974, Dortmund have played their home games at Westfalenstadion; the stadium is the largest in Germany, and Dortmund has the highest average attendance of any association football club in the world."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In terms of Deloitte's annual Football Money League, Dortmund was ranked as the second richest sports club in Germany, and the 12th richest football team in the world."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Founded in 1909 by eighteen football players from Dortmund, the football team is part of a large membership-based sports club with more than 145,000 members, making Borussia Dortmund the second largest sports club by membership in Germany."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is best known for its men's professional football team, which plays in the Bundesliga, the top tier of the German football league system."}, {"section_header": "Grounds | Stadiums", "text": "In 2014, it was estimated that each of the club's home games is attended by around 1,000 British spectators, drawn to the team by its low ticket prices compared to the Premier League."}, {"section_header": "Grounds | Stadiums", "text": "During the 2006 World Cup, the stadium was referred to as \"FIFA World Cup Stadium, Dortmund\", while in UEFA club matches, it is known as \"BVB Stadion Dortmund\"."}, {"section_header": "Organisation and finance", "text": "Professional football at Dortmund is run by the organisation Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co. KGaA."}, {"section_header": "History | Foundation and early years", "text": "They had a brush with bankruptcy in 1929 when an attempt to boost the club's fortunes by signing some paid professional footballers failed miserably and left the team deep in debt."}, {"section_header": "Charity", "text": "On 17 May 2011, Borussia Dortmund held a charity game for the 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami against \"Team Japan\"."}], "text": "Borussia Dortmund has the lowest average attendance of any football team in the world.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Borussia Dortmund"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is made of reinforced concrete and soapstone."}], "id": "8AVeQHzfhWzdspWuDBev", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Christ the Redeemer (Portuguese: Cristo Redentor, standard Brazilian Portuguese: [\u02c8k\u027eistu \u0281eden\u02c8to\u0281], local pronunciation: [\u02c8k\u027ei\u0255t\u016d\u033b xe\u031eden\u02c8to\u0266]) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Local engineer Heitor da Silva Costa designed the statue."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "French sculptor Paul Landowski created the work."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ the Redeemer in Rio Verde, Goi\u00e1s, Brazil Christ in the Mount in Pitangui, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "A group of engineers and technicians studied Landowski's submissions and felt building the structure of reinforced concrete (designed by Albert Caquot) instead of steel was more suitable for the cross-shaped statue."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of V\u0169ng T\u00e0u in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of V\u0169ng T\u00e0u in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ the Redeemer of the Andes (Argentina/Chile) Christ the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Ibiza, Spain, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Blanco in Cusco, Peru"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A symbol of Christianity across the world, the statue has also become a cultural icon of both Rio de Janeiro and Brazil, and is listed as one of the New7Wonders of the World."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "In 1922, Landowski commissioned fellow Parisian Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida, who studied sculpture at the Fine Arts Conservatory in Bucharest and in Italy."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Statue of Jesus Christ on the top of Sagrat Cor, Barcelona, Spain"}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Cristo del Otero in Palencia , Spain built in 1930 (21 m) Cristo Rey (statue, Mexico) located on the Cerro del Cubilete in Guanajuato, Mexico, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Rey in Tenancingo, M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico (30 m) Christ Blessing in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia (30 m) Christ of Havana in Havana, Cuba, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of the Abyss in various underwater locations"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is made of reinforced concrete and soapstone."}], "text": "Christ the Redeemer (statue) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot made entirely of marble.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Christ the Redeemer (statue)"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Performances and adaptations", "text": "A Christmas Carol theatrical productions were playing in London."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "According to Douglas-Fairhurst, contemporary reviews of A Christmas Carol \"were almost uniformly kind\"."}], "id": "8BlAs0ziRBmwY7eHIxI0", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception", "text": "\" The reviewer for Tait's Edinburgh Magazine\u2014Theodore Martin, who was usually critical of Dickens's work\u2014spoke well of A Christmas Carol, noting it was \"a noble book, finely felt and calculated to work much social good\"."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "By the end of 1842 Dickens was a well-established author, having written six major works, as well as several short stories, novellas and other pieces."}, {"section_header": "Publication", "text": "Chapman and Hall issued second and third editions before the new year, and the book continued to sell well into 1844."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Christmas Carol. A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech."}, {"section_header": "Background | Writing history", "text": "He began A Christmas Carol in October 1843."}, {"section_header": "Publication", "text": "Production of A Christmas Carol was not without problems."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dickens wrote A Christmas Carol during a period when the British were exploring and re-evaluating past Christmas traditions, including carols, and newer customs such as Christmas trees."}, {"section_header": "Performances and adaptations", "text": "A Christmas Carol theatrical productions were playing in London."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Christmas Carol captured the zeitgeist of the mid-Victorian revival of the Christmas holiday."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "According to Douglas-Fairhurst, contemporary reviews of A Christmas Carol \"were almost uniformly kind\"."}], "text": "A Christmas Carol was well received in the theater.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "A Christmas Carol"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Abandonment", "text": "The monument was not forgotten completely, though folk stories gradually shifted from its past glory into more superstitious beliefs associated with bad luck and misery."}], "id": "8EW6VStVinPheIT8lJE2", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Architecture | Building structure", "text": "Stairways on the slopes of the hill also link the monument to the low-lying plain."}, {"section_header": "History | Abandonment", "text": "Upon returning to his palace, he fell ill and died one day later."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Borobudur has become the name of several establishments, such as Borobudur University, Borobudur Hotel in Central Jakarta, and several Indonesian restaurants abroad."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "In Indonesian, ancient temples are referred to as candi; thus locals refer to \"Borobudur Temple\" as Candi Borobudur."}, {"section_header": "Location | Ancient lake hypothesis", "text": "These findings A New Perspective on Some Old Questions Pertaining to Borobudur were published in the 2005 UNESCO publication titled \"The Restoration of Borobudur\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Borobudur has since been preserved through several restorations."}, {"section_header": "History | Construction", "text": "Borobudur was likely founded around 800 AD."}, {"section_header": "History | Rediscovery", "text": "His interest in Borobudur was more personal than official."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Borobudur is Indonesia's single most visited tourist attraction."}, {"section_header": "History | Construction", "text": "There are no known records of construction or the intended purpose of Borobudur."}, {"section_header": "History | Abandonment", "text": "The monument was not forgotten completely, though folk stories gradually shifted from its past glory into more superstitious beliefs associated with bad luck and misery."}], "text": "Borobudur is linked to ill fortune.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Borobudur"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 7, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Achievements | Cultural impact", "text": "The word Muggle has spread beyond its Harry Potter origins, becoming one of few pop culture words to land in the Oxford English Dictionary."}], "id": "8GkAZ7VS1m9ddrGIBFg1", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Achievements | Commercial success", "text": "The popularity of the Harry Potter series has translated into substantial financial success for Rowling, her publishers, and other Harry Potter related license holders."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Social impact", "text": "The seven-book series has a word count of 1,083,594 (US edition)."}, {"section_header": "Achievements | Cultural impact", "text": "The word Muggle has spread beyond its Harry Potter origins, becoming one of few pop culture words to land in the Oxford English Dictionary."}, {"section_header": "Attractions | The Wizarding World of Harry Potter", "text": "After the success of the films and books, Universal and Warner Brothers announced they would create The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, a new Harry Potter-themed expansion to the Islands of Adventure theme park at Universal Orlando Resort in Florida."}, {"section_header": "Achievements | Commercial success", "text": "The great demand for Harry Potter books motivated The New York Times to create a separate best-seller list for children's literature in 2000, just before the release of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire."}, {"section_header": "Achievements | Cultural impact", "text": "The musical was awarded Entertainment Weekly's 10 Best Viral Videos of 2009.The sport Quidditch, played by characters in the Harry Potter series, was created in 2005 and is played worldwide including at universities such as Harvard University, Yale University, and Washington University in St. Louis."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Completion of the series", "text": "In December 2005, Rowling stated on her web site, \"2006 will be the year when I write the final book in the Harry Potter series."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Voldemort returns", "text": "Through those lessons, Harry begins to develop a crush on the popular and attractive Cho Chang."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Since the release of the first novel, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, on 26 June 1997, the books have found immense popularity, critical acclaim and commercial success worldwide."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Controversies", "text": "The popularity and high market value of the series has led Rowling, her publishers, and film distributor Warner Bros. to take legal measures to protect their copyright, which have included banning the sale of Harry Potter imitations, targeting the owners of websites over the \"Harry Potter\" domain name, and suing author Nancy Stouffer to counter her accusations that Rowling had plagiarised her work."}], "text": "The Harry Potter series created and popularized the word 'Muggle'.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Harry Potter"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He was signed by the Detroit Tigers in 1939 at the age of 18."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "A Tigers scout offered a $500 signing bonus to Newhouser, who found the sum of money to be unimaginable."}], "id": "8LEAMccdqHWU1jrFCm6O", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Playing career | Later career", "text": "After being released by the Tigers following the 1953 season, Newhouser signed on with the Cleveland Indians and was their top long reliever in 1954, when Cleveland won 111 games and the pennant."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He was signed by the Detroit Tigers in 1939 at the age of 18."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "A Tigers scout offered a $500 signing bonus to Newhouser, who found the sum of money to be unimaginable."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "During his playing days, Newhouser's teammates nicknamed him \"Prince Hal\" because of the way he carried himself."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "He won the pitcher's Triple Crown, leading the AL in wins (25, against nine losses), ERA (1.81) and strikeouts (212); he also led the league in innings pitched, games started, complete games and shutouts."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Harold Newhouser (May 20, 1921 \u2013 November 10, 1998), nicknamed \"Prince Hal\", was an American professional baseball player."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "In 1940, he earned a spot on the Tigers out of spring training."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "The Tigers jumped into contention, finishing second in the American League, with Newhouser named MVP."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "The Tigers retired Newhouser's number 16 in 1997."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The young Newhouser sold newspapers, collected pop bottles and worked in a bowling alley before signing on in professional baseball."}], "text": "Hal Nehouser started playing for the Tigers after being gifted a sign on gift.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Hal Newhouser"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of rigid bodies", "text": "The kinetic energy of a moving object is equal to the work required to bring it from rest to that speed, or the work the object can do while being brought to rest: net force \u00d7 displacement ="}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of rigid bodies | Derivation", "text": "dt is given by the dot product of force F and the infinitesimal displacement dx"}], "id": "8UaMGwUJVvmFWz7MbSbf", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of rigid bodies", "text": "In SI units, mass is measured in kilograms, speed in metres per second, and the resulting kinetic energy is in joules."}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Frame of reference", "text": "By contrast, the total kinetic energy of a system of objects cannot be reduced to zero by a suitable choice of the inertial reference frame, unless all the objects have the same velocity."}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of rigid bodies", "text": "The kinetic energy of a moving object is equal to the work required to bring it from rest to that speed, or the work the object can do while being brought to rest: net force \u00d7 displacement ="}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Frame of reference", "text": "The same bullet is stationary to an observer moving with the same velocity as the bullet, and so has zero kinetic energy."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The standard unit of kinetic energy is the joule, while the imperial unit of kinetic energy is the foot-pound."}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of rigid bodies | Derivation", "text": "Assuming the object was at rest at time 0, we integrate from time 0 to time t because the work done by the force to bring the object from rest to velocity v is equal to the work necessary to do the reverse:                                    E                        k"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic energy unless its speed changes."}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of rigid bodies", "text": "The kinetic energy of any entity depends on the reference frame in which it is measured."}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Frame of reference", "text": "The kinetic energy of the system in the center of momentum frame is a quantity that is invariant (all observers see it to be the same)."}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of rigid bodies | Derivation", "text": "dt is given by the dot product of force F and the infinitesimal displacement dx"}], "text": "Kinetic energy is the energy of an object caused by a force and they have the same units of measurement.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Kinetic energy"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "At the time of its release, it was one of the most expensive movies ever made."}], "id": "8Z9RJKQKUC8DddACa2rY", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In Old Chicago is a 1938 American drama disaster film directed by Henry King."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "Despite crediting the Chicago Historical Society for assistance with historical research, much of the film is fictionalized."}, {"section_header": "Awards", "text": "She was the first person to win the Supporting Oscar after being nominated in the prior year."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "Some sources claim that MGM offered to loan both Harlow and Clark Gable to Fox for In Old Chicago if they reciprocated by loaning Shirley Temple to MGM for their upcoming production of The Wizard of Oz."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film is a fictionalized account about the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and stars Alice Brady as Mrs. O'Leary, the owner of the cow which started the fire, and Tyrone Power and Don Ameche as her sons."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "The Mayor of Chicago in 1871 was Roswell B. Mason, not an O'Leary son."}, {"section_header": "Awards", "text": "The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture."}, {"section_header": "Home media release", "text": "The film was released and restored to its full length on DVD in 2005."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "In the years before the film was made it had been supplanted by the Levee, an area renowned for its corrupt politicians, known as the Gray Wolves, whose deeds resemble those of the characters in the film."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The O'Leary family are traveling to Chicago to start a new life when Patrick O'Leary tries to race a steam train in his wagon."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "At the time of its release, it was one of the most expensive movies ever made."}], "text": "In old Chicago used to be the most costly film that was produced.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "In Old Chicago"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life and ancestry", "text": "Alvin Cullum York was born in a two-room log cabin in Fentress County, Tennessee."}], "id": "8bp0EsuYDJkAaxg9lXI4", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Homecoming and fame", "text": "York proceeded to Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, where he was discharged from the service, and then to Tennessee for more celebrations."}, {"section_header": "After the war", "text": "After a series of lawsuits he gained control of the original institution and was its president when it opened in December 1929."}, {"section_header": "After the war | Political views", "text": "York originally believed in the morality of America's intervention in World War I. By the mid-1930s, he looked back more critically: \" I can't see that we did any good."}, {"section_header": "World War I", "text": "In November 1917, while York's application was considered, he was drafted and began his army service at Camp Gordon in Georgia."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alvin Cullum York (December 13, 1887 \u2013 September 2, 1964), also known as Sergeant York"}, {"section_header": "After the war", "text": "In the 1920s, York formed the Alvin C. York Foundation with the mission of increasing educational opportunities in his region of Tennessee."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Monuments and memorials", "text": "Several government buildings have been named for York, including the Alvin C. York Veterans Hospital located in Murfreesboro."}, {"section_header": "Early life and ancestry", "text": "Alvin Cullum York was born in a two-room log cabin in Fentress County, Tennessee."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Monuments and memorials", "text": "The Alvin C. York Institute was founded in 1926 as a private agricultural high school by York and residents of Fentress County."}, {"section_header": "Early life and ancestry", "text": "When William York died in November 1911, his son Alvin helped his mother raise his younger siblings."}], "text": "Alvin York was originally from Georgia.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Sergeant York"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "In Puritan Boston, Massachusetts, a crowd gathers to witness the punishment of Hester Prynne, a young woman who has given birth to a baby of unknown parentage."}], "id": "8fV3fxYjsWPMoBtk3Y70", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Allusions", "text": "Ann Hibbins, who historically was executed for witchcraft in Boston in 1656, is depicted in The Scarlet Letter as a witch who tries to tempt Prynne to the practice of witchcraft."}, {"section_header": "Major theme", "text": "Elmer Kennedy-Andrews remarks that Hawthorne in \"The Custom-house\" sets the context for his story and \"tells us about 'romance', which is his preferred generic term to describe The Scarlet Letter, as his subtitle for the book \u2013 'A Romance' \u2013 would indicate."}, {"section_header": "Symbols", "text": "It is mentioned she \"was the scarlet letter in another form; the scarlet letter endowed in life\u201d (84)."}, {"section_header": "Symbols", "text": "The following are symbols that are embedded in The Scarlet Letter: The Scarlet Letter A: In the beginning of the novel Hester's letter A is a representation of her sin and adultery."}, {"section_header": "Allusions", "text": "In the 1630s she was excommunicated by the Puritans and exiled from Boston, and moved to Rhode Island."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Scarlet Letter was one of the first mass-produced books in America."}, {"section_header": "Publication history", "text": "The Scarlet Letter was also one of the first mass-produced books in America."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "She convinces Dimmesdale to leave Boston in secret on a ship to Europe where they can start life anew."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "After several years, Hester returns to her cottage and resumes wearing the scarlet letter."}, {"section_header": "Major theme | Other themes", "text": "For Hester, the Scarlet Letter is a physical manifestation of her sin and reminder of her painful solitude."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "In Puritan Boston, Massachusetts, a crowd gathers to witness the punishment of Hester Prynne, a young woman who has given birth to a baby of unknown parentage."}], "text": "The Scarlet Letter is set in Boston.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Scarlet Letter"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Presidency (1877\u20131881) | The South and the end of Reconstruction", "text": "Hayes tried to reconcile the social mores of the South with the recently passed civil rights laws by distributing patronage among southern Democrats."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Supporters have praised his commitment to civil-service reform and to the defense of civil rights, but historians and scholars generally rank Hayes as an average or slightly below-average president."}], "id": "8fcVbaZxJ5Pj11MYBatJ", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Post-war politics | U.S. Congressman from Ohio", "text": "They worked to reject Johnson's vision of Reconstruction and to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1866.Reelected in 1866, Hayes returned to the lame-duck session to vote for the Tenure of Office Act, which ensured that Johnson could not remove administration officials without the Senate's consent."}, {"section_header": "Family and early life | Childhood and family history", "text": "Rutherford Birchard Hayes was born in Delaware, Ohio, on October 4, 1822, to Rutherford Hayes, Jr. and Sophia Birchard."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1877\u20131881) | The South and the end of Reconstruction", "text": "Hayes tried to reconcile the social mores of the South with the recently passed civil rights laws by distributing patronage among southern Democrats."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Supporters have praised his commitment to civil-service reform and to the defense of civil rights, but historians and scholars generally rank Hayes as an average or slightly below-average president."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1877\u20131881) | Civil service reform", "text": "Chester A. Arthur, the Collector of the Port of New York, and his subordinates Alonzo B. Cornell and George H. Sharpe, all Conkling supporters, refused to obey the order."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1877\u20131881) | Great Railroad Strike", "text": "In Baltimore, however, a riot did erupt on July 20, and Hayes ordered the troops at Fort McHenry to assist the governor in suppressing it."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1877\u20131881) | The South and the end of Reconstruction", "text": "\" All his efforts were in vain; Hayes failed to persuade the South to accept legal racial equality or to convince Congress to appropriate funds to enforce the civil rights laws."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1877\u20131881) | The South and the end of Reconstruction", "text": "Chapters had flourished across the South and it had been one of the insurgent groups that attacked and suppressed freedmen."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1877\u20131881) | Judicial appointments", "text": "Harlan was nonetheless confirmed and served on the court for 34 years, voting (usually in the minority) for aggressive enforcement of the civil rights laws."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1877\u20131881) | The South and the end of Reconstruction", "text": "Other paramilitary groups, such as the Red Shirts in the Carolinas, however, had intimidated freedmen and suppressed the vote."}], "text": "President Rutherford B. Hayes worked to suppress civil rights.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Rutherford B. Hayes"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Personal", "text": "He died of cancer in 1992. Herman's granddaughter is Cheri Daniels, wife of former Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels."}], "id": "8gcFP9KuSLWHBeaJ0pQS", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "William Jennings Bryan Herman (July 7, 1909 \u2013 September 5, 1992) was an American second baseman and manager in Major League Baseball (MLB) during the 1930s and 1940s."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Personal", "text": "He died of cancer in 1992. Herman's granddaughter is Cheri Daniels, wife of former Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "Si Johnson, Herman chopped a pitch into the back of home plate, which then bounced up and hit Herman in the back of the head, knocking him out."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Later life", "text": "Herman moved to Palm Beach Gardens, Florida in 1968."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "After a sub-standard offensive year in 1940, Herman was traded to the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1941."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "A fixture in the Chicago lineup over the next decade, Herman was a consistent hitter and solid producer."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "Herman was promptly named playing manager of the 1947 Pirates, but he was aghast at the cost\u2014Elliott\u2014the Pirates had paid for him."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "Herman holds the NL records for most putouts in a season by a second baseman and led the league in putouts seven times."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "Herman broke into the majors in 1931 with the Chicago Cubs and asserted himself as a star the following season, 1932, by hitting .314 and scoring 102 runs."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "Herman missed the 1944 and 1945 seasons to serve in World War II, but returned to play in 1946 with the Dodgers and Boston Braves (after being traded mid-season)."}], "text": "Billy Herman passed in 1992.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Billy Herman"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Unlike her husband, she had difficulty securing research positions, and the ones she obtained provided meager pay."}, {"section_header": "Washington University", "text": "Despite her research background, Gerty was only offered a position as a research associate at a salary one tenth of that received by her husband; she was warned that she might harm her husband's career."}], "id": "8nIkoikMDfMH5BXN6vC0", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "She remained active in the research laboratory until the end of her life."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Unlike her husband, she had difficulty securing research positions, and the ones she obtained provided meager pay."}, {"section_header": "Washington University", "text": "Despite her research background, Gerty was only offered a position as a research associate at a salary one tenth of that received by her husband; she was warned that she might harm her husband's career."}, {"section_header": "Working in the United States", "text": "They published fifty papers while at Roswell, with first author status going to the one who had done most of the research for a given paper."}, {"section_header": "Washington University", "text": "Gerty was informed during one university interview that it was considered \"unamerican\" for a married couple to work together."}, {"section_header": "Final years", "text": "He continued to work there until his death in 1984 at the age of eighty-eight."}, {"section_header": "Washington University", "text": "They received one half the prize, the other half going to the Argentinian physiologist, Bernardo Houssay \"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar\"."}, {"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Gerty Cori was born Gerty Theresa Radnitz into a Jewish family in Prague in 1896."}, {"section_header": "Awards and recognitions", "text": "She was appointed by President Harry S. Truman as board member of the National Science Foundation, a position she held until her death."}, {"section_header": "Washington University", "text": "Months before she won the Nobel Prize, she was promoted to full professor, a post she held until her death in 1957.While working at Washington University, they discovered an intermediate compound in frog muscles that enabled the breakdown of glycogen, called glucose 1-phosphate, now known as the Cori ester."}], "text": "Gerty Theresa Cori remained unmarried so she could focus on her research on glycogen which she remained active on until her death at 63.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Gerty Theresa Cori"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Organizers called the demonstrators the \"Bonus Expeditionary Force\", to echo the name of World War"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "I veterans, together with their families and affiliated groups \u2013 who gathered in Washington, D.C. in mid-1932 to demand early cash redemption of their service certificates."}], "id": "8oItmd5pt8FGhoV3D7AF", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Bonus Army was a group of 43,000 demonstrators \u2013 made up of 17,000 U.S. World War"}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Each veteran was to receive a dollar for each day of domestic service, up to a maximum of $500 (equivalent to $7,500 in 2019), and $1.25 for each day of overseas service, up to a maximum of $625 (equivalent to $9,300 in 2019)."}, {"section_header": "March", "text": "I veterans to receive their cash bonus."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Meanwhile, veterans could borrow up to 22.5% of the certificate's face value from the fund; but in 1931, because of the Great Depression, Congress increased the maximum value of such loans to 50% of the certificate's face value."}, {"section_header": "Army intervention", "text": "Shortly after 9 pm, MacArthur ordered Miles to cross the bridge and evict the Bonus Army from its encampment."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "I's American Expeditionary Forces, while the media referred to them as the \"Bonus Army\" or \"Bonus Marchers\"."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Breaking with tradition, the veterans of the Spanish\u2013American War did not receive a bonus and after World War I, that became a political matter when they received only a $60 bonus."}, {"section_header": "March", "text": "The Bonus Army massed at the U.S. Capitol on June 17 as the U.S. Senate voted on the Bonus Bill."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "During the presidential campaign of 1932, Roosevelt had opposed the veterans' bonus demands."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The principal demand of the Bonus Army was the immediate cash payment of their certificates."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Organizers called the demonstrators the \"Bonus Expeditionary Force\", to echo the name of World War"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "I veterans, together with their families and affiliated groups \u2013 who gathered in Washington, D.C. in mid-1932 to demand early cash redemption of their service certificates."}], "text": "The Bonus Army was made up of veterans mostly.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Bonus Army"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Anne has just returned from seeing her husband off to Camp Claiborne, and she and her daughters must adjust to Tim's absence and make other sacrifices for the war effort, including food rationing; planting a victory garden; giving up the services of their loyal maid Fidelia who nevertheless offers to continue working part-time for the Hiltons while foregoing wages; and taking in a boarder, the curmudgeonly retired Colonel Smollett."}], "id": "8uVL11t9HBZDTJR0SHcb", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is an epic about the American home front during World War II that was adapted and produced by David O. Selznick from the 1943 novel Since You Went Away: Letters to a Soldier from His Wife by Margaret Buell Wilder."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "The movie was popular and earned $4,950,000 in North American rentals during its theatrical release, and over $7 million in rentals overall."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Though famously sentimental in places, Since You Went Away is somber at times about the effects of war on ordinary people."}, {"section_header": "Home media", "text": "Since You Went Away was released to DVD by MGM Home Video on October 19, 2004 in a Region 1"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Since You Went Away is a 1944 American drama film directed by John Cromwell for Selznick International Pictures and distributed by United Artists."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Some characters on the homefront are dealing with grief, loneliness, or fear for the future."}, {"section_header": "Behind the scenes", "text": "Jones and Walker played young sweethearts in Since You Went Away, but in real life, they were married at the time and going through a bitter break-up due to Jones' ongoing affair with producer Selznick."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The town is near a military base, and some of the characters are troops serving Stateside."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Anne has just returned from seeing her husband off to Camp Claiborne, and she and her daughters must adjust to Tim's absence and make other sacrifices for the war effort, including food rationing; planting a victory garden; giving up the services of their loyal maid Fidelia who nevertheless offers to continue working part-time for the Hiltons while foregoing wages; and taking in a boarder, the curmudgeonly retired Colonel Smollett."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Jane and Anne finally tell off Emily Hawkins after Emily suggests that it is unseemly for Jane to volunteer at the hospital, and Anne decides she herself must do more to help and trains as a welder for defense work at the shipyard."}], "text": "The characters in the movie Since You Went Away grow vegetables to do their part to help their country during the war.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Since You Went Away"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He also owned the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball from 1915 until his death in 1939."}], "id": "8vMLhSzji4xxmhrvKPbo", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Baseball", "text": "The Yankees purchased star pitcher-outfielder Babe Ruth from the Red Sox in 1919, which made the Yankees a profitable franchise."}, {"section_header": "Career | Baseball", "text": "The hiring of Huggins drove a wedge between the two co-owners that culminated in Huston selling his shares of the team to Ruppert in 1922.Ruppert and Huston purchased pitcher Carl Mays from the Boston Red Sox in 1918, in direct opposition of an order issued by Johnson."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Ruppert grew up in the Jacob Ruppert Sr. House on Fifth Avenue."}, {"section_header": "Career | Political and business career", "text": "Upon his father's death in 1915, Ruppert inherited the Jacob Ruppert Brewing Company and became the company's president."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy | Legacy", "text": "An apocryphal story says that Ruppert is responsible for the Yankees' famous pinstriped uniforms; according to this account, Ruppert chose pinstripes to make the often-portly Ruth appear less obese, but the uniform was in fact introduced in 1912.A beer was named after Ruppert, as were Ruppert Stadium in Newark, New Jersey."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Ruppert was born in New York City, the son of brewer Jacob Ruppert Sr., and his wife, the former Anna Gillig."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy | Legacy", "text": "Ruppert Park in Manhattan, is part of the Ruppert Yorkville Towers housing complex was built on the site the brewery in Yorkville, Manhattan."}, {"section_header": "Career | Baseball", "text": "Ruppert bought the Newark Bears who played at Ruppert Stadium in Newark, New Jersey, and begin building the Yankees' farm system."}, {"section_header": "Career | Baseball", "text": "Ruppert and Ruth had public disagreements about Ruth's contracts."}, {"section_header": "Career | Political and business career", "text": "Ruppert was not a candidate for reelection in 1906, and he left office in 1907."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He also owned the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball from 1915 until his death in 1939."}], "text": "Ruppert co-owned the Red Sox.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Jacob Ruppert"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novel centres on the Ramsay family and their visits to the Isle of Skye in Scotland between 1910 and 1920."}], "id": "8vq0JJZ2aOJHrqVAS0de", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot summary | Part III: The Lighthouse", "text": "The trip almost does not happen, as the children are not ready, but they eventually set off."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part III: The Lighthouse", "text": "While they set sail for the lighthouse, Lily attempts to finally complete the painting she has held in her mind since the start of the novel."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part III: The Lighthouse", "text": "In the final section, \"The Lighthouse\", some of the remaining Ramsays and other guests return to their summer home ten years after the events of Part I. Mr Ramsay finally plans on taking the long-delayed trip to the lighthouse with daughter Cam(illa) and son James (the remaining Ramsay children are virtually unmentioned in the final section)."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part III: The Lighthouse", "text": "Upon finishing the painting (just as the sailing party reaches the lighthouse) and seeing that it satisfies her, she realises that the execution of her vision is more important to her than the idea of leaving some sort of legacy in her work."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "To the Lighthouse is a 1927 novel by Virginia Woolf."}, {"section_header": "Allusions to autobiography and actual geography", "text": "Their brother Adrian was not allowed to go on an expedition to Godrevy Lighthouse, just as in the novel James looks forward to visiting the lighthouse and is disappointed when the trip is cancelled."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "To the Lighthouse, a 15-minute Drama, BBC Radio 4 11/08/2014 - 15/08/2014 dramatised by Linda Marshall Griffiths To the Lighthouse, a 2017 opera composed by Zesses Seglias to an English libretto by Ernst Marianne Binder."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part I: The Window", "text": "The section begins with Mrs Ramsay assuring her son James that they should be able to visit the lighthouse on the next day."}, {"section_header": "Narration and perspective", "text": "Shifts can occur even mid-sentence, and in some sense they resemble the rotating beam of the lighthouse itself."}, {"section_header": "Allusions to autobiography and actual geography", "text": "The location of the main story in To the Lighthouse, the house on the Hebridean island, was formed by Woolf in imitation of Talland House."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novel centres on the Ramsay family and their visits to the Isle of Skye in Scotland between 1910 and 1920."}], "text": "To the Lighthouse happens in England.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "To the Lighthouse"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In office he withdrew military troops from the South, ending Army support for Republican state governments in the South and for the efforts of African-American freedmen to establish their families as free citizens."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Republican Party nominated Hayes as its candidate for the presidency in 1876, where he won through the Compromise of 1877 that officially ended Reconstruction by leaving the South to govern itself."}], "id": "8wd7ajsAyKy7G4rwMT3o", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Family and early life | Childhood and family history", "text": "Rutherford Birchard Hayes was born in Delaware, Ohio, on October 4, 1822, to Rutherford Hayes, Jr. and Sophia Birchard."}, {"section_header": "Family and early life | Cincinnati law practice and marriage", "text": "Over the next five years, Lucy gave birth to three sons: Birchard Austin (1853), Webb Cook (1856), and Rutherford Platt (1858)."}, {"section_header": "Family and early life | Childhood and family history", "text": "She never remarried, and Sophia's younger brother, Sardis Birchard, lived with the family for a time."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1877\u20131881) | Indian policy", "text": "Overruling Schurz , Hayes set up a commission in 1880 that ruled the Ponca were free to return to their home territory in Nebraska or stay on their reservation in Indian Territory."}, {"section_header": "Later life and death", "text": "Hayes gave a speech in 1889 encouraging black students to apply for scholarships from the Slater Fund, one of the charities with which he was affiliated."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 \u2013 January 17, 1893) was the 19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881, after serving in the U.S. House of Representatives and as governor of Ohio."}, {"section_header": "Family and early life | Cincinnati law practice and marriage", "text": "Hayes also defended slaves who had escaped and been accused under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850."}, {"section_header": "Civil War | Army of the Shenandoah", "text": "They followed up the victory with another at Fisher's Hill on September 22, and one more at Cedar Creek on October 19."}, {"section_header": "Post-war politics | U.S. Congressman from Ohio", "text": "President Andrew Johnson, who succeeded to office following Lincoln's assassination, to the contrary wanted to readmit the seceded states quickly without first ensuring that they adopted laws protecting the newly freed slaves' civil rights; he also granted pardons to many of the leading former Confederates."}, {"section_header": "Post-war politics | Private life and return to politics", "text": "His uncle Sardis Birchard died that year, and the Hayes family moved into Spiegel Grove, the grand house Birchard had built with them in mind."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In office he withdrew military troops from the South, ending Army support for Republican state governments in the South and for the efforts of African-American freedmen to establish their families as free citizens."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Republican Party nominated Hayes as its candidate for the presidency in 1876, where he won through the Compromise of 1877 that officially ended Reconstruction by leaving the South to govern itself."}], "text": "Former president Rutherford Birchard Hayes never gave up on freeing slaves.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Rutherford B. Hayes"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History", "text": "In April 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the statue in Rio de Janeiro was illuminated as a doctor in tribute to the health workers."}], "id": "8xN829pwTjwdwW9WUO9K", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History", "text": "In April 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the statue in Rio de Janeiro was illuminated as a doctor in tribute to the health workers."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "In 1990, several organizations, including the Archdiocese of Rio de Janeiro, media company Grupo Globo,"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A symbol of Christianity across the world, the statue has also become a cultural icon of both Rio de Janeiro and Brazil, and is listed as one of the New7Wonders of the World."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The Rio de Janeiro state government initiated a restoration effort to replace some of the outer soapstone layers and repair the lightning rods on the statue."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "oil company Shell do Brasil, environmental regulator IBAMA, National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage, and the city government of Rio de Janeiro entered an agreement to conduct restoration work."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The statue weighs 635 metric tons (625 long, 700 short tons), and is located at the peak of the 700-metre (2,300 ft) Corcovado mountain in the Tijuca Forest National Park overlooking the city of Rio de Janeiro."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Christ the Redeemer (Portuguese: Cristo Redentor, standard Brazilian Portuguese: [\u02c8k\u027eistu \u0281eden\u02c8to\u0281], local pronunciation: [\u02c8k\u027ei\u0255t\u016d\u033b xe\u031eden\u02c8to\u0266]) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "During the unveiling of the restored statue, it was illuminated with green-and-yellow lighting in support of the Brazil national football team playing in the 2010 FIFA World Cup."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The Catholic Circle of Rio made a second proposal for a landmark statue on the mountain in 1920."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Spain - 12 m Jesus de Greatest in Imo, Nigeria, Africa's tallest statue of Jesus and fifth tallest statue on the continent (8.53 m) Cristo del Picacho in Tegucigalpa, Honduras"}], "text": "The statue in Rio de Janeiro was illuminated as a doctor in April 2020 as a tribute to health care workers.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Christ the Redeemer (statue)"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 1996\u2013present: Neo period", "text": "Just a few months later, on May 2, former lead vocalist Jessica Cleaves died at the age of 65 following complications from a stroke."}], "id": "8yRzQZdX9slxYq5YwCnD", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 1970\u20131974: Formation and early years", "text": "Jessica Cleaves left the band after the release of this album."}, {"section_header": "History | 1975\u20131980: Ornate sound", "text": "The album cut Earth, Wind and Fire"}, {"section_header": "History | 1996\u2013present: Neo period", "text": "Earth, Wind & Fire went on to appear on"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Earth, Wind & Fire (abbreviated as EW&F or simply EWF) is an American band that has spanned the musical genres of R&B, soul, funk, jazz, disco, pop, rock, dance, Latin, and Afro pop."}, {"section_header": "History | 1970\u20131974: Formation and early years", "text": "Based on this, he changed the band's name, to \"Earth, Wind & Fire\"."}, {"section_header": "History | 1996\u2013present: Neo period", "text": "This was a jukebox musical with its theme the music of Earth, Wind & Fire."}, {"section_header": "History | 1970\u20131974: Formation and early years", "text": "Davis was soon replaced by Jessica Cleaves, a former member of the R&B group The Friends of Distinction."}, {"section_header": "History | 1981\u20131996: Electric sound", "text": "said \"Earth, Wind & Fire gives new meaning to the word classy, and I like it\"."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Mark Ronson has also proclaimed that he loves \"anything by Earth, Wind & Fire\"."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Dionne Warwick has named Earth, Wind & Fire as her favorite group of all time."}, {"section_header": "History | 1996\u2013present: Neo period", "text": "Just a few months later, on May 2, former lead vocalist Jessica Cleaves died at the age of 65 following complications from a stroke."}], "text": "American band Earth, Wind & Fire is led by Jessica Cleaves had performances planned for 2020 that got cancelled due to the pandemic.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Earth, Wind & Fire"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Background", "text": "The Viet Minh, a Communist-led common front under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh, then initiated an insurgency against French rule."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist allies; South Vietnam was supported by the United States, South Korea, the Philippines, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies."}], "id": "90YQp8t7Otgi2673L3PP", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Aftermath | Effect on the United States | Views on the war", "text": "Who was Ho Chi Minh? Nobody really knew."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "The Viet Minh, a Communist-led common front under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh, then initiated an insurgency against French rule."}, {"section_header": "Vietnamization, 1969\u20131972 | Hanoi's war strategy", "text": "In September 1969, Ho Chi Minh died at age seventy-nine."}, {"section_header": "Johnson's escalation, 1963\u20131969", "text": "In a statement similar to that made to the French almost two decades earlier, Ho Chi Minh warned that if the Americans \"want to make war for twenty years then we shall make war for twenty years."}, {"section_header": "Vietnamization, 1969\u20131972 | Laos", "text": "Building up on the success of ARVN units in Cambodia, and further testing the Vietnamization program, the ARVN were tasked to launch Operation Lam Son 719 in February 1971, the first major ground operation aimed directly at attacking the Ho Chi Minh trail by attacking the major crossroad of Tchepone."}, {"section_header": "Johnson's escalation, 1963\u20131969 | Bombing of Laos", "text": "These included the Ho Chi Minh trail supply route, which ran through Laos and Cambodia."}, {"section_header": "Transition period", "text": "Ho Chi Minh had wished to continue the war in the south, but was restrained by his Chinese allies who convinced him that he could win control by electoral means."}, {"section_header": "Transition period", "text": "U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower wrote in 1954,  I have never talked or corresponded with a person knowledgeable in Indochinese affairs who did not agree that had elections been held as of the time of the fighting, possibly eighty percent of the population would have voted for the Communist Ho Chi Minh as their leader rather than Chief of State B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i."}, {"section_header": "U.S. exit and final campaigns, 1973\u20131975", "text": "With U.S. bombings suspended, work on the Ho Chi Minh trail and other logistical structures could proceed unimpeded."}, {"section_header": "Transition period", "text": "Likewise, Ho Chi Minh and other communist officials always won at least 99% of the vote in North Vietnamese \"elections\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist allies; South Vietnam was supported by the United States, South Korea, the Philippines, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies."}], "text": "Vietnam War first started with the French with Ho Chi Minh as the leader and later the United States .", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Vietnam War"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Definition and properties | Average acceleration", "text": "divided by the duration of the period (         \u0394         t         ) {\\displaystyle (\\Delta t)}   ."}, {"section_header": "Definition and properties | Units", "text": "Acceleration has the dimensions of velocity (L/T) divided by time, i.e. L T\u22122."}], "id": "92HHtrQv9DRDcax3YvRL", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Definition and properties | Other forms", "text": "where F is the net force acting on the body, m is  the mass of the body, and a is the center-of-mass acceleration."}, {"section_header": "Definition and properties | Other forms", "text": "In classical mechanics, for a body with constant mass, the (vector) acceleration of the body's center of mass is proportional to the net force vector (i.e. sum of all forces) acting on it (Newton's second law): F"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The magnitude of an object's acceleration, as described by Newton's Second Law, is the combined effect of two causes:  the net balance of all external forces acting onto that object \u2014 magnitude is directly proportional to this net resulting force; that object's mass, depending on the materials out of which it is made \u2014 magnitude is inversely proportional to the object's mass."}, {"section_header": "Special cases | Uniform acceleration", "text": "is the velocity at time t                 {\\displaystyle t}   , and"}, {"section_header": "Special cases | Circular motion", "text": "{r} \\;.} This acceleration and the mass of the particle determine the necessary centripetal force, directed toward the centre of the circle, as the net force acting on this particle to keep it in this uniform circular motion."}, {"section_header": "Relation to relativity | Special relativity", "text": "As speeds approach that of light, the acceleration produced by a given force decreases, becoming infinitesimally small as light speed is approached; an object with mass can approach this speed asymptotically, but never reach it."}, {"section_header": "Definition and properties | Instantaneous acceleration", "text": "Instantaneous acceleration, meanwhile, is the limit of the average acceleration over an infinitesimal interval of time."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In mechanics, acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity of an object with respect to time."}, {"section_header": "Definition and properties | Instantaneous acceleration", "text": "In the terms of calculus, instantaneous acceleration is the derivative of the velocity vector with respect to time:                                    a                  ="}, {"section_header": "Definition and properties | Units", "text": "Acceleration has the dimensions of velocity (L/T) divided by time, i.e. L T\u22122."}, {"section_header": "Definition and properties | Average acceleration", "text": "divided by the duration of the period (         \u0394         t         ) {\\displaystyle (\\Delta t)}   ."}], "text": "Acceleration is mass multiplied by time", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Acceleration"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "General reception", "text": "\" The book was also criticized for never mentioning the name of God."}], "id": "948eNEnH3MbX5Ag8MmDs", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "General reception", "text": "Several critics complained the title made the book sound as if the main character is a nun."}, {"section_header": "Publication history and response", "text": "The book was not advertised and only 456 copies sold."}, {"section_header": "Style and genre", "text": "However, Alfred Kazin\u2014while criticizing Dreiser's style\u2014pointed out that Dreiser's novels had survived and remained influential works."}, {"section_header": "General reception", "text": "The title of the book was considered by The Newark Sunday News to be the \"weakest thing about the book\" because it \"does not bear the faintest relation to the story.\" Similarly, Frederic Taber Cooper in The Bookman declared it to be a \"colourless and misleading title\"."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "\" Meeber takes the train to Chicago, where her older sister Minnie, and Minnie's husband, Sven Hanson, have agreed to take her in."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Upon returning home to Carrie, he encourages her to take the part of the heroine."}, {"section_header": "General reception", "text": "There is also the receipt of sale which Doubleday sent to Dreiser showing that Sister Carrie was not withdrawn from the shelves, reporting that 456 copies of the 1,008 copies printed were sold."}, {"section_header": "Publication history and response", "text": "From the outset, his title was Sister Carrie, though he changed it to The Flesh and the Spirit while writing it; he restored the original name once complete."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Criticism Criticism Miriam Gogol, ed. Theodore Dreiser: Beyond Naturalism."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It has been called the \"greatest of all American urban novels\"."}, {"section_header": "General reception", "text": "\" The book was also criticized for never mentioning the name of God."}], "text": "This novel sold poorly, and was criticized severely for taking the Lord's title in vain.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Sister Carrie"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The group rose to fame with their debut international album, Backstreet Boys (1996)."}], "id": "9BFU9b6AjjEym6ZgduVX", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 2006\u201311: Unbreakable and This Is Us", "text": "The album debuted at No. 9 on the Billboard 200, selling 42,000 copies in its first week of release."}, {"section_header": "History | 2006\u201311: Unbreakable and This Is Us", "text": "It received positive reviews, and opened at number seven on the Billboard 200, selling 81,000 copies in its first week of release."}, {"section_header": "History | 1998\u201399: Millennium and superstardom", "text": "The album entered the Billboard 200 at No. 1, and managed to sell 1,134,000 copies in its first week of release."}, {"section_header": "History | 2004\u201306: Never Gone and Richardson's departure", "text": "It debuted at number one in Australia, becoming their first number-one hit in the country."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "They are the first group since Led Zeppelin to have their first ten albums reach the top 10 on the Billboard 200, and the only boy band to do so."}, {"section_header": "History | 1996\u201397: Debut, worldwide success, and Backstreet's Back", "text": "Their self-titled U.S. debut album, which consisted of songs from their 1996 international debut album and Backstreet's Back, was released in the U.S. a day later, August 12, 1997."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The group rose to fame with their debut international album, Backstreet Boys (1996)."}, {"section_header": "History | 1996\u201397: Debut, worldwide success, and Backstreet's Back", "text": "The group finished recording their first album Backstreet Boys in the spring of 1996, and it was released internationally on May 6, 1996, excluding U.S. and Canada; however, it was later released in Canada in October 1996.Their popularity grew in Europe."}, {"section_header": "History | 1996\u201397: Debut, worldwide success, and Backstreet's Back", "text": "They also became one of the most successful debut artists in the world, collecting awards such as Durchstarter (Best Newcomers) in Germany's Viva Comet Awards in 1996.\"Anywhere for You\" was released as the last single from their international debut album on February 17, 1997. \" Quit Playing Games (with My Heart)\", originally released in Europe as their fourth single in October 1996, was released in the U.S. in May 1997 for their upcoming self-titled U.S. debut album."}, {"section_header": "History | 2015\u2013present: Dead 7 film, Las Vegas residency, and DNA", "text": "On November 9, the Backstreet Boys released the single \"Chances\" and announced the title of their ninth studio album, DNA, which was released on January 25, 2019."}], "text": "The Blaskstreet Boys debut album was released in 1996 at number 9 on the Billboard 200.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Backstreet Boys"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "An arthropod (, from Greek \u1f04\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd arthron, \"joint\" and \u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 pous, \"foot\" (gen. \u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c2)) is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages."}], "id": "9Bqrbn5Gng0it2VDNSiT", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Description | Exoskeleton", "text": "Arthropod exoskeletons are made of cuticle, a non-cellular material secreted by the epidermis."}, {"section_header": "Description | Exoskeleton", "text": "The exoskeletons of most aquatic crustaceans are biomineralized with calcium carbonate extracted from the water."}, {"section_header": "Description | Exoskeleton", "text": "Although all arthropods use muscles attached to the inside of the exoskeleton to flex their limbs, some still use hydraulic pressure to extend them, a system inherited from their pre-arthropod ancestors; for example, all spiders extend their legs hydraulically and can generate pressures up to eight times their resting level."}, {"section_header": "Description | Exoskeleton", "text": "Two recent hypotheses about the evolution of biomineralization in arthropods and other groups of animals propose that it provides tougher defensive armor, and that it allows animals to grow larger and stronger by providing more rigid skeletons; and in either case a mineral-organic composite exoskeleton is cheaper to build than an all-organic one of comparable strength."}, {"section_header": "Description | Moulting", "text": "Arthropods therefore replace their exoskeletons by undergoing ecdysis (moulting), or shedding the old exoskeleton after growing a new one that is not yet hardened."}, {"section_header": "Description | Moulting", "text": "After moulting, i.e. shedding their exoskeleton, the juvenile arthropods continue in their life cycle until they either pupate or moult again."}, {"section_header": "Description | Moulting", "text": "The exoskeleton cannot stretch and thus restricts growth."}, {"section_header": "Description", "text": "The exoskeleton or cuticles consists of chitin, a polymer of glucosamine."}, {"section_header": "Description | Exoskeleton", "text": "For example, they are often used as sensors to detect air or water currents, or contact with objects; aquatic arthropods use feather-like setae to increase the surface area of swimming appendages and to filter food particles out of water; aquatic insects, which are air-breathers, use thick felt-like coats of setae to trap air, extending the time they can spend under water; heavy, rigid setae serve as defensive spines."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "An arthropod (, from Greek \u1f04\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd arthron, \"joint\" and \u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 pous, \"foot\" (gen. \u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c2)) is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages."}], "text": "An arthropod has an exoskeleton.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Arthropoda"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The book is divided into five chapters, which Dickens titled \"staves\"."}], "id": "9DGD2YYM23pT7r5Ov5ji", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Christmas Carol. A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The book is divided into five chapters, which Dickens titled \"staves\"."}, {"section_header": "Background | Writing history", "text": "George Cruikshank, the illustrator who had earlier worked with Dickens on Sketches by Boz (1836) and Oliver Twist (1838), introduced him to the caricaturist John Leech."}, {"section_header": "Publication", "text": "The first printing contained drab olive endpapers that Dickens felt were unacceptable, and the publisher Chapman and Hall quickly replaced them with yellow endpapers, but, once replaced, those clashed with the title page, which was then redone."}, {"section_header": "Background | Writing history", "text": "Matters worsened when Chapman & Hall, his publishers, threatened to reduce his monthly income by \u00a350 if sales dropped further."}, {"section_header": "Publication", "text": "As the result of the disagreements with Chapman and Hall over the commercial failures of Martin Chuzzlewit, Dickens arranged to pay for the publishing himself, in exchange for a percentage of the profits."}, {"section_header": "Background | Writing history", "text": "He began A Christmas Carol in October 1843."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "In 1824 John was committed to the Marshalsea, a debtors' prison in Southwark, London."}, {"section_header": "Performances and adaptations", "text": "A Christmas Carol theatrical productions were playing in London."}, {"section_header": "Publication", "text": "Chapman and Hall issued second and third editions before the new year, and the book continued to sell well into 1844."}], "text": "A Christmas Carol, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech, is divided into five chapters", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "A Christmas Carol"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Image and legacy | Ed Force One", "text": "For their Somewhere Back in Time World Tour in 2008 and 2009, Iron Maiden commissioned an Astraeus Airlines Boeing 757 as transport."}], "id": "9F4Us50erAc4vPqAConA", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Iron Maiden. Iron Maiden. Vision On. ISBN 978-1-846-09445-3."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Iron Maiden: Iron Maiden: Running Free. Hal Leonard Corp. ISBN 978-0-946-39184-4."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "The Iron Maidens Bushell, Gary (1985)."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Prato, Greg (2015). Iron Maiden: '"}, {"section_header": "Image and legacy | Appearance in media", "text": "Transformers author Bill Forster is an avowed Iron Maiden fan and made several Iron Maiden references, including song lyrics and the phrase \"Up the Irons\" in his books, including The Ark series and The AllSpark Almanac series."}, {"section_header": "History | Early years (1975\u20131978)", "text": "Afterwards, Iron Maiden fired Purkis and replaced him with Doug Sampson."}, {"section_header": "History | Record contract and early releases (1978\u20131981)", "text": "Iron Maiden also appeared, to much acclaim, at the Reading Festival 1980."}, {"section_header": "History | Record contract and early releases (1978\u20131981)", "text": "In 1981, Iron Maiden released their second studio album, Killers."}, {"section_header": "History | Blaze Bayley era, The X Factor and Virtual XI (1994\u20131999)", "text": "After the tour, Iron Maiden released a compilation album, Best of the Beast."}, {"section_header": "Image and legacy | Appearance in media", "text": "Iron Maiden songs have also appeared in films, such as Phenomena ("}, {"section_header": "Image and legacy | Ed Force One", "text": "For their Somewhere Back in Time World Tour in 2008 and 2009, Iron Maiden commissioned an Astraeus Airlines Boeing 757 as transport."}], "text": "Iron Maiden has its own airplane.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Iron Maiden"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In Major League Baseball (MLB), he pitched 17 seasons on the Detroit Tigers and Cleveland Indians, from 1939 through 1955."}], "id": "9MEd9zF7LA6C4FBYvb7p", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "The 1945 All-Star Game was cancelled on April 24 because of travel restrictions and seven out of eight scheduled interleague games were played in place of the All-Star Game on July 9 and 10 to support the American Red Cross and War Relief fund."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "During his playing days, Newhouser's teammates nicknamed him \"Prince Hal\" because of the way he carried himself."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "Newhouser made his debut for Detroit on September 29, 1939."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "In 1940, he earned a spot on the Tigers out of spring training."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "In his first two full big-league seasons, the young left-hander experienced control problems, walking more batters than he struck out while posting win-loss records of 9\u20139 and 9\u201311."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "He improved in 1942 and 1943, posting excellent earned run averages (ERAs), but he still lost more than he won on a team with a weak offense."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "As World War II got under way, the Tigers moved up in the standings because several of their top players, including Newhouser, were classified as 4-F (ineligible to be drafted)."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "Newhouser was 4-F due to a leaky heart valve; he attempted to join the service anyway but was turned down several times."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "He blossomed in 1944, becoming a dominant pitcher in wartime baseball."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "That season, Newhouser rang up a 29\u20139 record, leading the league in wins and strikeouts (187)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In Major League Baseball (MLB), he pitched 17 seasons on the Detroit Tigers and Cleveland Indians, from 1939 through 1955."}], "text": "Hal Newhouser played for the San Francisco Giants.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Hal Newhouser"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He interrupted his military career in 1853 to pursue private business ventures, and at the outbreak of the Civil War he was superintendent of the Louisiana State Seminary of Learning & Military Academy (now Louisiana State University)."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His father, Charles Robert Sherman, a successful lawyer who sat on the Ohio Supreme Court, died unexpectedly in 1829."}], "id": "9OEYpUEKl1ReiUngauei", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life | Sherman's given names", "text": "Sherman wrote in his Memoirs that his father named him William Tecumseh; Sherman was baptized by a Presbyterian minister as an infant and given the name William at that time."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His father, Charles Robert Sherman, a successful lawyer who sat on the Ohio Supreme Court, died unexpectedly in 1829."}, {"section_header": "Monuments", "text": "Copies of Saint-Gaudens's Bust of William Tecumseh Sherman are in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and elsewhere."}, {"section_header": "Early life | Sherman's given names", "text": "Sherman reported that his middle name came from his father having \"caught a fancy for the great chief of the Shawnees, 'Tecumseh'\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "William Tecumseh Sherman (February 8, 1820 \u2013 February 14, 1891) was an American soldier, businessman, educator, and author."}, {"section_header": "Civil War service | Breakdown", "text": "Sherman went to Lancaster, Ohio, to recuperate."}, {"section_header": "Early life | Military college superintendent", "text": "He proved an effective and popular leader of the institution, which later became Louisiana State University (LSU)."}, {"section_header": "Historiography | Autobiography and memoirs", "text": "His Memoirs of General William T. Sherman."}, {"section_header": "Early life | Sherman's given names", "text": "Since an account in a 1932 biography about Sherman, it has often been reported that, as an infant, Sherman was named simply Tecumseh."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Sherman was distantly related to American founding father Roger Sherman and grew to admire him."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He interrupted his military career in 1853 to pursue private business ventures, and at the outbreak of the Civil War he was superintendent of the Louisiana State Seminary of Learning & Military Academy (now Louisiana State University)."}], "text": "William Tecumseh Sherman went to LSU and his father was a lawyer.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "William Tecumseh Sherman"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early years and family", "text": "One of nine children, Guerrero is the younger brother of ex-major leaguer Wilton Guerrero, who also played with the Montreal Expos (the two were teammates for several seasons)."}], "id": "9RbtqrHjHDp26wVDzQfx", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Toronto Blue Jays", "text": "With the 51s he played in 8 games, with 10 hits in 33 at-bats (.303 avg)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "With his aggressive batting style, he hit more than 30 home runs (HR) in each of 8 seasons and surpassed 100 runs batted in (RBI) 10 times, though he had just 2 seasons with at least 65 walks."}, {"section_header": "Career | Retirement", "text": "He was formally inducted on July 29, becoming the first member of the Hall to be depicted with an Angels cap, even though he appeared in more games (1004-846) and played in more seasons (8-6) as a Montreal Expo."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "MLB All-Star (1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010) 8\u00d7 Silver Slugger Award winner (1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010) 2\u00d7 Montreal Expos Minor League Player of the Year (1995, 1996) 4\u00d7 Montreal Expos Player of the Year (1998, 1999, 2000, 2002) 4\u00d7 Los Angeles Angels Player of the Year (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007) 2\u00d7"}, {"section_header": "Early years and family", "text": "He is also the cousin of minor leaguer Cristian Guerrero, and the uncle of Miami Marlins farmhand Gabriel Guerrero."}, {"section_header": "Career | Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim | 2004 MVP season", "text": "Guerrero was clutch down the stretch."}, {"section_header": "Early years and family", "text": "In March 1993, Guerrero signed with the Montreal Expos."}, {"section_header": "Career | Montreal Expos", "text": "Guerrero represented the Expos at the 1999 All-Star Game."}, {"section_header": "Batting style", "text": "Guerrero batted over .300 from 1997 to 2008."}, {"section_header": "Early years and family", "text": "One of nine children, Guerrero is the younger brother of ex-major leaguer Wilton Guerrero, who also played with the Montreal Expos (the two were teammates for several seasons)."}], "text": "Guerrero has 8 siblings.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Vladimir Guerrero"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "It has received mixed to negative reviews, with most critics noting poor literary qualities of the work."}], "id": "9TGvXk2B13Q3cMzI4Bv4", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A version of the novel from Christian's point of view, Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian, was published in June 2015 as the fourth book."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2011 erotic romance novel by British author E. L. James."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Controversy", "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey has attracted criticism due to its depictions of BDSM, with some BDSM participants stating that the book confuses the practice with abuse, and presents it as a pathology to be overcome, as well as showing incorrect and possibly dangerous BDSM techniques."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best-seller lists around the world, including those of the United Kingdom and the United States."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best-seller lists around the world, selling over 125 million copies worldwide by June 2015."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Her best friend is Katherine \"Kate\" Kavanagh, who writes for the college newspaper."}, {"section_header": "Background and publication", "text": "The first, titled Fifty Shades of Grey, was released as an e-book and a print on demand paperback in May 2011 by The Writers' Coffee Shop, a virtual publisher based in Australia."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It became the first instalment in the Fifty Shades novel series that follows the deepening relationship between a college graduate, Anastasia Steele, and a young business magnate, Christian Grey."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The second and third volumes of the original trilogy, Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed, were published in 2012."}, {"section_header": "Background and publication", "text": "On 1 August 2012, Amazon UK announced that it had sold more copies of Fifty Shades of Grey than it had any individual book in the Harry Potter series, though worldwide the Harry Potter series sold more than 450 million copies compared with Fifty Shades of Grey's sales of 60 million copies."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "It has received mixed to negative reviews, with most critics noting poor literary qualities of the work."}], "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey was criticized for its subpar writing.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Fifty Shades of Grey"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Socratic problem", "text": "As Socrates did not write down any of his teachings, secondary sources provide the only information on his life and thought."}], "id": "9VfzdOC1YDVLz3H8UpaD", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Socrates (; Ancient Greek: \u03a3\u03c9\u03ba\u03c1\u1fb0\u0301\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 S\u014dkr\u00e1t\u0113s [s\u0254\u02d0kr\u00e1t\u025b\u02d0s]; c.\u2009470 \u2013 399 BC) was a Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, and as being the first moral philosopher of the Western ethical tradition of thought."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Depictions of Socrates in art, literature and popular culture have made him one of the most widely known figures in the Western philosophical tradition."}, {"section_header": "Philosophy | Socratic method", "text": "The development and practice of this method is one of Socrates's most enduring contributions, and is a key factor in earning his mantle as the father of political philosophy, ethics or moral philosophy, and as a figurehead of all the central themes in Western philosophy."}, {"section_header": "Philosophy | Virtue", "text": "These virtues represented the most important qualities for a person to have, foremost of which were the philosophical or intellectual virtues."}, {"section_header": "Philosophy | Covertness", "text": "In the culmination of the philosophic path as discussed in Plato's Symposium, one comes to the Sea of Beauty or to the sight of \"the beautiful itself\" (211C); only then can one become wise. (In the Symposium, Socrates credits his speech on the philosophic path to his teacher, the priestess Diotima, who is not even sure if Socrates is capable of reaching the highest mysteries.) In the Meno, he refers to the Eleusinian Mysteries, telling Meno he would understand Socrates's answers better if only he could stay for the initiations next week."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Trial and death | Death | Refusal to escape", "text": "If he fled Athens his teaching would fare no better in another country, as he would continue questioning all he met and undoubtedly incur their displeasure."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Criticism", "text": "However, it is still commonly taught and held with little exception that Socrates is the progenitor of subsequent Western philosophy, to the point that philosophers before him are referred to as pre-Socratic."}, {"section_header": "Socratic problem | Socrates as a philosopher", "text": "Also, in Plato's Apology and Symposium, as well as in Xenophon's accounts, Socrates explicitly denies accepting payment for teaching."}, {"section_header": "Philosophy | Politics", "text": "Socrates's opposition to democracy is often denied, and the question is one of the biggest philosophical debates when trying to determine exactly what Socrates believed."}, {"section_header": "Philosophy | Virtue", "text": "The idea that there are certain virtues formed a common thread in Socrates's teachings."}, {"section_header": "Socratic problem", "text": "As Socrates did not write down any of his teachings, secondary sources provide the only information on his life and thought."}], "text": "Socrates was a Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy with his personal documented teachings.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Socrates"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Also featured in the film are Joe Pesci as Joey, LaMotta's well-intentioned brother and manager who tries to help Jake battle his inner demons, and Cathy Moriarty as his wife."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Raging Bull is a 1980 American biographical sports  drama film directed by Martin Scorsese, produced by Robert Chartoff and Irwin Winkler and adapted by Paul Schrader and Mardik Martin from Jake LaMotta's 1970 memoir Raging Bull: My Story."}], "id": "9eED4PWP4BJ2emc9yTOA", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception | Legacy", "text": "By the end of the 1980s, Raging Bull had cemented its reputation as a modern classic."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Legacy", "text": "FilmSite.org, a subsidiary of American Movie Classics, placed Raging Bull on their list of the 100 greatest movies."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Raging Bull is a 1980 American biographical sports  drama film directed by Martin Scorsese, produced by Robert Chartoff and Irwin Winkler and adapted by Paul Schrader and Mardik Martin from Jake LaMotta's 1970 memoir Raging Bull: My Story."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Also featured in the film are Joe Pesci as Joey, LaMotta's well-intentioned brother and manager who tries to help Jake battle his inner demons, and Cathy Moriarty as his wife."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Raging Bull premiered in New York on November 14, 1980 and was released in theaters on December 19, 1980."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Accolades", "text": "The Los Angeles Film Critics Association voted Raging Bull the best film of 1980 and De Niro best actor."}, {"section_header": "Production | Post-production", "text": "The editing of Raging Bull began when production was temporarily put on hold and was completed in 1980."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Legacy", "text": "It was voted the best film of the 1980s in numerous critics' polls and is regularly pointed to as both Scorsese's best film and one of the finest American films ever made."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Accolades", "text": "best supporting actor. The Berlin International Film Festival chose Raging Bull to open the festival in 1981.The 2012 Parajanov-Vartanov Institute Award honored screenwriter Mardik Martin \"for the mastery of his pen on iconic American films\" Mean Streets and Raging Bull."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical reception", "text": "When it first premiered in New York on November 14, 1980, the initial release of Raging Bull was met with polarized reviews, but the film would later be met with widespread critical acclaim."}], "text": "Raging Bull is a 1980 American modern classic sports film about inner demons.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Raging Bull"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "This Side of Paradise  is the debut novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald, published in 1920."}], "id": "9eMMwy2Jl4CieM0gFyZ4", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Publication", "text": "The initial printing sold out in three days."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "This Side of Paradise  is the debut novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald, published in 1920."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novel famously helped F. Scott Fitzgerald gain Zelda Sayre's hand in marriage; its publication was her condition of acceptance."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "The central plot of John Grisham's Camino Island centers around F. Scott Fitzgerald's manuscripts, including This Side of Paradise, which, in the novel, were stolen from the Firestone Library at Princeton University."}, {"section_header": "Publication", "text": "On March 30, four days after publication and one day after selling out the first printing, Fitzgerald wired Zelda to come to New York and get married that weekend."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Bruccoli, Matthew Joseph (2002), Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd rev."}, {"section_header": "Major characters", "text": "Both are from the Midwest, attended Princeton, had a failed romance with a debutante, served in the army, then had a failed romance with a second debutante (though after the success of This Side of Paradise, Fitzgerald won back Zelda)."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "While at Princeton (notably in University Cottage Club's library), Fitzgerald had written the unpublished novel The Romantic Egotist, and ultimately 81 pages of the typescript of this earlier work were included in This Side of Paradise."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Alternative band Glass Animals subtly referenced the novel on their 2016 album How to Be a Human Being, with a track titled \"The Other Side Of Paradise."}, {"section_header": "Major characters", "text": "Father Fay introduced him to the worlds of arts and letters, and another side of Catholicism, which emphasizes the \"beauty and richness of the experience [Fitzgerald] would always try to capture in his writing.\" Fitzgerald later wrote in a review-essay that \"[Father Fay] came into my life as the most romantic figure I had ever known.\" \" Rosalind Connage \u2014 Amory Blaine's second love is based on Zelda Sayre, Fitzgerald's second love."}], "text": "The second novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald This Side of Paradise sold out in three days.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "This Side of Paradise"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life | Early years", "text": "Gauss was a child prodigy. In his memorial on Gauss, Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen says that when Gauss was barely three years old he corrected a math error his father made; and that when he was seven, he confidently solved an arithmetic series problem (commonly said to be 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 98 + 99 + 100) faster than anyone else in his class of 100 students."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Early years", "text": "There are many other anecdotes about his precocity while a toddler, and he made his first groundbreaking mathematical discoveries while still a teenager."}], "id": "9fHNoeUpswg755HR1I6U", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (; German: Gau\u00df"}, {"section_header": "Commemorations", "text": "Carl Friedrich Gauss, who also introduced the so-called Gaussian logarithms, sometimes gets confused with Friedrich Gustav Gauss (1829\u20131915), a German geologist, who also published some well-known logarithm tables used up into the early 1980s."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Early years", "text": "Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss was born on 30 April 1777 in Brunswick (Braunschweig), in the Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel (now part of Lower Saxony, Germany), to poor, working-class parents."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Early years", "text": "it was not published until 1801."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Family", "text": "While working for the American Fur Company in the Midwest, he learned the Sioux language."}, {"section_header": "Commemorations", "text": "the Polish mathematician Marian Rejewski, who helped to solve the German Enigma cipher machine in December 1932, began studying actuarial statistics at G\u00f6ttingen."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "[\u02c8ka\u0281l \u02c8f\u0281i\u02d0d\u0281\u026a\u00e7 \u02c8\u0261a\u028as] (listen); Latin: Carolus Fridericus Gauss; 30 April 1777 \u2013 23 February 1855) was a German mathematician and physicist who made significant contributions to many fields in mathematics and science."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Family", "text": "His mother lived in his house from 1817 until her death in 1839.Gauss eventually had conflicts with his sons."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sometimes referred to as the Princeps mathematicorum (Latin for '\"the foremost of mathematicians\"') and \"the greatest mathematician since antiquity\", Gauss had an exceptional influence in many fields of mathematics and science, and is ranked among history's most influential mathematicians."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Religious views", "text": "Other religious influences included Wilhelm Braubach, Johann Peter S\u00fcssmilch, and the New Testament."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Early years", "text": "Gauss was a child prodigy. In his memorial on Gauss, Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen says that when Gauss was barely three years old he corrected a math error his father made; and that when he was seven, he confidently solved an arithmetic series problem (commonly said to be 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 98 + 99 + 100) faster than anyone else in his class of 100 students."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Early years", "text": "There are many other anecdotes about his precocity while a toddler, and he made his first groundbreaking mathematical discoveries while still a teenager."}], "text": "German mathematician Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss was a late bloomer and did not learn basic math until after 25.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Carl Friedrich Gauss"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "The play is set in the small town of Malia, Ohio in the weeks leading to Christmas in the late 1930s."}], "id": "9giL26qxOBWuOgDAwSo2", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Influence of Alexander Woollcott", "text": "Woollcott was delighted with The Man Who Came to Dinner and was offered the role for its Broadway debut."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "The Man Who Came to Dinner was presented on Philip Morris Playhouse July 10, 1942."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "In 1949, The Man Who Came to Dinner was produced for CBS Radio for The Hotpoint Holiday Hour."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Man Who Came to Dinner is a comedy in three acts by George S. Kaufman and Moss Hart."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "The play is set in the small town of Malia, Ohio in the weeks leading to Christmas in the late 1930s."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "Who Came to Dinner approved by the Hart and Kaufman estates which starred Simon Callow as Whiteside, Elizabeth McGovern as Maggie, with Conleth Hill as Bert Jefferson, Cheryl Campbell as Lorraine Sheldon, John Sessions as Banjo and Professor Metz, Colin Stinton as Mr. Stanley, and Malcolm Sinclair as Beverley Carlton."}, {"section_header": "Broadway revivals", "text": "In the movie, Monty Woolley's portrayal at times came across as mean for mean's sake."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "For Christmas Day, 2000, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a Marcy Kahan adaptation of The Man"}], "text": "The Man Who Came to Dinner happens in Ohio.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Man Who Came to Dinner"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He made his film debut in Heaven's Gate (1980), but was fired during production."}], "id": "9igVrIf8ZNZWGdVXe6c1", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | 1990\u20131999: Balancing independent and blockbuster films", "text": "The Night and the Moment. In his first of three film appearances in 1996, Dafoe made a cameo appearance as an electrician in the biographical drama Basquiat."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1986\u20131989: Breakthrough, first Oscar nomination, and controversial roles", "text": "Dafoe reunited with Platoon director Oliver Stone for a small appearance in the biographical war drama Born on the Fourth of July (1989)."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 2010\u2013present: Continued acclaim and success", "text": "Dafoe made his second guest appearance in the animated sitcom"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He received his first Academy Award nomination for his role as Sergeant Elias Grodin in Oliver Stone's war film Platoon (1986)."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 2000\u20132009: Shadow of the Vampire, Spider-Man and prolificity", "text": "Dafoe appeared in seven films in 2009, the first of which was in Lars"}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1986\u20131989: Breakthrough, first Oscar nomination, and controversial roles", "text": "Dafoe's sole film release of 1986 was Oliver Stone's Vietnam War film Platoon, gaining him his widest exposure up to that point for playing the compassionate Sergeant Elias Grodin."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1990\u20131999: Balancing independent and blockbuster films", "text": "Dafoe made a cameo appearance in John Waters' musical comedy Cry-Baby (1990) as a prison guard who gives a brief lecture on values to the title character, who is played by Johnny Depp."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He made his film debut in Heaven's Gate (1980), but was fired during production."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1986\u20131989: Breakthrough, first Oscar nomination, and controversial roles", "text": "It was filmed on location at Auschwitz, the first major film to do so."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1986\u20131989: Breakthrough, first Oscar nomination, and controversial roles", "text": "Following a brief appearance in the horror film The Hunger (1983), Dafoe again played the leader of a biker gang in Walter Hill's 1984 action film Streets of Fire."}], "text": "Defoe made his first appearance in film in Platoon.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Willem Dafoe"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ultimately, however, the rebellion is betrayed, and the farm ends up in a state as bad as it was before, under the dictatorship of a pig named Napoleon."}], "id": "9mOdYHYPr97NfmBXLR3f", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Animal Farm is an allegorical novella by George Orwell, first published in England on 17 August 1945."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Animal Farm has also faced similar forms of resistance in other countries."}, {"section_header": "Publication | Preface", "text": "Secker and Warburg published the first edition of Animal Farm in 1945 without an introduction."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Humans", "text": "Pilkington is wealthier than Frederick and owns more land, but his farm is in need of care as opposed to Frederick's smaller but more efficiently run farm."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Pigs", "text": "By the end of the book, the skull is reburied."}, {"section_header": "Background | Origin", "text": "In the preface of a 1947 Ukrainian edition of Animal Farm, he explained how escaping the communist purges in Spain taught him \"how easily totalitarian propaganda can control the opinion of enlightened people in democratic countries."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "The Guardian on 24 August 1945 called Animal Farm \"a delightfully humorous and caustic satire on the rule of the many by the few\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ultimately, however, the rebellion is betrayed, and the farm ends up in a state as bad as it was before, under the dictatorship of a pig named Napoleon."}, {"section_header": "Publication | Publishing", "text": "In October 1945, Orwell wrote to Frederic Warburg expressing interest in pursuing the possibility that the political cartoonist David Low might illustrate Animal Farm."}, {"section_header": "Publication | Publishing", "text": "Eventually, Secker and Warburg published the first edition in 1945."}], "text": "The 1945 novella Animal Farm ends when the animals escape and form their own utopia.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Animal Farm"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 7, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Name", "text": "The name Golden Horde, a partial calque of Russian \u0417\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044f \u041e\u0440\u0434\u0430 (Zolot\u00e1ja Ord\u00e1), itself supposedly a partial calque of Turkic Altan Orda, is said to have been inspired by the golden color of the tents the Mongols lived in during wartime, or an actual golden tent used by Batu Khan or by Uzbek Khan, or to have been bestowed by the Slavic tributaries to describe the great wealth of the khan."}], "id": "9mYt5yPlQpEmdMygwAQv", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Disintegration | Russian conquests", "text": "It was by far the longest-lived of the successor states to the Golden Horde."}, {"section_header": "Mongol origins (1225\u20131241)", "text": "While the Mongolian language was undoubtedly in general use at the court of Batu, few Mongol texts written in the territory of the Golden Horde have survived, perhaps because of the prevalent general illiteracy."}, {"section_header": "Name", "text": "The name Golden Horde, a partial calque of Russian \u0417\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044f \u041e\u0440\u0434\u0430 (Zolot\u00e1ja Ord\u00e1), itself supposedly a partial calque of Turkic Altan Orda, is said to have been inspired by the golden color of the tents the Mongols lived in during wartime, or an actual golden tent used by Batu Khan or by Uzbek Khan, or to have been bestowed by the Slavic tributaries to describe the great wealth of the khan."}, {"section_header": "Golden Age | Dual khanship (1281\u20131299)", "text": "Under his rule, the Vlachs, Slavs, Alans, and Turco-Mongols lived in modern-day Moldavia."}, {"section_header": "Golden Age | Dual khanship (1281\u20131299)", "text": "Nogai and K\u00f6ch\u00fc, Khan of the White Horde and son of Orda Khan, also made peace with the Yuan dynasty and the Ilkhanate."}, {"section_header": "Golden Age | Dual khanship (1281\u20131299)", "text": "After returning, Talabuga overthrew T\u00f6de M\u00f6ngke, who was left to live in peace."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In the south, the Golden Horde's lands bordered on the Black Sea, the Caucasus Mountains, and the territories of the Mongol dynasty known as the Ilkhanate."}, {"section_header": "Golden Age | Berke\u2013Hulagu war (1262\u20131266)", "text": "The outbreak of conflict was made more annoying to Berke by the rebellion of Suzdal at the same time, killing Mongol darughachis and tax-collectors."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The territory of the Golden Horde at its peak included most of Eastern Europe from the Urals to the Danube River, and extended east deep into Siberia."}, {"section_header": "Islamization | Jani Beg (1342\u20131357)", "text": "In 1352, a Mongol-Russian army ravaged Polish territory and Lublin."}], "text": "In the Golden Horde territory, the the Mongols lived in yurt-like structures, made with a golden colored fabric.", "total_likes": 5, "total_votes": 9, "wikipedia_page": "Golden Horde"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History", "text": "Construction took nine years, from 1922 to 1931 and cost the equivalent of US$250,000 (equivalent to $3,600,000 in 2019) and the monument opened on October 12, 1931."}], "id": "9mzeDIa49L8eq9rm5yHq", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History", "text": "Construction took nine years, from 1922 to 1931 and cost the equivalent of US$250,000 (equivalent to $3,600,000 in 2019) and the monument opened on October 12, 1931."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Constructed between 1922 and 1931, the statue is 30 metres (98 ft) high, excluding its 8-metre (26 ft) pedestal."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "In 1922, Landowski commissioned fellow Parisian Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida, who studied sculpture at the Fine Arts Conservatory in Bucharest and in Italy."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of V\u0169ng T\u00e0u in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of V\u0169ng T\u00e0u in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ the Redeemer of the Andes (Argentina/Chile) Christ the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Ibiza, Spain, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Blanco in Cusco, Peru"}], "text": "The construction took nine years from 1922 to 1931 and had a cost of US$250,000 ($3,600,000 in 2019).", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Christ the Redeemer (statue)"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Texts", "text": "Three early editions of the text have survived, making attempts to establish a single \"authentic\" text problematic and inconclusive."}], "id": "9sTW31lKpd23A8lE5Fpu", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Texts", "text": "Each surviving edition differs from the others: First Quarto (Q1): In 1603 the booksellers Nicholas Ling and John Trundell published, and Valentine Simmes printed, the so-called \"bad\" first quarto, under the name The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet Prince of Denmarke."}, {"section_header": "Texts", "text": "Each text contains material that the other lacks, with many minor differences in wording: scarcely 200 lines are identical in the two."}, {"section_header": "Texts", "text": "The 2006 publication by Arden Shakespeare of different Hamlet texts in different volumes is perhaps evidence of this shifting focus and emphasis."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Each version includes lines and entire scenes missing from the others."}, {"section_header": "Texts", "text": "Three early editions of the text have survived, making attempts to establish a single \"authentic\" text problematic and inconclusive."}, {"section_header": "Texts", "text": "Developing this, some editors such as Jonathan Bate have argued that Q2 may represent \"a 'reading' text as opposed to a 'performance' one\" of Hamlet, analogous to how modern films released on disc may include deleted scenes: an edition containing all of Shakespeare's material for the play for the pleasure of readers, so not representing the play as it would have been staged."}, {"section_header": "Texts", "text": "I suspect most people just won't want to read a three-text play ... [multi-text editions are] a version of the play that is out of touch with the needs of a wider public."}, {"section_header": "Texts", "text": "Editing Q1 thus poses problems in whether or not to \"correct\" differences from Q2 and F. Irace, in her introduction to Q1, wrote that \"I have avoided as many other alterations as possible, because the differences...are especially intriguing... I have recorded a selection of Q2/F readings in the collation."}, {"section_header": "Texts", "text": "Editors have combined them in an effort to create one \"inclusive\" text that reflects an imagined \"ideal\" of Shakespeare's original."}, {"section_header": "Texts", "text": "Other editors have continued to argue the need for well-edited editions taking material from all versions of the play."}], "text": "editions of the text exist and each one is different from the others.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Hamlet"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It premiered at the Los Angeles Carthay Circle Theatre to great success both critically and financially."}], "id": "9w1fyPnR9wxUYSUcDM9Y", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Life of Emile Zola is a 1937 American biographical film about 19th-century French author \u00c9mile Zola, starring Paul Muni and directed by William Dieterle, a German \u00e9migr\u00e9."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Zola is reluctant to give up a comfortable life, but she brings forth new evidence to pique his curiosity."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It premiered at the Los Angeles Carthay Circle Theatre to great success both critically and financially."}, {"section_header": "Reception and interpretation", "text": "\" The Life of Emile Zola topped Film Daily's year-end poll of 531 critics as the best film of 1937.Certain scenes were interpreted at the time as \"indirect attacks on Nazi Germany.\" As David Denby writes about the movie in 2013, \"At the end, in an outpouring of the progressive rhetoric that was typical of the thirties, Zola makes a grandiloquent speech on behalf of justice and truth and against nationalist war frenzy.\" But the film was curiously silent about the issue at its core: that Dreyfus was Jewish and being persecuted under French anti-Semitism."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "He becomes rich and famous, marries Alexandrine (Gloria Holden), and settles down to a comfortable life in his mansion."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Finally, a chance encounter with a street prostitute (Erin O'Brien-Moore) hiding from a police raid inspires his first bestseller, Nana, an expos\u00e9 of the steamy underside of Parisian life."}, {"section_header": "Cast", "text": "Paul Muni as \u00c9mile Zola Gloria Holden as Alexandrine Zola"}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "As expected, Zola is charged with libel."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Zola is found guilty and sentenced to a year in prison and a 3000 Franc fine."}, {"section_header": "21st century controversy about collaboration", "text": "She disputes that he ever gave an order about taking \"Jew\" out of dialogue in the film about Zola."}], "text": "The Life of Emile Zola was a triumphant at its premier.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Life of Emile Zola"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Modern", "text": "Pope Sixtus V (1585\u20131590) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome's prostitutes, though this proposal fell through with his premature death."}], "id": "9whKvUMSQaBd0UciBbNF", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Use | Today", "text": "Beneath the Colosseum, a network of subterranean passageways once used to transport wild animals and gladiators to the arena opened to the public in summer 2010.The"}, {"section_header": "Use", "text": "Such scenes might be used simply to display a natural environment for the urban population, or could otherwise be used as the backdrop for hunts or dramas depicting episodes from mythology."}, {"section_header": "Use | Today | Restoration", "text": "Due to the controversial nature of using a public\u2013private partnership to fund the restoration, work was delayed and began in 2013."}, {"section_header": "Use", "text": "It has been suggested that the reports either have the location wrong, or that the Colosseum originally featured a wide floodable channel down its central axis (which would later have been replaced by the hypogeum).Sylvae or recreations of natural scenes were also held in the arena."}, {"section_header": "Use", "text": "The Colosseum was used to host gladiatorial shows as well as a variety of other events."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine."}, {"section_header": "Physical description | Interior seating", "text": "They were seated in a tiered arrangement that reflected the rigidly stratified nature of Roman society."}, {"section_header": "History | Modern", "text": "Pope Sixtus V (1585\u20131590) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome's prostitutes, though this proposal fell through with his premature death."}, {"section_header": "History | Medieval", "text": "The numerous vaulted spaces in the arcades under the seating were converted into housing and workshops, and are recorded as still being rented out as late as the 12th century."}, {"section_header": "Use", "text": "During the early days of the Colosseum, ancient writers recorded that the building was used for naumachiae (more properly known as navalia proelia) or simulated sea battles."}], "text": "The Colosseum was once used as a natural fibers workshop that employed sex-workers.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Colosseum"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\u201cGreat State\u201d in Turkic was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire."}], "id": "A3sCYx4Z3ADtKxZdV0Ki", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Disintegration | Uzbek Khanate (1428)", "text": "The political situation in the Golden Horde did not stabilize."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Crimean Khanate and the Kazakh Khanate, the last remnants of the Golden Horde, survived until 1783 and 1847 respectively."}, {"section_header": "Disintegration | Uzbek Khanate (1428)", "text": "After 1419, the Golden Horde functionally ceased to exist."}, {"section_header": "Disintegration | Great Horde (1459\u20131502)", "text": "The Crimean Khanate, which had become a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire in 1475, subjugated what remained of the Great Horde, sacking Sarai in 1502."}, {"section_header": "Disintegration | Uzbek Khanate (1428)", "text": "His successor, Abu'l-Khayr Khan, founded the Uzbek Khanate."}, {"section_header": "Disintegration | Khanate of Sibir (1405)", "text": "When he died in 1468, the khanate split in two, with the Shaybanid Ibak Khan situated in Chimgi-Tura, and the Taibugid Muhammad at the fortress of Sibir, from which the khanate derives its name."}, {"section_header": "Disintegration | Khanate of Sibir (1405)", "text": "The Khanate of Sibir was ruled by a dynasty originating with Taibuga in 1405 at Chimgi-Tura."}, {"section_header": "Disintegration | Khanate of Sibir (1405)", "text": "After his death in 1428, the khanate was ruled by the Uzbek khan Abu'l-Khayr Khan."}, {"section_header": "Disintegration | Khanate of Kazan (1445)", "text": "The Golden Horde was no more, he had barely 10,000 soldiers, and thus could not press the advantage against Moscow."}, {"section_header": "Disintegration | Crimean Khanate (1449)", "text": "In 1449, Hac\u0131 I Giray seized Crimea from Sayid Ahmad I, and founded the Crimean Khanate."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\u201cGreat State\u201d in Turkic was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire."}], "text": "The Golden Horde was a khanate.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Golden Horde"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The magnitude of an object's acceleration, as described by Newton's Second Law, is the combined effect of two causes:  the net balance of all external forces acting onto that object \u2014 magnitude is directly proportional to this net resulting force; that object's mass, depending on the materials out of which it is made \u2014 magnitude is inversely proportional to the object's mass."}], "id": "A6NnzeYkqpq5g2WC6vGi", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Special cases | Uniform acceleration", "text": "By Newton's Second Law the force                                                 F                            g                                                  {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {F_{g}} }    acting on a body is given by:                                                 F                            g"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The magnitude of an object's acceleration, as described by Newton's Second Law, is the combined effect of two causes:  the net balance of all external forces acting onto that object \u2014 magnitude is directly proportional to this net resulting force; that object's mass, depending on the materials out of which it is made \u2014 magnitude is inversely proportional to the object's mass."}, {"section_header": "Definition and properties | Other forms", "text": "In classical mechanics, for a body with constant mass, the (vector) acceleration of the body's center of mass is proportional to the net force vector (i.e. sum of all forces) acting on it (Newton's second law): F"}, {"section_header": "Definition and properties | Units", "text": "The SI unit of acceleration is the metre per second squared (m s\u22122); or \"metre per second per second\", as the velocity in metres per second changes by the acceleration value, every second."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Accelerations are vector quantities (in that they have magnitude and direction)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The SI unit for acceleration is metre per second squared ("}, {"section_header": "Definition and properties | Instantaneous acceleration", "text": ", acceleration can be thought of as the second derivative of x with respect to t:                                    a                  =                                                d                                v                                                        d               t"}, {"section_header": "Special cases | Circular motion", "text": "\u2022 For a given speed                         v                 {\\displaystyle v}   , the magnitude of this geometrically caused acceleration (centripetal acceleration) is inversely proportional to the radius"}, {"section_header": "Special cases | Circular motion", "text": "In uniform circular motion, that is moving with constant speed along a circular path, a particle experiences an acceleration resulting from the change of the direction of the velocity vector, while its magnitude remains constant."}, {"section_header": "Special cases | Circular motion", "text": "v v = v v = \u03c9 v v = v v = \u03c9 r         . {\\displaystyle v=\\omega r.}   Expressing centripetal acceleration vector in polar components, where                                    r                          {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {r} }    is a vector from the centre of the circle to the particle with magnitude equal to this distance, and considering the orientation of the acceleration towards the center, yields                                                 a                            c"}], "text": "Newton's second law does specify the magnitude of an acceleration.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Acceleration"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Han dynasty (Chinese: \u6f22\u671d; pinyin: H\u00e0nch\u00e1o) was the second imperial dynasty of China (202 BC\u2013220 AD), preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221\u2013206 BC) and a warring interregnum known as the Chu-Han contention (206\u2013202 BC), and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220\u2013280 AD)."}], "id": "A6hELmuYuO5FKDmZfHpA", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Western Han", "text": "China's first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty (221\u2013207 BC)."}, {"section_header": "Economy | Currency", "text": "The Han dynasty inherited the ban liang coin type from the Qin."}, {"section_header": "History | End of the Han dynasty", "text": "This formally ended the Han dynasty and initiated an age of conflict between three states: Cao Wei, Eastern Wu, and Shu Han."}, {"section_header": "Culture and society | Law and order", "text": "Han scholars such as Jia Yi (201\u2013169 BC) portrayed the previous Qin dynasty as a brutal regime."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Han dynasty (Chinese: \u6f22\u671d; pinyin: H\u00e0nch\u00e1o) was the second imperial dynasty of China (202 BC\u2013220 AD), preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221\u2013206 BC) and a warring interregnum known as the Chu-Han contention (206\u2013202 BC), and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220\u2013280 AD)."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "According to the Records of the Grand Historian, after the collapse of the Qin dynasty the hegemon Xiang Yu appointed Liu Bang as prince of the small fief of Hanzhong, named after its location on the Han River (in modern southwest Shaanxi)."}, {"section_header": "History | Western Han", "text": "The Qin united the Chinese Warring States by conquest, but their regime became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huang."}, {"section_header": "History | Western Han", "text": "The issuing of coinage remained a central government monopoly throughout the rest of the Han dynasty."}, {"section_header": "Science and technology", "text": "The Han dynasty was a unique period in the development of premodern Chinese science and technology, comparable to the level of scientific and technological growth during the Song dynasty (960\u20131279)."}, {"section_header": "History | Eastern Han", "text": "Emperor Zhang's (r. 75\u201388 AD) reign came to be viewed by later Eastern Han scholars as the high point of the dynastic house."}], "text": "The Han dynasty came after the Qin dynasty.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Han dynasty"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Bonus Army was a group of 43,000 demonstrators \u2013 made up of 17,000 U.S. World War"}], "id": "A6tkYrpIlIuegzQ5nCaO", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Washington police met with resistance, shot at the protestors, and two veterans were wounded and later died."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Bonus Army was a group of 43,000 demonstrators \u2013 made up of 17,000 U.S. World War"}, {"section_header": "Police shooting", "text": "When the veterans moved back into the camp, police drew their revolvers and shot at the veterans, two of whom, William Hushka and Eric Carlson, died later."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "I veterans, together with their families and affiliated groups \u2013 who gathered in Washington, D.C. in mid-1932 to demand early cash redemption of their service certificates."}, {"section_header": "Police shooting", "text": "When the two veterans were shot, the Commissioners asked the White House for federal troops."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Organizers called the demonstrators the \"Bonus Expeditionary Force\", to echo the name of World War"}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Breaking with tradition, the veterans of the Spanish\u2013American War did not receive a bonus and after World War I, that became a political matter when they received only a $60 bonus."}, {"section_header": "Police shooting", "text": "Eric Carlson (1894\u20131932) was a veteran from Oakland, California who fought in the trenches of France in World War I."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Two years later, hundreds of Pennsylvania war veterans marched on Philadelphia, then the nation's capital, surrounded the State House, where the U.S. Congress was in session, and demanded back pay."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "In January 1932, a march of 25,000 unemployed Pennsylvanians, dubbed \"Cox's Army\", had marched on Washington, D.C., the largest demonstration to date in the nation's capital, setting a precedent for future marches by the unemployed."}], "text": "The Bonus Army was a group of 43,000 demonstrators \u2013 made up of 17,000 U.S. World War I veterans who gathered in Washington, D.C in which Washington police met with resistance, shot at the protesters, and two veterans were wounded and later died.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Bonus Army"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 2000 onwards", "text": "This mirrors the Disney Parks East regional division consisting of Shanghai Disney Resort, Hong Kong Disneyland and Walt Disney Attractions Japan and headed by Michael Colglazier."}], "id": "A6zdSBWdEJ7vRubv4APe", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Disneyland Paris is also the only Disney resort outside of the United States to be completely owned by The Walt Disney Company."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Parisian resort is the second Disney park to open outside the United States following the opening of the Tokyo Disney Resort in 1983 and is the largest Disney resort to open outside of the United States."}, {"section_header": "History | Design and construction", "text": "In March 1988, Disney and a council of architects (Frank Gehry, Michael Graves, Robert A.M. Stern, Stanley Tigerman, and Robert Venturi) decided on an exclusively American theme in which each hotel would depict a region of the United States."}, {"section_header": "History | Recruitment/employment", "text": "Disney sought workers with sufficient communication skills, who spoke two European languages (French and one other), and were socially outgoing."}, {"section_header": "History | Controversies", "text": "On 28 June 1992, a group of French farmers blockaded Euro Disney in protest of farm policies supported at the time by the United States."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Within 25 years of opening, 320 million people visited Disneyland Paris, making it the most visited theme park in Europe."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It encompasses two theme parks, many resort hotels, Disney Nature Resorts, a shopping, dining, and entertainment complex, and a golf course, in addition to several additional recreational and entertainment venues."}, {"section_header": "History | Seeking a location for a European resort", "text": "By March 1985, the number of possible locations for the park had been reduced to four; two in France and two in Spain."}, {"section_header": "History | Opening day and early years", "text": "On 12 April 1992, Euro Disney Resort and its theme park, Euro Disneyland, officially opened."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Disneyland Park is the original theme park of the complex, opening with the resort on 12 April 1992."}, {"section_header": "History | 2000 onwards", "text": "This mirrors the Disney Parks East regional division consisting of Shanghai Disney Resort, Hong Kong Disneyland and Walt Disney Attractions Japan and headed by Michael Colglazier."}], "text": "Disneyland Paris is one of two Disney theme park outside of the United States.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Disneyland Paris"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "They switched because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate James G. Blaine."}], "id": "AEYPeQsD7C1wX9kmYiR1", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Mugwumps were Republican political activists in the United States who switched parties from the Republican Party by supporting Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the presidential election of 1884."}, {"section_header": "Historical appraisals", "text": "During the 2017 United Kingdom general election, Conservative Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson by writing in The Sun accused Labour Party Leader Jeremy Corbyn of being a threat to the United Kingdom and described him as a \"mutton-headed old mugwump\"."}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "In the period from 1876 to 1892, presidential elections were closely contested at the national level, but the states themselves were mostly dominated by a single party, with Democrats prevailing in the South and the Republicans in the Northeast."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "They switched because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate James G. Blaine."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "New England and the Northeast had been a stronghold of the Republican Party since the Civil War era, but the Mugwumps considered Blaine to be an untrustworthy and fraudulent candidate."}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "In the early 1880s, the issue of political patronage split the Republican Party down the middle for several consecutive sessions of Congress."}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "This division among Republicans may have contributed to the victory in 1884 of Grover Cleveland, the first President elected from the Democratic party since the Civil War."}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "Blaine was from the reform wing of his own party, but the Mugwumps rejected his candidacy."}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "Although the Pendleton Act of 1883 established the United States Civil Service Commission and made competency and merit the base qualifications for government positions, its effective implementation was slow."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "During the Third Party System, party loyalty was in high regard and independents were rare."}], "text": "Mugwumps were a group of United States politicians who switched parties because they thought the Republican party had strayed from its conservative ideals.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Mugwump"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and profession | Family and education", "text": "He died suddenly during a ball at the Academy, and was interred in Tikhvin Cemetery at the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in Saint Petersburg."}], "id": "AGI7BLYXzQdUK0fY0ffu", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and profession | Musical avocation | Opera and orchestral works", "text": "Borodin met Mily Balakirev during 1862."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Family and education", "text": "He began taking lessons in composition from Mily Balakirev during 1862."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin (Russian: Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin (Russian: \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0438\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d, IPA: [\u0250l\u02b2\u026ak\u02c8sandr p\u0250r\u02c8f\u02b2i\u200ar\u02b2j\u026av\u02b2\u026at\u0255 b\u0259r\u0250\u02c8d\u02b2in] (listen); 12 November 1833 \u2013 27 February 1887) was a Russian chemist and Romantic musical composer of Georgian ancestry."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Musical avocation | Chamber music", "text": "No other member of the Balakirev circle identified himself so much with absolute music as did Borodin in his two string quartets, in addition to his many earlier chamber compositions."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Musical avocation | Opera and orchestral works", "text": "While under Balakirev's tutelage in composition he began his Symphony No. 1 in E-flat major; it was first performed during 1869, with Balakirev conducting."}, {"section_header": "Subsequent references", "text": "The Borodin Quartet was named in his honour."}, {"section_header": "Subsequent references", "text": "In his book Burning in Water, Drowning in Flame (1974) Charles Bukowski wrote a poem about the life of Borodin entitled \"The Life of Borodin\"."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Career as a chemist", "text": "Between 1859 and 1862 Borodin had a postdoctoral position in Heidelberg."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Musical avocation | Opera and orchestral works", "text": "Borodin left the opera (and a few other works) incomplete at his death."}, {"section_header": "Musical legacy", "text": "In 1954, Borodin was posthumously awarded a Tony Award for this show."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Family and education", "text": "He died suddenly during a ball at the Academy, and was interred in Tikhvin Cemetery at the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in Saint Petersburg."}], "text": "Aleksandr Borodin was called the Butcher of Moscow in 1887 when he was executed for the murder of Mily Balakirev.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Aleksandr Borodin"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Surrender", "text": "On October 17, Burgoyne surrendered his army to Gates."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Battles of Saratoga (September 19 and October 7, 1777) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign, giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War."}], "id": "AH3OXCppFgAV3nnxFBVV", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Aftermath | French aid", "text": "However, after the Battles of Saratoga were conclusively won by the colonists, France realized that the Americans had the hope of winning the war, and began fully aiding the colonists by sending soldiers, donations, loans, military arms, and supplies."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He won a small tactical victory over General Horatio Gates and the Continental Army in the September 19 Battle of Freeman's Farm at the cost of significant casualties."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "His surrender, says historian Edmund Morgan, \"was a great turning point of the war because it won for Americans the foreign assistance which was the last element needed for victory."}, {"section_header": "First Saratoga: Battle of Freeman's Farm (September 19) | Battle", "text": "together''The final stroke of the battle belonged to the British."}, {"section_header": "First Saratoga: Battle of Freeman's Farm (September 19) | Battle", "text": "In the memoir of Roger Lamb, a British soldier present at the battle, he wrote ''"}, {"section_header": "Second Saratoga: Battle of Bemis Heights (October 7) | British foray", "text": "On the American left, things were also not going well for the British."}, {"section_header": "Second Saratoga: Battle of Bemis Heights (October 7) | British foray", "text": "The fall of Fraser and the arrival of Ten Broeck's large militia brigade (which roughly equaled the entire British reconnaissance force in size), broke the British will, and they began a disorganized retreat toward their entrenchments."}, {"section_header": "Second Saratoga: Battle of Bemis Heights (October 7) | British foray", "text": "The opening fire came between 2 and 2:30 pm from the British grenadiers."}, {"section_header": "Second Saratoga: Battle of Bemis Heights (October 7) | British foray", "text": "Poor's men held their fire, and the terrain made the British shooting largely ineffective."}, {"section_header": "Second Saratoga: Battle of Bemis Heights (October 7) | British foray", "text": "Although slightly outnumbered, Morgan managed to break up several British attempts to move west."}, {"section_header": "Surrender", "text": "On October 17, Burgoyne surrendered his army to Gates."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Battles of Saratoga (September 19 and October 7, 1777) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign, giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War."}], "text": "The British won the Battles of Saratoga.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Battles of Saratoga"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "The term was coined by Swedish chemist J\u00f6ns Jacob Berzelius (1779\u20131848) in 1830."}], "id": "APxu0CkdvYYYO9XX5PKH", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Structural isomers", "text": "Structural isomers differ in terms of the connectivity of some or all constituent atoms."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "After additional discoveries of the same sort were made, such as W\u00f6hler's 1828 discovery that urea has the same atomic composition (CH4N2O) as the chemically distinct ammonium cyanate, J\u00f6ns Jacob Berzelius introduced the term isomerism in 1830 to describe the phenomenon."}, {"section_header": "Stereoisomers", "text": "An obsolete term for cis\u2013 trans isomerism is \"geometric isomerism\"."}, {"section_header": "Stereoisomers", "text": "However this term is ill-defined and has also been used to describe other stereoisomers as well as enantiomers."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "The term was coined by Swedish chemist J\u00f6ns Jacob Berzelius (1779\u20131848) in 1830."}, {"section_header": "Structural isomers | Example: propanols and methoxyethane", "text": "Another isomer of C3H8O: methoxyethane (ethyl-methyl-ether; III)."}, {"section_header": "Structural isomers | Tautomers", "text": "Tautomers are structural isomers which readily interconvert, so that two or more species co-exist in equilibria such as H\u2013"}, {"section_header": "Structural isomers | Example: propadiene and propyne", "text": "Propadiene (or allene) and propyne (or methylacetylene) are examples of isomers containing different bond types."}, {"section_header": "Structural isomers | Example: propanols and methoxyethane", "text": "A simple example of isomerism is given by propanol: It has the formula C3H8O (or C3H7OH) and occurs as two isomers: propan-1-ol (n-propyl alcohol; I) and propan-2-ol (isopropyl alcohol; II) These two molecules are position isomers of each other, because the position of the hydroxy group differs between the two: It is attached to an end carbon in the first isomer, and to the center carbon in the second."}, {"section_header": "Stereoisomers", "text": "E/Z isomers, which have restricted rotation at a double bond, are configurational isomers."}], "text": "The term Isomer was made popular by a scientist from Sweden.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Isomer"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "White's mother, Judith, supported Sol and four siblings with her work as a \"washer woman."}], "id": "ARtzxYCPptoRHlNuLGiy", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Their first child, a son named Paran Walter White (named after Sol's older brother), was born later that year."}, {"section_header": "Managerial career", "text": "For the following season Jess McMahon and his brother Eddie hired White to manage their new team, the New York Lincoln Giants."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Sol White married Florence Fields on March 15, 1906."}, {"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "Sol White is perhaps best known for writing History of Colored Base Ball, also known (on the title page) as Sol White's Official Base Ball Guide."}, {"section_header": "Managerial career", "text": "The Giants lost Pete Hill to the Lelands in 1908, and in 1909 Sol White left the team after a disagreement with Schlichter."}, {"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "Without a doubt this record will prove valuable in years to come.\" This second book on black baseball by Sol White never appeared."}, {"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "Sol takes pride in having played against Ban when he was an obscure captain of a hick town club.\" White quickly made a name for himself as a ballplayer."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "King Solomon \"Sol\" White (June 12, 1868 \u2013 August 26, 1955) was an American professional baseball infielder, manager and executive, and one of the pioneers of the Negro leagues."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Florence and Sol White appear to have become separated at some point before 1930.When White was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006, no family member was present, so Commissioner of Baseball Bud Selig accepted his plaque on the family's behalf."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "White's mother, Judith, supported Sol and four siblings with her work as a \"washer woman."}], "text": "Sol White had 4 brothers and/or sisters.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Sol White"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and career | 1946\u20131961: Early life", "text": "Cher's father was rarely home when she was an infant, and her parents divorced when Cher was ten months old."}], "id": "ASQBNyi6XgWkgx08U95k", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and career | 1971\u20131974: Television career breakthrough, first musical comeback", "text": "That year, lyricist Mary Dean brought Garrett \"Half-Breed\", a song about the daughter of a Cherokee mother and a white father, that she had written especially for Cher."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1946\u20131961: Early life", "text": "Cher's father was rarely home when she was an infant, and her parents divorced when Cher was ten months old."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1946\u20131961: Early life", "text": "Her father, John Sarkisian, was an Armenian-American truck driver with drug and gambling problems; her mother, Georgia Holt (born Jackie Jean Crouch), was an occasional model and bit-part actress who claimed Irish, English, German, and Cherokee ancestry."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1946\u20131961: Early life", "text": "At one point, her mother left Cher at an orphanage for several weeks."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1946\u20131961: Early life", "text": "Her mother's relationship with Southall ended when Cher was nine years old, but she considers him her father and remembers him as a \"good-natured man who turned belligerent when he drank too much\"."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1979\u20131982: Second musical comeback, shift from disco music to rock", "text": "A single mother with two children, Cher realized that she had to make a choice about the direction of her singing career."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1974\u20131979: Divorce from Sonny Bono, second marriage, decline in popularity", "text": "The miniature version of Cher ended up being the highest selling doll of 1976, surpassing Barbie."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1946\u20131961: Early life", "text": "Although they met every day, both found the experience traumatic."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1974\u20131979: Divorce from Sonny Bono, second marriage, decline in popularity", "text": "Janet Maslin of The Village Voice wrote, \"Cher is just no rock and roller ... Image, not music, is Cher Bono's main ingredient for both records and TV."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1971\u20131974: Television career breakthrough, first musical comeback", "text": "Both the album and the single were certified gold by the RIAA.Cher's third US solo number-one single"}], "text": "Cher grew up with both of her mother and father.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Cher"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Critics have disagreed about the literary merit of The Plumed Serpent, some, including the novelist E. M. Forster and the writer John Middleton Murry, praising it as Lawrence's best work and others dismissing it."}], "id": "AZG7Jgys46cktFVi29r7", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Plumed Serpent is a 1926 political novel by D. H. Lawrence; Lawrence conceived the idea for the novel while visiting Mexico in 1923, and its themes reflect his experiences there."}, {"section_header": "Background and publication history", "text": "The Plumed Serpent was first published in 1926 by Martin Secker's firm in the United Kingdom and Alfred A. Knopf in the United States."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Maddox compared The Plumed Serpent to Kangaroo, describing both novels as successors to Aaron's Rod."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Juliette Feyel compared The Plumed Serpent to Kangaroo, describing them as Lawrence's \"most explicitly political novels\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "She argued that The Plumed Serpent was the novel that most fully expressed Lawrence's ideal of female behavior, according to which the \"woman must renounce personal love\" and abdicate all pride and will."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "\"Later assessments of The Plumed Serpent include those of F. B. Pinion, who considered it the most ambitious and successful of Lawrence's novels written after Women in Love (1920)."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Leavis and Burgess have compared The Plumed Serpent to Kangaroo"}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "L. D. Clark described The Plumed Serpent as \"perplexing\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "The poet Richard Aldington described The Plumed Serpent as \"curious and original\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "\" The novelist William S. Burroughs was influenced by The Plumed Serpent."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Critics have disagreed about the literary merit of The Plumed Serpent, some, including the novelist E. M. Forster and the writer John Middleton Murry, praising it as Lawrence's best work and others dismissing it."}], "text": "The 1926 novel The Plumed Serpent has had a turbulent reception.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "The Plumed Serpent"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film's plot and characters are adapted from three novels in author Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey\u2013Maturin series, which includes 20 completed novels of Jack Aubrey's naval career."}], "id": "AbQfKyMiCZXYpVVWvXbJ", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "\"The Far Side of the World (Master and Commander)\"."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "McGregor, Tom (2003). The Making of Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World is a 2003 American epic period war-drama film co-written, produced and directed by Peter Weir, set in the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "The film combines elements from 13 different novels of Patrick O'Brian, but the basic plot mostly comes from The Far Side of the World."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "The ship's boats used in the film were Russian Naval six- and four-oared yawls supplied by Central Coast Charters and Boat Base Monterey."}, {"section_header": "Release | Critical response", "text": "Their interaction takes on a preening quality, reminiscent of the interaction of the \"Star Trek\" characters four or five movies down the line."}, {"section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "The two arrangements of this cue contained in the CD differ significantly from the one heard in the movie."}, {"section_header": "Release | Critical response", "text": "\"Master and Commander\" stays afloat to the finish, but that's all that can be said."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "Other incidents in the film come from other books in O'Brian's series."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "The author drew from real events in the Napoleonic Wars, as he describes in the introduction to the first novel, Master and Commander."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film's plot and characters are adapted from three novels in author Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey\u2013Maturin series, which includes 20 completed novels of Jack Aubrey's naval career."}], "text": "Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World is a movie that is based on four books.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was one of the prominent 19th-century composers known as \"The Mighty Handful\", a group dedicated to producing a uniquely Russian kind of classical music, rather than imitating earlier Western European models."}], "id": "AdBAKRIK3Lu3GZXIrn36", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and profession | Musical avocation | Opera and orchestral works", "text": "During 1880 he composed the popular symphonic poem In the Steppes of Central Asia."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was one of the prominent 19th-century composers known as \"The Mighty Handful\", a group dedicated to producing a uniquely Russian kind of classical music, rather than imitating earlier Western European models."}, {"section_header": "Musical legacy", "text": "His passionate music and unusual harmonies proved to have a lasting influence on the younger French composers Debussy and Ravel (in homage, the latter composed during 1913 a piano piece entitled \"\u00c0 la mani\u00e8re de Borodine\")."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Musical avocation | Chamber music", "text": "Borodin's Second Quartet, written in 1881, displays strong lyricism, as in the third movement's popular \"Nocturne.\" While the First Quartet is richer in changes of mood, the Second Quartet has a more uniform atmosphere and expression."}, {"section_header": "Musical legacy", "text": "Along with some influences from Western composers, as a member of The Five his music has also a Russian style."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin (Russian: Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin (Russian: \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0438\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d, IPA: [\u0250l\u02b2\u026ak\u02c8sandr p\u0250r\u02c8f\u02b2i\u200ar\u02b2j\u026av\u02b2\u026at\u0255 b\u0259r\u0250\u02c8d\u02b2in] (listen); 12 November 1833 \u2013 27 February 1887) was a Russian chemist and Romantic musical composer of Georgian ancestry."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Musical avocation | Opera and orchestral works", "text": "Two years later he began composing a third symphony, but left it unfinished at his death; two movements of it were later completed and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Although he is presently known better as a composer, during his lifetime, he regarded medicine and science as his primary occupations, only practising music and composition in his spare time or when he was ill."}, {"section_header": "Subsequent references", "text": "The Borodin Quartet was named in his honour."}, {"section_header": "Subsequent references", "text": "In his book Burning in Water, Drowning in Flame (1974) Charles Bukowski wrote a poem about the life of Borodin entitled \"The Life of Borodin\"."}], "text": "Borodin was a popular composer and was part of the class called \"The Unique Chamber\".", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Aleksandr Borodin"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Chicago ( (listen), locally also ), officially the City of Chicago, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois, and the third-most-populous city in the United States."}], "id": "AnIGlZq7idN9b27MsMdI", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Demographics | Religion", "text": "The Fourth Presbyterian Church is one of the largest Presbyterian congregations in the United States based on memberships."}, {"section_header": "Culture and contemporary life | Tourism", "text": "The city is the United States' third-largest convention destination."}, {"section_header": "Demographics", "text": "Chicago is one of the United States' most densely populated major cities, and the largest city in the Great Lakes Megalopolis."}, {"section_header": "Culture and contemporary life | Tourism", "text": "A 2017 study by Walk Score ranked Chicago the sixth-most walkable of fifty largest cities in the United States."}, {"section_header": "Demographics", "text": "By the time of the official census count in 1990, it was overtaken by Los Angeles as the United States' second largest city."}, {"section_header": "Demographics", "text": "0.2% Peruvian).Chicago has the third-largest LGBT population in the United States."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "The city and its surrounding metropolitan area contain the third-largest labor pool in the United States with about 4.63 million workers."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "Chicago is a major world financial center, with the second-largest central business district in the United States."}, {"section_header": "Law and government | Crime", "text": "This was higher than in New York City and Los Angeles, the two largest cities in the United States, which have lower murder rates and lower total homicides."}, {"section_header": "Law and government | Politics", "text": "For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States; with Chicago's Democratic vote"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Chicago ( (listen), locally also ), officially the City of Chicago, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois, and the third-most-populous city in the United States."}], "text": "Chicago is the fourth largest city in the United States.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Chicago"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is about Giacomo Rappaccini, a medical researcher in medieval Padua who grows a garden of poisonous plants."}], "id": "ArNrvlLCpMrGv0Agrih2", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He brings up his daughter to tend the plants, and she becomes resistant to the poisons, but in the process she herself becomes poisonous to others."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is about Giacomo Rappaccini, a medical researcher in medieval Padua who grows a garden of poisonous plants."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "From his quarters, Giovanni Guasconti, a young student of letters at the University of Padua, looks at Beatrice, the beautiful daughter of Dr. Giacomo Rappaccini, a scientist who works in isolation."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Operas", "text": "Rappaccini's Daughter by Charles Wakefield Cadman premiered at Carnegie Hall on March 20, 1925 Rappaccini's Daughter by Margaret Garwood (1983) La hija de Rappaccini by Daniel Cat\u00e1n (1991) The Poisoned Kiss by Ralph Vaughan Williams"}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Giovanni notices Beatrice's strangely intimate relationship with the plants as well as the withering of fresh flowers and the death of an insect when exposed to her skin or breath."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | In popular culture", "text": "Theodora Goss's 2017 book The Strange Case of the Alchemist's Daughter features Beatrice Rappaccini as one of its main characters."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | In popular culture", "text": "Her daughter, Carmilla Black, is, like Beatrice, both immune to poisons and able to deliver poisonous infection to another individual."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "Spanish-language play: La Hija de Rappaccini by Octavio Paz (1956) English-language play: Rappaccini's Daughter by Sebastian Doggart (1996) John Todhunter verse-play The Poison-Flower, A Phantasy, in Three Scenes (1891) NBC's The Weird Circle (1943\u20131947), Episode 52, Radio Play."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | In popular culture", "text": "Monica Rappaccini, a fictional villain and biochemical genius in the Marvel Comics Universe, is named after the Rappaccini of Hawthorne's story."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | In popular culture", "text": "The song \"Running through the Garden\" was written by Stevie Nicks after reading \"Rappaccini's Daughter\"."}], "text": "Giacomo Rappaccini accidently poisons his daughter and he tries to cover up her death.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Rappaccini's Daughter"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He also attempted to conquer Roman Gaul (modern France), crossing the Rhine in 451 and marching as far as Aurelianum (Orl\u00e9ans) before being stopped in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains."}], "id": "AxIBXKQsVm16mr6lx8J3", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Attila Attila (; fl. c.\u2009406\u2013453), frequently called Attila the Hun, was the ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death in March 453."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He also attempted to conquer Roman Gaul (modern France), crossing the Rhine in 451 and marching as far as Aurelianum (Orl\u00e9ans) before being stopped in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains."}, {"section_header": "Campaigns against the Eastern Roman Empire", "text": "The death of Rugila (also known as Rua or Ruga) in 434 left the sons of his brother Mundzuk, Attila and Bleda, in control of the united Hun tribes."}, {"section_header": "Campaigns against the Eastern Roman Empire", "text": "Attila then took the throne for himself, becoming the sole ruler of the Huns."}, {"section_header": "Invasion of Italy and death | Death", "text": "For so terrible was Attila thought to be to great empires that the gods announced his death to rulers as a special boon."}, {"section_header": "Invasion of Italy and death | Death", "text": "However, he died in the early months of 453."}, {"section_header": "In the west", "text": "Attila interfered in a succession struggle after the death of a Frankish ruler."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He planned for further campaigns against the Romans, but died in 453."}, {"section_header": "Invasion of Italy and death | Death", "text": "AD.:260\u2013262 Attila's eldest son Ellac was killed in that battle.:262 Attila's sons \"regarding the Goths as deserters from their rule, came against them as though they were seeking fugitive slaves\", attacked Ostrogothic co-ruler Valamir (who also fought alongside Ardaric and Attila at the Catalaunian Plains:199), but were repelled, and some group of Huns moved to Scythia (probably those of Ernak).:268\u2013269"}, {"section_header": "Invasion of Italy and death | Death", "text": "This has not stopped many genealogists from attempting to reconstruct a valid line of descent for various medieval rulers."}], "text": "Attila was the ruler of the Huns, and also conquered Roman Gau from 434 until his death in March 453", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Attila"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In Old Chicago is a 1938 American drama disaster film directed by Henry King."}], "id": "AzwQ4GH2dYPzdZC4fnAp", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The screenplay by Sonya Levien and Lamar Trotti was based on the Niven Busch story, \"We the O'Learys\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In Old Chicago is a 1938 American drama disaster film directed by Henry King."}, {"section_header": "Awards", "text": "The film was also nominated in the categories of Music (Scoring), Sound Recording (E. H. Hansen), and Writing (Original Story), and won for Assistant Director (Robert D. Webb)."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "The O'Learys had two children, one son and one daughter."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "At the time of its release, it was one of the most expensive movies ever made."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "when one of Dion's cronies is arrested for multiple voting."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Her sons are educated. One, Jack, becomes a reforming lawyer, but another, Dion, is involved in gambling."}, {"section_header": "Awards", "text": "The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture."}, {"section_header": "Home media release", "text": "The film was released and restored to its full length on DVD in 2005."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "In the years before the film was made it had been supplanted by the Levee, an area renowned for its corrupt politicians, known as the Gray Wolves, whose deeds resemble those of the characters in the film."}], "text": "This film was directed in 1938 based on a screenplay that was based off of a Busch story.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "In Old Chicago"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Filmed from 2001 to 2013, Boyhood depicts the childhood and adolescence of Mason Evans Jr. (Coltrane) from ages six to eighteen as he grows up in Texas with divorced parents (Arquette and Hawke)."}], "id": "B1COoYavzPfznxFROVMS", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Production began in 2001 and finished in 2013, with Linklater's goal to make a film about growing up."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Filmed from 2001 to 2013, Boyhood depicts the childhood and adolescence of Mason Evans Jr. (Coltrane) from ages six to eighteen as he grows up in Texas with divorced parents (Arquette and Hawke)."}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming and writing", "text": "I'm just not warming up to them."}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming and writing", "text": "Then I would think, maybe we could move the camping trip up, and we can do this or that."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Olivia and Jim subsequently break up, and the family's financial situation worsens."}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming and writing", "text": "But they change a lot. The film would have six different looks if we tried to keep up."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical reception", "text": "Boyhood also earned the admiration of other filmmakers and artists."}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming and writing", "text": "Boyhood began filming without a completed script."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical reception", "text": "A. O. Scott, also writing for The New York Times, called Boyhood the best film of 2014, saying that he could not think of any film that had affected him the way Boyhood had in his 15 years as a professional film critic."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical reception", "text": "Director Christopher Nolan named Boyhood as his favorite film of 2014, calling it \"extraordinary\"."}], "text": "Boyhood is about a child who grows up in TX.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Boyhood (film)"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Scholarship studies | The Mfecane | Disruptions of the Mfecane", "text": "[Fynn] stated that Shaka had killed 'a million people.'"}, {"section_header": "Successor to Senzangakhona", "text": "Shaka chose a particularly gruesome revenge on her, locking her in a house and placing jackals or hyenas inside: they devoured her and, in the morning, Shaka burned the house to the ground."}], "id": "B23hz9BNxgA41jChYdiv", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "Shaka then led a fresh reserve some 70 miles (110 km) to the royal kraal of Zwide, ruler of the Ndwandwe, and destroyed it."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | As borrower not innovator", "text": "Some scholars hold that popular depictions of Shaka as a suddenly appearing genius creating innovation are overstated, and that to the contrary, Shaka was a borrower and imitator of indigenous methods, customs and even ruler-lineages already in place."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | As borrower not innovator", "text": "They also argue that Shaka's line was relatively short-lived and receives undue attention, compared to other, longer established lines and rulers in the region."}, {"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "Zwide himself escaped with a handful of followers before falling foul of a chieftainess named Mjanji, ruler of a baBelu clan. (He died in mysterious circumstances soon afterwards.) Zwide's general Soshangane (of the Shangaan) moved north towards what is now Mozambique to inflict further damage on less resistant foes and take advantage of slaving opportunities, obliging Portuguese traders to give tribute."}, {"section_header": "Popular culture", "text": "Shaka Zulu, an SABC TV miniseries about Shaka, which starred Henry Cele in the title role."}, {"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "There is no evidence to suggest that Shaka betrayed Dingiswayo."}, {"section_header": "Scholarship studies | The Mfecane | Disruptions of the Mfecane", "text": "[Fynn] stated that Shaka had killed 'a million people.'"}, {"section_header": "Successor to Senzangakhona", "text": "Shaka chose a particularly gruesome revenge on her, locking her in a house and placing jackals or hyenas inside: they devoured her and, in the morning, Shaka burned the house to the ground."}, {"section_header": "Successor to Senzangakhona", "text": "When Dingiswayo was murdered by Zwide, Shaka sought to avenge his death."}, {"section_header": "Death and succession", "text": "Shaka had made enough enemies among his own people to hasten his demise."}], "text": "Shaka was a fair and understanding ruler, who did not like violence.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Shaka"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life | Relationships", "text": "In mid 2013, Stewart started dating visual effects producer Alicia Cargile."}], "id": "B2vGXrR7eQm8zCuq8YBr", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life | Relationships", "text": "It's not confusing at all. For me, it's quite the opposite.\" Similarly, in an interview with Harper's Bazaar in August 2017, she stated that she was open to dating men again, saying, \"I want to try everything\"."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Relationships", "text": "Stewart dated her Speak co-star Michael Angarano until early 2009."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Relationships", "text": "In mid 2013, Stewart started dating visual effects producer Alicia Cargile."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2019\u2013present: Return to mainstream films", "text": "She is also attached to star alongside Riley Keough in a Netflix television series adaptation of Gina Frangello's novel A Life in Men, produced by Charlize Theron."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Relationships", "text": "They resumed dating in mid 2019 but had separated again by August 2019.In her February 2017 appearance on Saturday Night Live, Stewart described herself as \"so gay\"."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Relationships", "text": "In mid-2009, she started dating her The Twilight Saga co-star Robert Pattinson."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Relationships", "text": "They had separated by the spring of 2016, resumed dating in mid 2016 but separated again by late 2016."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2013\u20132019: Independent films and critical recognition", "text": "Valentine is probably her best role to date: she's sharp and subtle, knowable and then suddenly distant, and a late, surprising twist is handled with a brilliant lightness of touch.\"For"}, {"section_header": "Career | 2013\u20132019: Independent films and critical recognition", "text": "David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter called it \"her best screen work to date [playing the role of] an inexperienced military guard\", while Xan Brooks of The Guardian said, \"It's a role that reminds us what a fine performer"}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Relationships", "text": "Sanders, who was 19 years older than Stewart and married at the time, issued a public apology for the affair, as did Stewart."}], "text": "Stewart only dates men.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Kristen Stewart"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Accounts | The Icelandic Sagas", "text": "According to the Saga of Ragnar Lodbrok, Tale of Ragnar's sons, Heimskringla, Hervarar Saga, S\u00f6gubrot, and many other Icelandic sources, Ragnar was the son of the Swedish king Sigurd Ring."}], "id": "B8zMPcAR7Nv1M7liX8O3", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Accounts | The Icelandic Sagas", "text": "He sired a son with the Norwegian princess Alfhild of the semi-mythical \u00c1lfar people, Ragnar Lodbrok, who succeeded him."}, {"section_header": "Ragnar's sons", "text": "The Great Heathen Army is said to have been led by the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok, to wreak revenge against King \u00c6lla of Northumbria who had previously executed Ragnar by casting him into a pit full of venomous snakes."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | The Icelandic Sagas", "text": "The Saga of Ragnar Lodbrok, Tale of Ragnar's Sons, and Heimskringla all tell of the Great Heathen Army that invaded England at around 866, led by the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok to wreak revenge against King \u00c6lla of Northumbria who is told to have captured and executed Ragnar."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | The Icelandic Sagas", "text": "According to the Saga of Ragnar Lodbrok, Tale of Ragnar's sons, Heimskringla, Hervarar Saga, S\u00f6gubrot, and many other Icelandic sources, Ragnar was the son of the Swedish king Sigurd Ring."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | Frankish accounts of a 9th-century Viking leader named Ragnar", "text": "Ragnar Lodbrok is also sometimes identified with a Ragnar who was awarded land in Torhout, Flanders, by Charles the Bald in about 841 but eventually lost the land as well as the favour of the King."}, {"section_header": "In literature and media", "text": "Ragnar Lodbrok features prominently in the following works: Edwin Atherstone's 1830 novel Sea-Kings in England."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | Frankish accounts of a 9th-century Viking leader named Ragnar", "text": "This Ragnar has often been tentatively identified with the legendary saga figure Ragnar Lodbrok, but the accuracy of this is disputed by historians."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | Danish sources", "text": "Neither of these sources mentions Ragnar Lodbrok as a Danish ruler."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | Danish sources", "text": "Here Ragnar's father Sigurd Ring is a Norwegian prince married to a Danish princess, and different from the victor of Br\u00e1vellir (who had flourished about thirteen generations earlier)."}, {"section_header": "Ragnar's sons", "text": "His son Erik became the next king of Sweden, and was succeeded in turn by Erik Refilsson, the son of Refil."}], "text": "Ragnar Lodbrok was the son of the Norwegian King.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Ragnar Lodbrok"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Rain Man is a 1988 American road comedy-drama film directed by Barry Levinson and written by Barry Morrow and Ronald Bass."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Rain Man was the highest-grossing film of 1988."}], "id": "BCYtjkBCaWRk0t4rQZyk", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Release | Awards", "text": "The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:  2006: AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers - #63"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Rain Man was the highest-grossing film of 1988."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture | Qantas and airline controversy", "text": "The film is credited with introducing Qantas' safety record to U.S. consumers."}, {"section_header": "Release | Box office", "text": "Rain Man debuted on December 16, 1988, and was the second highest-grossing film at the weekend box office (behind Twins), with $7 million."}, {"section_header": "Release | Critical reception", "text": "Vincent Canby of The New York Times called Rain Man a \"becomingly modest, decently thought-out, sometimes funny film\"; Hoffman's performance was a \"display of sustained virtuosity . . ."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Rain Man is a 1988 American road comedy-drama film directed by Barry Levinson and written by Barry Morrow and Ronald Bass."}, {"section_header": "Release | Critical reception", "text": "\"Rain Man\" was placed on 39 critics' \"ten best\" lists in 1988, based on a poll of the nation's top 100 critics."}, {"section_header": "Release | Awards", "text": "Rain Man won Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Actor in a Leading Role (Dustin Hoffman), Best Director and Best Writing, Original Screenplay."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "During the episode, Fran fixes up CC the Abominable Babcock with the Rain Man."}, {"section_header": "Release | Awards", "text": "It was nominated for Best Art Direction (Art Direction: It was nominated for Best Art Direction (Art Direction: Ida Random; Set Decoration: Linda DeScenna), Best Cinematography (John Seale), Best Film Editing, and Best Original Score (Hans Zimmer).The film was nominated for twenty-four other ceremonies, including the Golden Globes, in which it won Best Motion Picture in the drama genre and Best Actor (Dustin Hoffman), and was nominated for Best Director (Barry Levinson) and Best Screenplay (Ronald Bass and Barry Morrow)."}], "text": "Rain Man set a film record in the same year it was released.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Rain Man"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "As the Sullivans depart the farm, they give the couple much of the stolen money."}], "id": "BGlkG4cBK8uDBE2kWN1P", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "He chose to film Road to Perdition on location in downtown at the University Club of Chicago, the Chicago neighborhood of Pullman, the Charles G. Dawes House in Evanston, as well as the Chicago suburb of Geneva, Illinois."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "In a meeting with Frank Nitti, Sullivan offers to work for the Chicago Outfit in exchange for being allowed to kill Connor."}, {"section_header": "Themes | Consequences of violence", "text": "The film's title, Road to Perdition, is both Michael Sullivan and his son's destination town and a euphemism for Hell, a road that Sullivan desires to prevent his son from traveling."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "He still refuses to give up his son and urges Sullivan to flee with Michael Jr."}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "Mendes filmed Road to Perdition using the Super 35 format."}, {"section_header": "Themes | Consequences of violence", "text": "Sullivan is a good father and husband, but also has a job that requires him to be a violent killer."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Mourning his father's death, Michael Jr. returns to live with the elderly farm couple."}, {"section_header": "Production | Cinematography", "text": "Hall purposely distanced the camera from Hanks' character, Michael Sullivan Sr., at the beginning of the film to establish the perspective of Sullivan's son, who is unaware of his father's true nature."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "In 1931, during the Great Depression, Michael Sullivan, Sr. is an enforcer for Irish mob boss John Rooney in Rock Island, Illinois."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "When his father collapses from his wound, Michael Jr. drives them to a farm, where a childless elderly couple help him recover."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "As the Sullivans depart the farm, they give the couple much of the stolen money."}], "text": "In the film Road to Perdition, Michael Sullivan Sr. gives an elderly husband and wife funds that he has taken from the Chicago Outfit.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Road to Perdition"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He grew up with older brother Charles Jr., who played college baseball and became a teacher, and younger brother Chris, who also became an MLB player."}], "id": "BH4dXFeoAMXYIv6EiQRb", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Player profile", "text": "He said he had \"a football player's body\", with his father, grandfather and brothers also being big."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "\"If you want to do it in the National League, you have to play a position\", he said."}, {"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1993\u20131997", "text": "Gwynn's brother, Chris, also played for San Diego that season and hit the game-winner in the season finale in extra innings, completing a three-game sweep over Los Angeles to win the division."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He grew up with older brother Charles Jr., who played college baseball and became a teacher, and younger brother Chris, who also became an MLB player."}, {"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1990\u20131992", "text": "He sprained the medial collateral ligament in his left knee in the same game, and played just four more innings the rest of the season."}, {"section_header": "Post-baseball honors", "text": "At the 2016 All-Star Game in San Diego, MLB announced that the annual winner of the NL batting title would be known henceforth as the \"Tony Gwynn National League Batting Champion\"."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Both Chris and Tony Jr. played with the Padres during their careers."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Gwynn's brother, Chris, was also a major league outfielder."}, {"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1998\u20132001", "text": "Gwynn got his 3,000th hit on August 6 with a single in the first inning off"}, {"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1993\u20131997", "text": "Earlier in the week, Gwynn had criticized fans for booing his brother."}], "text": "Tony Gwyn's brother played in National Football League.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Tony Gwynn"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Characters | Pigs", "text": "The young pigs \u2013 Four pigs who complain about Napoleon's takeover of the farm but are quickly silenced and later executed, the first animals killed in Napoleon's farm purge."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Pigs", "text": "Minimus \u2013 A poetic pig who writes the second and third national anthems of Animal Farm after the singing of \"Beasts of England\" is banned."}], "id": "BS0J2zQRSk1V2TvGbBXB", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Animal Farm is an allegorical novella by George Orwell, first published in England on 17 August 1945."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Pigs", "text": "The young pigs \u2013 Four pigs who complain about Napoleon's takeover of the farm but are quickly silenced and later executed, the first animals killed in Napoleon's farm purge."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Pigs", "text": "Minimus \u2013 A poetic pig who writes the second and third national anthems of Animal Farm after the singing of \"Beasts of England\" is banned."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Other animals", "text": "Similarly to Benjamin, Muriel is one of the few animals on the farm who is not a pig but can read."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Pigs", "text": "An allegory of Joseph Stalin,  Napoleon is the leader of Animal Farm."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Pigs", "text": "Pinkeye \u2013 A minor pig who is mentioned only once"}, {"section_header": "Characters | Other animals", "text": "The milk is stirred into the pigs' mash every day, while the other animals are denied such luxuries."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Pigs", "text": "; he is the pig that tastes Napoleon's food to make sure it is not poisoned, in response to rumours about an assassination attempt on Napoleon."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Pigs", "text": "Snowball \u2013 Napoleon's rival and original head of the farm after Jones' overthrow."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Other animals", "text": "Their milk is then stolen by the pigs, who learn to milk them."}], "text": "The novella Animal Farm has characters who are pigs.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Animal Farm"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Johannes Peter \"Honus\" Wagner (; February 24, 1874 \u2013 December 6, 1955), sometimes referred to as \"Hans\" Wagner, was an American baseball shortstop who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates."}], "id": "Bd4iTofblWLSzIbZiiUF", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He also led the league in slugging six times and stolen bases five times."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Johannes Peter \"Honus\" Wagner (; February 24, 1874 \u2013 December 6, 1955), sometimes referred to as \"Hans\" Wagner, was an American baseball shortstop who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Career before Major League Baseball", "text": "Wagner would play for five teams in that first year, in three different leagues over the course of 80 games."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "Prior to 1904, Wagner had played several positions, but settled into the shortstop role full-time that season, where he became a skilled fielder."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "He returned to the Pirates early in the 1908 season, and finished two home runs short of the league's Triple Crown, leading the league in hitting (for the sixth time) \u201a hits\u201a total bases\u201a"}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Louisville Colonels", "text": "I'm sitting on the bench the first day I reported, and along about the third inning an opposing batter smacks a line drive down the third-base line that looked like at least a sure double."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "In 1900, Wagner won his first batting championship with a .381 mark and also led the league in doubles (45), triples (22), and slugging percentage (.573), all of which were career highs."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Life after baseball", "text": "Wagner was not finished playing baseball after his retirement from major league baseball."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Career before Major League Baseball", "text": "In 1896 Edward Barrow, from the Wheeling, West Virginia, team that Wagner was playing on, decided to take Honus with him to his next team, the Paterson Silk Sox (Atlantic League)."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "doubles\u201a triples\u201a RBI\u201a and stolen bases."}], "text": "Honus Wagner was an American baseball shortstop who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates, in which he led the league in slugging six times and stolen bases five times..", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Honus Wagner"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ragnar Lodbrok or Lothbrok (Old Norse: Ragnarr Lo\u00f0br\u00f3k, \"Ragnar shaggy breeches\", Modern Icelandic: Ragnar Lo\u00f0br\u00f3k) is a historically dubious legendary Viking hero, as well as, according to the Gesta Danorum, a legendary Danish and Swedish king."}], "id": "Bnxrfgj3ENmJIKWVxhqN", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Accounts | Frankish accounts of a 9th-century Viking leader named Ragnar", "text": "This Ragnar has often been tentatively identified with the legendary saga figure Ragnar Lodbrok, but the accuracy of this is disputed by historians."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | The Icelandic Sagas", "text": "He was however defeated by superior English forces and was thrown into a snake pit to die in agony."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | Anglo-Saxon and Irish accounts of the father of Ivar and Halfdan", "text": "Two of the sons later raided the English and Franks, proceeding to plunder in the Mediterranean."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | Danish sources", "text": "Neither of these sources mentions Ragnar Lodbrok as a Danish ruler."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | Danish sources", "text": "Incensed, he attacked the English king with his fleet but was captured and thrown into the snake pit, similar to the Icelandic sagas."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | Frankish accounts of a 9th-century Viking leader named Ragnar", "text": "Ragnar Lodbrok is also sometimes identified with a Ragnar who was awarded land in Torhout, Flanders, by Charles the Bald in about 841 but eventually lost the land as well as the favour of the King."}, {"section_header": "Ragnar's sons", "text": "Ivar the Boneless was the leader of the Great Heathen Army from 865 to 870, but he disappears from English historical accounts after 870."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | The Icelandic Sagas", "text": "The Saga of Ragnar Lodbrok, Tale of Ragnar's Sons, and Heimskringla all tell of the Great Heathen Army that invaded England at around 866, led by the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok to wreak revenge against King \u00c6lla of Northumbria who is told to have captured and executed Ragnar."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | The Icelandic Sagas", "text": "He sired a son with the Norwegian princess Alfhild of the semi-mythical \u00c1lfar people, Ragnar Lodbrok, who succeeded him."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | The Icelandic Sagas", "text": "The unusual protective clothes that Ragnar wore, when attacking the serpent, earned him the nickname Lodbrok (\"shaggy breeches\")."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ragnar Lodbrok or Lothbrok (Old Norse: Ragnarr Lo\u00f0br\u00f3k, \"Ragnar shaggy breeches\", Modern Icelandic: Ragnar Lo\u00f0br\u00f3k) is a historically dubious legendary Viking hero, as well as, according to the Gesta Danorum, a legendary Danish and Swedish king."}], "text": "Ragnar Lodbrok was English.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Ragnar Lodbrok"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "The cast could not sign contracts for the film due to the De Havilland Law, which makes it illegal to contract someone for more than seven years of work."}], "id": "Bs36RAHUXDKPV3qUSngg", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Boyhood is a 2014 American coming-of-age drama film written and directed by Richard Linklater, and starring Patricia Arquette, Ellar Coltrane, Lorelei Linklater, and Ethan Hawke."}, {"section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "The cast could not sign contracts for the film due to the De Havilland Law, which makes it illegal to contract someone for more than seven years of work."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Boyhood premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival and was released theatrically on July 11, 2014."}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming and writing", "text": "When Arquette became the lead on the TV series Medium, she filmed her scenes over weekends."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical reception", "text": "Director Christopher Nolan named Boyhood as his favorite film of 2014, calling it \"extraordinary\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical reception", "text": "A. O. Scott, also writing for The New York Times, called Boyhood the best film of 2014, saying that he could not think of any film that had affected him the way Boyhood had in his 15 years as a professional film critic."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Year-end lists", "text": "Both Metacritic and Rotten Tomatoes listed Boyhood as the best-reviewed film of 2014.Boyhood appeared on more critics' annual \"best-of\" lists in 2014 than any other film, including the most first-place votes."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical reception", "text": "Jaime Woo, of The Daily Dot, took issue with critics who identified the film as a portrait of \u201cnormal\u201d Americans, asking: \u201cMore than one reviewer noted how impressive it was to capture these \u201cordinary\u201d Americans: In fact, Salon's Andrew O\u2019Hehir used the word three times in his review."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He incorporated changes he saw in each actor into the script, while also allowing all major actors to participate in the writing process by incorporating their life experiences into their characters' stories."}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming and writing", "text": "Doing a scene with a young boy at the age of seven when he talks about why do raccoons die, and at the age of 12 when he talks about video games, and 17 when he asks me about girls, and have it be the same actor\u2014to watch his voice and body morph"}], "text": "In the 2014 American coming-of-age drama film Boyhood, the lead actor could not sign a contract because he was too young.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Boyhood (film)"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Sean's quiet manner and reluctance to fight for his new wife's dowry are attributed to a tragedy he experienced prior to his return to Ireland."}], "id": "Btf2UQfVZMC3X2xwp5Py", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Quiet Man is a 1952 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by John Ford."}, {"section_header": "Home video", "text": "In 2010 there was a documentary called Dreaming The Quiet Man made about the journey and making of The Quiet Man."}, {"section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "The melody of the \"Isle of Innisfree\", which is first heard over the opening credit sequence with Ashford Castle in the background, becomes the principal musical theme of The Quiet Man."}, {"section_header": "Home video", "text": "It included the documentary \"The Making of the Quiet Man\" with Leonard Maltin."}, {"section_header": "Home video", "text": "The Special features on this edition include \"The Making of the Quiet Man\" Documentary with Leonard Maltin, and \"The Joy of Ireland\" Documentary with Maureen O'Hara and Andrew V. McLaglen, and \"Remembering The Quiet Man Montage\"."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "The Quiet Man Fan Club holds its annual general meeting in Ashford Castle."}, {"section_header": "Home video", "text": "On January 22, 2013 Olive Films released The Quiet Man on DVD and for the first time on Blu-ray, as a 60th Anniversary Special edition."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Quiet Man won the Academy Award for Best Director for John Ford, his fourth, and for Best Cinematography."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "Among those are Lettergesh beach, where the horse race scene was filmed, \"The Quiet Man Bridge\", signposted off the N59 road between Maam Cross and Oughterard and the \"White O'Morn\" cottage."}, {"section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "When Maureen O'Hara died in October 2015, her family stated she listened to music from The Quiet Man during her final hours."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Sean's quiet manner and reluctance to fight for his new wife's dowry are attributed to a tragedy he experienced prior to his return to Ireland."}], "text": "The 1952 film The Quiet Man is about a mute man who tries to win over a woman he sees on a train.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "The Quiet Man"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 7, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Weapons changes", "text": "Shaka is often said to have been dissatisfied with the long throwing assegai, and is credited with having introduced a new variant of the weapon: the iklwa, a short stabbing spear with a long, broad, and indeed sword-like, spearhead."}], "id": "BvizfKIECmHa1S9JIq4W", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Weapons changes", "text": "Different coloured shields distinguished different amabutho within Shaka's army."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Weapons changes", "text": "\" The throwing spear was not discarded but used as an initial missile weapon before close contact with the enemy, when the shorter stabbing spear was used in hand-to-hand combat."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Mobility of the army", "text": "They Fought, and Anatomy of the Zulu Army."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | As borrower not innovator", "text": "J.H. Soga implied as much when he used genealogical evidence to argue that the Zulu were an upstart group inferior in dignity and distinction to established chiefdoms in their region, for example, the Hlubi, Ndwandwe, and Dlamini lines.83 Using different informants and genealogical charts, A.T. Bryant arrived at similar conclusions."}, {"section_header": "Scholarship studies | Biographical sources", "text": "Various modern historians writing on Shaka and the Zulu point to the uncertain nature of Fynn and Isaac's accounts of Shaka's reign."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Creator of a revolutionary warfare style", "text": "By the time of Shaka's assassination in 1828, it had made the Zulu kingdom the greatest power in southern Africa and a force to be reckoned with, even against Britain's modern army in 1879.Much controversy still surrounds the character, methods and activities of the Zulu king."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Mobility of the army", "text": "He further claims that even though these stories have been repeated by \"astonished and admiring white commentators,\" the Zulu army covered \"no more than 19 kilometres (12 mi) a day, and usually went only about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi).\" Furthermore, Zulus under Shaka sometimes advanced more slowly."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Mobility of the army", "text": "Fynn's statement that once the Zulu army reached hard and stony ground in 1826, Shaka ordered sandals of ox-hide to be made for himself?\"Laband also dismissed the idea of a 50 miles (80 km) march in a single day as ridiculous."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Age-grade regimental system", "text": "Age-grade groupings of various sorts were common in the Bantu culture of the day, and indeed are still important in much of Africa."}, {"section_header": "Scholarship studies | Biographical sources", "text": "It argues that in many ways, the image of Shaka has been \"invented\" in the modern era according to whatever agenda persons hold."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Weapons changes", "text": "Shaka is often said to have been dissatisfied with the long throwing assegai, and is credited with having introduced a new variant of the weapon: the iklwa, a short stabbing spear with a long, broad, and indeed sword-like, spearhead."}], "text": "Shaka modernized the Zulu army by using a different, shorter sort of poking stick.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 9, "wikipedia_page": "Shaka"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The screenplay was adapted by David Self from the graphic novel of the same name written by Max Allan Collins and illustrated by Richard Piers Rayner."}], "id": "C8mIogV83yaFcMF4JowS", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Themes | Consequences of violence", "text": "The film's title, Road to Perdition, is both Michael Sullivan and his son's destination town and a euphemism for Hell, a road that Sullivan desires to prevent his son from traveling."}, {"section_header": "Production | Writing", "text": "Novelist Max Allan Collins acknowledged the influence of Lone Wolf and Cub on his graphic novel Road to Perdition in an interview to the BBC, declaring that \"Road To Perdition is 'an unabashed homage' to Lone Wolf and Cub\"."}, {"section_header": "Release | Home media", "text": "In 2016, Brash Books published Collins' original version of the novelization as Road to Perdition: The New, Expanded Edition Road to Perdition was released on DVD on February 25, 2003, in both full screen and anamorphic widescreen versions."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "When Max Allan Collins wrote the graphic novel Road to Perdition, his book agent saw potential in the story as a film adaptation and showed it to a film agent."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The screenplay was adapted by David Self from the graphic novel of the same name written by Max Allan Collins and illustrated by Richard Piers Rayner."}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "Mendes filmed Road to Perdition using the Super 35 format."}, {"section_header": "Production | Writing", "text": "Duplicate language in characters' confrontations in Road to Perdition was trimmed to the absolute minimum."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Road to Perdition is a 2002 American crime drama film directed by Sam Mendes."}, {"section_header": "Production | Writing", "text": "Mendes described Road to Perdition as a \"poetic, elegiac story, in which the pictures tell the story\"."}, {"section_header": "Production | Writing", "text": "In the final 20 minutes of Road to Perdition, the script was written to have only six lines of dialogue."}], "text": "The Road to Perdition was based on a novel with the same title.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Road to Perdition"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History", "text": "French sculptor Paul Landowski created the work."}], "id": "CAJEYXYvlS0pxyv6xlX2", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History", "text": "French sculptor Paul Landowski created the work."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Christ the Redeemer (Portuguese: Cristo Redentor, standard Brazilian Portuguese: [\u02c8k\u027eistu \u0281eden\u02c8to\u0281], local pronunciation: [\u02c8k\u027ei\u0255t\u016d\u033b xe\u031eden\u02c8to\u0266]) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "In 1922, Landowski commissioned fellow Parisian Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida, who studied sculpture at the Fine Arts Conservatory in Bucharest and in Italy."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Romanian sculptor Gheorghe Leonida fashioned the face."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The designs considered for the \"Statue of the Christ\" included a representation of the Christian cross, a statue of Jesus with a globe in his hands, and a pedestal symbolizing the world."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "In 2010, a massive restoration of the statue began."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The four-month restoration in 2010 focused on the statue itself."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms, a symbol of peace, was chosen."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Local engineer Heitor da Silva Costa designed the statue."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "More work on the statue and its environs was conducted in 2003 and early 2010."}], "text": "French sculptor Paul Landowski created the statue.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Christ the Redeemer (statue)"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Walsh started his professional baseball career with the 1902 Wilkes-Barre Barons."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Peak years", "text": "Walsh made his major league debut in 1904 with the Chicago White Sox and pitched his first full season in 1906, going 17\u201313 with a 1.88 ERA and 171 strikeouts."}], "id": "CFHo8eXncpBzwJ8bGfWz", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "Walsh's son Ed Walsh Jr. played for the White Sox from 1928 to 1932."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Edward Augustine \"Big Ed\" Walsh (May 14, 1881 \u2013 May 26, 1959) was an American pitcher and manager in Major League Baseball."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Walsh started his professional baseball career with the 1902 Wilkes-Barre Barons."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Peak years", "text": "Walsh made his major league debut in 1904 with the Chicago White Sox and pitched his first full season in 1906, going 17\u201313 with a 1.88 ERA and 171 strikeouts."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Later career", "text": "His career ERA of 1.82 is the lowest major league ERA ever posted."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Later career", "text": "He attempted a comeback with the Boston Braves in 1917, but was let go, ending his major league career."}, {"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "In 1999, Walsh was ranked number 82 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Peak years", "text": "Interviewed for the book The Glory of Their Times, Hall of Famer Sam Crawford referred to Walsh's use of a pitch that was later outlawed: \"Big Ed Walsh."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Later career", "text": "Walsh's playing time began dwindling in 1913."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Peak years", "text": "Walsh also set an American League record by pitching 464 innings in a season."}], "text": "Ed Walsh joined the major league two years after he played with the Barons.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Ed Walsh"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is generally considered to be the second novel in Cather's Prairie Trilogy, following O Pioneers! (1913) and preceding My \u00c1ntonia (1918)."}, {"section_header": "Plot introduction", "text": "Set in the 1890s in Moonstone, a fictional town in Colorado, The Song of the Lark is the self-portrait of an artist in the making."}], "id": "CKaRxzeiBVrmAgxCu8Xo", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Song of the Lark is the third novel by American author Willa Cather, written in 1915."}, {"section_header": "Plot introduction", "text": "Set in the 1890s in Moonstone, a fictional town in Colorado, The Song of the Lark is the self-portrait of an artist in the making."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "He had been a painter and decorator in Trinidad, Colorado before moving to Moonstone."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part II: The Song of the Lark", "text": "In Chicago, Thea settles close to the parish of a Swedish Reformed Church with two German women."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part II: The Song of the Lark", "text": "She sings in the choir and in funerals for a stipend, and she takes piano lessons with Mr. Harsanyi."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part II: The Song of the Lark", "text": "When Mr. Harsanyi learns Thea sings in a church choir, he asks her to sing."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part II: The Song of the Lark", "text": "He is very impressed by her voice."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part II: The Song of the Lark", "text": "Later, he meets with the conductor of the Chicago Orchestra and asks him who is the best voice teacher in the area; it is Madison Bowers."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part II: The Song of the Lark", "text": "He then parts with Thea, explaining that her voice is her true artistic gift, not her playing."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part II: The Song of the Lark", "text": "After several weeks of singing lessons, she takes a train back to Moonstone for her summer vacation."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is generally considered to be the second novel in Cather's Prairie Trilogy, following O Pioneers! (1913) and preceding My \u00c1ntonia (1918)."}], "text": "The Song of the Lark came before My Antonia.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Song of the Lark"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Death and succession", "text": "Dingane and Mhlangana, Shaka's half-brothers, appear to have made at least two attempts to assassinate Shaka before they succeeded, with perhaps support from Mpondo elements and some disaffected iziYendane people."}], "id": "CU9e0Zj032obUtv6HPaP", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was ultimately assassinated by his half brothers Dingane and Mhlangana."}, {"section_header": "Death and succession", "text": "Dingane and Mhlangana, Shaka's half-brothers, appear to have made at least two attempts to assassinate Shaka before they succeeded, with perhaps support from Mpondo elements and some disaffected iziYendane people."}, {"section_header": "Death and succession", "text": "It was all the conspirators needed\u2014they being Shaka's half-brothers, Dingane and Mhlangana, and an iNduna called Mbopa."}, {"section_header": "Death and succession", "text": "Shaka's half-brother Dingane assumed power and embarked on an extensive purge of pro-Shaka elements and chieftains, running over several years, in order to secure his position."}, {"section_header": "Successor to Senzangakhona", "text": "When Senzangakhona (Shaka's father) died in 1816, Shaka's younger half-brother Sigujana assumed power as the legitimate heir to the Zulu chiefdom."}, {"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "A frontal assault by their opponents failed to dislodge them, and Shaka sealed the victory by sending his reserve forces in a sweep around the hill to attack the enemy's rear."}, {"section_header": "Death and succession", "text": "Dingane ruled for some twelve years, during which time he fought, disastrously, against the Voortrekkers, and against another half-brother, Mpande, who, with Boer and British support, took over the Zulu leadership in 1840, ruling for some 30 years."}, {"section_header": "In Zulu culture", "text": "This ambiguity continues to lend the image of Shaka its continued power and influence, almost two centuries after his death."}, {"section_header": "Physical descriptions", "text": "He also had two prominent front teeth."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Mobility of the army", "text": "They spent two whole days recuperating in one instance, and on another they rested for a day and two nights before pursuing their enemy."}], "text": "Shaka assassinated his two half brothers after multiple fails.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Shaka"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Socratic problem | Socrates as a philosopher", "text": "More specifically, in the Apology, Socrates cites his poverty as proof that he is not a teacher."}, {"section_header": "Prose sources", "text": "Aristotle refers frequently, but in passing, to Socrates in his writings."}], "id": "CYep3nHytbi0Pq3ipBgz", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Philosophy | Beliefs", "text": "Socrates frequently says his ideas are not his own, but his teachers'."}, {"section_header": "Socratic problem | Socrates as a philosopher", "text": "More specifically, in the Apology, Socrates cites his poverty as proof that he is not a teacher."}, {"section_header": "Socratic problem | Socrates as a figure", "text": "A Saint, a prophet of 'the Sun-God', a teacher condemned for his teachings as a heretic."}, {"section_header": "Prose sources", "text": "Aristotle refers frequently, but in passing, to Socrates in his writings."}, {"section_header": "Philosophy | Politics", "text": "It is often claimed much of the anti-democratic leanings are from Plato, who was never able to overcome his disgust at what was done to his teacher."}, {"section_header": "Socratic problem | Socrates as a philosopher", "text": "Aristotle, in his Magna Moralia, refers to Socrates in words which make it patent that the doctrine virtue is knowledge was held by Socrates."}, {"section_header": "Philosophy | Knowledge", "text": "For his part as a philosophical interlocutor, he leads his respondent to a clearer conception of wisdom, although he claims he is not himself a teacher (Apology)."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Immediate influence", "text": "Aristotle himself was as much of a philosopher as he was a scientist with extensive work in the fields of biology and physics."}, {"section_header": "Socratic problem | Socrates as a figure", "text": "The testimony of Xenophon and Aristotle, alongside some of Aristophanes's work (especially The Clouds), is useful in fleshing out a perception of Socrates beyond Plato's work."}, {"section_header": "Prose sources", "text": "Plato, Xenophon, and Aristotle are the main sources for the historical Socrates; however, Xenophon and Plato were students of Socrates, and they may idealize him; however, they wrote the only extended descriptions of Socrates that have come down to us in their complete form."}], "text": "Socrates was the teacher of Aristotle.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Socrates"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "That night, Moze is accosted by Ku Klux Klan members and savagely beaten."}], "id": "CZZVdkglbPcy0h21Y9F4", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "It is 1935 and Waxahachie, Texas, is a small, segregated town in the midst of the Great Depression."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "That night, Moze is accosted by Ku Klux Klan members and savagely beaten."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Places in the Heart is a 1984 American drama film written and directed by Robert Benton about a Depression-era Texas widow who tries to save her family farm with the help of a blind white man and a poor black man."}, {"section_header": "Release", "text": "Places in the Heart was released in theatres on September 21, 1984."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Places in the Heart grossed $274,279 in its opening weekend."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was filmed in Waxahachie, Texas, on Jack Davis' farm."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Local white vigilantes tie Wylie to a truck and drag his body through town before hanging him from a tree."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "The consensus is: \"Places in the Heart is a quiet character piece with grand ambitions that it more than fulfills, thanks to absorbing work from writer-director Robert Benton and a tremendous cast.\" Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote in his review: \"Robert Benton has made one of the best films in years about growing up American.\" Canby called it \"moving and often funny\" and \"a tonic, a revivifying experience right down to the final images\", comparing it to Luis Bunuel's Tristana\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "The film grossed $34.9 million in the US."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The film closes with all the characters gathered in church singing in unison."}], "text": "The 1984 film Places in the Heart is about small town Texas in the Great Depression and has an incident of racial violence involving the Ku Klux Klan.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Places in the Heart"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pontiac or Obwandiyag (c. 1714/20 \u2013 April 20, 1769) was an Odawa war chief known for his role in the war named for him, from 1763 to 1766 leading Native Americans in a struggle against British military occupation of the Great Lakes region."}], "id": "CbbcWKRbhd0jKyxt75ui", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy and honors", "text": "Pontiac was also the name of a popular automobile brand of General Motors, developed and originally based in Detroit, which was discontinued in 2010."}, {"section_header": "Pontiac's War", "text": "Nothing prevents us; they are few in numbers, and we can accomplish it."}, {"section_header": "Early years", "text": "A park at the confluence of the Maumee and Auglaise rivers in Defiance is named Pontiac Park and identified as his birthplace."}, {"section_header": "Legacy and honors", "text": "Places named for Pontiac include the cities of Pontiac in Michigan and Illinois in the United States; Pontiac, Quebec in Canada; and the Pontiac Regional County Municipality in Quebec."}, {"section_header": "Final years", "text": "He was apparently avenging his uncle, a Peoria chief named Makachinga (Black Dog), whom Pontiac had stabbed and badly wounded in 1766."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pontiac's importance in the war that bears his name has been debated."}, {"section_header": "Final years", "text": "The killer was a Peoria warrior whose name has not been preserved."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pontiac or Obwandiyag (c. 1714/20 \u2013 April 20, 1769) was an Odawa war chief known for his role in the war named for him, from 1763 to 1766 leading Native Americans in a struggle against British military occupation of the Great Lakes region."}, {"section_header": "Pontiac's War", "text": "Contributing to the anti-British sentiment was a religious revival inspired by a Lenape prophet named Neolin, who called for Indians to reject European cultural influences and return to traditional ways."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pontiac claimed greater authority than he possessed."}], "text": "Mister Pontiac has nothing to do with the automobiles by the same name.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Pontiac (person)"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and career | Early years", "text": "Britten was born in the fishing port of Lowestoft in Suffolk, on the east coast of England on 22 November 1913, the feast day of Saint Cecilia."}], "id": "CfzGPahyLatf8Ve7ImyT", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and career | Return to England", "text": "A month after the opening of Peter Grimes, Britten and Yehudi Menuhin went to Germany to give recitals to concentration camp survivors."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Born in Lowestoft, Suffolk, the son of a dentist, Britten showed talent from an early age."}, {"section_header": "Notes, references and sources", "text": "\"Britten, (Edward) Benjamin\"."}, {"section_header": "Notes, references and sources", "text": "The Music of Benjamin Britten."}, {"section_header": "Notes, references and sources", "text": "The Operas of Benjamin Britten."}, {"section_header": "Notes, references and sources", "text": "Benjamin Britten: Peter Grimes."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Early years", "text": "Britten was born in the fishing port of Lowestoft in Suffolk, on the east coast of England on 22 November 1913, the feast day of Saint Cecilia."}, {"section_header": "Notes, references and sources", "text": "Oliver, Michael (1996). Benjamin Britten."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Boy was Born in 1934. With the premiere of Peter Grimes in 1945, he leapt to international fame."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Education | Public school and Royal College of Music", "text": "A Boy was Born, written in 1933 for the BBC Singers, who first performed it the following year."}], "text": "Benjamin Britten was born in Germany.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Benjamin Britten"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A neutrino ( or ) (denoted by the Greek letter \u03bd) is a fermion (an elementary particle with spin of 1/2) that interacts only via the weak subatomic force and gravity."}], "id": "CgYKNOuBTjcnC6nxV0nZ", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Properties and reactions", "text": "Neutrinos have half-integer spin (\u00bd\u202f\u0127); therefore they are fermions."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A neutrino ( or ) (denoted by the Greek letter \u03bd) is a fermion (an elementary particle with spin of 1/2) that interacts only via the weak subatomic force and gravity."}, {"section_header": "Research | Cosmic ray neutrinos", "text": "Cosmic ray neutrino experiments detect neutrinos from space to study both the nature of neutrinos and the cosmic sources producing them."}, {"section_header": "Research | Sterile neutrino searches", "text": "Other efforts search for evidence of a sterile neutrino \u2013 a fourth neutrino flavor that does not interact with matter like the three known neutrino flavors."}, {"section_header": "History | Cosmic neutrinos", "text": "These efforts marked the beginning of neutrino astronomy."}, {"section_header": "History | Neutrino flavor", "text": "When the third type of lepton, the tau, was discovered in 1975 at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, it was also expected to have an associated neutrino (the tau neutrino)."}, {"section_header": "History | Neutrino flavor", "text": "The antineutrino discovered by Cowan and Reines is the antiparticle of the electron neutrino."}, {"section_header": "History | Cosmic neutrinos", "text": "SN 1987A represents the only verified detection of neutrinos from a supernova."}, {"section_header": "Research | Detectors near artificial neutrino sources", "text": "International scientific collaborations install large neutrino detectors near nuclear reactors or in neutrino beams from particle accelerators to better constrain the neutrino masses and the values for the magnitude and rates of oscillations between neutrino flavors."}, {"section_header": "History | Neutrino flavor", "text": "First evidence for this third neutrino type came from the observation of missing energy and momentum in tau decays analogous to the beta decay leading to the discovery of the electron neutrino."}], "text": "A neutrino is a fermion.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Neutrino"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Successor to Senzangakhona", "text": "Shaka chose a particularly gruesome revenge on her, locking her in a house and placing jackals or hyenas inside: they devoured her and, in the morning, Shaka burned the house to the ground."}, {"section_header": "Scholarship studies | The Mfecane | Disruptions of the Mfecane", "text": "However, Fynn had no way of knowing any such thing: it was a thumb-suck based in a particular view of Shaka\u2014Shaka as a kind of genocidal maniac, an unresting killing-machine."}], "id": "ChTAimBlIuBd9IImDdTW", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "Shaka observed several demonstrations of European technology and knowledge, but he held that the Zulu way was superior to that of the foreigners."}, {"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "Shaka then led a fresh reserve some 70 miles (110 km) to the royal kraal of Zwide, ruler of the Ndwandwe, and destroyed it."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Shakan methods versus European technology", "text": "As for firearms, Shaka acknowledged their utility as missile weapons after seeing muzzle-loaders demonstrated, but he argued that in the time a gunman took to reload, he would be swamped by charging spear-wielding warriors."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The King Shaka International Airport at La Mercy, 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of the Durban city centre was opened on 1 May 2010 in preparation for the 2010 FIFA World Cup after a protracted debate over the naming of the airport."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | As borrower not innovator", "text": "Some scholars hold that popular depictions of Shaka as a suddenly appearing genius creating innovation are overstated, and that to the contrary, Shaka was a borrower and imitator of indigenous methods, customs and even ruler-lineages already in place."}, {"section_header": "Scholarship studies | The Mfecane | Disruptions of the Mfecane", "text": "However, Fynn had no way of knowing any such thing: it was a thumb-suck based in a particular view of Shaka\u2014Shaka as a kind of genocidal maniac, an unresting killing-machine."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Shakan methods versus European technology", "text": "In fact, European travellers to Shaka's kingdom demonstrated advanced technology such as firearms and writing, but the Zulu monarch was less than convinced."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | As borrower not innovator", "text": "The hypothesis that several states of a new kind arose about the same time does not take account of the contrast between the short line of Shaka and the long pedigrees of his most important opponents \u2013 especially the coalition grouped around his deadly enemy Zwide (d. 1822)."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | As borrower not innovator", "text": "They also argue that Shaka's line was relatively short-lived and receives undue attention, compared to other, longer established lines and rulers in the region."}, {"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "Zwide himself escaped with a handful of followers before falling foul of a chieftainess named Mjanji, ruler of a baBelu clan. (He died in mysterious circumstances soon afterwards.) Zwide's general Soshangane (of the Shangaan) moved north towards what is now Mozambique to inflict further damage on less resistant foes and take advantage of slaving opportunities, obliging Portuguese traders to give tribute."}, {"section_header": "Successor to Senzangakhona", "text": "Shaka chose a particularly gruesome revenge on her, locking her in a house and placing jackals or hyenas inside: they devoured her and, in the morning, Shaka burned the house to the ground."}], "text": "Shaka was a demonstrably merciful and kind ruler.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Shaka"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Return to Detroit Tigers", "text": "On November 3, 2014, it was announced that Trammell would return to Detroit as a special assistant to Tigers' general manager Dave Dombrowski."}], "id": "CjWfF8iGZx5KKtyziKfS", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Chicago Cubs and Arizona Diamondbacks", "text": "He and Gibson were fired on September 26, 2014, though Trammell stayed on for the final three games of the season to serve as the interim manager."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He also served as the interim manager for the Arizona Diamondbacks during the final three games of the 2014 season."}, {"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Return to Detroit Tigers", "text": "On November 3, 2014, it was announced that Trammell would return to Detroit as a special assistant to Tigers' general manager Dave Dombrowski."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Later years, injuries and retirement", "text": "He served as the bench coach for the Arizona Diamondbacks under former teammate Kirk Gibson until returning to the Tigers in late 2014 as a special assistant to the general manager."}, {"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Detroit Tigers", "text": "In October 2006, Trammell returned to Comerica Park for the first time since his firing to participate, along with Sparky Anderson, in pregame festivities prior to Game 2 of the World Series."}, {"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Chicago Cubs and Arizona Diamondbacks", "text": "Trammell was named bench coach of the Arizona Diamondbacks in October 2010 joining his former teammate Kirk Gibson who had earlier been named manager."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | 1985\u20131988", "text": "In 1987, asked by manager Sparky Anderson to replace the departed Lance Parrish as cleanup hitter, Trammell responded with his best major league season, hitting a career-high 28 home runs to go with a career-high .343 batting average (ranking third in the AL)."}, {"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Chicago Cubs and Arizona Diamondbacks", "text": "After being replaced by Leyland, Trammell turned down an offer to stay with the Tigers as a special assistant, instead opting to sit out 2006."}, {"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Chicago Cubs and Arizona Diamondbacks", "text": "Gibson had previously been Trammell's bench and hitting coach with the Tigers."}, {"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Detroit Tigers", "text": "Alan Trammell was named the manager of a struggling Tigers team on October 9, 2002."}], "text": "Trammell was able to go back to the Tigers in 2014 after getting fired from the Diamondbacks.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Alan Trammell"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 7, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jesse Joseph Haines (July 22, 1893 \u2013 August 5, 1978), nicknamed \"Pop\", was a right-handed pitcher in for the Cincinnati Reds and St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB)."}], "id": "CoIHBh25bCY7UCyWOTfT", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "Haines began to pitch fewer games in 1932."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "After the committee selected Haines, Frisch commented that Haines was \"a worthy, worthy man... a great competitor, a fine fellow off and on the field.\" Sabermetrician Bill James has listed Haines as one of ten examples of Hall of Fame inductees who do not deserve the honor."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Haines pitched on three World Series championship teams."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Haines wanted to play baseball for the local team in Phillipsburg."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "Haines worked on the coaching staff of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1938."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "During his minor league days, Haines married Carrie M. Weidner."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "They had one child. Haines became a fixture in the Cardinals starting rotation in 1920."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Though he had a kind personality off the field, Haines was known as a fiery competitor during games."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "As his career went on, Haines became known as \"Pop\" because of the influence he exerted on younger teammates."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After retiring in 1937 with a 210\u2013158 win-loss record, Haines was a coach with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1938."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jesse Joseph Haines (July 22, 1893 \u2013 August 5, 1978), nicknamed \"Pop\", was a right-handed pitcher in for the Cincinnati Reds and St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB)."}], "text": "Haines was sometimes referred to as \"Pop\".", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 10, "wikipedia_page": "Jesse Haines"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Their efforts pay off as Edna and Moze find themselves first in line at the wholesaler with the season's first bale of cotton."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film stars Sally Field, Lindsay Crouse, Ed Harris, Ray Baker, Amy Madigan, John Malkovich, Danny Glover, Jerry Haynes and Terry O'Quinn."}], "id": "Cp1YspFtRmNbLLlfycr4", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Places in the Heart grossed $274,279 in its opening weekend."}, {"section_header": "Release", "text": "Places in the Heart was released in theatres on September 21, 1984."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Edna realizes she cannot make the next payment even if she sells all her cotton."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Their efforts pay off as Edna and Moze find themselves first in line at the wholesaler with the season's first bale of cotton."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Places in the Heart is a 1984 American drama film written and directed by Robert Benton about a Depression-era Texas widow who tries to save her family farm with the help of a blind white man and a poor black man."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Roger Ebert wrote in his review that Benton's \"memories provide the material for a wonderful movie, and he has made it, but unfortunately he hasn't stopped at that."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Accolades", "text": "He tells a central story of great power, and then keeps leaving it to catch us up with minor characters we never care about.\" In 1985, when Sally Field accepted her second Oscar (the first was for Norma Rae), she uttered the memorable (and much-mocked) line \" I can't deny the fact that you like me\u2014right now, you like me!"}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The film closes with all the characters gathered in church singing in unison."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "The consensus is: \"Places in the Heart is a quiet character piece with grand ambitions that it more than fulfills, thanks to absorbing work from writer-director Robert Benton and a tremendous cast.\" Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote in his review: \"Robert Benton has made one of the best films in years about growing up American.\" Canby called it \"moving and often funny\" and \"a tonic, a revivifying experience right down to the final images\", comparing it to Luis Bunuel's Tristana\"."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The next day, Edna visits Mr. Denby to relay her decision not to sell the farm."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film stars Sally Field, Lindsay Crouse, Ed Harris, Ray Baker, Amy Madigan, John Malkovich, Danny Glover, Jerry Haynes and Terry O'Quinn."}], "text": "In the movie Places in the Heart, Sally Field's character sells her cotton to the wholesaler.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Places in the Heart"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and career | Ravel; rising fame; First World War", "text": "Despite his age\u2014he was forty-two in 1914\u2014Vaughan Williams volunteered for military service on the outbreak of the First World War."}], "id": "Cpu1KD7b8q23nkyaRB0E", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The First World War, in which he served in the army, had a lasting emotional effect."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Ravel; rising fame; First World War", "text": "In the years between his return from Paris in 1908 and the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Vaughan Williams increasingly established himself as a figure in British music."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Ravel; rising fame; First World War", "text": "Despite his age\u2014he was forty-two in 1914\u2014Vaughan Williams volunteered for military service on the outbreak of the First World War."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Ravel; rising fame; First World War", "text": "After the armistice in 1918 he served as director of music for the British First Army until demobilised in February 1919."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ralph Vaughan Williams  ( (listen); 12 October 1872 \u2013 26 August 1958) was an English composer."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1939\u20131952", "text": "During the Second World War Vaughan Williams was active in civilian war work, chairing the Home Office Committee for the Release of Interned Alien Musicians, helping Myra Hess with the organisation of the daily National Gallery concerts, serving on a committee for refugees from Nazi oppression, and on the Council for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts (CEMA), the forerunner of the Arts Council."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Ravel; rising fame; First World War", "text": "The war left its emotional mark on Vaughan Williams, who lost many comrades and friends, including the young composer George Butterworth."}, {"section_header": "Honours and legacy", "text": "In 1994 a group of enthusiasts founded the Ralph Vaughan Williams Society, with the composer's widow as its president and Roy Douglas and Michael Kennedy as vice presidents."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Ravel; rising fame; First World War", "text": "Between these successes and the start of war Vaughan Williams's largest-scale work was the first version of A London Symphony (1914)."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Ravel; rising fame; First World War", "text": "Vaughan Williams himself said that Ravel had helped him escape from \"the heavy contrapuntal Teutonic manner\"."}], "text": "Ralph Vaughan Williams served in the Secod World War.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Ralph Vaughan Williams"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gertrude \"Trudy\" Belle Elion (January 23, 1918 \u2013 February 21, 1999) was an American biochemist and pharmacologist, who shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with George H. Hitchings and Sir James Black for their use of innovative methods of rational drug design for the development of new drugs."}], "id": "Cpuh7TIMPa0emuvEoDWO", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Elion made a critical decision in her life, and stayed with her job and give up the pursuit of her doctorate."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "Elion was the fifth female Nobel laureate in Medicine and the ninth in science in general, and one of only a handful of laureates without a doctoral degree."}, {"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "but after several years of long-range commuting, she was informed that she would no longer be able to continue her doctorate on a part-time basis, but would need to give up her job and go to school full-time."}, {"section_header": "Selected works by Gertrude B. Elion", "text": "Elion, G. (1989). \" The Purine Path to Chemotherapy\"."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Elion never married or had children."}, {"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Elion was born in New York City on January 23, 1918, to parents Robert Elion, a Lithuanian Jewish immigrant and a dentist, and Bertha Cohen, a Polish immigrant."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Gertrude Elion died in North Carolina in 1999, aged 81."}, {"section_header": "Career and research", "text": "While Elion had many jobs to support herself and put herself through school, Elion had also worked for the National Cancer Institute, American Association for Cancer Research, and World Health Organization, among other organizations."}, {"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Elion was an excellent student who graduated from Walton High School at the age of 15."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "In 1991 Elion became the first woman to be inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gertrude \"Trudy\" Belle Elion (January 23, 1918 \u2013 February 21, 1999) was an American biochemist and pharmacologist, who shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with George H. Hitchings and Sir James Black for their use of innovative methods of rational drug design for the development of new drugs."}], "text": "Elion was a French doctor.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Gertrude B. Elion"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The diplomats, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry, were approached through informal channels by agents of the French foreign minister, Talleyrand, who demanded bribes and a loan before formal negotiations could begin."}, {"section_header": "Commission to France | Later negotiations", "text": "Gerry, although he sought to maintain unity with his co-commissioners, was told by Talleyrand that if he left France the Directory would declare war."}], "id": "CsfSTnzLg59XDKnQlPBm", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War."}, {"section_header": "Reaction in the United States", "text": "Z. The use of these disguising letters led the business to immediately become known as the \"XYZ Affair."}, {"section_header": "Political reaction in France", "text": "The warlike attitude of the United States and the start of the Quasi-War (a naval war between the two countries that was fought primarily in the Caribbean) convinced Talleyrand that he had miscalculated in his dealings with the commissioners."}, {"section_header": "Reaction in the United States", "text": "Democratic-Republican leaders in Congress, believing Adams had exaggerated the French position because he sought war, united with hawkish Federalists to demand the release of the commissioners' dispatches."}, {"section_header": "Commission to France", "text": "Talleyrand, who had recently spent a few years in the United States, was openly concerned about the establishment of closer ties between the U.S. and Britain."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "In the wake of the 1789 French Revolution, relations between the new French Republic and U.S. federal government, originally friendly, became strained."}, {"section_header": "Reaction in the United States", "text": "His cabinet was divided on how to react: the general tenor was one of hostility toward France, with Attorney General Charles Lee and Secretary of State Timothy Pickering arguing for a declaration of war."}, {"section_header": "Commission to France | Initial meetings", "text": "The commissioners offered to send one of their number back to the United States for instructions, if the French would suspend their seizures of American shipping; the French negotiators refused."}, {"section_header": "Reaction in the United States | Partisan responses", "text": "Elbridge Gerry was placed in a difficult position upon his return to the United States."}, {"section_header": "Political reaction in France", "text": "Talleyrand was called to the Directory to account for his role in the affair."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The diplomats, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry, were approached through informal channels by agents of the French foreign minister, Talleyrand, who demanded bribes and a loan before formal negotiations could begin."}, {"section_header": "Commission to France | Later negotiations", "text": "Gerry, although he sought to maintain unity with his co-commissioners, was told by Talleyrand that if he left France the Directory would declare war."}], "text": "The XYZ affair nearly resulted in full blown war between the United States and France, and was instigated by the French.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "XYZ Affair"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the second of four official adaptations of A Star Is Born, with the first in 1937 starring Janet Gaynor and Fredric March, the third in 1976 starring Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson and the fourth in 2018 starring Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper."}], "id": "Cwi00EojMadVKbk6DAod", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Star Is Born is a 1954 American musical film written by Moss Hart, starring Judy Garland and James Mason, and directed by George Cukor."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the second of four official adaptations of A Star Is Born, with the first in 1937 starring Janet Gaynor and Fredric March, the third in 1976 starring Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson and the fourth in 2018 starring Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "A Star Is Born with his then-wife Judy Garland in the lead role."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "James Mason ultimately was signed, and filming began on October 12, 1953."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "For her performance in A Star Is Born, Garland was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress."}, {"section_header": "1983 film restoration", "text": "Also that year, when PBS was producing its documentary for Great Performances, Judy Garland: The Concert Years, another small piece of footage of A Star"}, {"section_header": "1983 film restoration", "text": "For years, Garland fans and film historians expressed great interest in viewing the missing footage from this film."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "When the last scene was filmed in the early morning hours of July 28, 1954, Cukor already had departed the production and was unwinding in Europe."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Garland had not made a film since she had negotiated release from her MGM contract soon after filming began on Royal Wedding in 1950, and the film was promoted heavily as her comeback."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "A Star Is Born cost more than $5 million, making it one of the more expensive films made in Hollywood at that time."}], "text": "The 1954 film is the fourth adaptation and it stars Garland and Mason.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "A Star Is Born (1954 film)"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "The couple had five children: Christopher (1938\u20131941), Christina (born December 1, 1941), Catalina (born November 21, 1942), Duncan (born August 4, 1945), and Valentina (born December 26, 1952)."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "1966).In the 1970s, during his marriage to Addolori, Quinn also had two children with an event producer in Los Angeles named Friedel Dunbar: Sean Quinn (born February 7, 1973) and Alexander Anthony Quinn (born December 30, 1976)."}], "id": "D0ci0fDg5DC9wtJAiNAD", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Quinn's first wife was the adopted daughter of Cecil B. DeMille, actress Katherine DeMille; they wed in 1937."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "They had three children: Francesco Quinn (March 22, 1963 \u2013 August 5, 2011), Danny Quinn (born April 16, 1964), and Lorenzo Quinn (born May 7,"}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "1966).In the 1970s, during his marriage to Addolori, Quinn also had two children with an event producer in Los Angeles named Friedel Dunbar: Sean Quinn (born February 7, 1973) and Alexander Anthony Quinn (born December 30, 1976)."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "The couple had five children: Christopher (1938\u20131941), Christina (born December 1, 1941), Catalina (born November 21, 1942), Duncan (born August 4, 1945), and Valentina (born December 26, 1952)."}, {"section_header": "Career | Return to Hollywood and Broadway", "text": "His physique filled out, his hair grayed, and his once smooth, swarthy face weathered and became more rugged."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "By the 1990s, Quinn then had two children with his secretary, Katherine Benvin; daughter Antonia Patricia Rose Quinn (born July 23, 1993) and son Ryan Nicholas Quinn (born July 5, 1996)."}, {"section_header": "Career | European films and international success", "text": "Quinn won his second Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of painter Paul Gauguin in Vincente Minnelli's Lust for Life (1956)."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The two men became friends. When Quinn mentioned that he was drawn to acting, Wright encouraged him."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "1996).In 1994 Quinn played the role of Zeus in five television movies focusing on the legendary journeys of Hercules."}, {"section_header": "Tributes and legacy", "text": "His widow, Katherine Benvin Quinn, established the Anthony Quinn Foundation which advocates the importance of arts in education."}], "text": "Anthony Quinn had five children with his first wife then three more children with this mistress who became his second wife.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Anthony Quinn"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Slovak died of a drug overdose on June 25, 1988; Irons, devastated, left the band."}, {"section_header": "History | 1998\u20132001: Return of Frusciante and Californication", "text": "With no guitarist, the Red Hot Chili Peppers were on the verge of breaking up."}], "id": "D0vJy2fmhQeRmhWEbDvb", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "His replacement, Dave Navarro, played on the sixth Red Hot Chili Peppers album, One Hot Minute (1995)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "With over 80 million records sold worldwide, Red Hot Chili Peppers are one of the best-selling bands of all time."}, {"section_header": "History | 1983\u20131984: Early history", "text": "The band released their debut album, The Red Hot Chili Peppers, in August 1984."}, {"section_header": "Musical style", "text": "However, he changed this style when Red Hot Chili Peppers formed."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Slovak died of a drug overdose on June 25, 1988; Irons, devastated, left the band."}, {"section_header": "History | 1998\u20132001: Return of Frusciante and Californication", "text": "With no guitarist, the Red Hot Chili Peppers were on the verge of breaking up."}, {"section_header": "History | 1983\u20131984: Early history", "text": "The band changed its name to Red Hot Chili Peppers, playing several shows at LA venues."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Red Hot Chili Peppers (commonly abbreviated as RHCP) are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1998, following Navarro's dismissal, Frusciante returned to Red Hot Chili Peppers."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After the Stadium Arcadium tour, Red Hot Chili Peppers went on an extended hiatus."}], "text": "In 1988, the Red Hot Chili Peppers lost one of their band members. died", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Red Hot Chili Peppers"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "The theme was repeated in the 1997 film The Full Monty, in a scene where the lead actors move in a line and raise their hands, deliberately mimicking the Arsenal defence's offside trap, in an attempt to co-ordinate their striptease routine."}], "id": "D11eRZtNPGuUl9xWnLX1", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Arsenal Women", "text": "Arsenal Women are the most successful team in English women's football having won a total of 58 trophies."}, {"section_header": "History | 1953\u20131986: Mediocrity, Mee and Neill", "text": "Arsenal tentatively appointed club physiotherapist Bertie Mee as acting manager in 1966."}, {"section_header": "Statistics and records", "text": "David O'Leary holds the record for Arsenal appearances, having played 722 first-team matches between 1975 and 1993."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Arsenal have often been stereotyped as a defensive and \"boring\" side, especially during the 1970s and 1980s; many comedians, such as Eric Morecambe, made jokes about this at the team's expense."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "The theme was repeated in the 1997 film The Full Monty, in a scene where the lead actors move in a line and raise their hands, deliberately mimicking the Arsenal defence's offside trap, in an attempt to co-ordinate their striptease routine."}, {"section_header": "Statistics and records", "text": "Arsenal have one of the best top-flight records in history, having finished below fourteenth only seven times."}, {"section_header": "History | 2018\u2013present: Post-Wenger Era", "text": "He joined from Manchester City having worked there as an assistant manager."}, {"section_header": "Players | First-team squad", "text": "As of 1 July 2020 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules."}, {"section_header": "Players | First-team squad | Out on loan", "text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules."}, {"section_header": "Crest", "text": "The celebrations included a modified version of the current crest worn on their jerseys for the season."}], "text": "Arsenal have been labeled and mocked as a defensive minded team, including a striptease act in a comedy movie.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Arsenal F.C."}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 9, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception and legacy | Awards", "text": "The series received 42 Primetime Emmy Awards nominations, with five wins."}], "id": "D2WwIfp858erveiKCGjy", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception and legacy | Awards", "text": "Despite this, Carell won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Comedy or Musical in 2006."}, {"section_header": "Season synopses | Season 1", "text": "The first season consists of six episodes."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Office is an American mockumentary sitcom television series that depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania, branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company."}, {"section_header": "Production | Crew", "text": "Greg Daniels served as the senior series showrunner for the first four seasons of the series and developed the British Office series for American television."}, {"section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "The producers thought she was \"too feisty\" for the character, but they called her back for the part of Angela Martin, which she won."}, {"section_header": "Reception and legacy | Awards", "text": "The series was also named the best TV series by the American Film Institute in 2006 and 2008, won two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series in 2006 and 2007 and won a Peabody Award in 2006."}, {"section_header": "Other media | Promotional", "text": "The show's success has resulted in expansion outside of television."}, {"section_header": "Other media | Online releases", "text": "Episodes from The Office were among the first shows available for download from the iTunes Store beginning in December 2005."}, {"section_header": "Reception and legacy | Awards", "text": "It won for Outstanding Comedy Series in season two, Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series (Greg Daniels for \"Gay Witch Hunt\"),"}, {"section_header": "Other media | Online releases", "text": "The Office will leave Netflix in 2021, as NBCUniversal acquired the rights to the show for its new streaming service Peacock."}, {"section_header": "Reception and legacy | Awards", "text": "The series received 42 Primetime Emmy Awards nominations, with five wins."}], "text": "The television show, The Office has won the six Emmy's.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 9, "wikipedia_page": "The Office (US)"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He is also distinguished, along with his brother Jim Perry, for being part of the second-winningest brother combination in baseball history\u2014second only to the knuckleball throwing brothers, Phil Niekro and Joe Niekro."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball as a right-handed pitcher for eight different teams from 1962 to 1983."}], "id": "D6WdZZEChIQzknH2vFSv", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Gaylord grew up with his older brother James Perry and younger sister Carolyn."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He is also distinguished, along with his brother Jim Perry, for being part of the second-winningest brother combination in baseball history\u2014second only to the knuckleball throwing brothers, Phil Niekro and Joe Niekro."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Gaylord attended Williamston High School, where he played football, basketball and baseball."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball as a right-handed pitcher for eight different teams from 1962 to 1983."}, {"section_header": "Post-playing career", "text": "Of the four, only Mays, as a member of the 1954 team, had previously received a World Series ring while playing for the Giants."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Jim and Gaylord both began playing baseball with their father during their lunch break on the farm as youths, and later all three would play on the same local semi-pro team."}, {"section_header": "Pitching style", "text": "\"Gene Tenace, who caught Gaylord Perry when they played for the San Diego Padres, said: \"I can remember a couple of occasions when I couldn't throw the ball back to him because it was so greasy that it slipped out of my hands."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The current mascot of the Campbell Fighting Camels and Lady Camels is Gaylord the Camel, named in honor of Gaylord Perry."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "In 1955 Williamston High won the North Carolina Class A state tournament, as the Perry brothers threw back-to-back shutouts to sweep the best-of-three finals."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Gaylord was the son of Evan and Ruby Perry, who were farmers."}], "text": "Gaylord Perry was a pitcher and had a brother that played in the MLB.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Gaylord Perry"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 8, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Attractions | The Making of Harry Potter", "text": "In March 2011, Warner Bros. announced plans to build a tourist attraction in the United Kingdom to showcase the Harry Potter film series."}], "id": "D7miO1NLdou7PNK1X6VN", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Attractions | The Making of Harry Potter", "text": "In March 2011, Warner Bros. announced plans to build a tourist attraction in the United Kingdom to showcase the Harry Potter film series."}, {"section_header": "Attractions | The Making of Harry Potter", "text": "The attraction is located at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden, where all eight of the Harry Potter films were made."}, {"section_header": "Attractions | The Making of Harry Potter", "text": "Warner Bros. constructed two new sound stages to house and showcase the famous sets from each of the British-made productions, following a \u00a3100 million investment."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The series was originally published in English by two major publishers, Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and Scholastic Press in the United States."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Films", "text": "In 1998, Rowling sold the film rights of the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported \u00a31 million ($1,982,900)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The original seven books were adapted into an eight-part namesake film series by Warner Bros. Pictures, which is the third highest-grossing film series of all time as of February 2020."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Films", "text": "After many directors including Steven Spielberg, Terry Gilliam, Jonathan Demme, and Alan Parker were considered, Chris Columbus was appointed on 28 March 2000 as the director for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (titled \"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\" in the United States), with Warner Bros. citing his work on other family films such as Home Alone and Mrs. Doubtfire and proven experience with directing children as influences for their decision."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Games", "text": "The story and design of the games follow the selected film's characterisation and plot; EA worked closely with Warner Bros. to include scenes from the films."}, {"section_header": "Achievements | Commercial success", "text": "The books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide and have also given rise to the popular film adaptations produced by Warner Bros., all of which have been highly successful in their own right."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Publishing history", "text": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was published by Bloomsbury, the publisher of all Harry Potter books in the United Kingdom, on 26 June 1997."}], "text": "Warner Bros has plans to build a tourist attraction in the United Kingdom to showcase the film series.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 8, "wikipedia_page": "Harry Potter"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | Philadelphia Phillies (1972\u20131986) | Media silence", "text": "In 1976, upon the advice of his lawyer Edward L. Wolf, he decided to sever all ties with the media, and refused to answer press questions for the rest of his career with the Phillies."}], "id": "DGbeVxUkKyT3im26XUbl", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal", "text": "I'm on to different things. \"Speaking"}, {"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | Philadelphia Phillies (1972\u20131986) | Media silence", "text": "This reached a point where, in 1981, while the Mexican rookie Fernando Valenzuela was achieving stardom with the Los Angeles Dodgers, a reporter remarked, \"The two best pitchers in the National League don't speak English: Fernando Valenzuela and Steve Carlton."}, {"section_header": "Early years", "text": "Steve was the only son of Joe and Anne Carlton and was raised with his sisters Joanne and Christina on 144th street in Miami."}, {"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | Philadelphia Phillies (1972\u20131986) | Media silence", "text": "\"\"One thing I regret is that Philadelphia fans didn't see the same Steve Carlton we saw in our clubhouse,\" longtime Phillies teammate"}, {"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | San Francisco Giants (1986)", "text": "I consider that season my finest individual achievement.\" After being released by the Phillies, Carlton joined the San Francisco Giants; he also briefly broke his self-imposed boycott of the media to give a press conference after signing with the Giants."}, {"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | Philadelphia Phillies (1972\u20131986) | Media silence", "text": "In 1976, upon the advice of his lawyer Edward L. Wolf, he decided to sever all ties with the media, and refused to answer press questions for the rest of his career with the Phillies."}, {"section_header": "Honors", "text": "\"Said his longtime teammate and personal catcher Tim McCarver, \"When Steve (Carlton) and I die, we are going to be buried in the same cemetery, sixty feet, six inches apart.\" In 1989, Carlton's #32 was retired by the Philadelphia Phillies."}, {"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | Philadelphia Phillies (1972\u20131986)", "text": "Baseball commentators during 1972 regularly remarked that Carlton's slider was basically unhittable, while Pittsburgh Pirates slugger Willie Stargell once remarked, \"Hitting Steve Carlton's slider is like trying to drink coffee with a fork\".\"Auggie"}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The article was noted by The New York Times as being the source of numerous claims about Steve Carlton's political and social beliefs: \"According to Pat Jordan, the writer of the article, Carlton alternately said that the world is ruled or controlled by the Russian and United States Governments, which 'fill the air with low-frequency sound waves,' the Elders of Zion, British intelligence agencies, '12 Jewish bankers meeting in Switzerland' and 'a committee of 300 which meets at a roundtable in Rome.'"}, {"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | Retirement", "text": "Carlton remained unsigned in 1989."}], "text": "Steve Carlton did not like speaking to the press.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Steve Carlton"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception | Controversy", "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey has attracted criticism due to its depictions of BDSM, with some BDSM participants stating that the book confuses the practice with abuse, and presents it as a pathology to be overcome, as well as showing incorrect and possibly dangerous BDSM techniques."}], "id": "DU3kqtSo6jRCCGvrHer9", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "These include a laptop to enable her to research the BDSM lifestyle in consideration of the contract; to communicate with him, since she has never previously owned a computer; and to receive a more detailed version of the dominant/submissive contract."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "\" British author Jenny Colgan in The Guardian wrote \"It is jolly, eminently readable and as sweet and safe as BDSM (bondage, discipline, sadism and masochism) erotica can be without contravening the trade descriptions act\" and also praised the book for being \"more enjoyable\" than other \"literary erotic books\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Controversy", "text": "There has also been criticism against the fact that BDSM is a part of the book."}, {"section_header": "Background and publication", "text": "The book's erotic nature and perceived demographic of its fan base as being composed largely of married women over thirty led to the book being dubbed \"Mommy Porn\" by some news agencies."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Controversy", "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey has attracted criticism due to its depictions of BDSM, with some BDSM participants stating that the book confuses the practice with abuse, and presents it as a pathology to be overcome, as well as showing incorrect and possibly dangerous BDSM techniques."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Controversy", "text": "Coinciding with the release of the book and its surprising popularity, injuries related to BDSM and sex toy use spiked dramatically."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Censorship", "text": "Deborah Caldwell-Stone of the American Library Association commented that \"If the only reason you don't select a book is that you disapprove of its content, but there is demand for it, there's a question of whether you're being fair."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Censorship", "text": "In a public library there is usually very little that would prevent a book from being on the shelf if there is a demand for the information.\" Brevard County public libraries later made their copies available to their patrons due to public demand."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Critical reception of the book, however, has tended towards the negative, with the quality of its prose generally seen as poor, while its portrayal of BDSM has been targeted for criticism from a variety of perspectives."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Censorship", "text": "Dr. Drew commented that the book was \"horribly written\" in addition to being \"disturbing\" but stated that \"if the book enhances women's real-life sex lives and intimacy, so be it.\" In March 2012, branches of the public library in Brevard County, Florida, removed copies of Fifty Shades of Grey from their shelves, with an official statement that it did not meet the selection criteria for the library and that reviews for the book had been poor."}], "text": "The book caught a lot of flak from the BDSM community it purported to be about.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Fifty Shades of Grey"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early career | Military service", "text": "In 57 BC, Antony joined the military staff of Aulus Gabinius, the Proconsul of Syria, as chief of the cavalry."}, {"section_header": "Early career | Military service", "text": "This appointment marks the beginning of his military career."}], "id": "DXQhx9K6NUAVt02Stv11", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early career | Assassination of Caesar | Leader of the Caesarian Party", "text": "Though they believed Caesar's death would restore the Republic, Caesar had been immensely popular with the Roman middle and lower classes, who became enraged upon learning a small group of aristocrats had killed their champion."}, {"section_header": "Master of the Roman East | Antony's Parthian War | Parthian Invasion", "text": "In the spring of 38 BC, the Parthians resumed their offensive with Pacorus leading an army across the Euphrates."}, {"section_header": "Master of the Roman East | Antony and Cleopatra", "text": "He married Livia and started to attack Antony in order to raise himself to power."}, {"section_header": "Artistic portrayals", "text": "Works in which the character of Mark Antony plays a central role: William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar Julius Caesar (1953 film) based on this (played by Marlon Brando) Julius Caesar (1970 film) based on this (played by Charlton Heston) Antony and Cleopatra, several works with that title John Dryden's All for Love"}, {"section_header": "Master of the Roman East | Antony's Parthian War | Parthian Campaign", "text": "This forced Antony to leave his logistics train in the care of two legions (approximately 10,000 soldiers), which was then attacked and completely destroyed by the Parthian army before Antony could rescue them."}, {"section_header": "Master of the Roman East | Antony and Cleopatra", "text": "In 31 BC, the war started. Octavian's general Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa captured the Greek city and naval port of Methone, loyal to Antony."}, {"section_header": "Early career | Assassination of Caesar | Leader of the Caesarian Party", "text": "Worked into a fury by the bloody spectacle, the assembly rioted."}, {"section_header": "Master of the Roman East | Antony's Parthian War | Parthian Invasion", "text": "He then met a Parthian army at the border between Cilicia and Syria, defeating it and killing a large portion of the Parthian soldiers at the Amanus Pass."}, {"section_header": "Master of the Roman East | Antony's Parthian War | Conflict with Sextus Pompey", "text": "These actions worked to renew Sextus' blockade of Italy, preventing Octavian from sending the promised troops to Antony for the Parthian campaign."}, {"section_header": "Early career | Military service", "text": "This appointment marks the beginning of his military career."}, {"section_header": "Early career | Military service", "text": "In 57 BC, Antony joined the military staff of Aulus Gabinius, the Proconsul of Syria, as chief of the cavalry."}], "text": "Mark Antony started his work in the militia by leading a small group of soldiers in the Roman Army.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Mark Antony"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Many of Evers' relatives, including his father, brothers, and uncles, played baseball."}], "id": "DZprmPMxLs2KEWncDd7W", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Boston Braves and Philadelphia Phillies", "text": "Not receiving another offer from an MLB team, Evers traveled to Paris as a member of the Knights of Columbus to promote baseball in France."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After playing for the local minor league baseball team for one season, Frank Selee, manager of the Cubs, purchased Evers's contract and soon made him his starting second baseman."}, {"section_header": "Career | Minor league career", "text": "Selee, also looking for a second baseman due to an injury to starter Bobby Lowe, purchased Hardy's and Evers's contracts for $1,500 ($44,325 in current dollar terms); the Trojans were willing to sell Evers's services due to his temper."}, {"section_header": "Career | Minor league career", "text": "Frank Selee, manager of the Chicago Cubs, scouted Evers's teammate, pitcher Alex Hardy."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The Merkle play remains one of the most famous in baseball history."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Evers was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee in 1946."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Many of Evers' relatives, including his father, brothers, and uncles, played baseball."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "He also worked as superintendent of Bleecker Stadium in Albany and spent time teaching baseball to sandlot players."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1902 through 1917 for the Chicago Cubs, Boston Braves, and Philadelphia Phillies."}, {"section_header": "Career | Chicago Cubs", "text": "Evers agreed to manage the Navy Midshipmen, a college baseball team, in 1911, despite the opposition of Cubs' manager Frank Chance."}], "text": "A lot of Johnny Evers' family members did practice baseball.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Johnny Evers"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is an adaptation of the 2001-2003 BBC series of the same name, being adapted for American television by Greg Daniels, a veteran writer for Saturday Night Live, King of the Hill, and The Simpsons."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "While these characters generally have the same attitude and perceptions as their British counterparts, the roles have been redesigned to better fit the American show."}], "id": "DbjitA8l3XCvTKJzqW1b", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception and legacy | Other broadcasts", "text": "In the United Kingdom, the show was named in listings magazines (but not onscreen) as The Office: An American Workplace when it was originally aired on ITV2.As of July 2019"}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Rainn Wilson portrays Dwight Schrute, based upon Gareth Keenan, who is a salesman and the assistant to the regional manager, a fictional title created by Michael."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "While these characters generally have the same attitude and perceptions as their British counterparts, the roles have been redesigned to better fit the American show."}, {"section_header": "Proposed spin-offs", "text": "The idea created by the writers was that a copy machine breaks in The Office"}, {"section_header": "Reception and legacy | Critical reviews and commentary", "text": "Dilbert creator Scott Adams also touts the similarities: \"The lesson from The Office and from Dilbert is that people are often dysfunctional, and no amount of training can fix it."}, {"section_header": "Product placement", "text": "Many products featured are not part of product placement agreements, but rather inserted by writers as products the characters would use to create realism under the guise of a documentary."}, {"section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "The theme is played over the title sequence, which features scenes of Scranton, various tasks around the office and the main cast members."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "The show is known for its relatively large cast size, with many of its actors and actresses known particularly for their improvisational work."}, {"section_header": "Reception and legacy | Critical reviews and commentary", "text": "James Poniewozik of Time remarked, \"Producer Greg Daniels created not a copy but an interpretation that sends up distinctly American work conventions ... with a tone that's more satiric and less mordant.... The new boss is different from the old boss, and that's fine by me.\" He named it the second best TV show of 2006 after Battlestar Galactica."}, {"section_header": "Season synopses | Season 7", "text": "After Michael's replacement (Will Ferrell) is seriously injured on the job, Jo creates a search committee to interview candidates and choose a new manager for the office."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is an adaptation of the 2001-2003 BBC series of the same name, being adapted for American television by Greg Daniels, a veteran writer for Saturday Night Live, King of the Hill, and The Simpsons."}], "text": "The Office (US) is a shows that was created of the same titled in Spain about people working in a silly workplace.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "The Office (US)"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Her father, Robert Maraj, a financial executive and part-time gospel singer, is of Dougla (Afro-Trinidadian mother and Indo-Trinidadian father) descent."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Her mother, Carol Maraj, is also a gospel singer with Afro-Trinidadian ancestry."}], "id": "DhFoMNTeMWwxGSdN7IMW", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Artistry | Musical style", "text": "My favorite thing was Nicki Minaj's verse.'"}, {"section_header": "Career | 2014\u20132017: The Pinkprint and other ventures", "text": "The show was titled Nicki and the pilot episode was filmed in Minaj's hometown in January 2016."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2010\u20132011: Breakthrough with Pink Friday", "text": "The incident attracted protest from the Parents Television Council."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Musical style", "text": "She often both sings and raps in her songs and combines metaphors, punch lines, and word play into her work."}, {"section_header": "Public image | Influence", "text": "The cover art and music video for her 2014 single \"Anaconda\", both attracted significant controversy upon release."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2012\u20132013: Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded and The Re-Up", "text": "Minaj's crossover into pop music was criticized by some, despite her commercial success."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Alter egos", "text": "With her parents frequently fighting during her childhood, Minaj lived through characters she created as a means of escape."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Musical style", "text": "Ice-T said about Minaj's rapping style, \"[Minaj] does her thing."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Influences", "text": "Nicki and Lil Kim, often cited as Foxy's main rap rival, have reportedly exchanged words with each other, on social media and in their music."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2018\u20132019: Queen", "text": "Both songs were included on 6ix9ine's debut album Dummy Boy."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Her father, Robert Maraj, a financial executive and part-time gospel singer, is of Dougla (Afro-Trinidadian mother and Indo-Trinidadian father) descent."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Her mother, Carol Maraj, is also a gospel singer with Afro-Trinidadian ancestry."}], "text": "Both of Nicki Minaj's parents sang religious music.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Nicki Minaj"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is told in episodic form by a first-person narrator, in a series of glimpses into the mind and soul of the central character Charles Strickland, a middle-aged English stockbroker, who abandons his wife and children abruptly to pursue his desire to become an artist."}], "id": "Di7p6rb7RtOLFpOZpZkI", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Moon and Sixpence is a novel by W. Somerset Maugham first published in April 15th, 1919."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is told in episodic form by a first-person narrator, in a series of glimpses into the mind and soul of the central character Charles Strickland, a middle-aged English stockbroker, who abandons his wife and children abruptly to pursue his desire to become an artist."}, {"section_header": "Inspiration", "text": "Maugham took inspiration from the published writings about Gauguin available at the time, as well as personal experience living among the artistic community in Paris in 1904, and a visit to Tahiti in 1914."}, {"section_header": "About the title", "text": "The Moon and Sixpence is at once a satire of Edwardian mores and a Gauguin biography.\" According to some sources, the title, the meaning of which is not explicitly revealed in the book, was taken from a review of Maugham's novel Of Human Bondage in which the novel's protagonist, Philip Carey, is described as \"so busy yearning for the moon that he never saw the sixpence at his feet.\" According to a 1956 letter from Maugham, \"If you look on the ground in search of a sixpence, you don't look up, and so miss the moon."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "That book is The Moon and Sixpence."}, {"section_header": "Inspiration", "text": "I heard much about him. It occurred to me that there was in what I was told the subject of a novel\"."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "The novel served as the basis for an opera, also titled The Moon and Sixpence, by John Gardner to a libretto by Patrick Terry; it was premiered at Sadlers Wells in 1957.Writer S Lee Pogostin"}, {"section_header": "Inspiration", "text": "The Moon and Sixpence is not, of course, a life of Paul Gauguin in the form of fiction."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "\"We've Got the Moon and Sixpence\", sung by Al Bowlly, takes its name from the book and Jack Kerouac"}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "The novel is written largely from the point of view of the narrator, a young, aspiring writer and playwright in London."}], "text": "The Moon and Sixpence is a novel told by a third person narrator by W. Somerset Maugham first published in April 15th, 1919.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Moon and Sixpence"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Background | Writing history", "text": "Matters worsened when Chapman & Hall, his publishers, threatened to reduce his monthly income by \u00a350 if sales dropped further."}, {"section_header": "Background | Writing history", "text": "By mid-1843 Dickens began to suffer from financial problems."}], "id": "DlflgHynE8uzLE3raOXo", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Performances and adaptations", "text": "He decided the best way to reach his audience with his \"Carol philosophy\" was by public readings."}, {"section_header": "Background | Literary influences", "text": "Several works may have had an influence on the writing of A Christmas Carol, including two Douglas Jerrold essays: one from an 1841 issue of Punch, \"How Mr. Chokepear Keeps a Merry Christmas\" and one from 1843, \"The Beauties of the Police\"."}, {"section_header": "Background | Writing history", "text": "Slater says that A Christmas Carol was  intended to open its readers' hearts towards those struggling to survive on the lower rungs of the economic ladder and to encourage practical benevolence, but also to warn of the terrible danger to society created by the toleration of widespread ignorance and actual want among the poor."}, {"section_header": "Themes", "text": "The Dickens scholar John O. Jordan argues that A Christmas Carol shows what Dickens referred to in a letter to his friend John Forster as his \"Carol philosophy, cheerful views, sharp anatomisation of humbug, jolly good temper ... and a vein of glowing, hearty, generous, mirthful, beaming reference in everything to Home and Fireside\"."}, {"section_header": "Background | Writing history", "text": "By mid-1843 Dickens began to suffer from financial problems."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Stave one", "text": "A Christmas Carol opens on a bleak, cold Christmas Eve in London, seven years after the death of Ebenezer Scrooge's business partner, Jacob Marley."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "The central character of A Christmas Carol is Ebenezer Scrooge, a miserly London-based businessman, described in the story as \"a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner!\" Kelly writes that Scrooge may have been influenced by Dickens's conflicting feelings for his father, whom he both loved and demonised."}, {"section_header": "Themes", "text": "Dickens's attitudes towards organised religion were complex; he based his beliefs and principles on the New Testament."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "The writer and social thinker John Ruskin told a friend that he thought Dickens had taken the religion from Christmas, and had imagined it as \"mistletoe and pudding \u2013 neither resurrection from the dead, nor rising of new stars, nor teaching of wise men, nor shepherds\"."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "The writer Charles Dickens was born to a middle-class family which got into financial difficulties as a result of the spendthrift nature of his father John."}, {"section_header": "Background | Writing history", "text": "Matters worsened when Chapman & Hall, his publishers, threatened to reduce his monthly income by \u00a350 if sales dropped further."}], "text": "A Christmas Carol was based on the financial struggles of the author's best friend.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "A Christmas Carol"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "David Robert Jones (8 January 1947 \u2013 10 January 2016), better known by his stage name David Bowie ( BOH-ee), was an English singer-songwriter and actor."}], "id": "DmusR3pf4ZJU0HyCgUBZ", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Bowie was born David Robert Jones on 8 January 1947 in Brixton, London."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "David Robert Jones (8 January 1947 \u2013 10 January 2016), better known by his stage name David Bowie ( BOH-ee), was an English singer-songwriter and actor."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1974\u20131976: \"Plastic soul\" and the Thin White Duke", "text": "He later commented that the accompanying live album, David Live, ought to have been titled \"David Bowie Is Alive and"}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1962\u20131967: Early career to debut album", "text": "Dissatisfied with his stage name as Davy (and Davie) Jones, which in the mid-1960s invited confusion with Davy Jones of The Monkees, Bowie renamed himself after the 19th-century American pioneer James Bowie and the knife he had popularised."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 2013\u20132016: Final years", "text": "An exhibition of Bowie artefacts, called David Bowie Is, was organised by the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, and shown there in 2013."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1968\u20131971: Space Oddity to Hunky Dory", "text": "Bowie's second album followed in November; originally issued in the UK as David Bowie, it caused some confusion with its predecessor of the same name, and the early US release was instead titled Man of Words/Man of Music; it was reissued internationally in 1972 by RCA Records as Space Oddity."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Family", "text": "I didn't think it would last and David said, before we got married, 'I'm not really in love with you'"}, {"section_header": "Music career | 2013\u20132016: Final years", "text": "In May 2015, \"Let's Dance\" was announced to be reissued as a yellow vinyl single on 16 July 2015 in conjunction with the David Bowie"}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 1960s and 1970s | 1990s", "text": "Bowie portrayed the mysterious FBI agent Phillip Jeffries in David Lynch's Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992)."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 1960s and 1970s | 2000s and posthumous notes", "text": "Talking about the casting process, Villeneuve said: \"Our first thought [for the character] had been David Bowie, who had influenced Blade Runner in many ways."}], "text": "David Bowie changed his name from David Robert Jones.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "David Bowie"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The family was featured in Family Circle magazine in 1953.Linda's father came from a pioneering Arizona ranching family and was of German, English, and Mexican ancestry."}], "id": "DqSg1A0xmvj6YBYsYu8l", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career overview | Canciones de Mi Padre", "text": "Ronstadt produced and performed a theatrical stage show in concert halls across the U.S. and Latin America to both Hispanic and non-Hispanic audiences, including on Broadway."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Linda Ronstadt's great-grandfather, graduate engineer"}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Canciones de Mi Padre", "text": "Linda Ronstadt's grandfather, and the songs she had learned, transcribed, and published were some of the ones he had brought with him from Sonora."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Canciones de Mi Padre", "text": "Espinel's father was Fred Ronstadt,"}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Canciones de Mi Padre", "text": "These canciones were a big part of Ronstadt's family tradition and musical roots."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Canciones de Mi Padre", "text": "Ronstadt researched and extracted from the favorites she had learned from her father Gilbert and she called her album by the same name as her aunt's booklet and as a tribute to her father and his family."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Return to roots music", "text": "It is the poorest-selling studio album in Ronstadt's Elektra/Asylum catalog."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Time magazine and \"rock chick\" image", "text": "I'm scared to death all the way through my own shows."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Return to roots music", "text": "The album harkened back to Ronstadt's country-rock and folk-rock heyday."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Return to roots music", "text": "It was the last time Linda Ronstadt would record an album, having begun to lose her singing ability as the result of Parkinson's disease, diagnosed in December 2012."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The family was featured in Family Circle magazine in 1953.Linda's father came from a pioneering Arizona ranching family and was of German, English, and Mexican ancestry."}], "text": "Linda Ronstadt's had Hispanic roots through her father.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Linda Ronstadt"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "There was not one Long March, but a series of marches, as various Communist armies in the south escaped to the north and west."}], "id": "DrXtBczjtaOm9pj1gbFN", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "The Long March | Escape from Jiangxi", "text": "The early troop movements were actually a diversion to allow the retreat of more important leaders from Jiangxi."}, {"section_header": "Historical controversies | Length", "text": "In 2003, two British researchers, Ed Jocelyn and Andrew McEwen, retraced the route in 384 days, and in their 2006 book \"The Long March\" estimated the March actually covered about 6,000 km (3,700 miles)."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | The Fourth Red Army", "text": "On July 18, Zhou relinquished his position as political commissar, and several leading positions were taken over by generals of the Fourth Red Army."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | Escape from Jiangxi", "text": "More than 86,000 troops, 11,000 administrative personnel and thousands of civilian porters actually completed the breakout; the remainder, largely wounded or ill soldiers, continued to fight a delaying action after the main force had left, and then dispersed into the countryside."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | Union of the three armies", "text": "Mao's First Red Army traversed several swamps and was attacked by Muslim Hui Ma clique forces under Generals Ma Bufang and Ma Buqing."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | Escape from Jiangxi", "text": "Several prominent members of the Chinese Soviet who remained behind were captured and executed by the Kuomintang after the fall of Ruijin in November 1934, including Qu Qiubai and the youngest brother of Mao Zedong, Mao Zetan."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | Escaping Chiang's pursuit", "text": "Mao's forces spent the next several months maneuvering to avoid direct confrontation with hostile forces, but still attempting to move north to join Zhang Guotao's Fourth Red Army."}, {"section_header": "Background | Chiang's Encirclement Campaigns", "text": "Chiang's strategy of slowly constructing a series of interlinking blockhouses (resembling medieval castles) was successful, and Chiang's army was able to capture several major Communist strongholds within months."}, {"section_header": "Background | The Red Army in 1934", "text": "When several smaller units formed the Fourth Red Army under Zhang Guotao in the Sichuan\u2013Shaanxi border area, no standard nomenclature of the armies of the Communist Party existed; moreover, during the Chinese Civil War, central control of separate Communist-controlled enclaves within China was limited."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | Aftermath", "text": "The Long March is also a propaganda force."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "There was not one Long March, but a series of marches, as various Communist armies in the south escaped to the north and west."}], "text": "The Long March was actually several marches.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Long March"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Willard Jessie Brown (June 26, 1915 \u2013 August 4, 1996), nicknamed \"Home Run\" Brown, was an American baseball player who played outfielder in the Negro leagues and in Major League Baseball (MLB)."}], "id": "Dv1q5NNhki3uWW4yEv3T", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "Brown was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Brown was born in Shreveport, Louisiana on 26 June 1915."}, {"section_header": "Early Negro league experience", "text": "From 1937 to 1946 Brown helped lead the Monarchs to six pennants in ten seasons."}, {"section_header": "Early Negro league experience", "text": "With Brown hitting .412 and a home run, the Monarchs won four straight games."}, {"section_header": "MLB career", "text": "On 20 July, Brown and Hank Thompson played against the Boston Red Sox."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "That winter, Brown went to Puerto Rico and had one of his greatest seasons ever, batting .432"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Willard Jessie Brown (June 26, 1915 \u2013 August 4, 1996), nicknamed \"Home Run\" Brown, was an American baseball player who played outfielder in the Negro leagues and in Major League Baseball (MLB)."}, {"section_header": "Early Negro league experience", "text": "Brown was one of the fastest players in baseball in the late 1930s and 1940s, as well as a solid outfielder."}, {"section_header": "MLB career", "text": "He played briefly in the major leagues in 1947, having signed with the floundering St. Louis Browns."}, {"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "After retiring from baseball, Brown was a long time resident of Houston, Texas, where he died in 1996 at the age of 81."}], "text": "Brown was referred to sometimes as \"Batter Boy\".", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Willard Brown"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Presidency (1989\u20131993) | Foreign affairs | Invasion of Panama", "text": "Bush objected to the annulment of the election and worried about the status of the Panama Canal with Noriega still in office."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1989\u20131993) | Foreign affairs | Invasion of Panama", "text": "Noriega was convicted and imprisoned on racketeering and drug trafficking charges in April 1992."}], "id": "DxdIisC2mwtnRlrK66IC", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Presidency (1989\u20131993) | Foreign affairs | Invasion of Panama", "text": "American forces quickly took control of the Panama Canal Zone and Panama City."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1989\u20131993) | Foreign affairs | Invasion of Panama", "text": "Bush objected to the annulment of the election and worried about the status of the Panama Canal with Noriega still in office."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1989\u20131993) | Foreign affairs | Invasion of Panama", "text": "After a U.S. serviceman was shot by Panamanian forces in December 1989, Bush ordered the United States invasion of Panama, known as \"Operation"}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1989\u20131993) | Domestic affairs | Discrimination", "text": "In August 1990, Bush signed the Ryan White CARE Act, the largest federally funded program dedicated to assisting persons living with HIV/AIDS."}, {"section_header": "Nixon and Ford administrations (1971\u20131977) | Chairman of the Republican National Committee", "text": "One couldn't help but look at the family and the whole thing and think of his accomplishments and then think of the shame... [President Gerald Ford's swearing-in offered]"}, {"section_header": "Nixon and Ford administrations (1971\u20131977) | Chairman of the Republican National Committee", "text": "When Agnew was being investigated for corruption, Bush assisted, at the request of Nixon and Agnew, in pressuring John Glenn Beall Jr., the U.S. Senator from Maryland to force his brother, George Beall"}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1989\u20131993) | Foreign affairs | End of the Cold War", "text": "In 1989, Communist governments fell in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, the governments of Bulgaria and Romania instituted major reforms, and the government of East Germany opened the Berlin Wall, which was subsequently demolished by Berliners."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials, awards, and honors", "text": "Texas A&M University also hosts the Bush School of Government and Public Service, a graduate public policy school."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1989\u20131993) | Domestic affairs | Other issues", "text": "Bush's education platform consisted mainly of offering federal support for a variety of innovations, such as open enrollment, incentive pay for outstanding teachers, and rewards for schools that improve performance with underprivileged children."}, {"section_header": "Early political career (1963\u20131971) | Entry into politics", "text": "Bush argued that the act unconstitutionally expanded the powers of the federal government, but he was privately uncomfortable with the racial politics of opposing the act."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1989\u20131993) | Foreign affairs | Invasion of Panama", "text": "Noriega was convicted and imprisoned on racketeering and drug trafficking charges in April 1992."}], "text": "Bush offered assistance to Panama in the 80s to overthrow the government.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "George H. W. Bush"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "In the track \"Rage\" by Chumbawamba on the album Anarchy, released in 1994."}], "id": "DypFwNyNaAzQnhS0ZY8z", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "See scheme below. \"Do not go gentle into that good night\" was used as the text for the 1954"}, {"section_header": "Form", "text": "The rhyme-and-refrain pattern of Do not go gentle into that good night can be schematized as A1bA2 abA1 abA2 abA1 abA2"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"Do not go gentle into that good night\" is a poem in the form of a villanelle, and the most famous work of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas (1914\u20131953)."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "In the same movie, leading actors Matthew McConaughey and Anne Hathaway are sent into hypersleep with the final words \"Do not go gentle into that good night."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It has no title other than its first line, \"Do not go gentle into that good night\", a line that appears as a refrain throughout the poem along with its other refrain, \"Rage, rage against the dying of the light\"."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "In the Parsonsfield song \"Kick Out the Windows\", which appears on their 2018 album WE, the poem is referenced in the refrain"}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "\"In the light dying, we'll rage and fight, go kickin' and screamin', into that good night.\" The poem was featured as a voiceover by Iain Glen in a 2018 television advert for the Ford Motor Company."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "In the 1996 film Independence Day, the President makes a rousing speech as he prepares to lead the attack against the alien invaders, adapting Thomas' line, saying, \"We will not go quietly into the night.\" The band Brave Saint Saturn includes a recording of Thomas reading his poem in their song \"Two-Twenty-Nine\" on their 2000 album"}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "So Far from Home. The poem is referenced in the 2001 Digimon anime episode \"A Million Points of Light\"."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "released a song entitled \"Rage Against the Dying of the Light\" on their album Harmlessness."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "In the track \"Rage\" by Chumbawamba on the album Anarchy, released in 1994."}], "text": "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night was referenced in a song by \"Chumbawamba\".", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The lion Aslan gives his life to save one of the children; he later rises from the dead, vanquishes the White Witch, and crowns the children Kings and Queens of Narnia."}], "id": "E65xe7qZQNc782Ozau2H", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a fantasy novel for children by C. S. Lewis, published by Geoffrey Bles in 1950."}, {"section_header": "Reading order", "text": "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was originally published as the first book in the Narnia Chronicles."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Lewis very much enjoyed writing The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and embarked on the sequel Prince Caspian soon after finishing the first novel."}, {"section_header": "Writing", "text": "Lewis described the origin of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe in an essay titled"}, {"section_header": "Writing", "text": "The manuscript of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was complete by the end of March 1949."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The lion Aslan gives his life to save one of the children; he later rises from the dead, vanquishes the White Witch, and crowns the children Kings and Queens of Narnia."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Eventually, he reveals that he is in the pay of the White Witch, a ruler who has kept Narnia frozen in a perpetual winter and who has given out orders that any human found in Narnia is to be captured and handed over to her."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2003, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was ranked ninth on the BBC's The Big Read poll."}, {"section_header": "Religious themes", "text": "After the children enter the world of Narnia through the wardrobe, Edmund finds himself in trouble under service of the White Witch, as she tempts him with Turkish Delights."}, {"section_header": "Religious themes", "text": "One of the most significant themes seen in C. S. Lewis's The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe is the theme of Christianity."}], "text": "In the novel The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, the children become the rulers of Narnia.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Book of Leviticus () is the third book of the Torah and of the Old Testament;  scholars generally agree that it developed over a long period of time, reaching its present form during the Persian Period between 538\u2013332 BC."}], "id": "E96WwJX2Gf13JttCUStT", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Leviticus takes place during the month or month-and-a-half between the completion of the Tabernacle (Exodus 40:17) and the Israelites' departure from Sinai (Numbers 1:1, 10:11)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Book of Leviticus () is the third book of the Torah and of the Old Testament;  scholars generally agree that it developed over a long period of time, reaching its present form during the Persian Period between 538\u2013332 BC."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | General", "text": "From Priestly Torah to Pentateuch: A Study in the Composition of the Book of Leviticus."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | Commentaries on Leviticus", "text": "Leviticus: A Book of Ritual and Ethics."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | Commentaries on Leviticus", "text": "Wenham, Gordon (1979). The Book of Leviticus."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | General", "text": "The Old Testament World. Liturgical Press."}, {"section_header": "Subsequent tradition", "text": "Leviticus, as part of the Torah, became the law book of Jerusalem's Second Temple as well as of the Samaritan temple."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | General", "text": "The Book of Leviticus: Composition and Reception."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | General", "text": "The Book of Leviticus: Composition and Reception."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | General", "text": "The Book of Leviticus: Composition and Reception."}], "text": "The Book of Leviticus is the third book of the Torah and of the Old Testament that takes place during the month or month-and-a-half between the completion of the Tabernacle.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Leviticus"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Demographics", "text": "The Census and Statistics Department estimated Hong Kong's population at 7,482,500 in mid-2019."}], "id": "EHWCXXdGIiDo5CiPr8v7", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "With over 7.5 million people of various nationalities in a 1,104-square-kilometre (426 sq mi) territory, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world."}, {"section_header": "Demographics", "text": "The Census and Statistics Department estimated Hong Kong's population at 7,482,500 in mid-2019."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Over half a million people left the territory during the peak migration period, from 1987 to 1996."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Early Hong Kong settlers were a semi-coastal people who migrated from inland and brought knowledge of rice cultivation."}, {"section_header": "Infrastructure | Utilities", "text": "Renewable sources account for a negligible amount of energy generated for the territory."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The protests continued into December, possibly becoming the largest-scale political protest movement in Hong Kong history, with organisers claiming to have attracted more than one million Hong Kong residents."}, {"section_header": "Infrastructure | Transport", "text": "With a daily ridership of over five million, the system serves 41 per cent of all public transit passengers in the city and has an on-time rate of 99.9 per cent."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "Over half of its cargo throughput consists of transshipments (goods travelling through Hong Kong)."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "To reduce the trade imbalance, the British sold large amounts of Indian opium to China."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "In 2016, 26.6 million visitors contributed HK$258 billion (US$32.9 billion) to the territory, making Hong Kong the 14th most popular destination for international tourists."}], "text": "Hong Kong has a dense amount of people with over 7 million counted in the 2019 census.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Hong Kong"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Johannes Peter \"Honus\" Wagner (; February 24, 1874 \u2013 December 6, 1955), sometimes referred to as \"Hans\" Wagner, was an American baseball shortstop who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates."}], "id": "EJHzV17ss3sP6ivluQs2", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Professional career | Career before Major League Baseball", "text": "Wagner would play for five teams in that first year, in three different leagues over the course of 80 games."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Later career", "text": "Baseball historian and statistician Bill James named Honus Wagner as the second best player of all time after Babe Ruth, rating him as the best major league player in 1900 and each year from 1902 to 1908."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Career before Major League Baseball", "text": "In 1896 Edward Barrow, from the Wheeling, West Virginia, team that Wagner was playing on, decided to take Honus with him to his next team, the Paterson Silk Sox (Atlantic League)."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Life after baseball", "text": "Wagner was not finished playing baseball after his retirement from major league baseball."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Career before Major League Baseball", "text": "Albert suggested Honus in 1895 when his Inter-State League team was in need of help."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Life after baseball", "text": "A sporting goods store bearing the name \"Honus Wagner\" operated in downtown Pittsburgh for 93 years before closing permanently in 2011.The Pirates hosted the 1944 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at Forbes Field."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Career before Major League Baseball", "text": "Honus' brother Albert \"Butts\" Wagner was considered the ballplayer of the family."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | T206 Baseball card", "text": "The ATC ended production of the Wagner card and a total of only 57 to 200 cards were ever distributed to the public, as compared to the \"tens or hundreds of thousands\" of T206 cards, over three years in 16 brands of cigarettes, for any other player."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Wagner's older brother, Albert \"Butts\" Wagner, who had a brief major league career himself, is often credited with getting Honus his first tryout."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Johannes Peter \"Honus\" Wagner (; February 24, 1874 \u2013 December 6, 1955), sometimes referred to as \"Hans\" Wagner, was an American baseball shortstop who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates."}], "text": "Honus Wagner was a Major League player who play over 20 years.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Honus Wagner"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "To the Lighthouse is a 1927 novel by Virginia Woolf."}], "id": "EMdJyKuMLNtkXnwxxi9R", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Allusions to autobiography and actual geography", "text": "The house was used by the family as a family retreat during the summer for the next ten years."}, {"section_header": "Publication history", "text": "The book outsold all Woolf's previous novels, and the proceeds enabled the Woolfs to buy a car."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novel centres on the Ramsay family and their visits to the Isle of Skye in Scotland between 1910 and 1920."}, {"section_header": "Allusions to autobiography and actual geography", "text": "Her visits with her parents and family to St Ives, Cornwall, where her father rented a house, were perhaps the happiest times of Woolf's life, but when she was thirteen"}, {"section_header": "Publication history", "text": "Upon completing the draft of this, her most autobiographical novel, Woolf described it as 'easily the best of my books' and her husband Leonard thought it a \"'masterpiece' ... entirely new 'a psychological poem'\"."}, {"section_header": "Major themes | Complexity of human relationships", "text": "Two sections of the book stand out as excellent snapshots of fumbling attempts at this crossing: the silent interchange between Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay as they pass the time alone together at the end of section 1, and Lily Briscoe's struggle to fulfill Mr. Ramsay's desire for sympathy (and attention) as the novel closes."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part III: The Lighthouse", "text": "While they set sail for the lighthouse, Lily attempts to finally complete the painting she has held in her mind since the start of the novel."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part III: The Lighthouse", "text": "In the final section, \"The Lighthouse\", some of the remaining Ramsays and other guests return to their summer home ten years after the events of Part I. Mr Ramsay finally plans on taking the long-delayed trip to the lighthouse with daughter Cam(illa) and son James (the remaining Ramsay children are virtually unmentioned in the final section)."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part III: The Lighthouse", "text": "Upon finishing the painting (just as the sailing party reaches the lighthouse) and seeing that it satisfies her, she realises that the execution of her vision is more important to her than the idea of leaving some sort of legacy in her work."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "To the Lighthouse is a 1927 novel by Virginia Woolf."}], "text": "To the Lighthouse is a book by Georgia O'Keefe about a Scottish family in the 1900s.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "To the Lighthouse"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Dave Brubeck Quartet", "text": "He achieved his vision of an all-jazz format radio station along with his friend and neighbor John E. Metts, one of the first African Americans in senior radio management."}], "id": "ETlFiUzyjsUHDcvLf32f", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Dave Brubeck Quartet", "text": "In the early 1960s, Brubeck and his wife, Iola, developed a jazz musical, The Real Ambassadors, based in part on experiences they and their colleagues had during foreign tours on behalf of the Department of State."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Often incorrectly attributed to Brubeck, the song \"Take Five\", which has become a jazz standard, was composed by Brubeck's long-time musical partner, alto saxophonist Paul Desmond."}, {"section_header": "Recognition", "text": "\"On September 20, 2009, at the Monterey Jazz Festival, Brubeck was awarded an honorary Doctor of Music degree (D.Mus. honoris causa) from Berklee College of Music."}, {"section_header": "Dave Brubeck Quartet", "text": "The soundtrack album, which featured Louis Armstrong, Lambert, Hendricks & Ross, and Carmen McRae was recorded in 1961; the musical was performed at the 1962 Monterey Jazz Festival."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "In The Daily Telegraph, music journalist Ivan Hewett wrote: \"Brubeck didn't have the r\u00e9clame of some jazz musicians who lead tragic lives."}, {"section_header": "Recognition", "text": "On October 18, 2008, Brubeck received an honorary Doctor of Music degree from the prestigious Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York."}, {"section_header": "Dave Brubeck Quartet", "text": "Apart from the \"College\" and the \"Time\" series, Brubeck recorded four LPs featuring his compositions based on the group's travels, and the local music they encountered."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "His music was used in the 1985 film Ordeal by Innocence."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "In addition to his musical analyses of each of the album's original compositions, Crist provides insight into Brubeck's career during a time he was rising to the top of the jazz charts."}, {"section_header": "Early life and career", "text": "He changed to music on the urging of the head of zoology, Dr. Arnold, who told him \"Brubeck,"}, {"section_header": "Dave Brubeck Quartet", "text": "He achieved his vision of an all-jazz format radio station along with his friend and neighbor John E. Metts, one of the first African Americans in senior radio management."}], "text": "Dave Brubeck and his partner developed a musical broadcast channel for jazz music only.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Dave Brubeck"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Many of Evers' relatives, including his father, brothers, and uncles, played baseball."}], "id": "EVVDToS6rrApi0qKjBmj", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The Merkle play remains one of the most famous in baseball history."}, {"section_header": "Career | Coaching and managing career", "text": "Evers and fellow coach Hank Gowdy played in one game in the 1929 season, coming into the bottom of the ninth inning on October 6, 1929."}, {"section_header": "Personal", "text": "Though Evers and Tinker were part of one of the most successful double-play combinations in baseball history, the two despised each other off of the field."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The ball used in the Merkle play was sold at an auction in the 1990s for $27,500, making it one of the four most valuable baseballs based on purchase price."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After playing for the local minor league baseball team for one season, Frank Selee, manager of the Cubs, purchased Evers's contract and soon made him his starting second baseman."}, {"section_header": "Career | Coaching and managing career", "text": "Evers played in one game for the White Sox as Collins recovered."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Many of Evers' relatives, including his father, brothers, and uncles, played baseball."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1902 through 1917 for the Chicago Cubs, Boston Braves, and Philadelphia Phillies."}, {"section_header": "Personal", "text": "They went several years without speaking to each other after one argument."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Evers was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee in 1946."}], "text": "Johnny was the only one in his family to play baseball", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Johnny Evers"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Modern claims", "text": "The Treaty of Tordesillas was  invoked by Chile in the 20th century to defend the principle of an Antarctic sector extending along a meridian to the South Pole, as well as the assertion that the treaty made Spanish (or Portuguese) all undiscovered land south to the Pole."}, {"section_header": "Modern claims", "text": "The Treaty of Tordesillas was also invoked by Argentina in the 20th century as part of its claim to the Falkland Islands."}], "id": "EWIWPkRUxNikDb8Y38gA", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Antimeridian: Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza", "text": "Cloves were so prized by Europeans for their medicinal uses that they were worth their weight in gold."}, {"section_header": "Tordesillas meridian", "text": "Harrisse concluded that Enciso placed his line at 47\u00b024\u2032W on his sphere (7.7% smaller than ours), but at 45\u00b038\u2032W on our sphere using Enciso's numerical data."}, {"section_header": "Tordesillas meridian", "text": "He stated that the demarcation line was 18\u00b0 west of the most central island of the Cape Verde Islands, which is Fogo according to Harrisse, having a longitude of 24\u00b025\u2032 west of Greenwich, hence Ferrer placed the line at 42\u00b025\u2032W on his sphere, which was 21.1% larger than our sphere."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Those countries generally ignored the treaty, particularly those that became Protestant after the Protestant Reformation."}, {"section_header": "Antimeridian: Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza", "text": "In the early 16th century, the Treaty between Spain and Portugal, concluded at Vitoria; February 19, 1524 and called for the Badajoz Junta to meet in 1524, at which the two countries tried to reach an agreement on the anti-meridian but failed."}, {"section_header": "Tordesillas meridian", "text": "The Treaty of Tordesillas only specified the line of demarcation in leagues from the Cape Verde Islands."}, {"section_header": "Effect on other European powers", "text": "It was ignored by other European nations, and with the decline of Spanish and Portuguese power, the home countries were unable to hold many of their claims, much less expand them into poorly explored areas."}, {"section_header": "Antimeridian: Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza", "text": "Besides Brazil and the Moluccas, Portugal eventually controlled Angola, Mozambique, Portuguese Guinea, and S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe (among other territories and bases) in Africa; several bases or territories as Muscat, Ormus and Bahrain in the Persian Gulf, Goa, Bombay and Daman and Diu (among other coastal cities) in India; Ceylon, and Malacca, bases in present-day Indonesia as Makassar, Solor, Ambon, and Portuguese Timor, the entrep\u00f4t-base of Macau and the entrep\u00f4t-enclave of Dejima (Nagasaki) in the Far East."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Treaty of Tordesillas (Portuguese: Tratado de Tordesilhas"}, {"section_header": "Antimeridian: Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza", "text": "The Treaty of Saragossa did not modify or clarify the line of demarcation in the Treaty of Tordesillas, nor did it validate Spain's claim to equal hemispheres (180\u00b0 each), so the two lines divided the Earth into unequal hemispheres."}, {"section_header": "Modern claims", "text": "The Treaty of Tordesillas was  invoked by Chile in the 20th century to defend the principle of an Antarctic sector extending along a meridian to the South Pole, as well as the assertion that the treaty made Spanish (or Portuguese) all undiscovered land south to the Pole."}, {"section_header": "Modern claims", "text": "The Treaty of Tordesillas was also invoked by Argentina in the 20th century as part of its claim to the Falkland Islands."}], "text": "From 1901 to 2000, several countries have used the Treaty of Tordesillas for their local conflicts.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Treaty of Tordesillas"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After eighteen and a half years in custody, Mary was found guilty of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586, and was beheaded the following year at Fotheringhay Castle."}], "id": "EayLjfgTj5iEGGIamlA8", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Return to Scotland", "text": "Chastelard was tried for treason and beheaded."}, {"section_header": "Escape and imprisonment in England | Execution", "text": "O Lord, I commend my spirit\").Mary was not beheaded with a single strike."}, {"section_header": "Marriage to Lord Darnley | Murder of Darnley", "text": "Elizabeth wrote to Mary of the rumours: I should ill fulfil the office of a faithful cousin or an affectionate friend"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After eighteen and a half years in custody, Mary was found guilty of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586, and was beheaded the following year at Fotheringhay Castle."}, {"section_header": "Marriage to Lord Darnley", "text": "Mary had briefly met her English-born half-cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, in February 1561 when she was in mourning for Francis."}, {"section_header": "Return to Scotland", "text": "She sent an ambassador, Thomas Randolph, to tell Mary that if she married an English nobleman, Elizabeth would \"proceed to the inquisition of her right and title to be our next cousin and heir\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Four years later, she married her half-cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, and in June 1566 they had a son, James."}, {"section_header": "Marriage to Lord Darnley", "text": "The union infuriated Elizabeth, who felt the marriage should not have gone ahead without her permission, as Darnley was both her cousin and an English subject."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After an unsuccessful attempt to regain the throne, she fled southward seeking the protection of her first cousin once removed, Queen Elizabeth I of England."}, {"section_header": "Marriage to Lord Darnley", "text": "They married at Holyrood Palace on 29 July 1565, even though both were Catholic and a papal dispensation for the marriage of first cousins had not been obtained."}], "text": "Mary was beheaded by her cousin.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Mary, Queen of Scots"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later life and death", "text": "Marion returned to his plantation to find it had been burnt during the fighting."}, {"section_header": "Later life and death", "text": "His slaves had run away to fight for the British and had later been evacuated from Charleston."}], "id": "EdWpAokxd2NnlfZrms7y", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legends and modern opinions about Marion", "text": "The introduction to the 2007 edition of Simms' book (originally published in 1844) was written by Sean Busick, a professor of American history at Athens State University in Alabama, who says that based on the facts, \"Marion deserves to be remembered as one of the heroes of the War for Independence.\" Crawford commented:  Francis Marion was a man of his times: he owned slaves, and he fought in a brutal campaign against the Cherokee Indians."}, {"section_header": "American Revolutionary War | Guerrilla warfare", "text": "Gates sent Marion towards the interior to gather intelligence on the British enemy."}, {"section_header": "American Revolutionary War | Eutaw Springs", "text": "During his absence his brigade grew disheartened, particularly after a British sortie from Charleston, and there was reportedly a conspiracy to turn him over to the British."}, {"section_header": "Legends and modern opinions about Marion", "text": "\"In a commentary published in the National Review, conservative talk radio host Michael Graham rejected criticisms like Hibbert's as an attempt to rewrite history: Was Francis Marion a slave owner?"}, {"section_header": "Later life and death", "text": "He borrowed money to purchase slaves for his plantation."}, {"section_header": "Legends and modern opinions about Marion", "text": "The truth is that people like Marion committed atrocities as bad, if not worse, than those perpetrated by the British."}, {"section_header": "Later life and death", "text": "His slaves had run away to fight for the British and had later been evacuated from Charleston."}, {"section_header": "American Revolutionary War | Tarleton", "text": "Marion was also tasked with combating groups of freed slaves working or fighting alongside the British."}, {"section_header": "Legends and modern opinions about Marion", "text": "Did he commit acts in an 18th-century war that we would consider atrocious in the current world of peace and political correctness?"}, {"section_header": "Legends and modern opinions about Marion", "text": "In the film, the fictional character Benjamin Martin (Mel Gibson) describes violence he committed in the French and Indian War."}, {"section_header": "Later life and death", "text": "Marion returned to his plantation to find it had been burnt during the fighting."}], "text": "Francis Marion owned slaves, and for some reason they committed arson and ran off to aid America's enemies as soon as was possible due to his absence.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Francis Marion"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Darius Milhaud (French: [da\u0281jys mijo]; 4 September 1892 \u2013 22 June 1974) was a French composer, conductor, and teacher."}], "id": "EdlUJ3Z3yIu1tfIr83Ua", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Archival collections", "text": "There is a Darius Milhaud Collection at Mills College in California."}, {"section_header": "Works", "text": "Darius Milhaud was very prolific and composed for a wide range of genres."}, {"section_header": "Life and career", "text": "\"From 1947 to 1971, he taught alternate years at Mills and the Paris Conservatoire, until poor health, which caused him to use a wheelchair during his later years (beginning in the 1930s), compelled him to retire."}, {"section_header": "Archival collections", "text": "There is another Darius Milhaud Collection at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts in New York City."}, {"section_header": "Life and career", "text": "He secured a teaching post at Mills College in Oakland, California, where he composed  the opera Bolivar (1943) and collaborated with Henri Temianka and the Paganini Quartet."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Darius Milhaud (French: [da\u0281jys mijo]; 4 September 1892 \u2013 22 June 1974) was a French composer, conductor, and teacher."}, {"section_header": "Life and career", "text": "\" Brubeck named his first son Darius."}, {"section_header": "Life and career", "text": "And on a trip to the United States in 1922, Darius Milhaud heard \"authentic\" jazz for the first time, on the streets of Harlem, which left a great impact on his musical outlook."}, {"section_header": "Archival collections", "text": "The Western Jewish History Center, of the Judah L. Magnes Museum, in Berkeley, California has librettos for Milhaud's opera, David, as well as a program for its American premiere, in Los Angeles, at the Hollywood Bowl, and photocopies of newspaper coverage in the B'nai B'rith Messenger of Los Angeles, of this event (1956) [WJHC Collection Number 1970.002]."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The Beloved Vagabond (1915) L'Inhumaine (1924) Land Without Bread (1933) Madame Bovary (1934) The Beloved Vagabond (1936) The Citadel of Silence (1937) Rasputin (1938) Mollenard (1938) Espoir: Sierra de Teruel (1945) The Private Affairs of Bel Ami (1947) Dreams That Money Can Buy (1947) God Chose Paris (1969) Lyc\u00e9e intercommunal Darius-Milhaud near Paris is named after him."}], "text": "Darius Milhaud had a batting average of .271 during his tenure with California.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Darius Milhaud"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The play was adapted for films in 1948 and 1987."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "In 1987, All My Sons was made into a made-for-TV film."}], "id": "EexCdY9PLNIYnTDLiYwI", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "All My Sons was first adapted into a film in 1948."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "In 1987, All My Sons was made into a made-for-TV film."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The play was adapted for films in 1948 and 1987."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "This version is more faithful to Arthur Miller's original play than the 1948 film version."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "In the film, Steve Deever is renamed Herbert Deever, and makes an onscreen appearance, played by actor Frank Conroy."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "In 1958, the play was adapted for British television by Stanley Mann and directed by Cliff Owen."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "The play was adapted by S. H. Barnett and, in an interesting twist, featured the character of Steve Deever in a speaking role."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "In 1950, Lux Radio Theater broadcast a radio play of All My Sons with Burt Lancaster as Joe."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "He appears only twice in the play: the first time, his part seems relatively unimportant, but the second time his character is more important as he sparks a verbal attack from mother when mentioning \"jail,\" which highlights Joe's secret."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Edward G. Robinson played Joe Keller."}], "text": "All My Sons was adapted into film twice.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "All My Sons"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Christmas Carol. A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech."}], "id": "EhhCcKUmpFgWg3PibjQY", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Background | Social influences", "text": "Horrified by what he read, Dickens planned to publish an inexpensive political pamphlet tentatively titled, An Appeal to the People of England, on behalf of the Poor Man's Child, but changed his mind, deferring the pamphlet's production until the end of the year."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Dickens had an interest in Christmas, and his first story on the subject was \"Christmas Festivities\", published in Bell's Weekly Messenger in 1835; the story was then published as \"A Christmas Dinner\" in Sketches by Boz (1836)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Published on 19 December, the first edition sold out by Christmas Eve; by the end of 1844 thirteen editions had been released."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "The publication of Davies Gilbert's 1823 work Some Ancient Christmas Carols, With the Tunes to Which They Were Formerly Sung in the West of England and"}, {"section_header": "Publication", "text": "The first printing contained drab olive endpapers that Dickens felt were unacceptable, and the publisher Chapman and Hall quickly replaced them with yellow endpapers, but, once replaced, those clashed with the title page, which was then redone."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Christmas Carol. A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech."}, {"section_header": "Background | Literary influences", "text": "Dickens was not the first author to celebrate the Christmas season in literature."}, {"section_header": "Background | Social influences", "text": "In February 1843 the Second Report of the Children's Employment Commission was published."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "The publishers declared themselves bankrupt and Dickens was left to pay \u00a3700 in costs."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "In January 1844 Parley's Illuminated Library published an unauthorised version of the story in a condensed form which they sold for twopence."}], "text": "It was first published in England.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "A Christmas Carol"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Logistic support by youths", "text": "Boys and girls aged six and over joined Shaka's force as apprentice warriors (udibi) and served as carriers of rations, supplies like cooking pots and sleeping mats, and extra weapons until they joined the main ranks."}], "id": "ElMqNLgo7A8k9nnnsDEt", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Scholarship studies | The Mfecane | Disruptions of the Mfecane", "text": "Do make Shaka out to be as bloodthristy as you can; it helps swell out the work and make it interesting."}, {"section_header": "Successor to Senzangakhona", "text": "In Qwabe, Shaka may have intervened in an existing succession dispute to help his own choice, Nqetho, into power."}, {"section_header": "Scholarship studies | The Mfecane | History and legacy", "text": "Shaka's army set out on a massive programme of expansion, killing or enslaving those who resisted in the territories he conquered."}, {"section_header": "Scholarship studies | The Mfecane | History and legacy", "text": "The increased military efficiency led to more and more clans being incorporated into Shaka's Zulu empire, while other tribes moved away to be out of range of Shaka's impis."}, {"section_header": "Scholarship studies | Biographical sources", "text": "Stuart's early 20th century work was continued by D. McK. Malcolm in 1950."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Logistic support by youths", "text": "Boys and girls aged six and over joined Shaka's force as apprentice warriors (udibi) and served as carriers of rations, supplies like cooking pots and sleeping mats, and extra weapons until they joined the main ranks."}, {"section_header": "Scholarship studies | Biographical sources", "text": "The earliest are two eyewitness accounts written by European adventurer-traders who met Shaka during the last four years of his reign."}, {"section_header": "Scholarship studies | Biographical sources", "text": "A standard general reference work in the field is Donald Morris's \"The Washing of The Spears\", which notes that the sources, as a whole, for this historical era are not the best."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Mobility of the army", "text": "He also drilled the troops to carry out encirclement tactics."}, {"section_header": "Successor to Senzangakhona", "text": "Despite carrying out this revenge, Shaka continued his pursuit of Zwide."}], "text": "Children four and above worked for Shaka's helping out with logistics.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Shaka"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Song of the Lark is the third novel by American author Willa Cather, written in 1915."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is generally considered to be the second novel in Cather's Prairie Trilogy, following O Pioneers! (1913) and preceding My \u00c1ntonia (1918)."}], "id": "ElrfIFLcxabTFhSIuudO", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Allusions to other works", "text": "The visual arts: Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Barbizon school, Dying Gaul, Venus de Milo, Jean-L\u00e9on G\u00e9r\u00f4me, Henri Rousseau, \u00c9douard Manet, Anders Zorn, and the painting that inspired the title of the book, The Song of the Lark by Jules Breton, part of the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part II: The Song of the Lark", "text": "He then parts with Thea, explaining that her voice is her true artistic gift, not her playing."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Song of the Lark is the third novel by American author Willa Cather, written in 1915."}, {"section_header": "Plot introduction", "text": "Set in the 1890s in Moonstone, a fictional town in Colorado, The Song of the Lark is the self-portrait of an artist in the making."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is generally considered to be the second novel in Cather's Prairie Trilogy, following O Pioneers! (1913) and preceding My \u00c1ntonia (1918)."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part II: The Song of the Lark", "text": "In Chicago, Thea settles close to the parish of a Swedish Reformed Church with two German women."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part II: The Song of the Lark", "text": "She sings in the choir and in funerals for a stipend, and she takes piano lessons with Mr. Harsanyi."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part II: The Song of the Lark", "text": "When Mr. Harsanyi learns Thea sings in a church choir, he asks her to sing."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part II: The Song of the Lark", "text": "He is very impressed by her voice."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part II: The Song of the Lark", "text": "Later, he meets with the conductor of the Chicago Orchestra and asks him who is the best voice teacher in the area; it is Madison Bowers."}], "text": "The Song of the Lark is the writer's 3rd book and is part of a trilogy.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Song of the Lark"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Christmas Carol. A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech."}], "id": "Em298wfbpcYJoy8g6Id2", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Published on 19 December, the first edition sold out by Christmas Eve; by the end of 1844 thirteen editions had been released."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The phrase \"Merry Christmas\" had been around for many years \u2013 the earliest known written  use was in a letter in 1534 \u2013 but Dickens's use of the phrase in A Christmas Carol popularised it among the Victorian public."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "For the character Tiny Tim, Dickens used his nephew Henry, a disabled boy who was five at the time A Christmas Carol was written."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Christmas Carol. A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech."}, {"section_header": "Publication", "text": "By the end of 1844 eleven more editions had been released."}, {"section_header": "Themes", "text": "Dickens wrote A Christmas Carol in response to British social attitudes towards poverty, particularly child poverty, and wished to use the novella as a means to put forward his arguments against it."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "The Christmas tree had been introduced in Britain during the 18th century, and its use was popularised by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "Two days after the release of the Parley version, Dickens sued on the basis of copyright infringement and won."}, {"section_header": "Background | Literary influences", "text": "Dickens was not the first author to celebrate the Christmas season in literature."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "\" entered popular use in the English language as a retort to anything sentimental or overly festive; the name \"Scrooge\" became used as a designation for a miser, and was added to the Oxford English Dictionary as such in 1982.In the early 19th century the celebration of Christmas was associated in Britain with the countryside and peasant revels, disconnected to the increasing urbanisation and industrialisation taking place."}], "text": "A Christmas Carol was first released in the US.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "A Christmas Carol"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early years and family", "text": "After injuring his hamstring running out a double, he allegedly hit a home run in his next at bat to avoid having to run the bases."}], "id": "EmdtNyMqhsYajjlFkBAr", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Baltimore Orioles", "text": "Though it seemed like an unproductive year for him, Guerrero still hit in the top 20 and had 163 base hits."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In the first pitch of an at-bat, Guerrero hit 126 home runs and put 1,780 balls in play."}, {"section_header": "Career | Montreal Expos", "text": "After a base hit by Toronto, Castillo, then a baserunner on second base, saw a patent opportunity to reach home base and score a run, as the batter had hit the ball well into deep-right field."}, {"section_header": "Career | Montreal Expos", "text": "That night, Guerrero went 1 for 5 at the plate; his first big league hit, a single to center field, came against Atlanta Braves starting pitcher Steve Avery, in the top of the fourth inning, at Atlanta\u2013Fulton County Stadium."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Regarded as the game's premier \"bad-ball hitter\", Guerrero consistently hit balls thrown well outside the strike zone, a skill evident on August 14, 2009, when he hit a pitch after it bounced in front of home plate."}, {"section_header": "Early years and family", "text": "Due to his leg condition, Guerrero only received a 30-day contract."}, {"section_header": "Career | Montreal Expos", "text": "He had also developed a running game, stealing 37 bases in 2001."}, {"section_header": "Batting style", "text": "The streak finally came to an end in August 2006 in a game in which Guerrero was intentionally walked three times, walked four times overall, and finished 0-for-1."}, {"section_header": "Early years and family", "text": "After injuring his hamstring running out a double, he allegedly hit a home run in his next at bat to avoid having to run the bases."}, {"section_header": "Career | Montreal Expos", "text": "Two nights later, on September 21, 1996, Braves closer Mark Wohlers yielded Guerrero's first career home run (HR) \u2014 a ninth-inning blast that capped Montreal's scoring, in a 5-4 loss."}], "text": "When trying to baby his leg that was not in top form, Guerrero once allowed a speedy ball to strike him so that he could walk to first base instead of run.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Vladimir Guerrero"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Washington University", "text": "Washington University's Chancellor, Arthur Compton, made a special allowance for Gerty to hold a position there, going against the university's nepotism rules."}, {"section_header": "Washington University", "text": "Gerty had to wait thirteen years before she attained the same rank as her husband."}], "id": "ErBuxwWjPrmOW0rp2iXg", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Gerty Cori was born Gerty Theresa Radnitz into a Jewish family in Prague in 1896."}, {"section_header": "Washington University", "text": "Gerty was informed during one university interview that it was considered \"unamerican\" for a married couple to work together."}, {"section_header": "Washington University", "text": "Despite her research background, Gerty was only offered a position as a research associate at a salary one tenth of that received by her husband; she was warned that she might harm her husband's career."}, {"section_header": "Working in the United States", "text": "Although the Coris were discouraged from working together at Roswell, they continued to do so, specializing in investigating carbohydrate metabolism."}, {"section_header": "Working in the United States", "text": "She continued to work with Carl and was also kept on at the Institute."}, {"section_header": "Washington University", "text": "Carl refused a position at the University of Buffalo because the school would not allow him to work with his wife."}, {"section_header": "Washington University", "text": "The Coris left Roswell in 1931 after publishing their work on carbohydrate metabolism."}, {"section_header": "Working in the United States", "text": "The director for the Institute threatened to dismiss Gerty if she did not cease collaborative research with her husband."}, {"section_header": "Washington University", "text": "Gerty and Carl Cori collaborated on most of their work, including that which won them the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine \"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gerty Theresa Cori (n\u00e9e Radnitz; August 15, 1896 \u2013 October 26, 1957) was an Austro-Hungarian-American biochemist who in 1947 was the third woman to win a Nobel Prize in science, and the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for her role in the discovery of glycogen metabolism."}, {"section_header": "Washington University", "text": "Washington University's Chancellor, Arthur Compton, made a special allowance for Gerty to hold a position there, going against the university's nepotism rules."}, {"section_header": "Washington University", "text": "Gerty had to wait thirteen years before she attained the same rank as her husband."}], "text": "Gerty Theresa Radnitz Cori worked for one university while her husband worked for another.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Gerty Theresa Cori"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The company was founded in 2007 by the Portuguese entrepreneur Jos\u00e9 Neves with its headquarters in London and main branches in Porto,  Guimar\u00e3es, Braga, Lisbon, New York, Los Angeles, Tokyo, Shanghai, Hong Kong, S\u00e3o Paulo and Dubai."}], "id": "Eu1TbY33yTbrUM8Qh6t4", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Farfetch has offices in 11 cities and employs over 3,000 staff."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The company was founded in 2007 by the Portuguese entrepreneur Jos\u00e9 Neves with its headquarters in London and main branches in Porto,  Guimar\u00e3es, Braga, Lisbon, New York, Los Angeles, Tokyo, Shanghai, Hong Kong, S\u00e3o Paulo and Dubai."}, {"section_header": "Current operations", "text": "Immediately following the purchase, Farfetch's shares plunged by over 40 percent."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "This led to the company being branded as a 'unicorn' company by media commentators, a term used to denote start-ups valued at $1billion+.Farfetch announced its acquisition of London boutique retailer Browns in May 2015."}], "text": "Farfetch's main office is in London and has 11 branches.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Farfetch"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Production began in 2001 and finished in 2013, with Linklater's goal to make a film about growing up."}], "id": "Eu5yCaR0ASQ9xYkmdJBl", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Filming and writing", "text": "Although Linklater had referred to the project as Boyhood during the early years of production, in 2013 he settled on the title 12 Years, but was forced to rename it due to the release of 12 Years a Slave in the same year."}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming and writing", "text": "Hawke was amazed that the producers \"still had their job\" at the film's completion, despite \"(having) to hide a couple hundred thousand dollars a year for over a decade while we slowly made this movie\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical reception", "text": "Peter Travers of Rolling Stone also named Boyhood the best movie of the year, calling it the year's \"biggest emotional powerhouse\"."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "He planned to assemble the cast and crew for a few weeks' filming annually for 12 years."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "\" IFC, the film's distributor, committed to a film budget of US$200,000 per year, or $2.4 million over the 12-year shooting period."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Mason and Samantha have grown into their lives in San Marcos, a town close to Austin."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Home media", "text": "For people who like the movie, I think there will be a lot of cool little treasures."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical reception", "text": "A. O. Scott, also writing for The New York Times, called Boyhood the best film of 2014, saying that he could not think of any film that had affected him the way Boyhood had in his 15 years as a professional film critic."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Year-end lists", "text": "In a 2016 poll by BBC Culture, critics ranked Boyhood as the fifth greatest film since 2000."}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming and writing", "text": "According to Hawke, the discussion about the possibility of additional Star Wars films is \"the only honest-to-god improvised moment in the movie\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Production began in 2001 and finished in 2013, with Linklater's goal to make a film about growing up."}], "text": "Boyhood the movie took close to 12 years to produce.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Boyhood (film)"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "[\u02c8ka\u0281l \u02c8f\u0281i\u02d0d\u0281\u026a\u00e7 \u02c8\u0261a\u028as] (listen); Latin: Carolus Fridericus Gauss; 30 April 1777 \u2013 23 February 1855) was a German mathematician and physicist who made significant contributions to many fields in mathematics and science."}], "id": "EuiZ9qV0qhMcz9Ix9gS4", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (; German: Gau\u00df"}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Personality", "text": "Before she died, Sophie Germain was recommended by Gauss to receive an honorary degree; she never received it."}, {"section_header": "Commemorations", "text": "Carl Friedrich Gauss, who also introduced the so-called Gaussian logarithms, sometimes gets confused with Friedrich Gustav Gauss (1829\u20131915), a German geologist, who also published some well-known logarithm tables used up into the early 1980s."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Personality", "text": "On Gauss's recommendation, Friedrich Bessel was awarded an honorary doctor degree from G\u00f6ttingen in March 1811."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Personality", "text": "His personal diaries indicate that he had made several important mathematical discoveries years or decades before his contemporaries published them."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Early years", "text": "Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss was born on 30 April 1777 in Brunswick (Braunschweig), in the Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel (now part of Lower Saxony, Germany), to poor, working-class parents."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Family", "text": "Johanna died on 11 October 1809, and her most recent child, Louis, died the following year."}, {"section_header": "Career and achievements | Algebra", "text": "Mathematicians including Jean le Rond d'Alembert had produced false proofs before him, and Gauss's dissertation contains a critique of d'Alembert's work."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Early years", "text": "He discovered a construction of the heptadecagon on 30 March."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Family", "text": "Minna Waldeck died on 12 September 1831.Gauss had six children."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "[\u02c8ka\u0281l \u02c8f\u0281i\u02d0d\u0281\u026a\u00e7 \u02c8\u0261a\u028as] (listen); Latin: Carolus Fridericus Gauss; 30 April 1777 \u2013 23 February 1855) was a German mathematician and physicist who made significant contributions to many fields in mathematics and science."}], "text": "Carl Friedrich Gauss's discoveries in biochemistry were discovered to be fraudulent before he died.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Carl Friedrich Gauss"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Between 46,000 and 51,000 soldiers from both armies were casualties in the three-day battle, the most costly in US history."}], "id": "F0ybdhFN435DNoj3PZcW", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Opposing forces | Union", "text": "Note that many other Union units (not part of the Army of the Potomac) were actively involved in the Gettysburg Campaign, but not directly involved in the Battle of Gettysburg."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "The south winning the Battle of Gettysburg is a popular premise for a point of divergence in American Civil War alternate histories."}, {"section_header": "Second day of battle | Attacks on the Union left flank", "text": "The III Corps was virtually destroyed as a combat unit in this battle, and Sickles's leg was amputated after it was shattered by a cannonball."}, {"section_header": "Third day of battle | Lee's plan", "text": "General Meade's estimate was a mile or a mile and a half [1.6 or 2.4 km] (Captain Long, the guide of the field of Gettysburg in 1888, stated that it was a trifle over a mile)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Between 46,000 and 51,000 soldiers from both armies were casualties in the three-day battle, the most costly in US history."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "If? If? and What Ifs? of American History, \"East of Appomattox\" by Lee Allred in Alternate Generals"}, {"section_header": "Third day of battle | Lee's plan", "text": "He then concluded that the divisions of McLaws and Hood could remain on the defensive line; that he would reinforce by divisions of the Third Corps and Pickett's brigades, and stated the point to which the march should be directed."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | Effect on the Confederacy", "text": "Henry Adams, whose father was serving as the U.S ambassador to the United Kingdom at the time, wrote, \"The disasters of the rebels are unredeemed by even any hope of success."}, {"section_header": "Third day of battle | Lee's plan", "text": "He stated fifteen thousand. Opinion was then expressed that the fifteen thousand men who could make successful assault over that field had never been arrayed for battle; but he was impatient of listening, and tired of talking, and nothing was left but to proceed."}, {"section_header": "Opposing forces | Union", "text": "These included portions of the Union IV Corps, the militia and state troops of the Department of the Susquehanna, and various garrisons, including that at Harpers Ferry."}], "text": "Battle of Gettysburg was the cheapest balled in the history of United States.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Battle of Gettysburg"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life | Childhood and education", "text": "She is said to have been his closest friend during childhood."}], "id": "F61VQ0fiUHH3a3spRNWK", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life | Childhood and education", "text": "Verdi had a younger sister, Giuseppa, who died aged 17 in 1833."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Reception", "text": "By the time of his death, verismo was the accepted style of young Italian composers."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (Italian: [d\u0292u\u02c8z\u025bppe \u02c8verdi]; 9 or 10 October 1813 \u2013 27 January 1901) was an Italian opera composer."}, {"section_header": "Life | 1834\u20131842: First operas", "text": "Both the children died young, Virginia on 12 August 1838, Icilio on 22 October 1839.In 1837, the young composer asked for Massini's assistance to stage his opera in Milan."}, {"section_header": "Life | Childhood and education", "text": "At age 11, Verdi received schooling in Italian, Latin, the humanities, and rhetoric."}, {"section_header": "Life | 1842\u20131849", "text": "This period was not without its frustrations and setbacks for the young composer, and he was frequently demoralised."}, {"section_header": "Life | 1834\u20131842: First operas", "text": "List of compositions by Giuseppe Verdi"}, {"section_header": "Life | 1834\u20131842: First operas", "text": "While Verdi was working on his second opera Un giorno di regno, Margherita died of encephalitis at the age of 26."}, {"section_header": "Life | Childhood and education", "text": "From the age of four, Verdi was given private lessons in Latin and Italian by the village schoolmaster, Baistrocchi, and at six he attended the local school."}, {"section_header": "Music and form | Periods | Middle period", "text": "Others echo those feelings. Julian Budden expresses the impact of Rigoletto and its place in Verdi's output as follows: \"Just after 1850 at the age of 38, Verdi closed the door on a period of Italian opera with Rigoletto."}, {"section_header": "Life | Childhood and education", "text": "She is said to have been his closest friend during childhood."}], "text": "Giuseppe Verdi was an Italian opera composer that lost his best friend and his sister at a young age.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Giuseppe Verdi"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Team image | Nickname", "text": "France is often referred to by the media and supporters as Les Bleus (The Blues), which is the nickname associated with all of France's international sporting teams due to the blue shirts each team incorporates."}], "id": "F6bfYrxcx3Ql4LxwdXOW", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Team image | Nickname", "text": "The team is also referred to as Les Tricolores or L'Equipe Tricolore (The Tri-color Team) due to the team's utilization of the country's national colors: blue, white, and red."}, {"section_header": "Team image | Nickname", "text": "France is often referred to by the media and supporters as Les Bleus (The Blues), which is the nickname associated with all of France's international sporting teams due to the blue shirts each team incorporates."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The France national football team (French: \u00c9quipe de France de football) represents France in men's international football and is controlled by the French Football Federation, also known as FFF, or in French: F\u00e9d\u00e9ration fran\u00e7aise de football."}, {"section_header": "Team image | Nickname", "text": "During the 1980s, France earned the nickname the \"Brazilians of Europe\" mainly due to the accolades of the \"carr\u00e9 magique\" (\"Magic Square\"), who were anchored by Michel Platini."}, {"section_header": "Team image | Kits and crest", "text": "The team's three colours originate from the national flag of France, known as the tricolore."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "In 1988, the FFF opened the Clairefontaine National Football Institute."}, {"section_header": "Team image | Nickname", "text": "Led by coach Michel Hidalgo, France exhibited an inspiring, elegant, skillful and technically advanced offensive style of football, which was strikingly similar to their South American counterparts."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "France are colloquially known as Les Bleus (The Blues)."}, {"section_header": "Home stadium", "text": "Clairefontaine is the national association football centre and is among 12 \u00e9lite academies throughout the country."}, {"section_header": "Team image | Kits and crest", "text": "Beginning in 1966, France had its shirts made by Le Coq Sportif until 1971."}], "text": "The France national football team's nickname is Les Bleues.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "France national football team"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Accolades", "text": "2009 \u2013 1st on the ranking of the World's Best Airport by Cond\u00e9 Nast Traveler magazine, based on its satisfaction survey."}], "id": "FCdlUe9wCf9QuRf3H1Px", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Beijing Capital has rapidly ascended in rankings of the world's busiest airports in the past decade."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Beijing Capital International Airport ("}, {"section_header": "Terminals | Terminal 3", "text": "At the time of its opening, Terminal 3 was the largest airport passenger terminal building in the world."}, {"section_header": "Ground transportation | Rail", "text": "Beijing Capital International Airport is served by the Capital Airport Express, a dedicated rail link operated as part of the Beijing Subway system."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The first International flight to China and Beijing Capital International Airport was of Pakistan International Airlines from Islamabad."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "At its opening, the new Terminal 3 was the largest man-made structure in the world in terms of area covered, and a major landmark representing Beijing as the growing and developing Chinese capital."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The airport is owned and operated by the Beijing Capital International Airport Company Limited, a state-controlled company."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Due to limited capacity at Beijing Capital International Airport, plans were set forth for the construction of a new airport in Daxing."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "From September 2019, all Oneworld & SkyTeam flights from Beijing Capital International Airport were transferred to the new Beijing Daxing International Airport except Cathay Pacific and Cathay Dragon."}, {"section_header": "Sister airports", "text": "Hong Kong International Airport Los Angeles International Airport"}, {"section_header": "Accolades", "text": "2009 \u2013 1st on the ranking of the World's Best Airport by Cond\u00e9 Nast Traveler magazine, based on its satisfaction survey."}], "text": "Beijing Capital International Airport is the world's largest airport in the world.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Beijing Capital International Airport"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He grew up in the countryside."}], "id": "FGgL91ivehOX1KHc5QWB", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early baseball career", "text": "An alcoholic for much of his short life, Waddell reportedly spent his entire first signing bonus on a drinking binge, with Sporting News calling him a \"sousepaw\"."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "Further drinking and marital problems with his third wife, Madge Maguire, plagued Waddell; he passed out in the middle of a game against New York in 1909."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "May threatened to prosecute Rube for bigamy because she did not recognize the divorce granted Rube in St. Louis."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "We got Rube out of there without delay."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "In Eliot Asinof's 1963 account of the 1919 World Series fix Eight Men Out (later made into a film of the same name), mention is made of Waddell being bribed not to pitch in the 1905 World Series against the New York Giants."}, {"section_header": "Final years", "text": "While in spring training with the Millers, Waddell helped save the city of Hickman, Kentucky from a devastating flood in the spring of 1912."}, {"section_header": "Early baseball career", "text": "On August 19, Waddell pitched the first game of a doubleheader for Milwaukee, winning in the 17th inning on his own triple."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Waddell is best remembered for his highly eccentric behaviour, and for being a remarkably dominant strikeout pitcher in an era when batters mostly slapped at the ball to get singles."}, {"section_header": "Early baseball career", "text": "After he pitched in semi-pro ball in small towns such as Punxsutawney, Milwaukee Brewers manager Connie Mack learned of his availability."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "On July 1, 1902, Waddell became the second pitcher to strike out three batters on nine pitches in the third inning of a 2\u20130 win over the Baltimore Orioles."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He grew up in the countryside."}], "text": "Rube Waddell spent his youth playing ball in the streets of New York City.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Rube Waddell"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Tourism", "text": "Pompeii has been a popular tourist destination for over 250 years; it was on the Grand Tour."}, {"section_header": "Tourism", "text": "By 2008, it was attracting almost 2.6 million visitors per year, making it one of the most popular tourist sites in Italy."}], "id": "FKhvK7VeL3gzRStqh0Co", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pompeii (, Latin: [p\u0254m\u02c8pe\u02d0jji\u02d0]) was an ancient city located in what is now the comune of Pompei near Naples in the Campania region of Italy."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pompeii is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Italy, with approximately 2.5 million visitors annually."}, {"section_header": "Tourism", "text": "By 2008, it was attracting almost 2.6 million visitors per year, making it one of the most popular tourist sites in Italy."}, {"section_header": "History | The Roman period | AD 62\u201379", "text": "By 79, Pompeii had a population of 20,000, which had prospered from the region's renowned agricultural fertility and favourable location."}, {"section_header": "Tourism", "text": "Pompeii has been a popular tourist destination for over 250 years; it was on the Grand Tour."}, {"section_header": "History | Early history", "text": "Greek and Phoenician sailors used the location as a safe port."}, {"section_header": "History | Conservation | House of the Gladiators collapse", "text": "The structure was not open to visitors, but the outside was visible to tourists."}, {"section_header": "History | Rediscovery and excavations", "text": "Over the following centuries, its name and location were forgotten, though it still appeared on the Tabula Peutingeriana of the 4th century."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "The 1954 film, Journey to Italy, starring George Sanders and Ingrid Bergman, includes a scene at Pompeii in which they witness the excavation of a cast of a couple that perished in the eruption."}, {"section_header": "Roman city development", "text": "It is speculated that these historical vineyards are strikingly similar in structure to the modern day vineyards across Italy."}], "text": "Pompeii is a tourist location in Italy.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Pompeii"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Home of the monarch | Former ceremonial at the Palace | Security breaches", "text": "At least 12 people have managed to gain unauthorised entry into the palace or its grounds since 1914, including Michael Fagan, who broke into the palace twice in 1982 and entered the Queen's bedroom on the second occasion."}], "id": "FNI2vU9Gla4xxPG3JVC1", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Home of the monarch | Garden and surroundings", "text": "It covers 40 acres (16 ha) and includes a helicopter landing area, a lake, and a tennis court."}, {"section_header": "History | First houses on the site | Buckingham House", "text": "The house which forms the architectural core of the palace was built for the first Duke of Buckingham and Normanby in 1703 to the design of William Winde."}, {"section_header": "History | First houses on the site | Buckingham House", "text": "Buckingham House was eventually sold by Buckingham's illegitimate son, Sir Charles Sheffield, in 1761 to George III for \u00a321,000."}, {"section_header": "History | From Queen's House to palace", "text": "While St James's Palace remained the official and ceremonial royal residence, the name \"Buckingham-palace\" was used from at least 1791.After his accession to the throne in 1820, King George IV continued the renovation with the idea in mind of a small, comfortable home."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Buckingham Palace (UK: ) is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the monarch of the United Kingdom."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Buckingham Palace became the London residence of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837."}, {"section_header": "Modern history | 21st century: Royal use and public access", "text": "The forecourt of Buckingham Palace is used for the Changing of the Guard, a major ceremony and tourist attraction ("}, {"section_header": "Home of the monarch", "text": "Before Prince Albert's death, the palace was frequently the scene of musical entertainments, and the most celebrated contemporary musicians entertained at Buckingham Palace."}, {"section_header": "Home of the monarch | Interior", "text": "When paying a state visit to Britain, foreign heads of state are usually entertained by the Queen at Buckingham Palace."}, {"section_header": "Home of the monarch | Court ceremonies | State banquets", "text": "The largest and most formal reception at Buckingham Palace takes place every November when the Queen entertains members of the diplomatic corps."}, {"section_header": "Home of the monarch | Former ceremonial at the Palace | Security breaches", "text": "At least 12 people have managed to gain unauthorised entry into the palace or its grounds since 1914, including Michael Fagan, who broke into the palace twice in 1982 and entered the Queen's bedroom on the second occasion."}], "text": "Buckingham Palace has never been successfully infiltrated.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Buckingham Palace"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "The area known as \"the Patch\" did exist as a predominantly Irish neighbourhood, and was associated with crime, as portrayed in the film."}], "id": "FO4bJZOqL75q3bdU5KZq", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In Old Chicago is a 1938 American drama disaster film directed by Henry King."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "Some sources claim that MGM offered to loan both Harlow and Clark Gable to Fox for In Old Chicago if they reciprocated by loaning Shirley Temple to MGM for their upcoming production of The Wizard of Oz."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "The Mayor of Chicago in 1871 was Roswell B. Mason, not an O'Leary son."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "In the movie there are three sons."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "Despite crediting the Chicago Historical Society for assistance with historical research, much of the film is fictionalized."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The O'Leary family are traveling to Chicago to start a new life when Patrick O'Leary tries to race a steam train in his wagon."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "At the time of its release, it was one of the most expensive movies ever made."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film is a fictionalized account about the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and stars Alice Brady as Mrs. O'Leary, the owner of the cow which started the fire, and Tyrone Power and Don Ameche as her sons."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "The area known as \"the Patch\" did exist as a predominantly Irish neighbourhood, and was associated with crime, as portrayed in the film."}], "text": "\"The Patch\" of the movie In Old Chicago was a real place in Chicago.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "In Old Chicago"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2016, Marvel shortened the title to Avengers: Infinity War."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers: Infinity War \u2013 Part 1."}], "id": "FPSGDuk5H8tzSQw1txp0", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Marketing", "text": "Josh Spiegel of The Hollywood Reporter said, \"The most important part of the trailer is how it carefully, deliberately introduces the notion that the Infinity War films are going to function as a passing of the torch, from one set of Avengers to a newer group\"."}, {"section_header": "Release | Theatrical", "text": "Avengers: Infinity War was originally scheduled to be released on May 4, 2018 in the United States."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2016, Marvel shortened the title to Avengers: Infinity War."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "In May 2016, the Russos revealed that they would retitle the two films, to further remove the misconception that they were one large film split in two, with Joe stating, \"The intention is we will change [the titles], we just haven't come up with [them] yet\"."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "In October 2014, Marvel announced a two-part sequel to Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), titled Avengers: Infinity War."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "That July, Marvel revealed Part 1's title would be shortened to simply Avengers: Infinity War."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Thanos also kills Heimdall after he sends Hulk to Earth using the Bifr\u00f6st."}, {"section_header": "Marketing", "text": "Despite not existing within Marvel Studios' MCU canon, the novel explores the origins of Thanos before the events of the film."}, {"section_header": "Release | Theatrical", "text": "The Russos said only a limited amount of the film would be shown at these screenings to reduce the chance of spoilers being leaked."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Box office | Other territories", "text": "Avengers: Infinity War remained number one in its 54 markets in its second weekend."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers: Infinity War \u2013 Part 1."}], "text": "The original title of the film was going to be Avengers: Crisis on Infinite Earths.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Avengers: Infinity War"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Unlike her husband, she had difficulty securing research positions, and the ones she obtained provided meager pay."}], "id": "FYFzEKSahwRA1vxwGimD", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gerty Cori continued her early interest in medical research, collaborating in the laboratory with Carl."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "She published research findings coauthored with her husband, as well as publishing singly."}, {"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Gerty Cori was born Gerty Theresa Radnitz into a Jewish family in Prague in 1896."}, {"section_header": "Working in the United States", "text": "In 1922, the Coris both immigrated to the United States (Gerty six months after Carl because of difficulty in obtaining a position) to pursue medical research at the State Institute for the Study of Malignant Diseases (now the Roswell Park Cancer Institute) in Buffalo, New York."}, {"section_header": "Washington University", "text": "Despite her research background, Gerty was only offered a position as a research associate at a salary one tenth of that received by her husband; she was warned that she might harm her husband's career."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "She received recognition for her achievements through multiple awards and honors."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Unlike her husband, she had difficulty securing research positions, and the ones she obtained provided meager pay."}, {"section_header": "Washington University", "text": "A number of universities offered Carl a position but refused to hire Gerty."}, {"section_header": "Marriage and early career", "text": "Gerty and Carl had both entered medical school at eighteen and both graduated in 1920."}, {"section_header": "Working in the United States", "text": "The director for the Institute threatened to dismiss Gerty if she did not cease collaborative research with her husband."}], "text": "Gerty Theresa Cori was able to easily find medical research positions through her scholarly spouse.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Gerty Theresa Cori"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History", "text": "According to Ek, the company's title was initially misheard from a name shouted by Lorentzon."}], "id": "FaD9DuGQzLsaOpWLAQUE", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Business model | Stations by Spotify", "text": "Spotify itself has two channels named after its playlists that link directly to the users' profile: \"Release Radar\" and \"Discover Weekly\"."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Spotify was founded in 2006 in Stockholm, Sweden, by Daniel Ek, former CTO of Stardoll, and Martin Lorentzon, co-founder of TradeDoubler."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "According to Ek, the company's title was initially misheard from a name shouted by Lorentzon."}, {"section_header": "Platforms | Features | Playlists and discovery", "text": "RapCaviar was originally curated by Tuma Basa, and as of 2019, was relaunched by Carl Chery."}, {"section_header": "Criticism", "text": "This policy was revoked in June because the company deemed the original wording to be too \"vague\"; they stated that \"Across all genres, our role is not to regulate artists."}, {"section_header": "Platforms | Features", "text": "The company also introduced \"Spotify Running\", a feature aimed at improving music while running with music matched to running tempo (this feature was removed in March 2018 from the mobile client), and announced that podcasts and videos (\"entertainment, news and clips\") would be coming to Spotify, along with \"Spotify Originals\" content."}, {"section_header": "Business model | Stations by Spotify", "text": "On 31 January 2018, Spotify started testing a new Pandora-styled standalone app called Stations by Spotify for Australian Android users."}, {"section_header": "Business model | Stations by Spotify", "text": "Users who do not subscribe to Spotify Premium hear location-targeted adverts."}, {"section_header": "Business model | Spotify for Artists", "text": "In April 2017, the panel was upgraded to leave beta status, renamed as \"Spotify for Artists\", and opened to all artists and managers."}, {"section_header": "Business model | Spotify for Artists", "text": "In September 2018, Spotify announced \"Upload Beta\", allowing artists to upload directly to the platform instead of going through a distributor or record label."}], "text": "Spotify got its original name from a by the co-founder Martin.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Spotify"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Casablanca (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u200e, romanized: Ad-d\u0101r al-Bay\u1e0d\u0101' [ad\u02c8da\u02d0ru \u026bbajd\u02e4a\u02d0\u0294] or \u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627, the white house, Darija Accent [\u00e6nf\u00e6] incline) is the largest city of Morocco."}], "id": "Fab15VI6j7TErK8lZPXI", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Casablanca is Morocco's chief port and one of the largest financial centers in Africa."}, {"section_header": "Transport | Trains", "text": "It is the nearest station to the old town of Casablanca, and to the modern city centre, around the landmark Casablanca Twin Center."}, {"section_header": "Tourism", "text": "Popular sites for national tourism include shopping centers such as Morocco Mall, Anfa Place, the Marina Shopping Center, and the Tachfine Center."}, {"section_header": "History | Since independence | Mudawana", "text": "However, in December, thousands of people demonstrated in several parts of the city, especially the city center near la Fontaine, desiring more significant political reforms."}, {"section_header": "History | Early history", "text": "In his book Description of Africa, Leo Africanus refers to ancient Casablanca as \"Anfa\", a great city founded in the Berber kingdom of Barghawata in 744 AD."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Casablanca is considered the economic and business center of Morocco, although the national political capital is Rabat."}, {"section_header": "Transport | Air", "text": "It has been closed and destroyed to build the \"Casablanca Finance City\", the new heart of the city of Casablanca."}, {"section_header": "Sports | Hosting", "text": "Casablanca staged the 1961 Pan Arab Games, the 1983 Mediterranean Games, and games during the 1988 Africa Cup of Nations."}, {"section_header": "History | Since independence | Mudawana", "text": "One initiative to improve conditions in the city's disadvantaged neighborhoods was the creation of the Sidi Moumen Cultural Center."}, {"section_header": "Sports | Hosting | Venues", "text": "The stadium was designed with a capacity of 93,000 spectators, making it one of the highest-capacity stadiums in Africa."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Casablanca (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u200e, romanized: Ad-d\u0101r al-Bay\u1e0d\u0101' [ad\u02c8da\u02d0ru \u026bbajd\u02e4a\u02d0\u0294] or \u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627, the white house, Darija Accent [\u00e6nf\u00e6] incline) is the largest city of Morocco."}], "text": "Casablanca is a city in Egypt and financial center in Africa.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Casablanca"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The play tells the story of the fictional American small town of Grover's Corners between 1901 and 1913 through the everyday lives of its citizens."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis | Act I: Daily Life", "text": "The Stage Manager introduces the audience to the small town; Grover's Corners, New Hampshire, and the people living there as a morning begins in the year 1901."}], "id": "FjmPJ18E2qN0cYAdY7OC", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Our Town (1940 radio), on May 6, 1940, a radio version was performed by many of the same film actors for Lux Radio Theater."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "OT: Our Town, a 2002 documentary by Scott Hamilton Kennedy about a production of the play by Dominguez High School in Compton, California Our Town, a 2003 television film adaptation starring Paul Newman as the Stage Manager."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Our Town (1940 film), adaptation starring Martha Scott as Emily and William Holden as George Gibbs, with an original music score composed by Aaron Copland."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis | Act I: Daily Life", "text": "Professor Willard speaks to the audience about the history of the town."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "It was filmed at the Booth Theatre in Manhattan, where it played on Broadway in 2002."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Our Town was first performed on radio May 12, 1939, on The Campbell Playhouse."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Our Town (opera), an operatic version of the play with music by Ned Rorem"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Our Town was first performed at McCarter Theatre in Princeton, New Jersey in 1938."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Sam Craig \u2013 a nephew of Mrs Gibbs who left town to seek his fortune."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Many members of the original cast repeated their roles in this film, although the ending was changed so that Emily lived."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The play tells the story of the fictional American small town of Grover's Corners between 1901 and 1913 through the everyday lives of its citizens."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis | Act I: Daily Life", "text": "The Stage Manager introduces the audience to the small town; Grover's Corners, New Hampshire, and the people living there as a morning begins in the year 1901."}], "text": "Our Town is a film about a made up town in Minnesota.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Our Town"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Geography | Fauna", "text": "The Iranian Parliament has been showing disregard for wildlife by passing laws and regulations such as the act that lets the Ministry of Industries and Mines exploit mines without the involvement of the Department of Environment, and by approving large national development projects without demanding comprehensive study of their impact on wildlife habitats."}], "id": "Fk5Gqg4MwLffGBTsH3nf", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Geography | Fauna", "text": "At least 74 species of the Iranian wildlife are on the red list of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, a sign of serious threats against the country's biodiversity."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Fauna", "text": "The Iranian Parliament has been showing disregard for wildlife by passing laws and regulations such as the act that lets the Ministry of Industries and Mines exploit mines without the involvement of the Department of Environment, and by approving large national development projects without demanding comprehensive study of their impact on wildlife habitats."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Fauna", "text": "Eagles, falcons, partridges, pheasants, and storks are also native to the wildlife of Iran."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Fauna", "text": "One of the most famous members of the Iranian wildlife is the critically endangered Asiatic cheetah, also known as the Iranian cheetah, whose numbers were greatly reduced after the 1979 Revolution."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Fauna", "text": "The Persian leopard, which is the world's largest leopard subspecies living primarily in northern Iran, is also listed as an endangered species."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Administrative divisions", "text": "Being the site of the Imam Reza Shrine, it is a holy city in Shia Islam."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Fauna", "text": "The wildlife of Iran is composed of several animal species, including bears, the Eurasian lynx, foxes, gazelles, gray wolves, jackals, panthers, and wild pigs."}, {"section_header": "Economy | Energy", "text": "In 2004, a large share of Iran's natural gas reserves were untapped."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Military | Mandatory military service", "text": "They cannot leave the country or be employed without completion of the service period."}, {"section_header": "Name | Pronunciation", "text": "According to this survey, the pronunciations  and  were deemed almost equally acceptable, while  was preferred by most panelists participating in the ballot."}], "text": "Iran's natural environment and native species are being greatly impacted by the refusal of the government to mandate that build sites must complete a survey of the land's flora and fauna.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Iran"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sister Carrie (1900) is a novel by Theodore Dreiser about a young country girl who moves to the big city where she starts realizing her own American Dream, first as a mistress to men that she perceives as superior, and later becoming a famous actress."}], "id": "Flq30ryg0NyxwEGZ4LtE", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "General reception", "text": "There is also the receipt of sale which Doubleday sent to Dreiser showing that Sister Carrie was not withdrawn from the shelves, reporting that 456 copies of the 1,008 copies printed were sold."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Carrie soon embarks on a quest for work to pay rent to her sister and her husband, and takes a job running a machine in a shoe factory."}, {"section_header": "Publication history and response", "text": "\"In 1998, the Modern Library ranked Sister Carrie 33rd on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "After only a few years, the saloon's landlord sells the property and Hurstwood's business partner expresses his intent to terminate the partnership."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Too arrogant to accept most of the job opportunities available to him, Hurstwood soon discovers that his savings are running out and urges Carrie to economize, which she finds humiliating and distasteful."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "A pictorial history of Sister Carrie from 1900\u20131981."}, {"section_header": "Publication history and response", "text": "Dreiser had difficulty finding a publisher for Sister Carrie."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Theodore Dreiser. Sister Carrie: Unexpurgated Edition."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Sister Carrie. Norton Critical Edition, 1970."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sister Carrie (1900) is a novel by Theodore Dreiser about a young country girl who moves to the big city where she starts realizing her own American Dream, first as a mistress to men that she perceives as superior, and later becoming a famous actress."}], "text": "In the novel Sister Carrie, Carrie eventually gets jobs in show business.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Sister Carrie"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Places in the Heart is a 1984 American drama film written and directed by Robert Benton about a Depression-era Texas widow who tries to save her family farm with the help of a blind white man and a poor black man."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "It is 1935 and Waxahachie, Texas, is a small, segregated town in the midst of the Great Depression."}], "id": "Fmk9SA58F2bhplYTGX3x", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Places in the Heart grossed $274,279 in its opening weekend."}, {"section_header": "Release", "text": "Places in the Heart was released in theatres on September 21, 1984."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Places in the Heart is a 1984 American drama film written and directed by Robert Benton about a Depression-era Texas widow who tries to save her family farm with the help of a blind white man and a poor black man."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "The consensus is: \"Places in the Heart is a quiet character piece with grand ambitions that it more than fulfills, thanks to absorbing work from writer-director Robert Benton and a tremendous cast.\" Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote in his review: \"Robert Benton has made one of the best films in years about growing up American.\" Canby called it \"moving and often funny\" and \"a tonic, a revivifying experience right down to the final images\", comparing it to Luis Bunuel's Tristana\"."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "It is 1935 and Waxahachie, Texas, is a small, segregated town in the midst of the Great Depression."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Roger Ebert wrote in his review that Benton's \"memories provide the material for a wonderful movie, and he has made it, but unfortunately he hasn't stopped at that."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Edna knows she will need more pickers, and Moze agrees to help her find the help so they can harvest the cotton on time."}], "text": "Places in the Heart is a movie that took place at the time of depression in the south.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Places in the Heart"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Disneyland Paris, formerly Euro Disney Resort, is an entertainment resort in Chessy, France, a new town located 32 km (20 mi) east of the centre of Paris."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Parisian resort is the second Disney park to open outside the United States following the opening of the Tokyo Disney Resort in 1983 and is the largest Disney resort to open outside of the United States."}], "id": "Fnb6W9CT9KDzjQ1XmYzL", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Disneyland Paris is also the only Disney resort outside of the United States to be completely owned by The Walt Disney Company."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Parisian resort is the second Disney park to open outside the United States following the opening of the Tokyo Disney Resort in 1983 and is the largest Disney resort to open outside of the United States."}, {"section_header": "History | Opening day and early years", "text": "As a last resort, the Walt Disney Company threatened to close the Disneyland Paris park, leaving the banks with the land."}, {"section_header": "History | 2000 onwards", "text": "In 2002, Euro Disney S.C.A. and the Walt Disney Company announced another annual profit for Disneyland Paris."}, {"section_header": "History | 2000 onwards", "text": "On 27 February 2018, Walt Disney Company CEO Bob Iger announced that company would invest \u20ac2 billion into the Disneyland Paris resort."}, {"section_header": "History | 2000 onwards", "text": "For the first time in the resort's history, both the Disneyland Park and Walt Disney Studios Park closed from 14 to 17 November 2015, as part of France's national days of mourning following the November 2015 Paris attacks."}, {"section_header": "History | Controversies", "text": "On 28 June 1992, a group of French farmers blockaded Euro Disney in protest of farm policies supported at the time by the United States."}, {"section_header": "History | 2000 onwards", "text": "By March 2004, the Walt Disney Company had agreed to write off all debt that Euro Disney S.C.A. owed to the Walt Disney Company."}, {"section_header": "History | 2000 onwards", "text": "In March 2018, a Disney Parks West regional division was formed with Disneyland Resort in California, Walt Disney World in Florida, and Disneyland Paris under Catherine Powell, outgoing Disneyland Paris president."}, {"section_header": "Ownership", "text": "The Walt Disney company will also invest an additional 1.5 Billion euros to strengthen the company."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Disneyland Paris, formerly Euro Disney Resort, is an entertainment resort in Chessy, France, a new town located 32 km (20 mi) east of the centre of Paris."}], "text": "Disneyland Paris, the first Disney Park out of the United States, is owned entirely by The Walt Disney Company.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Disneyland Paris"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Born to a Welsh immigrant preacher and his wife in Glens Falls, New York, Hughes pursued a legal career in New York City."}], "id": "FqiFXleT7kGqtV5V5Ju1", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was also the 36th Governor of New York, the Republican nominee in the 1916 presidential election, and the 44th United States Secretary of State."}, {"section_header": "Presidential candidate", "text": "Seeking to bridge the divide in the Republican Party and limit Wilson to a single term, several Republican leaders asked Hughes to consider running in the 1916 presidential election."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Charles Evans Charles Evans Hughes Sr. (April 11, 1862 \u2013 August 27, 1948) was an American statesman, Republican Party politician, and the 11th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court."}, {"section_header": "Presidential candidate", "text": "By the time of the June 1916 Republican National Convention, Hughes had won two presidential primaries, and his backers had lined up the support of numerous delegates."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Born to a Welsh immigrant preacher and his wife in Glens Falls, New York, Hughes pursued a legal career in New York City."}, {"section_header": "Presidential candidate", "text": "With the split in the Republican Party, Democratic Governor Woodrow Wilson defeated Taft and Roosevelt in the 1912 presidential election and enacted his progressive New Freedom agenda."}, {"section_header": "Presidential candidate", "text": "Because of the Republican Party's dominance in presidential elections held since the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, Hughes was widely regarded as the favorite even though Wilson was the incumbent."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Hughes served as an Associate Justice until 1916, when he resigned from the bench to accept the Republican presidential nomination."}, {"section_header": "Presidential candidate", "text": "With Wilson's popularity declining, many Republican leaders believed that their party would win the 1920 presidential election."}, {"section_header": "Early life and family", "text": "Hughes's father, David Charles Hughes, immigrated to the United States from Wales in 1855 after he was inspired by The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin."}], "text": "Charles Evans Hughes was a Welsh immigrant who became a governor, a judge and Republican nominee for the 1916 presidential election.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Charles Evans Hughes"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Portuguese conquest and Spanish influence", "text": "In the early 15th century, the town became an independent state once again, and emerged as a safe harbour for pirates and privateers, leading to it being targeted by the Portuguese, who bombarded the town which led to its destruction in 1468."}], "id": "FtErgxpiUup8QA9Oulnt", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Sports | Hosting | Venues", "text": "Once completed, it will replace the Stade Mohamed V."}, {"section_header": "History | Portuguese conquest and Spanish influence", "text": "As Portugal broke ties with Spain in 1640, Casablanca came under fully Portuguese control once again."}, {"section_header": "Sports | Hosting | Venues", "text": "Once completed in 2014, it will be used mostly for football matches and will serve as the home of Raja Casablanca, Wydad Casablanca, and the Morocco national football team."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Liszt's \"Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2\" is played twice, once by Chico on piano as an introduction to the \"Beer Barrel Polka\", and again by Harpo on the harp."}, {"section_header": "History | Portuguese conquest and Spanish influence", "text": "In the early 15th century, the town became an independent state once again, and emerged as a safe harbour for pirates and privateers, leading to it being targeted by the Portuguese, who bombarded the town which led to its destruction in 1468."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Judaism in Casablanca", "text": "Jews have a long history in Casablanca."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Judaism in Casablanca", "text": "In 2018 only 2,500 Moroccan Jews left in Casablanca, while according to the World Jewish Congress only 1,000 Moroccan Jews left in Casablanca."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Judaism in Casablanca", "text": "Casablanca then became a departure point in Operation Yachin, the covert Mossad-organized migration operation from 1961\u20131964."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Judaism in Casablanca", "text": "Jews were slow to return to the town, but by 1750, the Rabbi Elijah Synagogue was built as the first Jewish synagogue in Casablanca."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Judaism in Casablanca", "text": "Approximately 28,000 Moroccan Jews immigrated to the State of Israel between 1948 and 1951, many through Casablanca."}], "text": "Casablanca was once a refuge for sea marauders.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Casablanca"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "Dictionaries report that \"mugguomp\" is an Algonquian word  meaning \"person of importance\" or \"war leader\"."}], "id": "Fu0nzRy41bSMjKXLqT2f", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Historical appraisals", "text": "Mugwumps tended to come from old Protestant families of New York and New England and often from inherited wealth."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "Dana made the term plural and derided them as amateurs and public moralists."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After the election, \"mugwump\" survived for more than a decade as an epithet for a party bolter in American politics."}, {"section_header": "Notable Mugwumps", "text": "Seth Low, Republican mayor of Brooklyn, New York in 1884 who lost his party's support due to his backing Cleveland and stepped down rather than attempting to run for a third term in 1885"}, {"section_header": "Notable Mugwumps", "text": "Charles Francis Adams Jr., president of the Union Pacific Railroad and the American Historical Association Henry Adams, author"}, {"section_header": "Historical appraisals", "text": "Several historians of the 1960s and 1970s portrayed the Mugwumps as members of an insecure elite, one that felt threatened by changes in American society."}, {"section_header": "Historical appraisals", "text": "Yet they felt threatened by the rise of machine politics, one aspect of which was the spoils system; and by the rising power of immigrants in American society."}, {"section_header": "Notable Mugwumps", "text": "Mark Twain, author self-identified as a Mugwump in his essay Christian Science"}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "Blaine was from the reform wing of his own party, but the Mugwumps rejected his candidacy."}, {"section_header": "Historical appraisals", "text": "In his 1998 work, historian David Tucker attempts to rehabilitate the Mugwumps."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "Dictionaries report that \"mugguomp\" is an Algonquian word  meaning \"person of importance\" or \"war leader\"."}], "text": "The term Mugwump comes from a Native American language for someone who is prestigious.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Mugwump"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "His works include operas, ballets, chamber music, secular and religious vocal pieces and orchestral compositions including nine symphonies, written over sixty years."}], "id": "FwCpcLL2qD4EcPPshrKu", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Music | Vocal music | Choral music", "text": "Despite his agnosticism Vaughan Williams composed many works for church performance."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ralph Vaughan Williams  ( (listen); 12 October 1872 \u2013 26 August 1958) was an English composer."}, {"section_header": "Music | Symphonies | Symphonies 4\u20136 (1935\u20131948)", "text": "Vaughan Williams had been working on and off for many years on his operatic version of Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Early career", "text": "Over this period Vaughan Williams composed steadily, producing songs, choral music, chamber works and orchestral pieces, gradually finding the beginnings of his mature style."}, {"section_header": "Music | Other orchestral music", "text": "Grove lists more than thirty works by Vaughan Williams for orchestra or band over and above the symphonies."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Ravel; rising fame; First World War", "text": "The war left its emotional mark on Vaughan Williams, who lost many comrades and friends, including the young composer George Butterworth."}, {"section_header": "Honours and legacy", "text": "In 1994 a group of enthusiasts founded the Ralph Vaughan Williams Society, with the composer's widow as its president and Roy Douglas and Michael Kennedy as vice presidents."}, {"section_header": "Music | Symphonies | Symphonies 4\u20136 (1935\u20131948)", "text": "Many had seen the Fifth, composed when he was seventy, as a valedictory work, and the turbulent, troubled Sixth came as a shock."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Inter-war years", "text": "Throughout the 1920s Vaughan Williams continued to compose, conduct and teach."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Inter-war years", "text": "During the war Vaughan Williams stopped writing music, and after returning to civilian life he took some time before feeling ready to compose new works."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "His works include operas, ballets, chamber music, secular and religious vocal pieces and orchestral compositions including nine symphonies, written over sixty years."}], "text": "Ralph Vaughan Williams composed many works over 60 years.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Ralph Vaughan Williams"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "Rabbit Maranville died of a heart attack shortly after midnight on January 6, 1954 at his home in Woodside, New York."}], "id": "G2K5JskVYGoWIq7Epwko", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Walter James Vincent \"Rabbit\" Maranville (November 11, 1891 \u2013 January 6, 1954) was an American professional baseball shortstop, second baseman and manager."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "In later years he worked as the director of a baseball school sponsored by the New York Journal-American newspaper."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "Rabbit Maranville died of a heart attack shortly after midnight on January 6, 1954 at his home in Woodside, New York."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "One night he went through a Pullman car dumping water on sleeping players' heads, saying, \"No sleeping under Maranville management, especially at night."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "He was 62 years old. Maranville was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1954, just months after his death, along with Bill Terry and Bill Dickey, in his 14th year of eligibility."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Boston Braves, Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago Cubs, Brooklyn Robins, and St. Louis Cardinals between 1912 and 1934."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Maranville fired!\" And so he was\u2014the next day."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Maranville was known as one of \"baseball's most famous clowns\" due to his practical jokes and lack of inhibitions."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "That year, Maranville was the Braves' cleanup hitter, despite batting just .246 and hitting four home runs."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Even at age 41, when Maranville batted .218 in 143 games and hit no homers, he finished in a tie for 12th in the MVP voting."}], "text": "American baseball player Walter James Vincent \"Rabbit\" Maranville died of syphilis.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Rabbit Maranville"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "On September 7, 1996, Shakur was shot four times by an unknown assailant in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas; he died six days later and the gunman was never captured."}], "id": "G4XNVFatGrXeCd03FkCo", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Tupac Amaru Shakur ( TOO-pahk sh\u0259-KOOR; born Lesane Parish Crooks, June 16, 1971 \u2013 September 13, 1996), better known by his stage name 2Pac, was an American rapper and actor."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Beginnings: 1989\u20131991", "text": "Under the stage name 2Pac, he debuted on the group's January 1991 single \"Same Song,\" leading"}, {"section_header": "Shootings of Shakur | November 1994", "text": "Philips then named Isaac as one of his own, retracted article's unnamed sources."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "On September 7, 1996, Shakur was shot four times by an unknown assailant in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas; he died six days later and the gunman was never captured."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Beginnings: 1989\u20131991", "text": "Tupac, using the stage name MC New York, began recording in 1989."}, {"section_header": "Shootings of Shakur | September 1996", "text": "In the intensive-care unit on the afternoon of September 13, 1996, Shakur died from internal bleeding."}, {"section_header": "Music career", "text": "In January 1991, Tupac, rapper, nationally debuted under the stage name 2Pac, guest on rap group Digital Underground's single \"Same Song,\" compiled on the soundtrack of the February 1991 movie Nothing but Trouble."}, {"section_header": "Shootings of Shakur | September 1996", "text": "He would say he had been tasked to drive the car of Shakur's girlfriend, Kidada Jones."}, {"section_header": "Music career", "text": "November 1996's The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, under the stage name Makaveli, is a studio album made in one August week, whereas later posthumous albums are archival productions."}, {"section_header": "Shootings of Shakur | November 1994", "text": "Vibe alerted the names of the accused."}], "text": "Tupac Shakur, also known by his stage name 2Pac, died on impact from a  drive by shooting.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Tupac Shakur"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Thin Man (1934) is a detective novel by Dashiell Hammett, originally published in the December 1933 issue of Redbook."}], "id": "GCQZ6iheCBAFnST0H10P", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Although Hammett lived until 1961, The Thin Man was his last published novel."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Thin Man (1934) is a detective novel by Dashiell Hammett, originally published in the December 1933 issue of Redbook."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Thin Man television series aired on NBC from 1957\u201359, and starred  Peter Lawford and Phyllis Kirk .In 1999, Knopf published a collection of Hammett's early works, including an early draft of The Thin Man."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Hammett never wrote a sequel but the book became the basis for a successful six-part film series, which also began in 1934 with The Thin Man and starred William Powell and Myrna Loy."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "During the course of this work, he wrote After the Thin Man and Another Thin Man, which, discovered amongst Hammett's papers in 2011, together with instructions by Hammett for incorporation of additional elements written by screenwriters Albert Hackett and Frances Goodrich, were edited by Hammett's biographer Richard Layman in collaboration with Hammett's granddaughter Julie M. Rivett and published as novellas in Return of the Thin Man in 2012."}, {"section_header": "Editions", "text": "ISBN not available. Audio book."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It appeared in book form the following month."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Following the success of the movie version of The Thin Man in 1934, Hammett was commissioned to work on screenplays for sequels."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Lillian Hellman, in an introduction to a compilation of Hammett's five novels, contemplated several explanations for Hammett's retirement as a novelist,  I have been asked many times over the years why he did not write another novel after The Thin Man."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "While some story elements were used in one of the sequel movies, this early draft is very different from the final published novel."}], "text": "The Thin Man was first published as a book.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "The Thin Man"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and career | 1980\u20131998: Early life and career beginnings", "text": "She aspired to be a singer, and won her first talent show at age eight with a rendition of Whitney Houston's \"I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)\"."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1980\u20131998: Early life and career beginnings", "text": "To cope with her turbulent household, she used music as a form of escape."}], "id": "GDL9D3mmmszDG5JiIYGY", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and career | 1980\u20131998: Early life and career beginnings", "text": "records her grandmother bought and would practice singing, which earned her a reputation as \"the little girl with the big voice\" in her neighborhood."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Influences", "text": "Aguilera mentions Whitney Houston as another influence, having performed many of her songs in her early years during talent shows."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Musical style and themes", "text": "Aguilera leaned towards R&B, blues, jazz, and soul on Back to Basics (2006).In contrast, Bionic (2010) sees significant use from futuristic electronic music, described as an electropop album."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Born in Staten Island of New York City and raised in Pennsylvania, Aguilera appeared on television shows in her early years, before gaining a recording contract with RCA Records in 1998."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1980\u20131998: Early life and career beginnings", "text": "She aspired to be a singer, and won her first talent show at age eight with a rendition of Whitney Houston's \"I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)\"."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1980\u20131998: Early life and career beginnings", "text": "Aguilera alleged that her father was physically and emotionally abusive."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1980\u20131998: Early life and career beginnings", "text": "To cope with her turbulent household, she used music as a form of escape."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Influences", "text": "Aguilera points out the musical film The Sound of Music and its lead actress, Julie Andrews, as her first inspiration for singing and performing."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1999\u20132001: Christina Aguilera, Mi Reflejo, and My Kind of Christmas", "text": "In support of her albums, Aguilera embarked on her first concert tour, Christina Aguilera in Concert, from mid-2000 to early 2001."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Musical style and themes", "text": "\" Many of her works consequently discuss love; she has also co-written two tracks which dealt with the domestic abuse throughout her childhood."}], "text": "In her youth, Christina Aguilera used music to survive abuse and practiced singing along with albums in Pennsylvania at her grandmother's, eventually winning a talent show .", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Christina Aguilera"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Structure", "text": "10)III. Uncleanliness and its treatment (11:1\u201315:33) A. Unclean animals (ch. 11) B. Childbirth as a source of uncleanliness (ch. 12) C. Unclean diseases (ch. 13) D. Cleansing of diseases (ch. 14) E. Unclean discharges (ch. 15)IV."}], "id": "GEactjNCCLDVq6A4TLad", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Themes | Atonement", "text": "Atonement rituals involve the pouring or sprinkling of blood as the symbol of the life of the victim: the blood has the power to wipe out or absorb the sin."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | Commentaries on Leviticus", "text": "Leviticus: A Book of Ritual and Ethics."}, {"section_header": "Themes | Sacrifice and ritual", "text": "Many scholars argue that the rituals of Leviticus have a theological meaning concerning Israel's relationship with its God."}, {"section_header": "Themes | Sacrifice and ritual", "text": "Ritual, therefore, is not taking a series of actions for their own sake, but a means of maintaining the relationship between God, the world, and humankind."}, {"section_header": "Themes | Sacrifice and ritual", "text": "The writers expected them to be put into practice in Israel's temple, so the rituals would express this theology as well, as well as ethical concern for the poor."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The reasoning behind the food rules are obscure; for the rest the guiding principle seems to be that all these conditions involve a loss of \"life force\", usually but not always blood."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The instructions of Leviticus emphasize ritual, legal and moral practices rather than beliefs."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | General", "text": "Watts, James W. (2007). Ritual and Rhetoric in Leviticus: From Sacrifice to Scripture."}, {"section_header": "Themes | Atonement", "text": "The two-part division of the book structurally reflects the role of atonement: chapters 1\u201316 call for the establishment of the institution for atonement, and chapters 17\u201327 call for the life of the atoned community in holiness."}, {"section_header": "Themes | Sacrifice and ritual", "text": "He maintained that the priestly regulations in Leviticus expressed a rational system of theological thought."}, {"section_header": "Structure", "text": "10)III. Uncleanliness and its treatment (11:1\u201315:33) A. Unclean animals (ch. 11) B. Childbirth as a source of uncleanliness (ch. 12) C. Unclean diseases (ch. 13) D. Cleansing of diseases (ch. 14) E. Unclean discharges (ch. 15)IV."}], "text": "Leviticus doesn't consider any natural and unavoidable facets of life as ritually dirty.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Leviticus"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "BTS (Korean: \ubc29\ud0c4\uc18c\ub144\ub2e8; RR: Bangtan Sonyeondan), also known as the Bangtan Boys, is a seven-member South Korean boy band who began formation in 2010 and debuted in 2013."}], "id": "GNXSnJbo4sP2SwC9hqFi", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Name", "text": "The group's name, BTS, stands for the Korean expression Bangtan Sonyeondan (Korean: \ubc29\ud0c4\uc18c\ub144\ub2e8; Hanja: \u9632\u5f48\u5c11\u5e74\u5718), literally meaning \"Bulletproof Boy Scouts\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "BTS (Korean: \ubc29\ud0c4\uc18c\ub144\ub2e8; RR: Bangtan Sonyeondan), also known as the Bangtan Boys, is a seven-member South Korean boy band who began formation in 2010 and debuted in 2013."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2019: Map of the Soul: Persona, stadium world tour and BTS World", "text": "The group outgrossed legacy rock acts like the Rolling Stones, Metallica, and KISS, as well as fellow boy band the Backstreet Boys, making them the top-grossing touring group of 2019."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2018: Worldwide recognition", "text": "In April, the group also released their third Japanese studio album, Face Yourself, which debuted at number 43 on the Billboard 200 as the third-highest-charting Japanese album in the history of the chart."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2017: International expansion and collaborations", "text": "In December, they also became the first K-pop group to perform on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve to welcome the new year and made their Japanese TV music show debut on TV Asahi's Japan Music Station Super Live."}, {"section_header": "Name", "text": "In July 2017, BTS announced that their name would also stand for \"Beyond the Scene\" as part of their new brand identity."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2019: Map of the Soul: Persona, stadium world tour and BTS World", "text": "\"Boy With Luv\" debuted at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100, the highest in history for a Korean group, and its music video became the most-viewed online video within the first 24 hours as of 2019, accumulating more than 74.6 million views."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2019: Map of the Soul: Persona, stadium world tour and BTS World", "text": "BTS released their tenth Japanese single \"Lights\" on July 3."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Influences", "text": "BTS have cited Seo Taiji and Boys, Justin Bieber, Nas, Eminem, Kanye West, Drake, Post Malone, Charlie Puth and Danger as musical inspirations."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2018: Worldwide recognition", "text": "Philip Cosores from Uproxx described BTS' four nights at the Staples Center as an \"enormous, multi-sensory experience\" bringing an \"inclusive\" and \"multicultural experience\" where music is above any language barrier, while Crystal Bell from MTV said \"BTS have created an experience so captivating, so inclusive, and so visually stunning that it's cemented the boy band as one of the most vital acts in pop music today.\" That October, with more than a year remaining in their contract, BTS renewed their contract with Big Hit Entertainment through 2026.In early November 2018, a popular Japanese music show cancelled BTS' performance citing a T-shirt a member wore the year before."}], "text": "The Japanese music group BTS or the Bangtan Boys' acronym stands for \"Bulletproof Boy Scouts.\"", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "BTS (band)"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The daughter of actors John Aniston and Nancy Dow"}], "id": "GPgOdsMXC7EKECNpUKPz", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Aniston's godfather was actor Telly Savalas, one of her father's best friends."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Her parents split up when she was nine years old."}, {"section_header": "Career | Friends and breakout (1994\u20132004)", "text": "Aniston's biggest commercial success in film has been the comedy"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Divorced from actor Brad Pitt, to whom she was married for five years, Aniston is separated from actor Justin Theroux, whom she married in 2015."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Relationships", "text": "She was romantically involved with actor Tate Donovan."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The daughter of actors John Aniston and Nancy Dow"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Morning Show, for which she won another Screen Actors Guild Award."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Relationships", "text": "Aniston started a relationship with actor, director, and screenwriter Justin Theroux in May 2011."}, {"section_header": "Career | Friends and breakout (1994\u20132004)", "text": "While the film received mixed reviews, it was a moderate commercial success, and Aniston's performance was more warmly received, with many critics suggesting that she had screen presence."}, {"section_header": "Career | Friends and breakout (1994\u20132004)", "text": "She's the One. Aniston's first starring vehicle was Picture Perfect (1997), in which she played a struggling young advertising executive opposite Kevin Bacon and Jay Mohr."}], "text": "Aniston's parents were actors.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Jennifer Aniston"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Horace Greeley (February 3, 1811 \u2013 November 29, 1872) was an American newspaper editor and publisher who was the founder and editor of the New-York Tribune, among the great newspapers of its time."}], "id": "GQQ5L5L0lq5KRE6BuA7h", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Horace Greeley was born on February 3, 1811, on a farm about five miles from Amherst, New Hampshire."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Greeley was born to a poor family in Amherst, New Hampshire."}, {"section_header": "Notes and references | Bibliography", "text": "Horace Greeley: Founder of The New York Tribune."}, {"section_header": "Editor of the Tribune | Early years (1841\u20131848)", "text": "In the early days, Greeley's chief assistant was Henry J. Raymond, who a decade later founded The New York Times."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Horace Greeley (February 3, 1811 \u2013 November 29, 1872) was an American newspaper editor and publisher who was the founder and editor of the New-York Tribune, among the great newspapers of its time."}, {"section_header": "Editor of the Tribune | Early years (1841\u20131848)", "text": "At the time, New York had many newspapers, dominated by James Gordon Bennett's New York Herald, which with a circulation of about 55,000 had more readers than its combined competition."}, {"section_header": "Notes and references | Bibliography", "text": "Tuchinsky, Adam (2009). Horace Greeley's New-York Tribune: Civil War\u2013"}, {"section_header": "Editor of the Tribune | Influence (1849\u20131860)", "text": "Greeley was angered over patronage disputes and felt that Seward was courting the rival The New York Times for support."}, {"section_header": "Appraisal", "text": "The name survived until 2013, when the International Herald-Tribune became the International New York Times."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His father's family was of English descent, and his forebears included early settlers of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, while his mother's family descended from Scots-Irish immigrants from the village of Garvagh in County Londonderry who had settled Londonderry, New Hampshire."}], "text": "Horace Greeley founded the New York Times and was born in New Hampshire.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Horace Greeley"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Morphology", "text": "Bacterial cells are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5\u20135.0 micrometres in length."}], "id": "GRZRIXv08NaZjjVlTi3C", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Typically a few micrometres in length"}, {"section_header": "Morphology", "text": "However, a few species are visible to the unaided eye\u2014for example, Thiomargarita namibiensis is up to half a millimetre long and Epulopiscium fishelsoni reaches 0.7 mm."}, {"section_header": "Morphology", "text": "Bacterial cells are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5\u20135.0 micrometres in length."}, {"section_header": "Cellular structure | Extracellular structures", "text": "Flagella are rigid protein structures, about 20 nanometres in diameter and up to 20 micrometres in length, that are used for motility."}, {"section_header": "Cellular structure | Extracellular structures", "text": "Fimbriae (sometimes called \"attachment pili\") are fine filaments of protein, usually 2\u201310 nanometres in diameter and up to several micrometres in length."}, {"section_header": "Cellular structure | Extracellular structures", "text": "There are broadly speaking two different types of cell wall in bacteria, that classify bacteria into Gram-positive bacteria  and Gram-negative bacteria."}, {"section_header": "Interactions with other organisms | Predators", "text": "Some species of bacteria kill and then consume other microorganisms, these species are called predatory bacteria."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Bacteria ( (listen); common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) are a type of biological cell."}, {"section_header": "Classification and identification", "text": "Culture techniques are designed to promote the growth and identify particular bacteria, while restricting the growth of the other bacteria in the sample."}, {"section_header": "Genetics", "text": "Mutation rates vary widely among different species of bacteria and even among different clones of a single species of bacteria."}], "text": "Bacteria are about 10 mm in length.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Bacteria"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Analysis and criticism | Length", "text": "The Riverside edition constitutes 4,042 lines totaling 29,551 words, typically requiring over four hours to stage."}], "id": "GXu9sR3V6g1NdNDda615", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is Shakespeare's longest play with 30,557 words."}, {"section_header": "Analysis and criticism | Length", "text": "The Riverside edition constitutes 4,042 lines totaling 29,551 words, typically requiring over four hours to stage."}, {"section_header": "Context and interpretation | Psychoanalytic | Sigmund Freud", "text": "Freud does not offer over-all interpretations of the plays, but uses the two tragedies to illustrate and corroborate his psychological theories, which are based on his treatments of his patients and on his studies."}, {"section_header": "Analysis and criticism | Length", "text": "Hamlet is Shakespeare's longest play."}, {"section_header": "Texts", "text": "Each text contains material that the other lacks, with many minor differences in wording: scarcely 200 lines are identical in the two."}, {"section_header": "Texts", "text": "Q2 is the longest early edition, although it omits about 77 lines found in F1 (most likely to avoid offending James I's queen, Anne of Denmark)."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Film and TV performances", "text": "Claudius (played by Kyle MacLachlan) became the CEO of \"Denmark Corporation\", having taken over the company by killing his brother."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Film and TV performances", "text": "The film was an early attempt at combining sound and film, music and words were recorded on phonograph records, to be played along with the film."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Film and TV performances", "text": "Branagh's Hamlet runs for just over four hours."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet (), is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601."}], "text": "The tragedy is a one of the longest play with over 4,500 lines and 30,000 words", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 9, "wikipedia_page": "Hamlet"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Adaptations | Television", "text": "The story has been adapted three times for television."}], "id": "GdX6voanc4WzgYFawVmP", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Religious themes", "text": "One of the most significant themes seen in C. S. Lewis's The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe is the theme of Christianity."}, {"section_header": "Writing", "text": "Lewis described the origin of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe in an essay titled"}, {"section_header": "Writing", "text": "The manuscript of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was complete by the end of March 1949."}, {"section_header": "Reading order", "text": "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was originally published as the first book in the Narnia Chronicles."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Theatre", "text": "In 2012 Michael Fentiman with Rupert Goold co-directed The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe at a Threesixty 'tented production' in Kensington Gardens, London."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2003, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was ranked ninth on the BBC's The Big Read poll."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a fantasy novel for children by C. S. Lewis, published by Geoffrey Bles in 1950."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The lion Aslan gives his life to save one of the children; he later rises from the dead, vanquishes the White Witch, and crowns the children Kings and Queens of Narnia."}, {"section_header": "Religious themes", "text": "The lion Aslan is one of the largest examples, as his death is very similar to that of Jesus Christ."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Television", "text": "In 1979, an animated TV movie, directed by Peanuts director Bill Mel\u00e9ndez, was broadcast and won the first Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Television", "text": "The story has been adapted three times for television."}], "text": "The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe has seen adaptations thrice on TV.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "University of Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne made arrangements for Medwick to play football there, however Medwick decided to forgo college and enter professional baseball."}], "id": "Gqy1iDTMh6gYK3I8AZg8", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Joseph Michael Medwick (November 24, 1911 \u2013 March 21, 1975), nicknamed \"Ducky\", was an American Major League Baseball player."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "University of Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne made arrangements for Medwick to play football there, however Medwick decided to forgo college and enter professional baseball."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "He made his MLB debut with the Cardinals in 1932."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Upon being asked by the Pope what his vocation was, Medwick replied, \"Your Holiness, I'm Joe Medwick."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "During a USO tour by a number of players in 1944, Medwick was among several individuals given an audience by Pope Pius XII, who had been Cardinal Secretary of State before his elevation to the papacy."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Medwick entered professional baseball with the Scottdale Scotties of the Middle Atlantic League in 1930."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "He said that Dressen would whistle each time he saw the sign for a curveball."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A left fielder with the St. Louis Cardinals during the \"Gashouse Gang\" era of the 1930s"}, {"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "In later years, Medwick worked as a hitting coach in the Cardinals spring training camps and minor league system, his role with the team at the time of his death."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "\"Medwick won the National League Triple Crown and the NL Most Valuable Player in 1937, remaining the last NL player to win a Triple Crown."}], "text": "Joe Medwick was a professional MLB player that was nicknamed ducky and that played with a pigskin during his time at university.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Joe Medwick"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Angered when they rebuffed his recommendation to draft future Hall of Famer Derek Jeter in favor of Phil Nevin, he quit shortly after."}], "id": "GxdcSL9qObfJWtcNoufU", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Harold Newhouser (May 20, 1921 \u2013 November 10, 1998), nicknamed \"Prince Hal\", was an American professional baseball player."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "Newhouser won the first Sporting News Pitcher of the Year Award in 1944.By the 1945 season, Newhouser had been selected for three consecutive AL All-Star teams."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He later worked as a scout for several MLB teams, including the Houston Astros."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Later career", "text": "After being released by the Tigers following the 1953 season, Newhouser signed on with the Cleveland Indians and was their top long reliever in 1954, when Cleveland won 111 games and the pennant."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "A Tigers scout offered a $500 signing bonus to Newhouser, who found the sum of money to be unimaginable."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "During his playing days, Newhouser's teammates nicknamed him \"Prince Hal\" because of the way he carried himself."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "Newhouser became the first pitcher to repeat as MVP that season and helped the team win the World Series."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "He became the youngest player (24) to win the award in two consecutive years."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "As a scout with the Orioles, Newhouser discovered Milt Pappas, a Detroit high schooler who went on to win 209 games in an All-Star career \u2014 two more than Newhouser did."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "As World War II got under way, the Tigers moved up in the standings because several of their top players, including Newhouser, were classified as 4-F (ineligible to be drafted)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Angered when they rebuffed his recommendation to draft future Hall of Famer Derek Jeter in favor of Phil Nevin, he quit shortly after."}], "text": "Hal Newhouser resigned being a scout after the team did not select a certain player.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Hal Newhouser"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It stars John Wayne, Maureen O'Hara, Barry Fitzgerald, Ward Bond and Victor McLaglen."}], "id": "H4nro9TJwX5BN41kPOQE", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Home video", "text": "The Special features on this edition include \"The Making of the Quiet Man\" Documentary with Leonard Maltin, and \"The Joy of Ireland\" Documentary with Maureen O'Hara and Andrew V. McLaglen, and \"Remembering The Quiet Man Montage\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Quiet Man is a 1952 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by John Ford."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Quiet Man won the Academy Award for Best Director for John Ford, his fourth, and for Best Cinematography."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": ", \"Director John Ford and star John Wayne depart the Western for the Irish countryside, and the result is a beautifully photographed, often comedic romance."}, {"section_header": "Home video", "text": "In 2010 there was a documentary called Dreaming The Quiet Man made about the journey and making of The Quiet Man."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It stars John Wayne, Maureen O'Hara, Barry Fitzgerald, Ward Bond and Victor McLaglen."}, {"section_header": "Home video", "text": "It included the documentary \"The Making of the Quiet Man\" with Leonard Maltin."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "In the 1920s, Sean Thornton (John Wayne), an Irish-born American from Pittsburgh, travels to his birthplace\u2014\"Inisfree\", Ireland\u2014to purchase his family's former farm."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "The Quiet Man Fan Club holds its annual general meeting in Ashford Castle."}, {"section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "When Maureen O'Hara died in October 2015, her family stated she listened to music from The Quiet Man during her final hours."}], "text": "The Quiet Man has John Wayne featured in it.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Quiet Man"}
{"category": "NOCAT", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Innocent greatly extended the scope of the Crusades, directing crusades against Muslim Spain and the Holy Land as well as the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars in southern France."}], "id": "H5aTOG1wF2U6IdZp4Ljh", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Crusades and suppression of heresy", "text": "Pope Innocent III spent a majority of his tenure as Pope (1198\u20131216) preparing for a great crusade on the Holy Land."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Francis of Assisi", "text": "The Cardinal, who was the confessor of Pope Innocent III, was immediately sympathetic to Francis and agreed to represent Francis to the pope."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Innocent greatly extended the scope of the Crusades, directing crusades against Muslim Spain and the Holy Land as well as the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars in southern France."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Reassertion of papal power", "text": "As pope, Innocent III began with a very wide sense of his responsibility and of his authority."}, {"section_header": "General sources", "text": "Moore, John C. \" Pope Innocent III, Sardinia, and the Papal State."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pope Innocent III (Latin: Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 \u2013 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei"}, {"section_header": "Biography | Crusades and suppression of heresy", "text": "King Peter II of Aragon, Count of Barcelona, was directly involved in the conflict, and was killed in the course of the Battle of Muret in 1213."}, {"section_header": "General sources", "text": "Moore, John C. Pope Innocent III (1160/61-1216): To Root Up and to Plant."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Feudal power over Europe", "text": "At the request of England's King John, Pope Innocent III declared the Magna Carta annulled, resulting in a rebellion by the English Barons who rejected the disenfranchisement."}, {"section_header": "General sources", "text": "Bolton, Brenda, Innocent III."}], "text": "Pope Innocent III was a great peacemaker and was against killing.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Pope Innocent III"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film, the fourth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and a standalone sequel to At World's End (2007)."}], "id": "H6Xs4GG5xB9rCA1ha0bS", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception | Box office | Outside North America", "text": "Outside North America, On Stranger Tides is the sixth-highest-grossing film, the third-highest-grossing Disney film, the second-highest-grossing 2011 film and the highest-grossing film of the Pirates of the Caribbean series."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Box office", "text": "It is the 37th highest-grossing film worldwide, the third-highest-grossing 2011 film, the second most successful installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean series, the 20th highest-grossing Disney feature and the fourth highest-grossing fourth film in a franchise (behind Avengers: Endgame, Jurassic World and Transformers: Age of Extinction)."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Angelica agrees and drinks from the second chalice."}, {"section_header": "Cast", "text": "Greg Ellis as Lt. Cmdr. Theodore Groves: Barbossa's second-in-command, former second-in-command of Cutler Beckett and James Norrington's crew."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the first film in the series not to be directed by Gore Verbinski, replaced by Rob Marshall."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was the first film in the series to be released in the Disney Digital 3-D and IMAX 3D formats."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film, the fourth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and a standalone sequel to At World's End (2007)."}, {"section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "The film's score was written by Hans Zimmer, who had worked in all of the previous entries in the franchise; being the main composer for the second and third installments."}, {"section_header": "Release | Promotion", "text": "Promotional tie-ins included Lego Pirates of the Caribbean toy sets and a related video game, a cell phone app by Verizon Wireless, a special edition of Pirate's Booty, lines of nail polish by OPI, clothing from Hot Topic, and jewelry from Swarovski."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Drinking from one chalice containing a mermaid's tear will extend life; the second person dies, their remaining years of life transferred to the other drinker."}], "text": "It is the second film in the series.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History", "text": "Isomerism was first observed in 1827, when Friedrich W\u00f6hler prepared silver cyanate and discovered that, although its elemental composition of AgCNO was identical to silver fulminate (prepared by Justus von Liebig the previous year), its properties were distinct."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "After additional discoveries of the same sort were made, such as W\u00f6hler's 1828 discovery that urea has the same atomic composition (CH4N2O) as the chemically distinct ammonium cyanate, J\u00f6ns Jacob Berzelius introduced the term isomerism in 1830 to describe the phenomenon."}], "id": "HDAR9ehZWTm70hIaT8xn", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History", "text": "This finding challenged the prevailing chemical understanding of the time, which held that chemical compounds could be distinct only when their elemental compositions differ."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Isomerism was first observed in 1827, when Friedrich W\u00f6hler prepared silver cyanate and discovered that, although its elemental composition of AgCNO was identical to silver fulminate (prepared by Justus von Liebig the previous year), its properties were distinct."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "Isomer (; from Greek \u1f30\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae\u03c2, isomer\u00e8s; isos = \"equal\", m\u00e9ros = \"part\") is the root of \"isomer\"."}, {"section_header": "Stereoisomers", "text": "While structural isomers typically have distinct chemical properties, stereoisomers behave identically in most chemical reactions, except in their reaction with other stereoisomers."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "After additional discoveries of the same sort were made, such as W\u00f6hler's 1828 discovery that urea has the same atomic composition (CH4N2O) as the chemically distinct ammonium cyanate, J\u00f6ns Jacob Berzelius introduced the term isomerism in 1830 to describe the phenomenon."}, {"section_header": "Structural isomers | Example: propanols and methoxyethane", "text": "Methoxyethane is an ether, not an alcohol, because it lacks a hydroxyl group, and it has chemical properties more similar to other ethers than to either of the above alcohol isomers."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In chemistry, isomers are molecules or polyatomic ions with identical chemical formulas but distinct arrangements of atoms in space."}, {"section_header": "Other types of isomerism", "text": "There are also isotopomers or isotopic isomers that have the same numbers of each type of isotopic substitution but in chemically different positions."}, {"section_header": "Structural isomers", "text": "Structural isomers differ in terms of the connectivity of some or all constituent atoms."}, {"section_header": "Structural isomers | Example: propanols and methoxyethane", "text": "Another isomer of C3H8O: methoxyethane (ethyl-methyl-ether; III)."}], "text": "Isomers were discovered by Frenchman Francis Iso whom named the chemical composition chain after himself.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Isomer"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Place in the Sun is a 1951 American drama film based on the 1925 novel An American Tragedy by Theodore Dreiser and the 1926 play, also titled An American Tragedy."}], "id": "HE09uSFCYMdPdGhOAXPR", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1991, A Place in the Sun was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Place in the Sun is a 1951 American drama film based on the 1925 novel An American Tragedy by Theodore Dreiser and the 1926 play, also titled An American Tragedy."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It tells the story of a working-class young man who is entangled with two women: one who works in his wealthy uncle's factory, and the other a beautiful socialite."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Critics cite the soporific pace, the exaggerated melodrama, and the outdated social commentary as qualities present in A Place in the Sun that are not present in the great films of the era, such as those by Alfred Hitchcock and Elia Kazan, although the performances by Clift, Taylor, and Winters continue to receive praise."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Alice is a poor and inexperienced girl who is dazzled by George and slow to believe that his Eastman name brings him no advantages."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "All these works were inspired by the real-life murder of Grace Brown by Chester Gillette in 1906, which resulted in Gillette's conviction and execution by electric chair in 1908.A Place in the Sun was directed by George Stevens from a screenplay by Harry Brown and Michael Wilson, and stars Montgomery Clift, Elizabeth Taylor, and Shelley Winters; its supporting actors included Anne Revere, and Raymond Burr."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "He acts nervously when he rents a boat from a man who seems to deduce that George gave him a false name; the man's suspicions are aroused more when George asks him whether any other boaters are on the lake (none are)."}], "text": "A Place in the Sun is structured on the book by the same name.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "A Place in the Sun (film)"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Joseph Paul DiMaggio (November 25, 1914 \u2013 March 8, 1999), nicknamed \"Joltin' Joe\" and \"The Yankee Clipper\", was an American baseball center fielder who played his entire 13-year career in Major League Baseball for the New York Yankees."}], "id": "HMTk41UVoqA1M8yQxl9w", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His team won the 1935 PCL title, and DiMaggio was named the league's Most Valuable Player."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Giuseppe called him \"lazy\" and \"good-for-nothing."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He was named Paolo after his father Giuseppe's favorite saint, Saint Paul."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "At his death, The New York Times called DiMaggio's 1941 56-game hitting streak \"perhaps the most enduring record in sports."}, {"section_header": "Major league career | 1941 hitting streak", "text": "His Harvard colleague Stephen Jay Gould, citing Purcell's work, called DiMaggio's 56-game achievement \"the most extraordinary thing that ever happened in American sports\"."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture | Art", "text": "LeRoy Neiman: Joe DiMaggio, New York Yankees (1969), Joe DiMaggio, San Francisco Seals (1989), and The DiMaggio Cut (1998) Bruce Stark: caricature of DiMaggio and Mickey Mantle sold at auction for $700 Mark Ulriksen: illustration of DiMaggio for the cover of the April 12, 1999"}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "DiMaggio had been his favorite player."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture | Theater", "text": "Insignificance (1982) by Terry Johnson: The Ballplayer is based on DiMaggio Marilyn: An American Fable (1983): DiMaggio is a character Arthur and Joe (2012) by Allan Havis: DiMaggio is a character"}, {"section_header": "In popular culture | Art", "text": "Bart Forbes: illustration of DiMaggio for the July 1999 Boys' Life  Zenos Frudakis: bronze sculpture of DiMaggio for the Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital Bill Gallo: caricature of DiMaggio and Ted Williams sold at auction for $750 Red Grooms: Joltin' Joe Takes a Swing installation (1985\u20131988) Stephen Holland: Joe DiMaggio (2005) Armand LaMontagne: 1991 giclee of DiMaggio sold at auction for $325 Tommy McDonald: paintings of DiMaggio sold at auction for $4,000, and $2,300 Willard Mullin: 1936 drawing of DiMaggio sold at auction for $2,600"}, {"section_header": "In popular culture | Movies", "text": "The Goddess: \"Dutch Seymour\" is based on DiMaggio Insignificance: \"The Ballplayer\" is based on DiMaggio Blonde (2021), played by Bobby Cannavale"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Joseph Paul DiMaggio (November 25, 1914 \u2013 March 8, 1999), nicknamed \"Joltin' Joe\" and \"The Yankee Clipper\", was an American baseball center fielder who played his entire 13-year career in Major League Baseball for the New York Yankees."}], "text": "DiMaggio had 2 other names that he was called.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Joe DiMaggio"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the second of four official adaptations of A Star Is Born, with the first in 1937 starring Janet Gaynor and Fredric March, the third in 1976 starring Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson and the fourth in 2018 starring Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper."}], "id": "HOxZujvJC9phV6uHJZib", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Remakes", "text": "A Star Is Born, itself a remake, was again remade in 1976 with Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "A Star Is Born cost more than $5 million, making it one of the more expensive films made in Hollywood at that time."}, {"section_header": "Remakes", "text": "The film was remade in Bollywood as Aashiqui 2 in 2013."}, {"section_header": "Remakes", "text": "Filming began April 17, 2017, and the film was released on October 5, 2018.All four of the official \" A Star is Born\" movies have been nominated for at least four Academy Awards."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the second of four official adaptations of A Star Is Born, with the first in 1937 starring Janet Gaynor and Fredric March, the third in 1976 starring Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson and the fourth in 2018 starring Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Star Is Born is a 1954 American musical film written by Moss Hart, starring Judy Garland and James Mason, and directed by George Cukor."}, {"section_header": "1983 film restoration", "text": "Is Born was found and shown for the first time in the program - Garland singing \"When My Sugar Walks Down the Street\", which was deleted from the \"Born in a Trunk\" sequence."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "A Star Is Born with his then-wife Judy Garland in the lead role."}, {"section_header": "Remakes", "text": "The latest remake of A Star Is Born stars Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga, who also created new music for the project."}, {"section_header": "Soundtrack releases", "text": "The original Columbia 1954 mono vinyl version of the soundtrack has been released on CD in Britain by Prism Leisure and is available for digital download."}], "text": "A Star Is Born was released and remade in 1954 from a 1937 film which has been remade four more times.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "A Star Is Born (1954 film)"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "They switched because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate James G. Blaine."}], "id": "HP2IbTl53sfbyFnMYovH", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Mugwumps were Republican political activists in the United States who switched parties from the Republican Party by supporting Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the presidential election of 1884."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "They switched because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate James G. Blaine."}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "In the spoils system, the winning candidate would dole out government positions to those who had supported his political party prior to the election."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "New England and the Northeast had been a stronghold of the Republican Party since the Civil War era, but the Mugwumps considered Blaine to be an untrustworthy and fraudulent candidate."}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "This division among Republicans may have contributed to the victory in 1884 of Grover Cleveland, the first President elected from the Democratic party since the Civil War."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Their idealism and reform sensibilities led them to oppose the political corruption in the politics of the Gilded Age."}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "In the period from 1876 to 1892, presidential elections were closely contested at the national level, but the states themselves were mostly dominated by a single party, with Democrats prevailing in the South and the Republicans in the Northeast."}, {"section_header": "Notable Mugwumps", "text": "Seth Low, Republican mayor of Brooklyn, New York in 1884 who lost his party's support due to his backing Cleveland and stepped down rather than attempting to run for a third term in 1885"}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "Blaine was from the reform wing of his own party, but the Mugwumps rejected his candidacy."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Many Mugwumps became Democrats or remained independents and most continued to support reform well into the 20th century."}], "text": "The Mugwumps were a group of men who voted Democrat due to the corrupt candidate in their political party.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Mugwump"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Civil war and peak of power", "text": "From the 1040s to 1130, the country was at peace."}], "id": "HPA0D93pqUGn5NtGXqLl", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Civil war and peak of power", "text": "The wars ended in 1217 with the appointment of H\u00e5kon H\u00e5konsson, who introduced clear law of succession."}, {"section_header": "History | Civil war and peak of power", "text": "In 1130, the civil war era broke out on the basis of unclear succession laws, which allowed all the king's sons to rule jointly."}, {"section_header": "History | Civil war and peak of power", "text": "From the 1040s to 1130, the country was at peace."}, {"section_header": "History | Civil war and peak of power", "text": "For periods there could be peace, before a lesser son allied himself with a chieftain and started a new conflict."}, {"section_header": "Politics and government | Judicial system and law enforcement", "text": "The counties of Norway are: Norway uses a civil law system where laws are created and amended in Parliament and the system regulated through the Courts of justice of Norway."}, {"section_header": "History | Civil war and peak of power", "text": "Later plagues reduced the population to half the starting point by 1400."}, {"section_header": "History | Civil war and peak of power", "text": "From 1000 to 1300, the population increased from 150,000 to 400,000, resulting both in more land being cleared and the subdivision of farms."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Norway remained neutral until April 1940 when the country was invaded and occupied by Germany until the end of Second World War."}, {"section_header": "History | Civil war and peak of power", "text": "The church inevitably had to take sides in the conflicts, with the civil wars also becoming an issue regarding the church's influence of the king."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Music", "text": "Norway enjoys many music festivals throughout the year, all over the country."}], "text": "The country of Norway had a period of civil war that ended in 1130 which started over not having clear succession laws.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Norway"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The last four books consecutively set records as the fastest-selling books in history, with the final installment selling roughly eleven million copies in the United States within twenty-four hours of its release."}], "id": "HabjCrDsqwar5LsFLplT", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The last four books consecutively set records as the fastest-selling books in history, with the final installment selling roughly eleven million copies in the United States within twenty-four hours of its release."}, {"section_header": "Achievements | Cultural impact", "text": "The final book in the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows became the fastest selling book in history, moving 11 million units in the first twenty-four hours of release."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "As of February 2018, the books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide, making them the best-selling book series in history, and have been translated into eighty languages."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Voldemort returns", "text": "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the last original novel in the series, begins directly after the events of the sixth book."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Publishing history", "text": "The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Early years", "text": "In this book, a recurring theme throughout the series is emphasised \u2013 in every book there is a new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher, none of whom lasts more than one school year."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Publishing history", "text": "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series, at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Completion of the series", "text": "It read: \"J. K. Rowling finished writing Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in this room (552) on 11 January 2007.\"Rowling herself has stated that the last chapter of the final book (in fact, the epilogue) was completed \"in something like 1990\"."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Cover art", "text": "Due to the appeal of the books among an adult audience, Bloomsbury commissioned a second line of editions in an 'adult' style."}, {"section_header": "Achievements | Awards, honours, and recognition", "text": "The Harry Potter series has been recognised by a host of awards since the initial publication of Philosopher's Stone including four Whitaker Platinum Book Awards (all of which were awarded in 2001), three Nestl\u00e9 Smarties Book Prizes (1997\u20131999), two Scottish Arts Council Book Awards (1999 and 2001), the inaugural Whitbread children's book of the year award (1999), the WHSmith book of the year (2006), among others."}], "text": "The last four books of the Harry Potter series are the second fastest selling books in history.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Harry Potter"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Wilver Dornell Stargell (March 6, 1940 \u2013 April 9, 2001), nicknamed \"Pops\" later in his career, was an American professional baseball left fielder and first baseman who spent all of his 21 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) (1962\u20131982) with the Pittsburgh Pirates."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Stargell was born in Earlsboro, Oklahoma, but later moved to Florida with an aunt after his parents divorced."}], "id": "HfptJ16YkT36cDOFwyxK", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Champion Enterprises sponsors a Willie Stargell Memorial Awards Banquet which raises money for disadvantaged children in Pittsburgh."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "After Stargell died, Joe Morgan said, \"When I played, there were 600 baseball players, and 599 of them loved Willie Stargell."}, {"section_header": "MLB career", "text": "Beloved in Pittsburgh for his style of play and affable manner, Stargell hit seven of the 18 balls ever hit over"}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Stargell signed with the Pittsburgh Pirates organization and entered minor league baseball in 1959.Stargell played for farm teams in New Mexico, North Dakota, Iowa, Texas, North Carolina, and Ohio."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Stargell was born in Earlsboro, Oklahoma, but later moved to Florida with an aunt after his parents divorced."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Later, he returned to Alameda, California, to live with his mother."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "He had an awkward interaction with the Pirates that season when the team wanted to schedule a Willie Stargell Night to honor his Hall of Fame election."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | 1970s", "text": "He shared the Sports Illustrated magazine's \"Sportsmen of the Year\" award with NFL quarterback Terry Bradshaw, who also played at Three Rivers Stadium, for the Pittsburgh Steelers."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | 1960s", "text": "Stargell began and ended the season as the Pirates' everyday left-fielder, but spent extended periods playing first base as well."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | 1970s", "text": "The season was scheduled to end in a dramatic, four-game showdown against the Phillies in Pittsburgh, in which the Pirates had to win all four games to claim the title."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Wilver Dornell Stargell (March 6, 1940 \u2013 April 9, 2001), nicknamed \"Pops\" later in his career, was an American professional baseball left fielder and first baseman who spent all of his 21 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) (1962\u20131982) with the Pittsburgh Pirates."}], "text": "Willie Stargell played his whole career for the Pittsburgh Pirates and and lived with his aunt.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Willie Stargell"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Han dynasty (Chinese: \u6f22\u671d; pinyin: H\u00e0nch\u00e1o) was the second imperial dynasty of China (202 BC\u2013220 AD), preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221\u2013206 BC) and a warring interregnum known as the Chu-Han contention (206\u2013202 BC), and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220\u2013280 AD)."}], "id": "Hi35CrWgVilINLdgvlD4", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | End of the Han dynasty", "text": "This formally ended the Han dynasty and initiated an age of conflict between three states: Cao Wei, Eastern Wu, and Shu Han."}, {"section_header": "History | Western Han", "text": "At the beginning of the Western Han (traditional Chinese: \u897f\u6f22; simplified Chinese: \u897f\u6c49; pinyin: X\u012bh\u00e0n), also known as the Former Han (traditional Chinese: \u524d\u6f22; simplified Chinese: \u524d\u6c49; pinyin: Qi\u00e1nh\u00e0n) dynasty, thirteen centrally controlled commanderies\u2014including the capital region\u2014existed in the western third of the empire, while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms."}, {"section_header": "Science and technology | Structural and geotechnical engineering", "text": "The oldest surviving wooden halls in China date to the Tang dynasty (AD 618\u2013907)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Han dynasty (Chinese: \u6f22\u671d; pinyin: H\u00e0nch\u00e1o) was the second imperial dynasty of China (202 BC\u2013220 AD), preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221\u2013206 BC) and a warring interregnum known as the Chu-Han contention (206\u2013202 BC), and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220\u2013280 AD)."}, {"section_header": "History | Western Han", "text": "China's first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty (221\u2013207 BC)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty (618\u2013907 AD)."}, {"section_header": "History | End of the Han dynasty", "text": "After Cao's defeat at the naval Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD, China was divided into three spheres of influence, with Cao Cao dominating the north, Sun Quan (182\u2013252 AD) dominating the south, and Liu Bei (161\u2013223 AD) dominating the west."}, {"section_header": "History | Western Han", "text": "The issuing of coinage remained a central government monopoly throughout the rest of the Han dynasty."}, {"section_header": "Science and technology", "text": "The Han dynasty was a unique period in the development of premodern Chinese science and technology, comparable to the level of scientific and technological growth during the Song dynasty (960\u20131279)."}, {"section_header": "Economy | Currency", "text": "The Han dynasty inherited the ban liang coin type from the Qin."}], "text": "The Han dynasty was the third dynasty in China.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Han dynasty"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "In the media | Wealth", "text": "It listed her earnings as $19.5 million in 2018."}], "id": "HjunyjjUm1wTia30vRfi", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "In the media | Wealth", "text": "Aniston is one of the highest-paid actresses in Hollywood as of 2018."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Since her career grew in the early 1990s, Aniston has been one of the highest-paid actresses in Hollywood."}, {"section_header": "Career | Friends and breakout (1994\u20132004)", "text": "According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Aniston (along with her female co-stars) became the highest-paid television actress of all time with her $1 million-per-episode paycheck for the final season of Friends."}, {"section_header": "Works and accolades", "text": "She also garnered one additional Primetime Emmy Award nomination for her guest appearance in 30 Rock, while her performance in Cake earned her nominations at the Golden Globe and SAG Awards."}, {"section_header": "In the media | Wealth", "text": "It listed her earnings as $19.5 million in 2018."}, {"section_header": "Career | Continued film success (2005\u20132013)", "text": "He's Just Not That into You (2009), in which she starred opposite Ben Affleck, grossed $178.8 million globally and ranked number one at the United States box office for its opening weekend."}, {"section_header": "In the media | Wealth", "text": "The magazine estimated her net worth at $110 million in 2007, $150 million in 2014, and $200 million in 2017."}, {"section_header": "Career | Continued film success (2005\u20132013)", "text": "It earned a total of $51.7 million over the four-day weekend and placed number one at the box office, a position it maintained for two weeks."}, {"section_header": "Other ventures", "text": "For roughly $5 million she became the new face of Emirates airline in 2015, which was reportedly a success."}, {"section_header": "Career | Friends and breakout (1994\u20132004)", "text": "Along Came Polly (2004), opposite Ben Stiller, which placed number one at the North American box office, earning $27.7 million in its opening weekend; it eventually made $172 million globally."}], "text": "Earning roughly $30 million in 2017, she is ranked as one of the highest paid actresses in Hollywood.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Jennifer Aniston"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It ranked eighth among high-grossing films of 1967."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Thoroughly Modern Millie is a 1967 American musical-romantic comedy film directed by George Roy Hill and starring Julie Andrews."}], "id": "Hjwt31a6Fxt1nnIyXnZh", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "Also, the film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:  2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs: \"Thoroughly Modern Millie\" \u2013 Nominated 2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals \u2013 Nominated"}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Thoroughly Modern Millie was her last film of the 1960s to make money."}, {"section_header": "Critical reception", "text": "After Thoroughly Modern Millie, he made Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, The Great Waldo Pepper, and the Oscar-winning hit The Sting."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Thoroughly Modern Millie is a 1967 American musical-romantic comedy film directed by George Roy Hill and starring Julie Andrews."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It ranked eighth among high-grossing films of 1967."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "A DVD was issued in 2003. In 1922 New York City, flapper Millie Dillmount is determined to find work as a stenographer to a wealthy businessman and then marry him \u2013 a \"thoroughly modern\" goal."}, {"section_header": "Critical reception", "text": "\"Variety observed \"The first half of Thoroughly Modern Mille (sic) is quite successful in striking and maintaining a gay spirit and pace."}, {"section_header": "Critical reception", "text": "\" The film was one of four nostalgia-based movies that George Roy Hill made."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The soundtrack interpolates new tunes by Jimmy Van Heusen and Sammy Cahn with standard songs from the 1910s and 1920s, including \"Baby Face\" and \"Jazz Baby.\" For use of the latter, the producers had to acquire the rights from General Mills, which had used the melody with various lyrics to promote Wheaties for more than 40 years."}, {"section_header": "Critical reception", "text": "\"Leo Sullivan of The Washington Post wrote \"Highly insignificant and deliberately old-fashioned, the film veers and comments in a broadly stylized way ... All [Ross Hunter] may have produced is a commercial movie but enhancing the entire film is his own personal enthusiasm."}], "text": "Thoroughly Modern Millie was listed among the top ten highest - grossing movies in the year it was released.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Thoroughly Modern Millie"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "On 12 July 1906, Dreyfus was officially exonerated by a military commission."}, {"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "A week later, he was made Knight of the Legion of Honour, and subsequently assigned to command an artillery unit at Vincennes."}], "id": "HmjT1J2yTFvkbw6QOBNV", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "Esterhazy was found not guilty by a secret court martial, before fleeing to England."}, {"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "On 5 January 1895, Dreyfus was summarily convicted in a secret court martial, publicly stripped of his army rank, and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island in French Guiana."}, {"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "Following a passionate campaign by Dreyfus's supporters, including leading artists and intellectuals such as \u00c9mile Zola, he was given a second trial in 1899 and again declared guilty of treason despite the evidence in favor of his innocence."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The incident has gone down in history as the Dreyfus affair, the reverberations from which were felt throughout Europe."}, {"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "For two years, until July 1906, he lived in a state of house-arrest with one of his sisters at Carpentras, and later at Cologny."}, {"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "However, due to public opinion, Dreyfus was offered and accepted a pardon by President \u00c9mile Loubet in 1899 and released from prison; this was a compromise that saved face for the military's mistake."}, {"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "Had Dreyfus refused the pardon, he would have been returned to Devil's Island, a fate he could no longer emotionally cope with; so officially Dreyfus remained a traitor to France, and pointedly remarked upon his release: The government of the Republic has given me back my freedom."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It ultimately ended with Dreyfus's complete exoneration."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Alfred was 10 years old when the Franco-Prussian War broke out in the summer of 1870, and his family moved to Paris following the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine by Germany after the war."}, {"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "the new chief of French military intelligence, Lieutenant Colonel Georges Picquart, reported to his superiors that he had found  evidence to the effect that the real traitor was the Major Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy."}, {"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "On 12 July 1906, Dreyfus was officially exonerated by a military commission."}, {"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "A week later, he was made Knight of the Legion of Honour, and subsequently assigned to command an artillery unit at Vincennes."}], "text": "Despite the horrible unfairness of the Dreyfus incident, in which Alfred Dreyfus was falsely imprisoned for a crime he did not commit, found guilty during a secret court martial and only years later pardoned for the crime, the whole affair ended in a much less horrific way.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Alfred Dreyfus"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Accolades", "text": "2009 \u2013 1st on the ranking of the World's Best Airport by Cond\u00e9 Nast Traveler magazine, based on its satisfaction survey."}], "id": "HnN651L0yoRRDkNS5gbI", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Terminals | Terminal 3 | System, security and luggage", "text": "Passengers will be able to check-in their luggage at the airport from several hours to even a day before their flights."}, {"section_header": "Accolades", "text": "2011 \u2013 3rd Best Airport Worldwide of the Airport Service Quality Awards by Airports Council International."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It has been the world's second busiest airport in terms of passenger traffic since 2010."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "By 2012, the airport had become the 13th busiest airport in the world by cargo traffic, registering 1,787,027 tons."}, {"section_header": "Accolades", "text": "2009 \u2013 1st on the ranking of the World's Best Airport by Cond\u00e9 Nast Traveler magazine, based on its satisfaction survey."}, {"section_header": "Terminals | Terminal 3", "text": "At the time of its opening, Terminal 3 was the largest airport passenger terminal building in the world."}, {"section_header": "Sister airports", "text": "Manchester Airport Munich Airport Suvarnabhumi Airport"}, {"section_header": "Sister airports", "text": "O'Hare International Airport Helsinki Airport"}, {"section_header": "Sister airports", "text": "Sydney Airport Stockholm Arlanda Airport"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The airport registered 557,167 aircraft movements (take-offs and landings), ranking 6th in the world in 2012."}], "text": "This airport was voted best airport in the world in the year before 2010.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Beijing Capital International Airport"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and profession | Family and education", "text": "Borodin was born in Saint Petersburg as an illegitimate son of a 62-year-old Georgian nobleman, Luka Stepanovich Gedevanishvili, and a married 25-year-old Russian woman, Evdokia Konstantinovna Antonova."}], "id": "HtcjvbocqHonI2dcfQ4o", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and profession | Family and education", "text": "Due to the circumstances of Alexander's birth, the nobleman had him registered as the son of one of his Russian serfs, Porfiry Borodin, hence the composer's Russian last name."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin (Russian: Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin (Russian: \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0438\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d, IPA: [\u0250l\u02b2\u026ak\u02c8sandr p\u0250r\u02c8f\u02b2i\u200ar\u02b2j\u026av\u02b2\u026at\u0255 b\u0259r\u0250\u02c8d\u02b2in] (listen); 12 November 1833 \u2013 27 February 1887) was a Russian chemist and Romantic musical composer of Georgian ancestry."}, {"section_header": "Musical legacy", "text": "Along with some influences from Western composers, as a member of The Five his music has also a Russian style."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Career as a chemist", "text": "During 1873, he described his work to the Russian Chemical Society and noted similarities with compounds recently reported by Wurtz."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Family and education", "text": "As a result of this registration, both Alexander and his nominal Russian father Porfiry were officially serfs of Alexander's biological father Luka."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Musical avocation | Opera and orchestral works", "text": "It is set in the 12th century, when the Russians, commanded by Prince Igor of Seversk, determined to conquer the barbarous Polovtsians by travelling eastward across the Steppes."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was one of the prominent 19th-century composers known as \"The Mighty Handful\", a group dedicated to producing a uniquely Russian kind of classical music, rather than imitating earlier Western European models."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Musical avocation | Opera and orchestral works", "text": "During 1868 Borodin became distracted from initial work on the second symphony by preoccupation with the opera Prince Igor, which is considered by some to be his most significant work and one of the most important historical Russian operas."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Family and education", "text": "Borodin was born in Saint Petersburg as an illegitimate son of a 62-year-old Georgian nobleman, Luka Stepanovich Gedevanishvili, and a married 25-year-old Russian woman, Evdokia Konstantinovna Antonova."}, {"section_header": "Musical legacy", "text": "Borodin's fame outside the Russian Empire was made possible during his lifetime by Franz Liszt, who arranged a performance of the Symphony No. 1 in Germany during 1880, and by the Comtesse de Mercy-Argenteau in Belgium and France."}], "text": "Aleksandr Brorodin was Russian and Austrian descent.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Aleksandr Borodin"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet (), is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601."}], "id": "Hu7RylYtjm3eo19Z4Z8S", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Date", "text": "Hamlet is not among them, suggesting that it had not yet been written."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Act IV", "text": "Gertrude interrupts to report that Ophelia has drowned, though it is unclear whether it was suicide or an accident caused by her madness."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Stage pastiches", "text": "This section is limited to those written for the stage."}, {"section_header": "Date", "text": "Harvey's note says that \"the wiser sort\" enjoy Hamlet, and implies that the Earl of Essex\u2014executed in February 1601 for rebellion\u2014was still alive."}, {"section_header": "Influence", "text": "While Milton did not ultimately go that route, the poem still shows distinct echoes of Shakespearean revenge tragedy, and of Hamlet in particular."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Act III", "text": "When Ophelia enters and tries to return Hamlet's things, Hamlet accuses her of immodesty and cries \"get thee to a nunnery\", though it is unclear whether this, too, is a show of madness or genuine distress."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet (), is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601."}, {"section_header": "Analysis and criticism | Language", "text": "One explanation may be that Hamlet was written later in Shakespeare's life, when he was adept at matching rhetorical devices to characters and the plot."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Act I", "text": "Denmark has a long-standing feud with neighbouring Norway, in which King Hamlet slew King Fortinbras of Norway in a battle some years ago."}, {"section_header": "Analysis and criticism | Dramatic structure", "text": "Scholars still debate whether these twists are mistakes or intentional additions to add to the play's themes of confusion and duality."}], "text": "The exact year when Hamlet was written is still unclear.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Hamlet"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Economy | Energy", "text": "Iran has the world's second largest proved gas reserves after Russia, with 33.6 trillion cubic metres, and the third largest natural gas production after Indonesia and Russia."}], "id": "Hx1tWMjVgpOuidRFXrJI", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Demographics | Ethnic groups", "text": "However, many estimates regarding the number of these two groups differ significantly from the mentioned census; some place the number of ethnic Azerbaijanis in Iran between 21.6\u201330% of the total population, with the majority holding it on 25%.cd"}, {"section_header": "Economy | Energy", "text": "Iran has the world's second largest proved gas reserves after Russia, with 33.6 trillion cubic metres, and the third largest natural gas production after Indonesia and Russia."}, {"section_header": "Name", "text": "The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian \u0112r\u0101n, first attested in a third-century inscription at Rustam Relief, with the accompanying Parthian inscription using the term Ary\u0101n, in reference to the Iranians."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Legislature", "text": "Local city councils are elected by public vote to four-year terms in all cities and villages of Iran."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | President", "text": "The President can only be re-elected for one term."}, {"section_header": "Economy | Energy", "text": "In 2004, a large share of Iran's natural gas reserves were untapped."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Sports", "text": "With two-thirds of the population under the age of 25, many sports are played in Iran."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Fashion and clothing", "text": "Since then, a high number of Iranian girls participated in the Beauty pageant and Miss Universe outside of Iran."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Legislature", "text": "The legislature of Iran, known as the Islamic Consultative Assembly, is a unicameral body comprising 290 members elected for four-year terms."}, {"section_header": "Education, science and technology", "text": "According to a study by SCImago in 2012, Iran would rank fourth in the world in terms of research output by 2018, if the current trend persists."}], "text": "Iran is number two in term of stock of gas internationally.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Iran"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and profession | Family and education", "text": "Despite his status as a commoner, Borodin was well provided for by his Georgian father and grew up in a large four-storey house, which was gifted to Alexander and his \"aunt\" by the nobleman."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin (Russian: Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin (Russian: \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0438\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d, IPA: [\u0250l\u02b2\u026ak\u02c8sandr p\u0250r\u02c8f\u02b2i\u200ar\u02b2j\u026av\u02b2\u026at\u0255 b\u0259r\u0250\u02c8d\u02b2in] (listen); 12 November 1833 \u2013 27 February 1887) was a Russian chemist and Romantic musical composer of Georgian ancestry."}], "id": "Hxv1Lt2QZgiWcJuRyt07", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was one of the prominent 19th-century composers known as \"The Mighty Handful\", a group dedicated to producing a uniquely Russian kind of classical music, rather than imitating earlier Western European models."}, {"section_header": "Musical legacy", "text": "Along with some influences from Western composers, as a member of The Five his music has also a Russian style."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Family and education", "text": "Despite his status as a commoner, Borodin was well provided for by his Georgian father and grew up in a large four-storey house, which was gifted to Alexander and his \"aunt\" by the nobleman."}, {"section_header": "Musical legacy", "text": "His passionate music and unusual harmonies proved to have a lasting influence on the younger French composers Debussy and Ravel (in homage, the latter composed during 1913 a piano piece entitled \"\u00c0 la mani\u00e8re de Borodine\")."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin (Russian: Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin (Russian: \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0438\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d, IPA: [\u0250l\u02b2\u026ak\u02c8sandr p\u0250r\u02c8f\u02b2i\u200ar\u02b2j\u026av\u02b2\u026at\u0255 b\u0259r\u0250\u02c8d\u02b2in] (listen); 12 November 1833 \u2013 27 February 1887) was a Russian chemist and Romantic musical composer of Georgian ancestry."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Family and education", "text": "Due to the circumstances of Alexander's birth, the nobleman had him registered as the son of one of his Russian serfs, Porfiry Borodin, hence the composer's Russian last name."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Family and education", "text": "Borodin was born in Saint Petersburg as an illegitimate son of a 62-year-old Georgian nobleman, Luka Stepanovich Gedevanishvili, and a married 25-year-old Russian woman, Evdokia Konstantinovna Antonova."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Musical avocation | Opera and orchestral works", "text": "Two years later he began composing a third symphony, but left it unfinished at his death; two movements of it were later completed and orchestrated by Alexander Glazunov."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Family and education", "text": "As a result of this registration, both Alexander and his nominal Russian father Porfiry were officially serfs of Alexander's biological father Luka."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Musical avocation | Chamber music", "text": "This early period yielded, among other chamber works, a string sextet and a piano quintet."}], "text": "Alexander Borodin had the status of a nobleman and was a brilliant composer of Russian novels with influence from the prominent piano and harp models.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Aleksandr Borodin"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Newhouser was a schoolboy star at Wilbur Wright High School in his hometown of Detroit, Michigan."}], "id": "I13m5uKPTjViWwXOLgC6", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "Newhouser pitched four innings of relief on the season's final day as Detroit rallied for the pennant."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "He won the pitcher's Triple Crown, leading the AL in wins (25, against nine losses), ERA (1.81) and strikeouts (212); he also led the league in innings pitched, games started, complete games and shutouts."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Newhouser was a schoolboy star at Wilbur Wright High School in his hometown of Detroit, Michigan."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Harold Newhouser (May 20, 1921 \u2013 November 10, 1998), nicknamed \"Prince Hal\", was an American professional baseball player."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "During his playing days, Newhouser's teammates nicknamed him \"Prince Hal\" because of the way he carried himself."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Before he was approached by professional baseball teams, he had been saving money to attend a trade school by working several jobs."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "Newhouser made his debut for Detroit on September 29, 1939."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "Newhouser won the first Sporting News Pitcher of the Year Award in 1944.By the 1945 season, Newhouser had been selected for three consecutive AL All-Star teams."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Later career", "text": "Newhouser was runner-up in the MVP race to Ted Williams."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "His wife, Beryl Newhouser, said that she could not ever remember seeing him with his shirttail untucked."}], "text": "Hal Newhouser was popular in his school in Dearborn.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Hal Newhouser"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1902 through 1917 for the Chicago Cubs, Boston Braves, and Philadelphia Phillies."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Evers was born in Troy, New York."}], "id": "I2B4cY24grPJCFjBZzzd", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal", "text": "Evers' brother, Joe Evers, and uncle, Tom Evers, also played in MLB."}, {"section_header": "Career | Boston Braves and Philadelphia Phillies", "text": "Murphy insisted that Evers had resigned as manager, which Evers denied."}, {"section_header": "Career | Chicago Cubs", "text": "Evers indicated that this was a result of a business deal that cost Evers most of his savings."}, {"section_header": "Career | Coaching and managing career", "text": "Evers rejoined the Braves as a scout."}, {"section_header": "Personal", "text": "Evers married Helen Fitzgibbons."}, {"section_header": "Career | Boston Braves and Philadelphia Phillies", "text": "Due to Evers' declining performance, the Braves placed Evers on waivers at mid-season, and he was claimed by the Philadelphia Phillies."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Evers was born in Troy, New York."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "The store was passed down to Evers' descendants."}, {"section_header": "Career | Chicago Cubs", "text": "Evers played 152 games in the 1904 season."}, {"section_header": "Career | Chicago Cubs", "text": "However, Evers missed the end of the season with a broken leg."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1902 through 1917 for the Chicago Cubs, Boston Braves, and Philadelphia Phillies."}], "text": "Johnny Evers was a Virginian.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Johnny Evers"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Earth, Wind & Fire's songs have been covered by artists including Whitney Houston, D'Angelo, Donny Osmond, Patti LaBelle, Taylor Swift,"}], "id": "I42cruY8hFaB0NYw7FI4", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Earth, Wind & Fire (abbreviated as EW&F or simply EWF) is an American band that has spanned the musical genres of R&B, soul, funk, jazz, disco, pop, rock, dance, Latin, and Afro pop."}, {"section_header": "History | 1975\u20131980: Ornate sound", "text": "The album cut Earth, Wind and Fire"}, {"section_header": "History | 1996\u2013present: Neo period", "text": "Earth, Wind & Fire went on to appear on"}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Earth, Wind & Fire's songs have been covered by artists including Whitney Houston, D'Angelo, Donny Osmond, Patti LaBelle, Taylor Swift,"}, {"section_header": "History | 1996\u2013present: Neo period", "text": "Interpretations: Celebrating the Music of Earth, Wind & Fire, an album featuring cover versions of EWF's material, was released in March 2007 on Stax Records."}, {"section_header": "History | 1970\u20131974: Formation and early years", "text": "Based on this, he changed the band's name, to \"Earth, Wind & Fire\"."}, {"section_header": "History | 1996\u2013present: Neo period", "text": "This was a jukebox musical with its theme the music of Earth, Wind & Fire."}, {"section_header": "History | 1981\u20131996: Electric sound", "text": "said \"Earth, Wind & Fire gives new meaning to the word classy, and I like it\"."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Mark Ronson has also proclaimed that he loves \"anything by Earth, Wind & Fire\"."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Dionne Warwick has named Earth, Wind & Fire as her favorite group of all time."}], "text": "Earth, Wind & Fire is a band that never has been covered by any other artist and plays many genres.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Earth, Wind & Fire"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "When Old Major dies, two young pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, assume command and stage a revolt, driving Mr. Jones off the farm and renaming the property \"Animal Farm\"."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "The pigs elevate themselves to positions of leadership and set aside special food items, ostensibly for their personal health."}], "id": "IHUIJRowUMq4i4nRDDiw", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Genre/Style", "text": "George Orwell's Animal Farm is an example of a political satire that was intended to have a \"wider application,\" according to Orwell himself, in terms of its relevance."}, {"section_header": "Analysis | Significance and allegory", "text": "The puppies controlled by Napoleon parallel the nurture of the secret police in the Stalinist structure, and the pigs' treatment of the other animals on the farm recalls the internal terror faced by the populace in the 1930s."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Animal Farm is an allegorical novella by George Orwell, first published in England on 17 August 1945."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Pigs", "text": "The young pigs \u2013 Four pigs who complain about Napoleon's takeover of the farm but are quickly silenced and later executed, the first animals killed in Napoleon's farm purge."}, {"section_header": "Background | Origin", "text": "In the preface of a 1947 Ukrainian edition of Animal Farm, he explained how escaping the communist purges in Spain taught him \"how easily totalitarian propaganda can control the opinion of enlightened people in democratic countries."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Pigs", "text": "Minimus \u2013 A poetic pig who writes the second and third national anthems of Animal Farm after the singing of \"Beasts of England\" is banned."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Other animals", "text": "Similarly to Benjamin, Muriel is one of the few animals on the farm who is not a pig but can read."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Other animals", "text": "He is sceptical, temperamental and cynical: his most frequent remark is, \"Life will go on as it has always gone on \u2013 that is, badly.\" The academic Morris Dickstein has suggested there is \"a touch of Orwell himself in this creature's timeless scepticism\" and indeed, friends called Orwell \"Donkey George\", \"after his grumbling donkey Benjamin, in Animal Farm.\" Muriel \u2013 A wise old goat who is friends with all of the animals on the farm."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Films", "text": "Both differ from the novel and have been accused of taking significant liberties, including sanitising some aspects."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The original title was Animal Farm: A Fairy Story, but U.S. publishers dropped the subtitle when it was published in 1946, and only one of the translations during Orwell's lifetime kept it."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "When Old Major dies, two young pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, assume command and stage a revolt, driving Mr. Jones off the farm and renaming the property \"Animal Farm\"."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "The pigs elevate themselves to positions of leadership and set aside special food items, ostensibly for their personal health."}], "text": "In George Orwell's Animal Farm, the pigs take control of the farm.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Animal Farm"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Although its population is only 4.3% of the world total, it holds 29.4% of the total wealth in the world, the largest share held by any country."}], "id": "IKdkRHqHXyjigDId4rEG", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Government and politics | Military", "text": "More than 90% of the world's 14,000 nuclear weapons are owned by Russia and the United States."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "The United States is the third most populous nation in the world, after China and India."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "In 2018 the median age of the United States population was 38.1 years."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "The United States has a very diverse population; 37 ancestry groups have more than one million members."}, {"section_header": "Geography, climate, and environment | Wildlife and conservation", "text": "Altogether, the government owns about 28% of the country's land area, mostly in the western states."}, {"section_header": "Infrastructure | Transportation", "text": "The civil airline industry is entirely privately owned and has been largely deregulated since 1978, while most major airports are publicly owned."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "In 2018, there were almost 90 million immigrants and U.S.-born children of immigrants (second-generation Americans) in the United States, accounting for 28% of the overall U.S. population."}, {"section_header": "Economy | Income, poverty and wealth", "text": "Assets owned by Americans lost about a quarter of their value."}, {"section_header": "History | Effects on and interaction with native populations", "text": "Douglas H. Ubelaker of the Smithsonian Institution estimated that there was a population of 92,916 in the south Atlantic states and a population of 473,616 in the Gulf states, but most academics regard this figure as too low."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "In addition, the Census Bureau provides a continuously updated U.S. Population Clock that approximates the latest population of the 50 states and District of Columbia based on the Bureau's most recent demographic trends."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Although its population is only 4.3% of the world total, it holds 29.4% of the total wealth in the world, the largest share held by any country."}], "text": "The population of the United States does own 10% of the richness around the globe.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "United States"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Little Prince has been adapted to numerous art forms and media, including audio recordings, radio plays, live stage, film, television, ballet, and opera."}], "id": "IPSTXvXs18hhfZ8tu9GU", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions", "text": "Many of them are titled Prince From a Star, while others carry the book title that is a direct translation of The Little Prince."}, {"section_header": "Background | Post-publication", "text": "He would remain immensely proud of The Little Prince, and almost always kept a personal copy with him which he often read to others during the war."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Little Prince has been adapted to numerous art forms and media, including audio recordings, radio plays, live stage, film, television, ballet, and opera."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Despite its style as a children's book, The Little Prince makes observations about life and human nature."}, {"section_header": "Background | Reception", "text": "This is one. This is one. \"Others were not shy in offering their praise."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations and sequels", "text": "Film and TV : the story has been created as a movie as early as 1966 in a Soviet-Lithuanian production, with its first English movie version in 1974 produced in the United States featuring Bob Fosse, who choreographed his own dance sequence as \"The Snake\", and Gene Wilder as \"The Fox\"."}, {"section_header": "Honours and legacy | Museums and exhibits | Morgan exhibitions", "text": ", many of them dampened by moisture that rippled its onion skin media."}, {"section_header": "Background | Manuscript", "text": "Physically, the manuscript's onion skin media has become brittle and subject to damage."}, {"section_header": "Tone and writing style", "text": "Though the story is more or less understandable, the narrator made almost no connection from when the little prince traveled between planets, he purposely did that so that the book felt like it was told from a secretive little boy."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "By being tamed, something goes from being ordinary and just like all the others, to be special and unique."}], "text": "The Little Prince is a book that was also a movie and other medias.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Little Prince"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Pre-Columbian era", "text": "The indigenous Guaran\u00ed had been living in eastern Paraguay for at least a millennium before the arrival of the Spanish."}], "id": "IfGs9lK6jFIIJIuyiRFX", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Geography | Climate", "text": "Winds play a major role in influencing Paraguay's weather: between October and March, warm winds blow from the Amazon Basin in the north, while the period between May and August brings cold winds from the Andes."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Guarani culture is very influential and more than 90% of the people speak different forms of the Guarani language in addition to Spanish."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "From Guarani paragu\u00e1 \"feather crown\", thus paragua\u00ed \"river of crowns\"."}, {"section_header": "Demographics", "text": "HLA-DRB1 polymorphism studies have shown genetic distances between Paraguayans and Spanish populations were closer than between Paraguayans and Guaranis."}, {"section_header": "Economy | Industry and manufacturing", "text": "Paraguay's primary manufacturing focus is on food and beverages."}, {"section_header": "History | Pre-Columbian era", "text": "The Paraguay River was roughly the dividing line between the agricultural Guarani people to the east and the nomadic and semi-nomadic people to the west in the Gran Chaco."}, {"section_header": "Culture", "text": "Paraguay's culinary heritage is also deeply influenced by this cultural fusion."}, {"section_header": "History | Stroessner's overthrow, post-1989", "text": "In December 1998, Paraguay's Supreme Court declared these actions unconstitutional."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Paraguay (; Spanish pronunciation: [pa\u027ea\u02c8\u0263waj] (listen), [pa\u027ea\u02c8\u0270waj]), officially the Republic of Paraguay (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica del Paraguay; Guarani: Tet\u00e3 Paragu\u00e1i), is a country in South America."}, {"section_header": "Economy | Social issues | Social issues of the indigenous", "text": "Only 2.5% of Paraguay's indigenous population has access to clean drinking water and only 9.5% have electricity."}, {"section_header": "History | Pre-Columbian era", "text": "The indigenous Guaran\u00ed had been living in eastern Paraguay for at least a millennium before the arrival of the Spanish."}], "text": "Paraguay's ancestors were Guarani and Inca.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Paraguay"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Name", "text": "The name Golden Horde, a partial calque of Russian \u0417\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044f \u041e\u0440\u0434\u0430 (Zolot\u00e1ja Ord\u00e1), itself supposedly a partial calque of Turkic Altan Orda, is said to have been inspired by the golden color of the tents the Mongols lived in during wartime, or an actual golden tent used by Batu Khan or by Uzbek Khan, or to have been bestowed by the Slavic tributaries to describe the great wealth of the khan."}], "id": "IfO1qMboSFcXgJKiK5DO", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Islamization | \u00d6z Beg Khan (1313\u20131341)", "text": "The title of grand duke went to Aleksandr Mikhailovich."}, {"section_header": "Trade | A change in trade routes", "text": "This led to several wars on the west side of the Caspian which the Horde usually lost."}, {"section_header": "Golden Age | Berke\u2013Hulagu war (1262\u20131266)", "text": "Berke planned a severe punitive expedition."}, {"section_header": "Tributaries | Eastern Europe", "text": "The Golden Horde entered severe decline after the death of Berdi Beg in 1359, which started a protracted political crisis lasting two decades."}, {"section_header": "Golden Age | General peace (1299\u20131312)", "text": "From 1300 to 1303 a severe drought occurred in the areas surrounding the Black Sea."}, {"section_header": "Islamization | \u00d6z Beg Khan (1313\u20131341)", "text": "Ivan I Kalita was granted the title of grand prince and given the right to collect taxes from other Rus' potentates."}, {"section_header": "Golden Age | Berke\u2013Hulagu war (1262\u20131266)", "text": "Berke's persuasion might have forced his brother Batu to postpone Hulagu's operation, little suspecting that it would result in eliminating the Jochid predominance there for several years."}, {"section_header": "Disintegration | Great Horde (1459\u20131502)", "text": "K\u00fcch\u00fck Muhammad was succeeded by his son Mahmud bin K\u00fcch\u00fck in 1459, from which point on the Golden Horde came to be known as the Great Horde."}, {"section_header": "Disintegration | Great Horde (1459\u20131502)", "text": "According to other sources, he was released from the Lithuanian prison in 1527.Records of Golden Horde existence reach however as far as end of 18th century"}, {"section_header": "Golden Age | Dual khanship (1281\u20131299)", "text": "The Golden Horde was thus ruled by two khans."}, {"section_header": "Name", "text": "The name Golden Horde, a partial calque of Russian \u0417\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044f \u041e\u0440\u0434\u0430 (Zolot\u00e1ja Ord\u00e1), itself supposedly a partial calque of Turkic Altan Orda, is said to have been inspired by the golden color of the tents the Mongols lived in during wartime, or an actual golden tent used by Batu Khan or by Uzbek Khan, or to have been bestowed by the Slavic tributaries to describe the great wealth of the khan."}], "text": "There are several theories as to how exactly the Golden Horde got its title.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Golden Horde"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Dave Brubeck married jazz lyricist Iola Whitlock in September 1942; the couple were married for 70 years up until his death."}], "id": "IkL3aVxphQw0GsSQjjW8", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Dave Brubeck Quartet", "text": "Smith was an old friend of Brubeck's; they would record together, intermittently, from the 1940s until the final years of Brubeck's career."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Brubeck founded the Brubeck Institute with his wife, Iola, at their alma mater, the University of the Pacific in 2000."}, {"section_header": "Dave Brubeck Quartet", "text": "Brubeck recovered after a few months, but suffered with residual nerve pain in his hands for years after."}, {"section_header": "Dave Brubeck Quartet", "text": "At its peak in the early 1960s, the Brubeck Quartet was releasing as many as four albums a year."}, {"section_header": "Dave Brubeck Quartet", "text": "In the early 1960s, Brubeck and his wife, Iola, developed a jazz musical, The Real Ambassadors, based in part on experiences they and their colleagues had during foreign tours on behalf of the Department of State."}, {"section_header": "Early life and career", "text": "After serving nearly four years in the army, he returned to California for graduate study at Mills College in Oakland."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Dave Brubeck married jazz lyricist Iola Whitlock in September 1942; the couple were married for 70 years up until his death."}, {"section_header": "Dave Brubeck Quartet", "text": "Brubeck organized the Dave Brubeck Quartet in 1951, with Paul Desmond on alto saxophone."}, {"section_header": "Dave Brubeck Quartet", "text": "When Brubeck signed with Fantasy Records, he thought he had a half interest in the company"}, {"section_header": "Dave Brubeck Quartet", "text": "Brubeck merely plays himself, with the film featuring close-ups of his piano fingerings."}], "text": "Brubeck and his wife were together for seventy years.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Dave Brubeck"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early republic (1783\u20131789) | Constitutional Convention of 1787", "text": "Though he was concerned that he might be criticized for meddling in civil matters, he sent a circular letter to all the states maintaining that the Articles of Confederation was no more than \"a rope of sand\" linking the states."}], "id": "IkYM6wzwcadnucPTJsFu", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early republic (1783\u20131789) | Constitutional Convention of 1787", "text": "Some nationalists feared that the new republic had descended into lawlessness, and they met together on September 11, 1786, at Annapolis to ask Congress to revise the Articles of Confederation."}, {"section_header": "Commander in chief (1775\u20131783) | Southern theater and Yorktown", "text": "On March 1, 1781, Congress ratified the Articles of Confederation, but the government that took effect on March 2 did not have the power to levy taxes, and it loosely held the states together."}, {"section_header": "Colonial military career (1752\u20131758) | French and Indian War", "text": "The destructive competition Washington witnessed among colonial politicians fostered his later support of strong central government."}, {"section_header": "Early republic (1783\u20131789) | Constitutional Convention of 1787", "text": "Though he was concerned that he might be criticized for meddling in civil matters, he sent a circular letter to all the states maintaining that the Articles of Confederation was no more than \"a rope of sand\" linking the states."}, {"section_header": "Early republic (1783\u20131789) | Constitutional Convention of 1787", "text": "The convention's state-mandated purpose was to revise the Articles of Confederation with \"all such alterations and further provisions\" required to improve them, and the new government would be established when the resulting document was \"duly confirmed by the several states\"."}, {"section_header": "Marriage, civilian, and political life (1759\u20131775)", "text": "Washington's 1751 bout with smallpox is thought to have rendered him sterile, though it is equally likely \"Martha may have sustained injury during the birth of Patsy, her final child, making additional births impossible.\" They lamented the fact that they had no children together."}, {"section_header": "Retirement (1797\u20131799) | Final days and death", "text": "Brown thought Washington had quinsy; Dr. Dick thought the condition was a more serious \"violent inflammation of the throat\"."}, {"section_header": "Commander in chief (1775\u20131783) | Southern theater and Yorktown", "text": "This was a violation of the 14th article of the Yorktown Articles of Capitulation, which protected prisoners of war from acts of retaliation."}, {"section_header": "Commander in chief (1775\u20131783) | Siege of Boston", "text": "He petitioned Gage, his former superior, to release captured Patriot officers from prison and treat them humanely."}, {"section_header": "Colonial military career (1752\u20131758)", "text": "Lawrence Washington's service as adjutant general of the Virginia militia inspired George to seek a commission."}], "text": "George Washington thought that the Articles of Confederation were strong enough to hold the former colonies together.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "George Washington"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Slovak died of a drug overdose on June 25, 1988; Irons, devastated, left the band."}], "id": "In4d4O3Tmcenfx0YdJQk", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 1998\u20132001: Return of Frusciante and Californication", "text": "With no guitarist, the Red Hot Chili Peppers were on the verge of breaking up."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Red Hot Chili Peppers were formed in Los Angeles by Kiedis, Flea, guitarist Hillel Slovak, and drummer Jack Irons."}, {"section_header": "Musical style", "text": "However, he changed this style when Red Hot Chili Peppers formed."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1998, following Navarro's dismissal, Frusciante returned to Red Hot Chili Peppers."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After the Stadium Arcadium tour, Red Hot Chili Peppers went on an extended hiatus."}, {"section_header": "History | 1983\u20131984: Early history", "text": "The band released their debut album, The Red Hot Chili Peppers, in August 1984."}, {"section_header": "History | 2010\u20132014: I'm with You", "text": "I'm with You, the tenth Red Hot Chili Peppers album, was released in the US in August 2011."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "His replacement, Dave Navarro, played on the sixth Red Hot Chili Peppers album, One Hot Minute (1995)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Slovak died of a drug overdose on June 25, 1988; Irons, devastated, left the band."}, {"section_header": "History | 1985\u20131988: Building a following, drug abuse, and Slovak's death", "text": "Slovak died from a heroin overdose on June 25, 1988, soon after the conclusion of the Uplift tour."}], "text": "The Red Hot Chili Peppers guitarist died from cancer in 1988.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Red Hot Chili Peppers"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of King James V of Scotland, was six days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne."}], "id": "IsZqsjxKDnHIAyWuVa3J", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Childhood and early reign | Claim to the English throne", "text": "Under the terms of the Treaty of Edinburgh, signed by Mary's representatives on 6 July 1560, France and England undertook to withdraw troops from Scotland."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of King James V of Scotland, was six days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne."}, {"section_header": "Marriage to Lord Darnley | Murder of Darnley", "text": "At the start of the journey, he was afflicted by a fever\u2014possibly smallpox, syphilis or the result of poison."}, {"section_header": "Imprisonment in Scotland and abdication", "text": "On 6 May, Mary and Bothwell returned to Edinburgh."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign | Life in France", "text": "Henry commented:  \"from the very first day they met, my son"}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign | Claim to the English throne", "text": "When Henry II died on 10 July 1559, from injuries sustained in a joust, fifteen-year-old Francis and sixteen-year-old Mary became king and queen of France."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign | Life in France", "text": "Twenty days later, she married the Dauphin at Notre Dame de Paris, and he became king consort of Scotland."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign | Life in France", "text": "With her marriage agreement in place, five-year-old Mary was sent to France to spend the next thirteen years at the French court."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign", "text": "On 14 December, six days after her birth, she became Queen of Scotland when her father died, perhaps from the effects of a nervous collapse following the Battle of Solway Moss or from drinking contaminated water while on campaign."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign | Treaty of Greenwich", "text": "King Henry II of France proposed to unite France and Scotland by marrying the young queen to his three-year-old son, the Dauphin Francis."}], "text": "Mary's reign started when she was 6 days old.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Mary, Queen of Scots"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The moment of inertia, otherwise known as the mass moment of inertia, angular mass or rotational inertia, of a rigid body is a quantity that determines the torque needed for a desired angular acceleration about a rotational axis; similar to how mass determines the force needed for a desired acceleration."}], "id": "IxIhgLFda9emuqTlu1ag", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Motion in space of a rigid body, and the inertia matrix | Kinetic energy", "text": "so the kinetic energy becomes"}, {"section_header": "Motion in space of a rigid body, and the inertia matrix | Kinetic energy", "text": "} , then the kinetic energy is"}, {"section_header": "Motion in space of a rigid body, and the inertia matrix | Kinetic energy", "text": "The kinetic energy of a rigid system of particles can be formulated in terms of the center of mass and a matrix of mass moments of inertia of the system."}, {"section_header": "Motion in a fixed plane | Rigid body | Kinetic energy", "text": "so the kinetic energy is given by                                    E                        K"}, {"section_header": "Motion in a fixed plane | Rigid body", "text": "In this case, the moment of inertia of the mass in this system is a scalar known as the polar moment of inertia."}, {"section_header": "Motion in space of a rigid body, and the inertia matrix | Kinetic energy", "text": "Thus, the kinetic energy of the rigid system of particles is given by                                    E                        K                             ="}, {"section_header": "Motion in a fixed plane | Rigid body | Kinetic energy", "text": "The kinetic energy of a rigid system of particles moving in the plane is given by                                                                                                    E                                        K"}, {"section_header": "Motion in a fixed plane | Rigid body | Angular momentum", "text": "The moment of inertia I                                       C                                                  {\\displaystyle I_{\\mathbf {C} }}    about an axis perpendicular to the movement of the rigid system and through the center of mass is known as the polar moment of inertia."}, {"section_header": "Motion in a fixed plane | Rigid body | Kinetic energy", "text": "{V} \\cdot \\mathbf {V} .} The moment of inertia"}, {"section_header": "Motion in a fixed plane | Rigid body | Kinetic energy", "text": "I                                       C                                                  {\\displaystyle I_{\\mathbf {C} }}    is the polar moment of inertia of the body."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The moment of inertia, otherwise known as the mass moment of inertia, angular mass or rotational inertia, of a rigid body is a quantity that determines the torque needed for a desired angular acceleration about a rotational axis; similar to how mass determines the force needed for a desired acceleration."}], "text": "The moment of inertia is also known as kinetic energy.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Moment of inertia"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Name", "text": "The English name Leviticus comes from the Latin Leviticus, which is in turn from the Greek \u039b\u03b5\u03c5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd, Leuitikon, referring to the priestly tribe of the Israelites, \u201cLevi.\u201d"}], "id": "IzOQ45pRnwsCkNcSkUDp", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Bibliography | Commentaries on Leviticus", "text": "Word. Word. ISBN 0849902037. Houston, Walter J (2003)."}, {"section_header": "Structure", "text": "In Hebrew the book is called Vayikra (Hebrew: \u05d5\u05b7\u05d9\u05b4\u05bc\u05e7\u05b0\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0), from the opening of the book, va-yikra \" And He  [God] called.\" The outlines from commentaries are similar, though not identical; compare those of Wenham, Hartley, Milgrom, and Watts."}, {"section_header": "Themes | Atonement", "text": "The two-part division of the book structurally reflects the role of atonement: chapters 1\u201316 call for the establishment of the institution for atonement, and chapters 17\u201327 call for the life of the atoned community in holiness."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | Commentaries on Leviticus", "text": "Leviticus: A Book of Ritual and Ethics."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | Commentaries on Leviticus", "text": "Wenham, Gordon (1979). The Book of Leviticus."}, {"section_header": "Name", "text": "The English name Leviticus comes from the Latin Leviticus, which is in turn from the Greek \u039b\u03b5\u03c5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd, Leuitikon, referring to the priestly tribe of the Israelites, \u201cLevi.\u201d"}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | Commentaries on Leviticus", "text": "Divine Presence and Community: A Commentary on the Book of Leviticus."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | General", "text": "The Book of Leviticus: Composition and Reception."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | General", "text": "The Book of Leviticus: Composition and Reception."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | General", "text": "The Book of Leviticus: Composition and Reception."}], "text": "The Book of Leviticus was called so because of a word in Greek.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Leviticus"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "MLB career | Peak years", "text": "On August 27, 1911, Walsh no-hit the Boston Red Sox 5-0."}], "id": "J5wVT9qdmGXLyi5x4w9h", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "MLB career | Peak years", "text": "He threw a spitball. I think that ball disintegrated on the way to the plate, and the catcher put it back together again."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Later career", "text": "Walsh was a workhorse who pitched an average of 375 innings annually during the six seasons of 1907 through 1912."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Later career", "text": "\"I could feel the muscles grind and wrench during the game, and it seemed to me my arm would leap out of my socket when I shot the ball across the plate\", Walsh later recalled."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Later career", "text": "He pitched only 16 games during the 1913 season, and a meager 13 games over the next three years."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Later career", "text": "He later did some pitching in the Eastern League, and gave umpiring a try (he umpired 87 American League games during the 1922 season), after which he was a coach for the White Sox for several seasons (1923\u20131924, 1928\u20131929).Walsh retired with 195 wins, 126 losses, and 1736 strikeouts."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Walsh was born in Plains Township, Pennsylvania, to Michael and Jane Walsh."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Later career", "text": "After the 1912 season, Walsh reportedly requested a full year off to rest his arm."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Walsh holds the record for lowest career earned run average, 1.82."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Walsh started his professional baseball career with the 1902 Wilkes-Barre Barons."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Peak years", "text": "Walsh also set an American League record by pitching 464 innings in a season."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Peak years", "text": "On August 27, 1911, Walsh no-hit the Boston Red Sox 5-0."}], "text": "Walsh threw a no-hitter during his career.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Ed Walsh"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "New country, new name", "text": "Out of admiration, John took Stanley's name."}, {"section_header": "New country, new name", "text": "Rowlands emigrated to the United States in 1859 at age 18."}], "id": "JAWfICPdh0fwRh4NSMSJ", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later years", "text": "He became Sir Henry Morton Stanley when he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the 1899 Birthday Honours, in recognition of his service to the British Empire in Africa."}, {"section_header": "Later years", "text": "His grave is in the churchyard of St Michael and All Angels' Church in Pirbright, Surrey, marked by a large piece of granite inscribed with the words \"Henry Morton Stanley, Bula Matari, 1841\u20131904, Africa\"."}, {"section_header": "New country, new name", "text": "He disembarked at New Orleans and, according to his own declarations, became friends by accident with Henry Hope Stanley, a wealthy trader."}, {"section_header": "African Great Lakes and Congo River", "text": "In passing the rapids many of his men were drowned, including his last white colleague, Frank Pocock."}, {"section_header": "New country, new name", "text": "Out of admiration, John took Stanley's name."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sir Henry Morton Stanley (born John Rowlands; 28 January 1841 \u2013  10 May 1904) was a Welsh-American journalist, explorer, soldier, colonial administrator, author and politician who was famous for his exploration of central Africa and his search for missionary and explorer David Livingstone, whom he later claimed to have greeted with the now-famous line: \"Dr Livingstone, I presume?"}, {"section_header": "New country, new name", "text": "Because Stanley got so many basic facts wrong about his 'adoptive' family, Jeal concludes that it is very unlikely that he ever met rich Henry Hope Stanley, and that an ordinary grocer, James Speake, was Rowlands' true benefactor until his (Speake's) sudden death in October 1859.Stanley reluctantly joined in the American Civil War, first enrolling in the Confederate States Army's 6th Arkansas Infantry Regiment and fighting in the Battle of Shiloh in 1862."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He was knighted in 1899. Henry Stanley was born in 1841 as John Rowlands in Denbigh, Denbighshire, Wales."}, {"section_header": "Works depicting Stanley", "text": "In 2020, Polish independent developer Vulpesoft announced video game about Henry Stanley and Dr. David Livingstone meeting: \"Dr Livingstone, I Presume?\"."}, {"section_header": "Works depicting Stanley", "text": "The 1949 comedy film Africa Screams is the story of a dimwitted clerk named Stanley Livington, played by Lou Costello."}, {"section_header": "New country, new name", "text": "Rowlands emigrated to the United States in 1859 at age 18."}], "text": "Henry Morton Stanley changed his last name after he immigrated to America.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Henry Morton Stanley"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Post-presidency (1993\u20132018) | Final years", "text": "George H. W. Bush later said that he voted for the Democratic nominee, Hillary Clinton, in the general election."}, {"section_header": "Post-presidency (1993\u20132018) | Final years", "text": "Neither George H.W. nor George W. Bush endorsed the eventual Republican nominee, Donald Trump; all three Bushes emerged as frequent critics of Trump's policies and speaking style, while Trump frequently criticized George W. Bush's presidency."}], "id": "JE06G2VyuZM84SI85ZwC", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early political career (1963\u20131971) | U.S. Representative from Texas", "text": "Nixon considered selecting Bush as his running mate in the 1968 presidential election, but he ultimately chose Spiro Agnew instead."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1989\u20131993) | Domestic affairs | Economy and fiscal issues", "text": "To fiscal conservatives in the Republican Party, Bush's statement represented a betrayal, and they heavily criticized him for compromising so early in the negotiations."}, {"section_header": "Post-presidency (1993\u20132018) | Appearances", "text": "Portions of his letters and his diary were later published as The China Diary of George H. W. Bush and All The Best, George Bush."}, {"section_header": "Early political career (1963\u20131971) | U.S. Representative from Texas", "text": "In 1966, Bush ran for the United States House of Representatives in Texas's 7th congressional district, a newly redistricted seat in the Greater Houston area."}, {"section_header": "Post-presidency (1993\u20132018) | Final years", "text": "George H. W. Bush later said that he voted for the Democratic nominee, Hillary Clinton, in the general election."}, {"section_header": "Post-presidency (1993\u20132018) | Death and funeral", "text": "George H. W. Bush died on November 30, 2018, aged 94 years, 171 days, at his home in Houston."}, {"section_header": "Early political career (1963\u20131971) | U.S. Representative from Texas", "text": "Though most other Texas Republicans supported Ronald Reagan in the 1968 Republican Party presidential primaries, Bush endorsed Richard Nixon, who went on to win the party's nomination."}, {"section_header": "Post-presidency (1993\u20132018) | Final years", "text": "In August 2017, after the violence at Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, both Presidents Bush released a joint statement saying, \"America must always reject racial bigotry, anti-Semitism, and hatred in all forms,\" the statement from presidents George H. W. and George W. Bush reads."}, {"section_header": "Early political career (1963\u20131971) | U.S. Representative from Texas", "text": "His voting record in the House was generally conservative."}, {"section_header": "Business career (1948\u20131963)", "text": "That same year, his father won election to represent Connecticut in the United States Senate as a member of the Republican Party."}, {"section_header": "Post-presidency (1993\u20132018) | Final years", "text": "Neither George H.W. nor George W. Bush endorsed the eventual Republican nominee, Donald Trump; all three Bushes emerged as frequent critics of Trump's policies and speaking style, while Trump frequently criticized George W. Bush's presidency."}], "text": "In the 2016 presidential selection process, George H. W. Bush cast his ballot for the liberal party representative instead of the conservative representative.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "George H. W. Bush"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is about Giacomo Rappaccini, a medical researcher in medieval Padua who grows a garden of poisonous plants."}], "id": "JE9STy0jRWa2rs24aWl1", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "From his quarters, Giovanni Guasconti, a young student of letters at the University of Padua, looks at Beatrice, the beautiful daughter of Dr. Giacomo Rappaccini, a scientist who works in isolation."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is about Giacomo Rappaccini, a medical researcher in medieval Padua who grows a garden of poisonous plants."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Having fallen in love, Giovanni enters the garden and meets with Beatrice a number of times, while ignoring his mentor, Professor Pietro Baglioni, who warns him that Rappaccini is devious and that he and his work should be avoided."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | In popular culture", "text": "The song \"Running through the Garden\" was written by Stevie Nicks after reading \"Rappaccini's Daughter\"."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | In popular culture", "text": "Theodora Goss's 2017 book The Strange Case of the Alchemist's Daughter features Beatrice Rappaccini as one of its main characters."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Operas", "text": "Rappaccini's Daughter by Charles Wakefield Cadman premiered at Carnegie Hall on March 20, 1925 Rappaccini's Daughter by Margaret Garwood (1983) La hija de Rappaccini by Daniel Cat\u00e1n (1991) The Poisoned Kiss by Ralph Vaughan Williams"}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "He begins to suffer the consequences of his encounters with the plants\u2014and with Beatrice\u2014when he discovers that he himself has become poisonous; after another meeting with Baglioni, Giovanni brings a powerful antidote to Beatrice so that they can be together, but the antidote kills Beatrice rather than cure her of her poisonous nature."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Beatrice is confined to the lush and locked gardens, which are filled with poisonous plants grown by her father."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | In popular culture", "text": "Monica Rappaccini, a fictional villain and biochemical genius in the Marvel Comics Universe, is named after the Rappaccini of Hawthorne's story."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "Spanish-language play: La Hija de Rappaccini by Octavio Paz (1956) English-language play: Rappaccini's Daughter by Sebastian Doggart (1996) John Todhunter verse-play The Poison-Flower, A Phantasy, in Three Scenes (1891) NBC's The Weird Circle (1943\u20131947), Episode 52, Radio Play."}], "text": "Giacomo Rappaccini is a lawyer who loves gardening and isolates himself from his daughter.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Rappaccini's Daughter"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Song of the Lark is the third novel by American author Willa Cather, written in 1915."}], "id": "JEZZapjaO7BwWXRnaLSf", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot introduction", "text": "Set in the 1890s in Moonstone, a fictional town in Colorado, The Song of the Lark is the self-portrait of an artist in the making."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part II: The Song of the Lark", "text": "He then parts with Thea, explaining that her voice is her true artistic gift, not her playing."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The book tells the story of a talented artist born in a small town in Colorado who discovers and develops her singing voice."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Song of the Lark is the third novel by American author Willa Cather, written in 1915."}, {"section_header": "Allusions to other works", "text": "The visual arts: Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Barbizon school, Dying Gaul, Venus de Milo, Jean-L\u00e9on G\u00e9r\u00f4me, Henri Rousseau, \u00c9douard Manet, Anders Zorn, and the painting that inspired the title of the book, The Song of the Lark by Jules Breton, part of the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago."}, {"section_header": "Plot introduction", "text": "When her instructor hears her voice, he realizes that this is her true artistic gift."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part IV: The Ancient People", "text": "They take refuge from a severe storm, and then make a daring trek back to the ranch in the dark, met by Bitmer with a lantern."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part V: Doctor Archie's Venture", "text": "Fred told Thea about his marriage in Mexico City, and Thea accepts it, but makes it clear the limits his first marriage imposes on them."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part II: The Song of the Lark", "text": "In Chicago, Thea settles close to the parish of a Swedish Reformed Church with two German women."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part II: The Song of the Lark", "text": "She sings in the choir and in funerals for a stipend, and she takes piano lessons with Mr. Harsanyi."}], "text": "The Song of the Lark is the fourth book by French writer and is about an artist in the making.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Song of the Lark"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Construction, inauguration, and Roman renovations", "text": "Animal hunts continued until at least 523, when Anicius Maximus celebrated his consulship with some venationes, criticised by King Theodoric the Great for their high cost."}], "id": "JEsJjsx8lgjIM2PglhXO", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Construction, inauguration, and Roman renovations", "text": "The arena continued to be used for contests well into the 6th century."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Colosseum could hold an estimated 50,000 to 80,000 spectators at various points of its history over the centuries, having an average audience of some 65,000; it was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles (for only a short time as the hypogeum was soon filled in with mechanisms to support the other activities), animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Roman mythology."}, {"section_header": "History | Construction, inauguration, and Roman renovations", "text": "Animal hunts continued until at least 523, when Anicius Maximus celebrated his consulship with some venationes, criticised by King Theodoric the Great for their high cost."}, {"section_header": "History | Medieval", "text": "A religious order moved into the northern third of the Colosseum in the mid-14th century and continued to inhabit it until as late as the early 19th century."}, {"section_header": "Use", "text": "Such events were occasionally on a huge scale; Trajan is said to have celebrated his victories in Dacia in 107 with contests involving 11,000 animals and 10,000 gladiators over the course of 123 days."}, {"section_header": "Use", "text": "Another popular type of show was the animal hunt, or venatio."}, {"section_header": "Use", "text": "The Colosseum was used to host gladiatorial shows as well as a variety of other events."}, {"section_header": "History | Construction, inauguration, and Roman renovations", "text": "Dio Cassius recounts that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the amphitheatre."}, {"section_header": "History | Construction, inauguration, and Roman renovations", "text": "The lake was filled in and the land reused as the location for the new Flavian Amphitheatre."}, {"section_header": "Name", "text": "The Colosseum's original Latin name was Amphitheatrum Flavium, often anglicized as Flavian Amphitheatre."}], "text": "In the Flavian Amphitheatre or The Colosseum which was mainly used for gladiatorial contests, could hold over 50,000 people and animal hunts continued until the 10th century.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Colosseum"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life and education (1924\u20131948) | World War II", "text": "On his 18th birthday, immediately after graduating from Phillips Academy, he enlisted in the United States Navy as a naval aviator."}], "id": "JG7LWacpZy3CJHApPjy4", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Bush was raised in Greenwich, Connecticut and attended Phillips Academy before serving in the United States Navy during World War II."}, {"section_header": "Early life and education (1924\u20131948) | World War II", "text": "On his 18th birthday, immediately after graduating from Phillips Academy, he enlisted in the United States Navy as a naval aviator."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials, awards, and honors", "text": "The USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77), the tenth and last Nimitz-class supercarrier of the United States Navy, was named for Bush."}, {"section_header": "Post-presidency (1993\u20132018) | Appearances", "text": "It marked the second time in United States history that a pair of brothers served simultaneously as governors."}, {"section_header": "Post-presidency (1993\u20132018) | Appearances", "text": "Bush and his son thus became the second father\u2013son pair to each serve as President of the United States, following John Adams and John Quincy Adams."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "George Herbert Walker Bush (June 12, 1924 \u2013 November 30, 2018) was an American politician, diplomat, and businessman who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993."}, {"section_header": "Early political career (1963\u20131971) | U.S. Representative from Texas", "text": "In an effort to woo potential candidates in the South and Southwest, House Republicans secured Bush an appointment to the powerful United States House Committee on Ways and Means, making Bush the first freshman to serve on the committee since 1904."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1989\u20131993) | Domestic affairs | Judicial appointments", "text": "In addition to his two Supreme Court appointments, Bush appointed 42 judges to the United States courts of appeals, and 148 judges to the United States district courts."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1989\u20131993) | Domestic affairs | Judicial appointments", "text": "Bush appointed two justices to the Supreme Court of the United States."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A member of the Republican Party, Bush also served in the U.S. House of Representatives, as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, as Director of Central Intelligence, and as the 43rd vice president."}], "text": "Geroge H.W. Bush served in the United States Navy.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "George H. W. Bush"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Awards", "text": "Alice Brady won the Oscar for Best Actress in a Supporting Role."}, {"section_header": "Awards", "text": "The film was also nominated in the categories of Music (Scoring), Sound Recording (E. H. Hansen), and Writing (Original Story), and won for Assistant Director (Robert D. Webb)."}], "id": "JGThXq6AusyaZIKrZc11", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In Old Chicago is a 1938 American drama disaster film directed by Henry King."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "In the movie there are three sons."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "At the time of its release, it was one of the most expensive movies ever made."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "Some sources claim that MGM offered to loan both Harlow and Clark Gable to Fox for In Old Chicago if they reciprocated by loaning Shirley Temple to MGM for their upcoming production of The Wizard of Oz."}, {"section_header": "Awards", "text": "Alice Brady won the Oscar for Best Actress in a Supporting Role."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "The Mayor of Chicago in 1871 was Roswell B. Mason, not an O'Leary son."}, {"section_header": "Awards", "text": "The film was also nominated in the categories of Music (Scoring), Sound Recording (E. H. Hansen), and Writing (Original Story), and won for Assistant Director (Robert D. Webb)."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "Despite crediting the Chicago Historical Society for assistance with historical research, much of the film is fictionalized."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The O'Leary family are traveling to Chicago to start a new life when Patrick O'Leary tries to race a steam train in his wagon."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film is a fictionalized account about the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and stars Alice Brady as Mrs. O'Leary, the owner of the cow which started the fire, and Tyrone Power and Don Ameche as her sons."}], "text": "In Old Chicago movie won a Golden Globe for script.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "In Old Chicago"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pompeii, along with Herculaneum and many villas in the surrounding area (e.g. at Boscoreale, Stabiae), was buried under 4 to 6 m (13 to 20 ft) of volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Organic remains, including wooden objects and human bodies, were entombed in the ash and decayed leaving voids which archaeologists found could be used as moulds to make plaster casts of unique and often gruesome figures in their final moments of life."}], "id": "JGVq1EKk98b3v63zUBDR", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Roman city development", "text": "It is speculated that these historical vineyards are strikingly similar in structure to the modern day vineyards across Italy."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pompeii (, Latin: [p\u0254m\u02c8pe\u02d0jji\u02d0]) was an ancient city located in what is now the comune of Pompei near Naples in the Campania region of Italy."}, {"section_header": "History | Rediscovery and excavations", "text": "During early excavations of the site, occasional voids in the ash layer had been found that contained human remains."}, {"section_header": "History | Eruption of Vesuvius", "text": "At some time in the night or early the next day, pyroclastic flows began near the volcano, consisting of high speed, dense, and very hot ash clouds, knocking down wholly or partly all structures in their path, incinerating or suffocating the remaining population and altering the landscape, including the coastline."}, {"section_header": "History | Modern archaeology", "text": "In the 1920s, Amedeo Maiuri excavated for the first time in older layers than that of 79 AD in order to learn about the settlement history."}, {"section_header": "History | The Roman period | AD 62\u201379", "text": "On that day in Pompeii, there were to be two sacrifices, as it was the anniversary of Augustus being named \"Father of the Nation\" and also a feast day to honour the guardian spirits of the city."}, {"section_header": "Roman city development | Erotic art", "text": "In 2018, an ancient fresco depicting an erotic scene of \"Leda and the Swan\" was discovered at Pompeii."}, {"section_header": "History | Modern archaeology", "text": "Under the 'Great Pompeii Project' over 2.5 km of ancient walls are being relieved of danger of collapse by treating the unexcavated areas behind the street fronts in order to increase drainage and reduce the pressure of ground water and earth on the walls, a problem especially in the rainy season."}, {"section_header": "History | Eruption of Vesuvius", "text": "The people and buildings of Pompeii were covered in up to twelve different layers of tephra, in total up to 6 metres (19.7 ft) deep."}, {"section_header": "History | Eruption of Vesuvius", "text": "The eruption lasted for two days."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pompeii, along with Herculaneum and many villas in the surrounding area (e.g. at Boscoreale, Stabiae), was buried under 4 to 6 m (13 to 20 ft) of volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Organic remains, including wooden objects and human bodies, were entombed in the ash and decayed leaving voids which archaeologists found could be used as moulds to make plaster casts of unique and often gruesome figures in their final moments of life."}], "text": "The ancient city in modern day Italy Pompeii was destroyed in a layer of ash from a volcano.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Pompeii"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "After his firing by the Red Sox in September 1966, he coached for the California Angels (1967) and San Diego Padres (1978\u201379) and served in player development roles with the Padres and Oakland Athletics."}], "id": "JHQsPXK2G9EEormQDgTN", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "Si Johnson, Herman chopped a pitch into the back of home plate, which then bounced up and hit Herman in the back of the head, knocking him out."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "Herman's 1947 Pirates lost 92 games and finished tied for seventh in the NL, and he resigned before the season's final game. (His last appearance as a Major League player was on August 1 of that year.) Herman then managed in the minor leagues and became a Major League coach with the Dodgers (1952\u201357) and Braves (now based in Milwaukee) (1958\u201359)\u2014serving on five National League pennant winners in eight seasons."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "Then he moved to the American League (AL) as the third-base coach of the Boston Red Sox for five years (1960\u201364), before managing the Red Sox to lackluster records in 1965 and 1966; his 1965 Boston club lost 100 games."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "After his firing by the Red Sox in September 1966, he coached for the California Angels (1967) and San Diego Padres (1978\u201379) and served in player development roles with the Padres and Oakland Athletics."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "He won four NL pennants (in 1932, 1935, 1938, and 1941) but no World Series championships as a player (although he was a coach on the 1955 World Series champion Brooklyn Dodgers)."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "On September 30, 1946, Herman was traded to Pittsburgh with three marginal players (outfielder Stan Wentzel, pitcher Elmer Singleton and infielder Whitey Wietelmann) for third baseman Bob Elliott and catcher Hank Camelli."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "Elliott won the 1947 NL Most Valuable Player award and led Boston to the 1948 National League pennant."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Later life", "text": "Herman moved to Palm Beach Gardens, Florida in 1968."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "After a sub-standard offensive year in 1940, Herman was traded to the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1941."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "A fixture in the Chicago lineup over the next decade, Herman was a consistent hitter and solid producer."}], "text": "Billy Herman took up coaching because he lost his job as a player.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Billy Herman"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Adaptations | Television", "text": "Lights Out, featuring the first screen appearance of Eli Wallach"}], "id": "JKQyaEcogiG4TatwzoJe", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Adaptations | In popular culture", "text": "The song \"Running through the Garden\" was written by Stevie Nicks after reading \"Rappaccini's Daughter\"."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Operas", "text": "Rappaccini's Daughter by Charles Wakefield Cadman premiered at Carnegie Hall on March 20, 1925 Rappaccini's Daughter by Margaret Garwood (1983) La hija de Rappaccini by Daniel Cat\u00e1n (1991) The Poisoned Kiss by Ralph Vaughan Williams"}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "Spanish-language play: La Hija de Rappaccini by Octavio Paz (1956) English-language play: Rappaccini's Daughter by Sebastian Doggart (1996) John Todhunter verse-play The Poison-Flower, A Phantasy, in Three Scenes (1891) NBC's The Weird Circle (1943\u20131947), Episode 52, Radio Play."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"Rappaccini's Daughter\" is a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne first published in the December 1844 issue of The United States Magazine and Democratic Review, and later in the 1846 collection Mosses from an Old Manse."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | In popular culture", "text": "Her daughter, Carmilla Black, is, like Beatrice, both immune to poisons and able to deliver poisonous infection to another individual."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | In popular culture", "text": "Theodora Goss's 2017 book The Strange Case of the Alchemist's Daughter features Beatrice Rappaccini as one of its main characters."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He brings up his daughter to tend the plants, and she becomes resistant to the poisons, but in the process she herself becomes poisonous to others."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "From his quarters, Giovanni Guasconti, a young student of letters at the University of Padua, looks at Beatrice, the beautiful daughter of Dr. Giacomo Rappaccini, a scientist who works in isolation."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "Broadcast date: November 26, 1944"}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Television", "text": "Lights Out, featuring the first screen appearance of Eli Wallach"}], "text": "Rappaccini's Daughter was adapted to TV.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Rappaccini's Daughter"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "All My Sons is a three-act play written in 1946 by Arthur Miller."}], "id": "JQ5IPo9vPwRLnzNqVNIx", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "All My Sons was the inspiration for the name of the popular band Twenty One Pilots."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis | Act I", "text": "When Ann arrives, it is revealed that her father, Steve Deever, is in prison for selling cracked cylinder heads to the Air Force, causing the deaths of twenty-one pilots."}, {"section_header": "Arthur Miller quotation on All My Sons", "text": "One may fall on one's face or not, but certainly a new room is opened that was always securely shut until then."}, {"section_header": "Revivals", "text": "The show ran from May until September 11, 2010; one performance was captured live and can be viewed online."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Unseen characters", "text": "Comparisons are also made in the story between Larry and Chris; in particular, their father describes Larry as the more sensible one with a \"head for business\"."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "The criticism of the American Dream, which lies at the heart of All My Sons, was one reason why Arthur Miller was called to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee during the 1950s, when America was gripped by anti-communist sentiment."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "In 1958, the play was adapted for British television by Stanley Mann and directed by Cliff Owen."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "He wants to become a medical researcher, but continues in his job as it pays the bills."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Henrik Ibsen's influence on Miller is evidenced from the Ibsen play The Wild Duck, from where Miller took the idea of two partners in a business where one is forced to take moral and legal responsibility for the other."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Frank Lubey \u2014 Frank, 33, was always one year ahead of the draft, so he never served in World War II, instead staying home to marry George's former sweetheart, Lydia."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "All My Sons is a three-act play written in 1946 by Arthur Miller."}], "text": "All My Sons aired on the NBC television network from 1954-1961, making it one of television's longest continuously running prime-time dramas.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "All My Sons"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ada E. Yonath (Hebrew: \u05e2\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea\u200e, pronounced [\u02c8ada jo\u02c8nat]) (born 22 June 1939) is an Israeli crystallographer best known for her pioneering work on the structure of the ribosome."}], "id": "JRaCz7GddrOPsfFgLfeg", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography", "text": "She has one daughter, Hagit Yonath, a doctor at Sheba Medical Center, and a granddaughter, Noa."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ada E. Yonath (Hebrew: \u05e2\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea\u200e, pronounced [\u02c8ada jo\u02c8nat]) (born 22 June 1939) is an Israeli crystallographer best known for her pioneering work on the structure of the ribosome."}, {"section_header": "Biography", "text": "Yonath (n\u00e9e Lifshitz) was born in the Geula quarter of Jerusalem."}, {"section_header": "Biography", "text": "Yonath was accepted to Tichon Hadash high school although her mother could not pay the tuition."}, {"section_header": "Scientific career", "text": "Yonath accepted postdoctoral positions at Carnegie Mellon University (1969) and MIT (1970)."}, {"section_header": "Scientific career", "text": "At the Weizmann Institute, Yonath is the incumbent of the Martin S. and Helen Kimmel Professorial Chair."}, {"section_header": "Biography", "text": "They lived in cramped quarters with several other families, and Yonath remembers \"books\" being the only thing she had to keep her occupied."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "On Saturday, 18 October 2014, Professor Yonath was named an ordinary member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences by Pope Francis."}, {"section_header": "Scientific career", "text": "For enabling ribosomal crystallography Yonath introduced a novel technique, cryo bio-crystallography, which became routine in structural biology and allowed intricate projects otherwise considered formidable."}, {"section_header": "Scientific career", "text": "Yonath focuses on the mechanisms underlying protein biosynthesis, by ribosomal crystallography, a research line she pioneered over twenty years ago despite considerable skepticism of the international scientific community."}], "text": "Yonath is famous for her work on phloems.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Ada Yonath"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Atmosphere", "text": "The total mass of these heavier elements is estimated to be 19\u201331 times the mass of the Earth, with a significant fraction located in Saturn's core region."}], "id": "JUDZyqvSRLckcXOYeFY7", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Physical characteristics", "text": "Jupiter has 318 times Earth's mass, and Saturn is 95 times Earth's mass."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Atmosphere", "text": "The total mass of these heavier elements is estimated to be 19\u201331 times the mass of the Earth, with a significant fraction located in Saturn's core region."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics", "text": "Saturn is the only planet of the Solar System that is less dense than water\u2014about 30% less."}, {"section_header": "History of observation and exploration | Ancient observations", "text": "This was based on Five Elements which were traditionally used to classify natural elements."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Magnetosphere", "text": "Saturn's magnetosphere, like Earth's, produces aurorae."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics", "text": "Together, Jupiter and Saturn hold 92% of the total planetary mass in the Solar System."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Atmosphere", "text": "The proportion of helium is significantly deficient compared to the abundance of this element in the Sun."}, {"section_header": "Natural satellites", "text": "Titan, the largest moon, comprises more than 90% of the mass in orbit around Saturn, including the rings."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Internal structure", "text": "Jupiter's thermal energy is generated by the Kelvin\u2013Helmholtz mechanism of slow gravitational compression, but such a process alone may not be sufficient to explain heat production for Saturn, because it is less massive."}, {"section_header": "Natural satellites", "text": "Many of the other moons are small: 34 are less than 10 km in diameter and another 14 between 10 and 50 km in diameter."}], "text": "Saturn has less mass than Earth's elements.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Saturn"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Minor leagues and trade to Atlanta", "text": "Smoltz, on the other hand, became one of the cornerstones of the Braves franchise for the next two decades."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "John Andrew Smoltz (born May 15, 1967), nicknamed \"Smoltzie\" and \"Marmaduke,\" is an American former baseball pitcher who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1988 to 2009, all but the last year with the Atlanta Braves."}], "id": "JUhdppX0oziqDZEfrdzK", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Major leagues | Number retired", "text": "On April 16, 2012, the Braves announced that they would retire Smoltz's number 29."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "John Andrew Smoltz (born May 15, 1967), nicknamed \"Smoltzie\" and \"Marmaduke,\" is an American former baseball pitcher who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1988 to 2009, all but the last year with the Atlanta Braves."}, {"section_header": "After retirement", "text": "He has also joined Fox Sports South and SportSouth to be an analyst for select Braves games during the 2014 season."}, {"section_header": "After retirement", "text": "In 2008 and 2010, Smoltz served as a color analyst alongside Joe Simpson for Braves games on Peachtree TV."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | Return to the rotation (2005\u20132008)", "text": "On September 21, 2006, the Braves announced they had picked up Smoltz's $8 million contract option for the 2007 season."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | Early years (1988\u20131997)", "text": "The next season, 1996, was the best of Smoltz's career."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Smoltz plays every year in the American Century Championship at Lake Tahoe."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | Return to the rotation (2005\u20132008)", "text": "Nonetheless, Smoltz's increased workload caused him to wear down toward the end of the season."}, {"section_header": "After retirement", "text": "Nationally, Smoltz has been an analyst for MLB Network and called regular-season and postseason games for TBS."}, {"section_header": "After retirement", "text": "In 2014, he was hired by Fox Sports as a game analyst."}, {"section_header": "Minor leagues and trade to Atlanta", "text": "Smoltz, on the other hand, became one of the cornerstones of the Braves franchise for the next two decades."}], "text": "John Smoltz's retired playing for the Braves.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "John Smoltz"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Release | Home media", "text": "Max Allan Collins, who authored the graphic novel, was hired to write the novelization for the film adaptation."}, {"section_header": "Production | Writing", "text": "In the graphic novel, the son kills once, and in the film, he does not kill anyone."}], "id": "JcUn7HGmzDneN1RQ1R1s", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Release | Reception", "text": "Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 81% based on 216 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10."}, {"section_header": "Release | Home media", "text": "Max Allan Collins, who authored the graphic novel, was hired to write the novelization for the film adaptation."}, {"section_header": "Release | Reception", "text": "\" Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating from reviews by mainstream critics, gave a film score of 72 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\"."}, {"section_header": "Production | Writing", "text": "In the graphic novel, the son kills once, and in the film, he does not kill anyone."}, {"section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "Tom Hanks was sent a copy of the graphic novel by Steven Spielberg while he was filming Cast Away."}, {"section_header": "Production | Cinematography", "text": "Shots in the film were drawn directly from panels in the graphic novel, illustrated by Richard Piers Rayner."}, {"section_header": "Production | Writing", "text": "In the novel, the son narrates the story as an adult, becoming a priest, while in the film, he narrates while still a young boy."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "When Max Allan Collins wrote the graphic novel Road to Perdition, his book agent saw potential in the story as a film adaptation and showed it to a film agent."}, {"section_header": "Production | Writing", "text": "Hanks' character, Michael Sullivan, is known as \"The Angel of Death\" in the graphic novel and invokes fear in those around him, but his infamy is downplayed in the film."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "The novel was sent to the elder Zanuck in Morocco, who was there producing Rules of Engagement (2000)."}], "text": "The film was based off of a novel.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Road to Perdition"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Linda Maria Ronstadt (born July 15, 1946) is a retired American singer who performed and recorded in diverse genres including rock, country, light opera, and Latin."}], "id": "JhtfaF2TECGzbLYWx0Ff", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career overview | Retirement", "text": "In 2011, Ronstadt was interviewed by the Arizona Daily Star and announced her retirement."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Linda Maria Ronstadt (born July 15, 1946) is a retired American singer who performed and recorded in diverse genres including rock, country, light opera, and Latin."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Retirement", "text": "In August 2013, she revealed to Alanna Nash, writing for AARP, that she has Parkinson's disease and \"can no longer sing a note.\" Her diagnosis was subsequently re-evaluated as progressive supranuclear palsy."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Collaborations with Peter Asher", "text": "With the release of Don't Cry Now, Ronstadt took on her biggest gig to date as the opening act on"}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Collaborations with Peter Asher", "text": "Ronstadt began her fourth solo album, Don't Cry Now, in 1973, with Boylan (who had negotiated her contract with Asylum Records) and"}, {"section_header": "Career summary", "text": "She continued to tour, collaborate, and record celebrated albums, such as Winter Light and Hummin' to Myself, until her retirement in 2011."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "She announced her retirement in 2011 and revealed shortly afterwards that she is no longer able to sing as a result of a degenerative condition later determined to be progressive supranuclear palsy."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Linda Ronstadt's great-grandfather, graduate engineer"}, {"section_header": "Awards | Academy of Country Music", "text": "Trio, Dolly Parton, Linda Ronstadt and Emmylou Harris"}, {"section_header": "Discography | Compilation albums", "text": "The Best of Linda Ronstadt: The Capitol Years (2006) \u2013"}], "text": "Linda is now retired.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Linda Ronstadt"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A member of the Republican Party, Bush also served in the U.S. House of Representatives, as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, as Director of Central Intelligence, and as the 43rd vice president."}], "id": "JiKC5HqdOGCIq4eWkBry", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Business career (1948\u20131963)", "text": "That same year, his father won election to represent Connecticut in the United States Senate as a member of the Republican Party."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A member of the Republican Party, Bush also served in the U.S. House of Representatives, as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, as Director of Central Intelligence, and as the 43rd vice president."}, {"section_header": "Nixon and Ford administrations (1971\u20131977) | Chairman of the Republican National Committee", "text": "Bush initially defended Nixon steadfastly, but as Nixon's complicity became clear he focused more on defending the Republican Party."}, {"section_header": "Early political career (1963\u20131971) | Entry into politics", "text": "He declined to leave the Republican Party, later citing his belief that the national Democratic Party favored \"big, centralized government\"."}, {"section_header": "Early political career (1963\u20131971) | Entry into politics", "text": "Like most other Texas Republicans, Bush supported conservative Senator Barry Goldwater over the more centrist Nelson Rockefeller in the 1964 Republican Party presidential primaries."}, {"section_header": "Early political career (1963\u20131971) | U.S. Representative from Texas", "text": "Though most other Texas Republicans supported Ronald Reagan in the 1968 Republican Party presidential primaries, Bush endorsed Richard Nixon, who went on to win the party's nomination."}, {"section_header": "1980 presidential election", "text": "Meanwhile, he began to lay the groundwork for his candidacy in the 1980 Republican Party presidential primaries."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1989\u20131993) | Domestic affairs | Economy and fiscal issues", "text": "Without the strong backing of the Republican Party, Bush agreed to another compromise bill, this one more favorable to Democrats."}, {"section_header": "Vice presidency (1981\u20131989) | 1988 presidential election", "text": "Bush began planning for a presidential run after the 1984 election, and he officially entered the 1988 Republican Party presidential primaries in October 1987."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1989\u20131993) | Domestic affairs | Economy and fiscal issues", "text": "To fiscal conservatives in the Republican Party, Bush's statement represented a betrayal, and they heavily criticized him for compromising so early in the negotiations."}], "text": "Bush is a member of the Republican party.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "George H. W. Bush"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Cristo del Otero in Palencia , Spain built in 1930 (21 m) Cristo Rey (statue, Mexico) located on the Cerro del Cubilete in Guanajuato, Mexico, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Rey in Tenancingo, M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico (30 m) Christ Blessing in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia (30 m) Christ of Havana in Havana, Cuba, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of the Abyss in various underwater locations"}], "id": "JkfDqeT4oIbHPKwRKhCJ", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of V\u0169ng T\u00e0u in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of V\u0169ng T\u00e0u in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ the Redeemer of the Andes (Argentina/Chile) Christ the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Ibiza, Spain, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Blanco in Cusco, Peru"}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Cristo del Otero in Palencia , Spain built in 1930 (21 m) Cristo Rey (statue, Mexico) located on the Cerro del Cubilete in Guanajuato, Mexico, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Rey in Tenancingo, M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico (30 m) Christ Blessing in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia (30 m) Christ of Havana in Havana, Cuba, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of the Abyss in various underwater locations"}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ the Redeemer in Rio Verde, Goi\u00e1s, Brazil Christ in the Mount in Pitangui, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms, a symbol of peace, was chosen."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The designs considered for the \"Statue of the Christ\" included a representation of the Christian cross, a statue of Jesus with a globe in his hands, and a pedestal symbolizing the world."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ the Redeemer of Malacca is on the Portuguese Settlement Square in Melaka, Malaysia (20' tall) Cristo Rey in Colombia (26 m) Cristo Rey by Urbici Soler in Sunland Park, New Mexico - (8.83 M) Cristo Redentor ("}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Christ the Redeemer (Portuguese: Cristo Redentor, standard Brazilian Portuguese: [\u02c8k\u027eistu \u0281eden\u02c8to\u0281], local pronunciation: [\u02c8k\u027ei\u0255t\u016d\u033b xe\u031eden\u02c8to\u0266]) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "The King Lebanon Another imitation statue of Christ the Redeemer is at Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India.(Shrish Patil) imitation at Kovalam, near Trivandrum, Kerala, India."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Cristo de la Concordia in Cochabamba, Bolivia (34 m) Cristo de las Noas in Torre\u00f3n, Mexico (22 m) Cristo del Pac\u00edfico in Lima, Peru, erected in 2011 (37 m) Patung Yesus Kristus in Mansinam Island, West Papua, Indonesia (30 m) Cristo Redentore (Christ the Redeemer) of Maratea, Italy (21 m) Cristo Rei (Christ the King) in Almada, Portugal (28 m) Cristo Rei of Dili in Dili, Timor-Leste (27 m) Cristo Rei, Madeira on Madeira island, completed in 1927 (15 m) Cristo Rei in Lubango, Angola (14 m) Statue of Cristo Luz in Balne\u00e1rio Cambori\u00fa, Santa Catarina, Brazil"}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Cristo Redentor, Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic Christ"}], "text": "Christ the Redeemer is in Brazil and has inspired many  replications including Christ the Forgiven in Mexico.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Christ the Redeemer (statue)"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The arthropod body plan consists of segments, each with a pair of appendages."}], "id": "JuhP7q2Bbz5rH7NV7c4V", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Description | Segmentation", "text": "Originally it seems that each appendage-bearing segment had two separate pairs of appendages: an upper and a lower pair."}, {"section_header": "Description | Segmentation", "text": "The last common ancestor of living arthropods probably consisted of a series of undifferentiated segments, each with a pair of appendages that functioned as limbs."}, {"section_header": "Description | Segmentation", "text": "In addition, some extinct arthropods, such as Marrella, belong to none of these groups, as their heads are formed by their own particular combinations of segments and specialized appendages."}, {"section_header": "Description | Segmentation", "text": "In some segments of all known arthropods the appendages have been modified, for example to form gills, mouth-parts, antennae for collecting information, or claws for grasping; arthropods are \"like Swiss Army knives, each equipped with a unique set of specialized tools.\" In many arthropods, appendages have vanished from some regions of the body; it is particularly common for abdominal appendages to have disappeared or be highly modified."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The arthropod body plan consists of segments, each with a pair of appendages."}, {"section_header": "Description | Senses | Optical", "text": "Most arthropods lack balance and acceleration sensors, and rely on their eyes to tell them which way is up."}, {"section_header": "Interaction with humans", "text": "The redundancy provided by segments allows arthropods and biomimetic robots to move normally even with damaged or lost appendages."}, {"section_header": "Description | Segmentation", "text": "The four major groups of arthropods \u2013 Chelicerata (includes spiders and scorpions), Crustacea (shrimps, lobsters, crabs, etc.), Tracheata (arthropods that breathe via channels into their bodies; includes insects and myriapods), and the extinct trilobites \u2013 have heads formed of various combinations of segments, with appendages that are missing or specialized in different ways."}, {"section_header": "Description | Segmentation", "text": "However, all known living and fossil arthropods have grouped segments into tagmata in which segments and their limbs are specialized in various ways."}, {"section_header": "Evolutionary history | Fossil record", "text": "Arthropods provide the earliest identifiable fossils of land animals, from about 419 million years ago in the Late Silurian, and terrestrial tracks from about 450 million years ago appear to have been made by arthropods."}], "text": "Arthropods are identified by their lack of segments and appendages.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Arthropoda"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was filmed in Waxahachie, Texas, on Jack Davis' farm."}], "id": "JuqyZp3lXFa2c1tpXLcm", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Places in the Heart is a 1984 American drama film written and directed by Robert Benton about a Depression-era Texas widow who tries to save her family farm with the help of a blind white man and a poor black man."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Places in the Heart grossed $274,279 in its opening weekend."}, {"section_header": "Release", "text": "Places in the Heart was released in theatres on September 21, 1984."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was filmed in Waxahachie, Texas, on Jack Davis' farm."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "It is 1935 and Waxahachie, Texas, is a small, segregated town in the midst of the Great Depression."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "The consensus is: \"Places in the Heart is a quiet character piece with grand ambitions that it more than fulfills, thanks to absorbing work from writer-director Robert Benton and a tremendous cast.\" Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote in his review: \"Robert Benton has made one of the best films in years about growing up American.\" Canby called it \"moving and often funny\" and \"a tonic, a revivifying experience right down to the final images\", comparing it to Luis Bunuel's Tristana\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "The film grossed $34.9 million in the US."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The film closes with all the characters gathered in church singing in unison."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Accolades", "text": "\" It is often commonly misquoted as \"You like me\u2014you really like me!\" The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:  2006: AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers \u2013 #95"}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The last line of the film is spoken by Wylie to Royce Spalding, \"Peace of God\"."}], "text": "Places in the Heart was filmed in the state of Texas.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Places in the Heart"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 7, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War."}], "id": "JyxlaInXUkUt3ya5IT7T", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reaction in the United States", "text": "Z. The use of these disguising letters led the business to immediately become known as the \"XYZ Affair."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "American relations during a special session to be held that May."}, {"section_header": "Political reaction in France", "text": "Talleyrand was called to the Directory to account for his role in the affair."}, {"section_header": "Political reaction in France", "text": "Gerry, in his private report on the affair to Adams in 1799, claimed credit for maintaining the peace, and for influencing significant changes in French policy that lessened the hostilities and eventually brought a peace treaty."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It led to the undeclared Quasi-War (1798\u20131800)."}, {"section_header": "Political reaction in France", "text": "The warlike attitude of the United States and the start of the Quasi-War (a naval war between the two countries that was fought primarily in the Caribbean) convinced Talleyrand that he had miscalculated in his dealings with the commissioners."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gerry, seeking to avoid all-out war, remained for several months after the other two commissioners left."}, {"section_header": "Commission to France", "text": "These leaders, and Talleyrand, viewed President Adams as hostile to their interests, but did not think that there was significant danger of war."}, {"section_header": "Commission to France | Later negotiations", "text": "The change in strategy alarmed a number of American residents of Paris, who reported the growing possibility of war."}], "text": "The XYZ affair happened during World War I.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "XYZ Affair"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It became the first instalment in the Fifty Shades novel series that follows the deepening relationship between a college graduate, Anastasia Steele, and a young business magnate, Christian Grey."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is notable for its explicitly erotic scenes featuring elements of sexual practices involving BDSM (bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, and sadism/masochism)."}], "id": "KBookbtQR2kNjLWKsIXh", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A version of the novel from Christian's point of view, Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian, was published in June 2015 as the fourth book."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Controversy", "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey has attracted criticism due to its depictions of BDSM, with some BDSM participants stating that the book confuses the practice with abuse, and presents it as a pathology to be overcome, as well as showing incorrect and possibly dangerous BDSM techniques."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2011 erotic romance novel by British author E. L. James."}, {"section_header": "Background and publication", "text": "The first, titled Fifty Shades of Grey, was released as an e-book and a print on demand paperback in May 2011 by The Writers' Coffee Shop, a virtual publisher based in Australia."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best-seller lists around the world, including those of the United Kingdom and the United States."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Censorship", "text": "In February 2015, the Malaysian Home Ministry banned the Fifty Shades of Grey books shortly after banning its film adaptation after permitting them for three years in local bookstores, citing morality-related reasons."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best-seller lists around the world, selling over 125 million copies worldwide by June 2015."}, {"section_header": "Background and publication", "text": "On 1 August 2012, Amazon UK announced that it had sold more copies of Fifty Shades of Grey than it had any individual book in the Harry Potter series, though worldwide the Harry Potter series sold more than 450 million copies compared with Fifty Shades of Grey's sales of 60 million copies."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It became the first instalment in the Fifty Shades novel series that follows the deepening relationship between a college graduate, Anastasia Steele, and a young business magnate, Christian Grey."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Censorship", "text": "Dr. Drew commented that the book was \"horribly written\" in addition to being \"disturbing\" but stated that \"if the book enhances women's real-life sex lives and intimacy, so be it.\" In March 2012, branches of the public library in Brevard County, Florida, removed copies of Fifty Shades of Grey from their shelves, with an official statement that it did not meet the selection criteria for the library and that reviews for the book had been poor."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is notable for its explicitly erotic scenes featuring elements of sexual practices involving BDSM (bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, and sadism/masochism)."}], "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey is a book about a lady that falls for a man with the last name of Grey and his unusual \"romantic\" practices.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Fifty Shades of Grey"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It debuted on October 16, 1939, at the Music Box Theatre in New York City, where it ran until 1941, closing after 739 performances."}], "id": "KC0NhS2IWcQcbk8ZB2ME", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Man Who Came to Dinner is a comedy in three acts by George S. Kaufman and Moss Hart."}, {"section_header": "Influence of Alexander Woollcott", "text": "Woollcott was delighted with The Man Who Came to Dinner and was offered the role for its Broadway debut."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "The Man Who Came to Dinner was presented on Philip Morris Playhouse July 10, 1942."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "In 1949, The Man Who Came to Dinner was produced for CBS Radio for The Hotpoint Holiday Hour."}, {"section_header": "Influence of Alexander Woollcott", "text": "Kaufman looked at Hart and the idea was born."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "Who Came to Dinner approved by the Hart and Kaufman estates which starred Simon Callow as Whiteside, Elizabeth McGovern as Maggie, with Conleth Hill as Bert Jefferson, Cheryl Campbell as Lorraine Sheldon, John Sessions as Banjo and Professor Metz, Colin Stinton as Mr. Stanley, and Malcolm Sinclair as Beverley Carlton."}, {"section_header": "Influence of Alexander Woollcott", "text": "He was well liked by both Kaufman and Hart, but that did not stop him from displaying the obnoxious characteristics displayed by Whiteside in the play."}, {"section_header": "Influence of Alexander Woollcott", "text": "Kaufman and Hart wrote the play as a vehicle for their friend Alexander Woollcott, the model for the lead character Sheridan Whiteside."}, {"section_header": "Influence of Alexander Woollcott", "text": "On his way out he wrote in Hart's guest book, \"This is to certify that I had one of the most unpleasant times I ever spent.\" Hart related the story to Kaufman soon afterwards."}, {"section_header": "Influence of Alexander Woollcott", "text": "Kaufman and Hart had promised a vehicle for Woollcott but had been unable to find a plot that suited them until one day Woollcott showed up, unannounced, at Hart's Bucks County estate, and proceeded to take over the house."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It debuted on October 16, 1939, at the Music Box Theatre in New York City, where it ran until 1941, closing after 739 performances."}], "text": "The Man Who Came to Dinner is an early 1940s comedy in three acts by George S. Kaufman and Moss Hart.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Man Who Came to Dinner"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Anthony Keith Gwynn Sr. (May 9, 1960 \u2013 June 16, 2014), nicknamed \"Mr. Padre\", was an American professional baseball right fielder, who played 20 seasons (1982\u20132001) in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres."}], "id": "KKIHB5g6U5DG9bnqL3Hp", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Gwynn was often lauded for his artistry at the plate, and his Hall of Fame plaque refers to him as \"an artisan with the bat\"."}, {"section_header": "Player profile", "text": "His roly-poly frame was a self-described \"body by Betty Crocker\", a reference to the food product brand."}, {"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1990\u20131992", "text": "He later regretted saying he wanted to avoid his teammates in general instead of being more specific which ones he was referring to."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Gwynn was born in Los Angeles, California, to Charles and Vendella Gwynn."}, {"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1984\u20131986", "text": "\"Anybody can hit a fastball\", said Gwynn."}, {"section_header": "Player profile", "text": ". Gwynn was sensitive about his weight."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The only season Gwynn failed to bat"}, {"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1990\u20131992", "text": "\"It just involved one great guy, and that's Tony Gwynn, and anything they want to say about Tony Gwynn is going to be news."}, {"section_header": "College career", "text": "Gwynn was not allowed to play baseball as a freshman."}, {"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1990\u20131992", "text": "He chided Gwynn for using a \"toothpick\" for a bat."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Anthony Keith Gwynn Sr. (May 9, 1960 \u2013 June 16, 2014), nicknamed \"Mr. Padre\", was an American professional baseball right fielder, who played 20 seasons (1982\u20132001) in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres."}], "text": "Gwynn was referred to as \"Mr. Slugger\".", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Tony Gwynn"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "France are colloquially known as Les Bleus (The Blues)."}], "id": "KLSev2JHaX7jlMMiWdXv", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Team image | Nickname", "text": "The team is also referred to as Les Tricolores or L'Equipe Tricolore (The Tri-color Team) due to the team's utilization of the country's national colors: blue, white, and red."}, {"section_header": "Team image | Kits and crest", "text": "The France national team utilizes a three colour system composed of blue, white and red."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The France national football team (French: \u00c9quipe de France de football) represents France in men's international football and is controlled by the French Football Federation, also known as FFF, or in French: F\u00e9d\u00e9ration fran\u00e7aise de football."}, {"section_header": "Team image | Kits and crest", "text": "The away shirt as worn in pre-Euro friendlies and released to the public also featured one blue sleeve and one red sleeve in reference to the \"tricolore\"."}, {"section_header": "Team image | Nickname", "text": "France is often referred to by the media and supporters as Les Bleus (The Blues), which is the nickname associated with all of France's international sporting teams due to the blue shirts each team incorporates."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "In 1988, the FFF opened the Clairefontaine National Football Institute."}, {"section_header": "Team image | Kits and crest", "text": "France normally wear blue shirts, white shorts and red socks at home (similar setup to Japan), while, when on the road, the team utilizes an all-white combination or wear red shirts, blue shorts, and blue socks with the former being the most current."}, {"section_header": "Home stadium", "text": "Clairefontaine is the national association football centre and is among 12 \u00e9lite academies throughout the country."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The France national football team was created in 1904 around the time of FIFA's foundation on 21 May 1904 and contested its first official international match on 1 May 1904 against Belgium in Brussels, which ended in a 3\u20133 draw."}, {"section_header": "Team image | Kits and crest", "text": "Between 1909\u20131914, France wore a white shirt with blue stripes, white shorts, and red socks."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "France are colloquially known as Les Bleus (The Blues)."}], "text": "France national football team is casually referred to as The Reds.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "France national football team"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Artistry | Influences", "text": "Aguilera has credited blues singer Etta James as her main influence and inspiration, elaborating,"}], "id": "KNMrghDtdpNKRijhnQYD", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Artistry | Influences", "text": "And for me that dream, all my life, has been Etta James\"."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Influences", "text": "Aguilera has credited blues singer Etta James as her main influence and inspiration, elaborating,"}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Influences", "text": "\"Etta is my all-time favorite singer."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Influences", "text": "Following James' death in 2012, Aguilera was asked to perform \"At Last\" at James' funeral."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 2012\u20132017: Lotus, second child, and television projects", "text": "Aguilera collaborated with A Great Big World on the ballad"}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 2012\u20132017: Lotus, second child, and television projects", "text": "Aguilera's one more season with The Voice was the tenth, in which she won with her contestant Alisan Porter"}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1999\u20132001: Christina Aguilera, Mi Reflejo, and My Kind of Christmas", "text": "Aguilera's eponymous debut album followed in August 1999 and peaked at number one on the US Billboard 200."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 2012\u20132017: Lotus, second child, and television projects", "text": "The album was supported by one other single, \"Just a Fool\" featuring Aguilera's fellow The Voice coach Blake Shelton."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Aguilera is also known for her television and music video impact; in 2012, Jon Caramanica of The New York Times commented that Aguilera \"will be remembered for her glamour, her scandalous take on femme-pop and her Brobdingnagian voice, and ... as the person who almost single-handedly reshaped music-competition reality programming\"."}, {"section_header": "Image", "text": "Fashion has also been a part of Aguilera's music career and image."}], "text": "Etta James made a big impact on Aguilera's music.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Christina Aguilera"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 \u2013 October 8, 1869) was the 14th president of the United States (1853\u20131857), a northern Democrat who saw the abolitionist movement as a fundamental threat to the unity of the nation."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He alienated anti-slavery groups by supporting and signing the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act and enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act, yet he failed to stem conflict between North and South, setting the stage for Southern secession and the American Civil War."}], "id": "KUMVStB9X1KDcEoDPJ8I", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Presidency | Foreign and military affairs", "text": "Nevertheless, Buchanan was not successful in getting the British to renounce their Central American possessions."}, {"section_header": "Later life | Post-presidency", "text": "In Rome, he visited Nathaniel Hawthorne; the two men spent much time together and the author found the retired president as buoyant as ever."}, {"section_header": "Presidency | Bleeding Kansas", "text": "Pierce and his administration used threats and promises to keep most Democrats on board in favor of the bill."}, {"section_header": "Party leader | Lawyer and politician", "text": "Pierce was closer to the radicals philosophically, and reluctantly agreed to represent Hill's adversary in a legal dispute regarding ownership of a newspaper\u2014Hill lost, and founded his own paper, of which Pierce was a frequent target."}, {"section_header": "Presidency | Bleeding Kansas", "text": "The administration's opponents in the North worked together to return opposition members to Congress, though only a few northern Whigs gained election."}, {"section_header": "Presidency | Foreign and military affairs", "text": "Pierce opposed the use of the federal government to prop up private industry and did not endorse the final version of the treaty, which was ratified nonetheless."}, {"section_header": "Later life | Civil War", "text": "Pierce publicly opposed President Lincoln's order suspending the writ of habeas corpus, arguing that even in a time of war, the country should not abandon its protection of civil liberties."}, {"section_header": "Presidency | Bleeding Kansas", "text": "Passage of the act coincided with the seizure of escaped slave Anthony Burns in Boston."}, {"section_header": "Early life and family | State politics", "text": "Franklin and Benjamin Pierce were among the prominent citizens who welcomed President Jackson to the state on his visit in mid-1833."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The failure of Pierce, as president, to secure sectional conciliation helped bring an end to the dominance of the Democratic Party that had started with Jackson, and led to a period of over seventy years when the Republicans mostly controlled national politics."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 \u2013 October 8, 1869) was the 14th president of the United States (1853\u20131857), a northern Democrat who saw the abolitionist movement as a fundamental threat to the unity of the nation."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He alienated anti-slavery groups by supporting and signing the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act and enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act, yet he failed to stem conflict between North and South, setting the stage for Southern secession and the American Civil War."}], "text": "Franklin Pierce was U.S. president that thought getting rid of slaves would bring the country closer together.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Franklin Pierce"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The council also condemned Jan Hus as a heretic and facilitated his execution by the civil authority, and ruled on issues of national sovereignty, the rights of pagans and just war, in response to a conflict between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Kingdom of Poland and the Order of the Teutonic Knights."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The council ended the Western Schism by deposing or accepting the resignation of the remaining papal claimants and by electing Pope Martin V."}], "id": "KUQ6kaU5BMWdiID5CeWk", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Condemnation of Jan Hus", "text": ", relinquishes Jan Hus to the judgment of the secular authority and decrees that he is to be relinquished to the secular court.\" (Council of Constance Session 15 \u2013 6 July 1415)."}, {"section_header": "Condemnation of Jan Hus", "text": "Pawe\u0142 W\u0142odkowic and the other Polish representatives to the Council of Constance publicly defended Hus."}, {"section_header": "Condemnation of Jan Hus", "text": "Hus, summoned to Constance under a letter of safe conduct, was found guilty of heresy by the council and turned over to the secular court."}, {"section_header": "Condemnation of Jan Hus", "text": "The reforms were largely directed against John Wycliffe, mentioned in the opening session and condemned in the eighth on 4 May 1415, and Jan Hus, along with their followers."}, {"section_header": "Condemnation of Jan Hus", "text": "Jerome of Prague, a supporter of Hus, came to Constance to offer assistance but was similarly arrested, judged, found guilty of heresy and turned over to the same secular court, with the same outcome as Hus."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The council also condemned Jan Hus as a heretic and facilitated his execution by the civil authority, and ruled on issues of national sovereignty, the rights of pagans and just war, in response to a conflict between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Kingdom of Poland and the Order of the Teutonic Knights."}, {"section_header": "Origin and background", "text": "Pope Gregory XI's return to Rome in 1377, followed by his death (in 1378) and the controversial election of his successor, Pope Urban VI, resulted in the defection of a number of cardinals and the election of a rival pope based at Avignon in 1378."}, {"section_header": "Ending the Western Schism", "text": "Gregory XII's cardinals were accepted as true cardinals by the council, but the members of the council delayed electing a new pope for fear that a new pope would restrict further discussion of pressing issues in the church."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The council ended the Western Schism by deposing or accepting the resignation of the remaining papal claimants and by electing Pope Martin V."}, {"section_header": "Condemnation of Jan Hus", "text": "\" This holy synod of Constance, seeing that God's church has nothing more that it can do"}], "text": "The Council of Constance gave the order for the killing of Jan Hus and help with the election of a Pope.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Council of Constance"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Definition and properties | Units", "text": "Acceleration has the dimensions of velocity (L/T) divided by time, i.e. L T\u22122."}], "id": "KWogNJseVsoMmisuGam3", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Tangential and centripetal acceleration", "text": "Geometrical analysis of three-dimensional space curves, which explains tangent, (principal) normal and binormal, is described by the Frenet\u2013Serret formulas."}, {"section_header": "Relation to relativity | Special relativity", "text": "The special theory of relativity describes the behavior of objects traveling relative to other objects at speeds approaching that of light in a vacuum."}, {"section_header": "Special cases | Uniform acceleration", "text": "As Galileo showed, the net result is parabolic motion, which describes, e. g., the trajectory of a projectile in a vacuum near the surface of Earth."}, {"section_header": "Special cases | Uniform acceleration", "text": "=m\\mathbf {g} =m\\mathbf {g} } =m\\mathbf {g} =m\\mathbf {g} } Because of the simple analytic properties of the case of constant acceleration, there are simple formulas relating the displacement, initial and time-dependent velocities, and acceleration to the time elapsed:                                    s (         t         )         ="}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The magnitude of an object's acceleration, as described by Newton's Second Law, is the combined effect of two causes:  the net balance of all external forces acting onto that object \u2014 magnitude is directly proportional to this net resulting force; that object's mass, depending on the materials out of which it is made \u2014 magnitude is inversely proportional to the object's mass."}, {"section_header": "Definition and properties | Units", "text": "Acceleration has the dimensions of velocity (L/T) divided by time, i.e. L T\u22122."}], "text": "There is no formula to describe it.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Acceleration"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "After retirement", "text": "Smoltz was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility in 2015."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility in 2015."}], "id": "KYKysyJLXZIOqVgl6RYD", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Smoltz is a distant cousin of fellow Baseball Hall of Famer Charlie Gehringer."}, {"section_header": "After retirement", "text": "Smoltz was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility in 2015."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility in 2015."}, {"section_header": "Accomplishments", "text": "Elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame with 82.88% of the vote (January 2015) Eight-time All-Star (1989, 1992\u201393, 1996, 2002\u201303, 2005, 2007) National League Championship Series MVP (1992) Led the National League in Strikeouts (1992, with 215) National League Cy Young Award winner (1996) Atlanta Braves record for most wins in a season (1996, with 24) Led National League in wins (1996, with 24) Counting his wins in the playoffs and All-Star Game, amassed 29 wins in 1996; the only higher total in the last 70 years is Denny McLain, who had 32 in 1968."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | Injuries and move to the bullpen (1998\u20132004)", "text": "In 2004, Smoltz finished with 44 saves, but was frustrated with his inability to make an impact as a closer during another Braves' postseason loss."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | Early years (1988\u20131997)", "text": "He admitted in 2016 that he never learned to throw sliders until he reached the MLB, nor does he recommend children to throw sliders."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | Return to the rotation (2005\u20132008)", "text": "Poor run support contributed to an 0\u20133 start despite stronger pitching performances by Smoltz."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Politics", "text": "The 71st District encompasses Waverly Senior High School, where Smoltz was an All-State baseball and basketball player."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "John Andrew Smoltz (born May 15, 1967), nicknamed \"Smoltzie\" and \"Marmaduke,\" is an American former baseball pitcher who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1988 to 2009, all but the last year with the Atlanta Braves."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | Early years (1988\u20131997)", "text": "Smoltz again won 15 games, but suffered his first postseason loss to the Philadelphia Phillies in the NLCS despite not allowing an earned run."}], "text": "Despite never making it to the Hall of Fame himself, Smoltz is a distant cousin of fellow Baseball Hall of Famer Charlie Gehringer.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "John Smoltz"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Dafoe married Italian actress, director, and screenwriter Giada Colagrande on March 25, 2005, a year after the two had met in Rome at the premiere of one of her films."}], "id": "KnUdaAJwg5v3oMNA7OJB", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "and I said: 'Do you want to get married tomorrow?'"}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "They separated in 2004 and were never married because \"to her, marriage represented ownership\"."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 2000\u20132009: Shadow of the Vampire, Spider-Man and prolificity", "text": "Roger Ebert thought that Dafoe was \"fearsome\" in the role, while Manohla Dargis felt he and Roberts were \"awkwardly matched\" as a married couple."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Dafoe married Italian actress, director, and screenwriter Giada Colagrande on March 25, 2005, a year after the two had met in Rome at the premiere of one of her films."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 2000\u20132009: Shadow of the Vampire, Spider-Man and prolificity", "text": "In the drama Pavilion of Women, he played an American priest living in China who falls in love with a local married woman (played by the film's screenwriter Luo Yan) while giving her son a Western education."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Dafoe said in 2010, \"We were having lunch"}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1955\u20131978: Early life and acting in theater", "text": "Within a year Dafoe was part of the company."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1955\u20131978: Early life and acting in theater", "text": "Dafoe would continue with the Wooster Group into the 2000s."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1986\u20131989: Breakthrough, first Oscar nomination, and controversial roles", "text": "Dafoe did not receive a credit for his work on the film."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1990\u20131999: Balancing independent and blockbuster films", "text": "Dafoe had two lead roles in 1992."}], "text": "Dafoe is married.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Willem Dafoe"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Linda Maria Ronstadt (born July 15, 1946) is a retired American singer who performed and recorded in diverse genres including rock, country, light opera, and Latin."}], "id": "Ks6CgmRdv31LZt0Kfzf3", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Time magazine and \"rock chick\" image", "text": "At a time in the industry when men still told women what to sing and what to wear, Ronstadt hated the image of her that was projected to the world on that cover, and she noted recently how the photographer kept forcing her to wear a dress, which was an image she did not want to project."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Return to roots music", "text": "It was the last time Linda Ronstadt would record an album, having begun to lose her singing ability as the result of Parkinson's disease, diagnosed in December 2012."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | National arts advocacy", "text": "Mix magazine stated that \"Linda Ronstadt (has) left her mark on more than the record business; her devotion to the craft of singing influenced many audio professionals ... (and is) intensely knowledgeable about the mechanics of singing and the cultural contexts of every genre she passes\"."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Political activism", "text": "In August 2009, Ronstadt, in a well-publicized interview to PlanetOut Inc. titled \"Linda Ronstadt's Gay Mission\", championed gay rights and same-sex marriage, and stated that \"homophobia is anti-family values."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | From rock to operetta", "text": "How could I be the best? Ronstadt is still alive!\"In the summer of 1980, Ronstadt began rehearsals for the first of several leads in Broadway musicals."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "reduced her activity after 2000 when she felt her singing voice deteriorating, releasing her last full-length album in 2004 and performing her last live concert in 2009."}, {"section_header": "Career summary", "text": "Although fame eluded her during these years, Ronstadt actively toured with the Doors, Neil Young, Jackson Browne, and others, appeared numerous times on television shows, and began to contribute her singing to albums by other artists."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Time magazine and \"rock chick\" image", "text": "On singing with Jagger, Ronstadt later said, \"I loved it."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career", "text": "Still contractually obligated to Capitol Records, Ronstadt released her first solo album, Hand Sown ... Home Grown, in 1969."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Most successful female singer of the 1970s", "text": "\"I Can't Help It (If I'm Still in Love with You)\" which was originally a 1940s hit by Hank Williams."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Linda Maria Ronstadt (born July 15, 1946) is a retired American singer who performed and recorded in diverse genres including rock, country, light opera, and Latin."}], "text": "Linda Ronstadt is still active with her singing.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Linda Ronstadt"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He also appeared in one game apiece for the Chicago White Sox and Braves while coaching them in 1922 and 1929, respectively."}], "id": "Kuz7u8eN5kMA1fZQOYyu", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1902 through 1917 for the Chicago Cubs, Boston Braves, and Philadelphia Phillies."}, {"section_header": "Career | Chicago Cubs", "text": "Evers agreed to manage the Navy Midshipmen, a college baseball team, in 1911, despite the opposition of Cubs' manager Frank Chance."}, {"section_header": "Career | Chicago Cubs", "text": "In his month-long tryout with the Cubs, Evers batted .222 without recording an extra-base hit and played inconsistent defense."}, {"section_header": "Career | Chicago Cubs", "text": "Evers played 152 games in the 1904 season."}, {"section_header": "Career | Chicago Cubs", "text": "He experienced a nervous breakdown in 1911; returning to the Cubs later in the season, he played in only 46 games that year."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Many of Evers' relatives, including his father, brothers, and uncles, played baseball."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The Merkle play remains one of the most famous in baseball history."}, {"section_header": "Career | Chicago Cubs", "text": "NL president Harry Pulliam ruled the game a tie, with a makeup to be played."}, {"section_header": "Career | Chicago Cubs", "text": "The Cubs won the NL pennant in 1906, but lost the 1906 World Series to the Chicago White Sox four games to two; Evers batted 3-for-20 (.150) in the series."}, {"section_header": "Career | Chicago Cubs", "text": "Lowe recovered during the 1903 season, but Evers' strong play made Lowe expendable; Evers finished third in the NL in fielding percentage among second basemen (.937), and finished fifth in assists (245) and putouts (306)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He also appeared in one game apiece for the Chicago White Sox and Braves while coaching them in 1922 and 1929, respectively."}], "text": "Johnny Evers played his entire baseball career for the Chicago Cubs.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Johnny Evers"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "That night, Moze is accosted by Ku Klux Klan members and savagely beaten."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Will, who recognizes all the assailants' voices as local white men, confronts and identifies them one by one; they all run off."}], "id": "KvxmDJMJNpZZN7nBCgEH", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Places in the Heart grossed $274,279 in its opening weekend."}, {"section_header": "Release", "text": "Places in the Heart was released in theatres on September 21, 1984."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "He has gone on to include too much."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Places in the Heart is a 1984 American drama film written and directed by Robert Benton about a Depression-era Texas widow who tries to save her family farm with the help of a blind white man and a poor black man."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The film closes with all the characters gathered in church singing in unison."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "The consensus is: \"Places in the Heart is a quiet character piece with grand ambitions that it more than fulfills, thanks to absorbing work from writer-director Robert Benton and a tremendous cast.\" Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote in his review: \"Robert Benton has made one of the best films in years about growing up American.\" Canby called it \"moving and often funny\" and \"a tonic, a revivifying experience right down to the final images\", comparing it to Luis Bunuel's Tristana\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Accolades", "text": "He tells a central story of great power, and then keeps leaving it to catch us up with minor characters we never care about.\" In 1985, when Sally Field accepted her second Oscar (the first was for Norma Rae), she uttered the memorable (and much-mocked) line \" I can't deny the fact that you like me\u2014right now, you like me!"}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "That night, Moze is accosted by Ku Klux Klan members and savagely beaten."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Will, who recognizes all the assailants' voices as local white men, confronts and identifies them one by one; they all run off."}], "text": "Places in the Heart includes characters who are part of the KKK.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Places in the Heart"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Inspiration", "text": "Gauguin did work as a stockbroker, did leave his wife and family to devote his life to art, and did leave Europe for Tahiti to pursue his career; however none of this happened in the brutal way of the novel's character."}], "id": "KzXHJL0rHkDsMLMKpWEl", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The story is in part based on the life of the painter Paul Gauguin."}, {"section_header": "Inspiration", "text": "Gauguin did work as a stockbroker, did leave his wife and family to devote his life to art, and did leave Europe for Tahiti to pursue his career; however none of this happened in the brutal way of the novel's character."}, {"section_header": "Inspiration", "text": "The Moon and Sixpence is not, of course, a life of Paul Gauguin in the form of fiction."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Moon and Sixpence is a novel by W. Somerset Maugham first published in April 15th, 1919."}, {"section_header": "About the title", "text": "The Moon and Sixpence is at once a satire of Edwardian mores and a Gauguin biography.\" According to some sources, the title, the meaning of which is not explicitly revealed in the book, was taken from a review of Maugham's novel Of Human Bondage in which the novel's protagonist, Philip Carey, is described as \"so busy yearning for the moon that he never saw the sixpence at his feet.\" According to a 1956 letter from Maugham, \"If you look on the ground in search of a sixpence, you don't look up, and so miss the moon."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "That book is The Moon and Sixpence."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Early in the novel, he leaves his wife and children and goes to Paris. (The narrator enters directly into the story at this point, when he is asked by Mrs Strickland to go to Paris and talk with her husband.) He lives a destitute but defiantly content life there as a painter, lodging in run-down hotels and falling prey to both illness and hunger."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is told in episodic form by a first-person narrator, in a series of glimpses into the mind and soul of the central character Charles Strickland, a middle-aged English stockbroker, who abandons his wife and children abruptly to pursue his desire to become an artist."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "The novel served as the basis for an opera, also titled The Moon and Sixpence, by John Gardner to a libretto by Patrick Terry; it was premiered at Sadlers Wells in 1957.Writer S Lee Pogostin"}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "In the crowd of onlookers is a little boy who picks up one of the books and thumbs through it before his father takes it from him and throws it on the pile with the rest."}], "text": "The 1919 novel The Moon and Sixpence is base in part on the painter Paul Gauguin who worked as a stockbroker before leaving his wife and job to pursue art.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "The Moon and Sixpence"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early Negro league experience", "text": "Brown was one of the fastest players in baseball in the late 1930s and 1940s, as well as a solid outfielder."}, {"section_header": "Early Negro league experience", "text": "He began his professional baseball career in 1934 with the Monroe Monarchs, a minor Negro league team."}], "id": "L4GWHsjbkrOONkS3tmPf", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Willard Jessie Brown (June 26, 1915 \u2013 August 4, 1996), nicknamed \"Home Run\" Brown, was an American baseball player who played outfielder in the Negro leagues and in Major League Baseball (MLB)."}, {"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "Brown was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006."}, {"section_header": "MLB career", "text": "Brown entered the baseball record books on August 13, 1947, when he became the first African-American player to hit a home run in the American League: an inside-the-park homer off"}, {"section_header": "Early Negro league experience", "text": "Brown was one of the fastest players in baseball in the late 1930s and 1940s, as well as a solid outfielder."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "Returning to the Monarchs for the 1948 season and stayed with the team until his retirement from top-level baseball in 1950."}, {"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "After retiring from baseball, Brown was a long time resident of Houston, Texas, where he died in 1996 at the age of 81."}, {"section_header": "Early Negro league experience", "text": "He began his professional baseball career in 1934 with the Monroe Monarchs, a minor Negro league team."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "His career home run total is not known, but he is considered to be among the Negro league career leaders in homers despite a relatively brief career."}, {"section_header": "MLB career", "text": "On 20 July, Brown and Hank Thompson played against the Boston Red Sox."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "That winter, Brown went to Puerto Rico and had one of his greatest seasons ever, batting .432"}], "text": "Willard Brown started his baseball career in the 1940's.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Willard Brown"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 2007\u20132010", "text": "It had 400,000 tweets posted per quarter in 2007."}], "id": "LD2NB8eNq9xIm1LekCbh", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 2007\u20132010", "text": "The company experienced rapid initial growth."}, {"section_header": "History | Creation and initial reaction", "text": "Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "By 2012, more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day, and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day."}, {"section_header": "History | Stock launch and tax issues", "text": "The initial public offering (IPO) filing states that \"200,000,000+ monthly active users\" access Twitter and \"500,000,000+ tweets per day\" are posted."}, {"section_header": "History | Creation and initial reaction", "text": "Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007."}, {"section_header": "Society | Impact | World leaders", "text": "In that way, presidential candidates who had their tweets covered more in the news were able to get their message to more potential voters."}, {"section_header": "Statistics | Record tweets", "text": "The most tweeted moment in the history of Twitter occurred on August 2, 2013; during a Japanese television airing of the Studio Ghibli film Castle in the Sky, fans simultaneously tweeted the word balse (\u30d0\u30eb\u30b9)\u2014the incantation for a destruction spell used during its climax, after it was uttered in the film."}, {"section_header": "User accounts | Twitter bots | Effects", "text": "The companies that facilitate this service create fake Twitter accounts that follow a number of people, some of these Twitter accounts may even post fake tweets to make it seem like they are real."}, {"section_header": "History | Creation and initial reaction", "text": "During the event, Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000. \" The Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages,\" remarked Newsweek's Steven Levy."}, {"section_header": "History | Creation and initial reaction", "text": "The developers initially considered \"10958\" as a short code, but later changed it to \"40404\" for \"ease of use and memorability\"."}, {"section_header": "History | 2007\u20132010", "text": "It had 400,000 tweets posted per quarter in 2007."}], "text": "The company had posted more than 350000 tweets during the initial growth.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Twitter"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "BTS (Korean: \ubc29\ud0c4\uc18c\ub144\ub2e8; RR: Bangtan Sonyeondan), also known as the Bangtan Boys, is a seven-member South Korean boy band who began formation in 2010 and debuted in 2013."}], "id": "LDbwFi5zYqLTO34xvDRi", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Other ventures | BTS Universe", "text": "It tells the story of the seven members in an alternate reality and depicts their anxieties and uncertainties as they confront their futures."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "BTS (Korean: \ubc29\ud0c4\uc18c\ub144\ub2e8; RR: Bangtan Sonyeondan), also known as the Bangtan Boys, is a seven-member South Korean boy band who began formation in 2010 and debuted in 2013."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Lyrical themes", "text": "South Korean president Moon Jae-in, in a letter to BTS, recognized their sincerity and inclusion of diversity as key to their success, writing, \"Each of the seven members sings in a way that is true to himself and the life he wants to live."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2015\u20132016: Mainstream breakthrough and commercial success", "text": "Wings combined the themes of youth presented in their previous \"youth series\" with temptation and adversity and, for the first time as a major group effort, included seven solo tracks that demonstrated each members' potential and individuality as independent musicians."}, {"section_header": "Awards and achievements", "text": "In 2019, members of BTS were invited to become members of the Recording Academy in honor of their contributions to music and as part of a push to help diversify Grammy Award voters."}, {"section_header": "Members", "text": "Jin (\uc9c4) \u2013 vocalist Suga (\uc288\uac00) \u2013 rapper J-Hope (\uc81c\uc774\ud649) \u2013 rapper RM \u2013 leader, rapper"}, {"section_header": "Members", "text": "Jimin (\uc9c0\ubbfc) \u2013 Jimin (\uc9c0\ubbfc) \u2013 vocalist V (\ubdd4) \u2013 vocalist Jungkook (\uc815\uad6d) \u2013 vocalist"}, {"section_header": "Other ventures | Philanthropy", "text": "BTS donated \u20a9500 million ($448,000) from the members and 100% of all sales of official goods for the Love"}, {"section_header": "Other ventures | Philanthropy", "text": "In 2015, BTS donated seven tons (7,187 kg) of rice to charity at the K-Star Road opening ceremony held in Apgujeong-dong."}, {"section_header": "Other ventures | Philanthropy", "text": "Also in that month, BTS partook in the Grammy week charity auction event, auctioning off a set of seven microphones used during their Love Yourself World Tour."}], "text": "BTS has seven members.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "BTS (band)"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Our Town is a 1938 metatheatrical three-act play by American playwright Thornton Wilder which won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama."}], "id": "LDjeWyqCcUwC2hmdLZiz", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production history", "text": "An award-winning revival of Our Town opened at the Barrow Street Theatre, in New York City, on February 26, 2009."}, {"section_header": "Awards", "text": "1989 Tony Award for Best Revival"}, {"section_header": "Awards", "text": "1989 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival"}, {"section_header": "Production history", "text": "In 2017, Tony Award-winning Deaf West Theater, a Los Angeles-based theater company, co-produced with the Pasadena Playhouse a production of Our Town performed in American Sign Language and spoken English."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Our Town (opera), an operatic version of the play with music by Ned Rorem"}, {"section_header": "Awards", "text": "1938 Pulitzer Prize for Drama"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Our Town is a 1938 metatheatrical three-act play by American playwright Thornton Wilder which won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The play tells the story of the fictional American small town of Grover's Corners between 1901 and 1913 through the everyday lives of its citizens."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "OT: Our Town, a 2002 documentary by Scott Hamilton Kennedy about a production of the play by Dominguez High School in Compton, California Our Town, a 2003 television film adaptation starring Paul Newman as the Stage Manager."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Our Town, a 1977 television adaptation of the play, starring Hal Holbrook as the Stage Manager, Robby Benson as George Gibbs and Glynnis O'Connor as Emily Webb."}], "text": "Our Town is a play that was an award winning show.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Our Town"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Public image", "text": "Johansson has been called \"ScarJo\" by the media and fans, but dislikes the nickname, finding it lazy, flippant and insulting."}], "id": "LE3OVscckultNfcHRato", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Acting career | Films with Woody Allen (2005\u20132009)", "text": "She was fascinated with Nolan's directing methods and liked working with him."}, {"section_header": "Other ventures | Politics", "text": "In the 2020 Democratic presidential primaries, Johansson endorsed Elizabeth Warren, referring to Warren as \"thoughtful and progressive but realistic\"."}, {"section_header": "Public image", "text": "She is described as a sex symbol by the media."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Films with Woody Allen (2005\u20132009)", "text": "As an admirer of Allen's films, Johansson liked the idea of working with him, but felt nervous her first day on the set."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Johansson has criticized the media for promoting an image that causes unhealthy diets and eating disorders among women."}, {"section_header": "Public image", "text": "Johansson has been called \"ScarJo\" by the media and fans, but dislikes the nickname, finding it lazy, flippant and insulting."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "She has been cited as a Hollywood sex symbol by various media outlets."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Early roles (1996\u20132002)", "text": "Johansson was credited with \"sensitivity and talent"}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "In May 2019, Johansson and Jost were engaged."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Johansson went on to star in the science fiction"}], "text": "Johansson has been referred to as \"ScarJo\" by the media and doesn't like it.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Scarlett Johansson"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Thomas Woodrow Wilson was born to a family of Scots-Irish and Scottish descent, in Staunton, Virginia, on December 28, 1856."}], "id": "LJs4x5Oww7MGR10wTC5F", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Wilson's maternal grandfather, Reverend Thomas Woodrow, migrated from Paisley, Scotland to Carlisle, England, before moving to Chillicothe, Ohio in the late 1830s."}, {"section_header": "Works", "text": "The Papers of Woodrow Wilson."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1913\u22121921) | Aftermath of World War I | Ratification debate and incapacity", "text": "Some Republicans, including former President Taft and former Secretary of State Elihu Root, favored ratification of the treaty with some modifications, and their public support gave Wilson some chance of winning the treaty's ratification."}, {"section_header": "Works", "text": "The Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "The Woodrow Wilson Boyhood Home in Augusta, Georgia, and the Woodrow Wilson House in Washington, D.C., are National Historic Landmarks."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "Monuments to Wilson include the Woodrow Wilson Monument in Prague."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "The USS Woodrow Wilson, a Lafayette-class submarine, was named for Wilson."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "The Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library is located in Staunton, Virginia."}, {"section_header": "Works", "text": "A Crossroads of Freedom: The 1912 Campaign Speeches of Woodrow Wilson."}, {"section_header": "Works cited | Historiography", "text": "Kennedy, Ross A., ed. A Companion to Woodrow Wilson (2013)."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Thomas Woodrow Wilson was born to a family of Scots-Irish and Scottish descent, in Staunton, Virginia, on December 28, 1856."}], "text": "Woodrow Wilson had roots from England.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Woodrow Wilson"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "Later, he was spotted by music producer and manager Dick James, who offered to mould Kingsley into a pop star, but Kingsley chose to join the Royal Shakespeare Company after an audition before Trevor Nunn."}], "id": "LKtCdAVOsKg044eQ15wu", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sir Ben Kingsley (born Krishna Pandit Bhanji; 31 December 1943) is an English actor."}, {"section_header": "Honours", "text": "Co-star Pen\u00e9lope Cruz was reportedly unsure what to call him during the filming of Elegy as someone had told her she needed to refer to him as \"Sir Ben\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Kingsley is best known for his starring role as Mohandas Gandhi in the 1982 film Gandhi, for which he subsequently won the Academy Award for Best Actor at the 55th Academy Awards."}, {"section_header": "Honours", "text": "Since then, Kingsley appears to have altered his stance; credits for his latest films refer to him as Ben Kingsley."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "At about this time, he changed his name to Ben Kingsley, fearing that a foreign name would hamper his career."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "Kingsley studied at De La Salle College in Salford, which later became home to the Ben Kingsley Theatre."}, {"section_header": "Honours", "text": "Kingsley has denied accusations that he prefers to be referred to by his title, saying, \"If I've ever insisted on being called 'Sir' by colleagues on a film set then I am profoundly sorry."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "Kingsley played Mosca in Peter Hall's 1977 production of Ben Jonson's Volpone for the Royal National Theatre, and in Peter Brook's acclaimed production of A Midsummer Night's Dream."}, {"section_header": "Honours", "text": "I feel that I am a story teller and to receive a knighthood is really recognition of that.\" His demand to be called 'Sir' in film and TV show credits was documented by the BBC, to some criticism."}, {"section_header": "Career | Film and television", "text": "Kingsley has since appeared in a variety of roles."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "Later, he was spotted by music producer and manager Dick James, who offered to mould Kingsley into a pop star, but Kingsley chose to join the Royal Shakespeare Company after an audition before Trevor Nunn."}], "text": "Sir Ben Kingsley is known for his acting, but he almost was a celebrity chef instead.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Ben Kingsley"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history."}], "id": "LRztCBQNHZQiA4DvS1ub", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Economy | Taxation and property", "text": "In 168 BC, the land tax rate was reduced from one-fifteenth of a farming household's crop yield to one-thirtieth, and later to a one-hundredth of a crop yield for the last decades of the dynasty."}, {"section_header": "History | Western Han", "text": "The liquor monopoly lasted only from 98 to 81 BC, and the salt and iron monopolies were eventually abolished in early Eastern Han."}, {"section_header": "Science and technology | Metallurgy and agriculture", "text": "The heavy moldboard iron plow, also invented during the Han dynasty, required only one man to control it, two oxen to pull it."}, {"section_header": "Science and technology | Mechanical and hydraulic engineering", "text": "This invention is depicted in Han artwork by the 2nd century, yet detailed written descriptions were not offered until the 3rd century."}, {"section_header": "History | End of the Han dynasty", "text": "This formally ended the Han dynasty and initiated an age of conflict between three states: Cao Wei, Eastern Wu, and Shu Han."}, {"section_header": "Science and technology | Mechanical and hydraulic engineering", "text": "The account of this device in the Book of the Later Han describes how, on one occasion, one of the metal balls was triggered without any of the observers feeling a disturbance."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Military", "text": "Conscripted soldiers underwent one year of training and one year of service as non-professional soldiers."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Military", "text": "During the Eastern Han, conscription could be avoided if one paid a commutable tax."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history."}, {"section_header": "History | Eastern Han", "text": "After Emperor He's death, his wife Empress Deng Sui (d. 121 AD) managed state affairs as the regent empress dowager during a turbulent financial crisis and widespread Qiang rebellion that lasted from 107 to 118 AD."}], "text": "The Han dynasty only lasted one century.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Han dynasty"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Background and publication", "text": "The Fifty Shades trilogy was developed from a Twilight fan fiction series originally titled Master of the Universe and published by James episodically on fan-fiction websites under the pen name \"Snowqueen's Icedragon\"."}], "id": "LZmEcA7QpGLAuHJVY0OL", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The second and third volumes of the original trilogy, Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed, were published in 2012."}, {"section_header": "Background and publication", "text": "Many other erotic works quickly became best-sellers following Fifty Shades' success, while other popular works, such as Anne Rice's The Sleeping Beauty trilogy, have been reissued (this time without pseudonyms) to meet the higher demand."}, {"section_header": "Background and publication", "text": "The first, titled Fifty Shades of Grey, was released as an e-book and a print on demand paperback in May 2011 by The Writers' Coffee Shop, a virtual publisher based in Australia."}, {"section_header": "Background and publication", "text": "The Fifty Shades trilogy was developed from a Twilight fan fiction series originally titled Master of the Universe and published by James episodically on fan-fiction websites under the pen name \"Snowqueen's Icedragon\"."}, {"section_header": "Background and publication", "text": "The second volume, Fifty Shades Darker, was released in September 2011; and the third, Fifty Shades Freed, followed in January 2012."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "There, Christian informs her that the second contract will be one of dominance and submission, and there will be no romantic relationship, only a sexual one."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Ana does not expect to meet Christian again, but he appears at the hardware store where she works."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "It has received mixed to negative reviews, with most critics noting poor literary qualities of the work."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "It made Twilight look like War and Peace.\" Maureen Dowd described the book in The New York Times as being written \"like a Bront\u00eb devoid of talent,\" and said it was \"dull and poorly written.\" Jesse Kornbluth of The Huffington Post said: \"As a reading experience, Fifty Shades ... is a sad joke, puny of plot\".Princeton professor April Alliston wrote, \"Though no literary masterpiece, Fifty Shades is more than parasitic fan fiction based on the recent Twilight vampire series.\" Entertainment Weekly writer Lisa Schwarzbaum gave the book a \"B+\" rating and praised it for being \"in a class by itself."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2011 erotic romance novel by British author E. L. James."}], "text": "Fifty Shades of Gray was originally based on work by the Bront\u00eb sisters.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Fifty Shades of Grey"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reign | Reforms | Additional reforms", "text": "The tsar  appointed Dmitry Milyutin to carry out significant reforms in the Russian armed forces."}], "id": "Lau9BkYFRAsuEimWRSfL", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reign | Reforms", "text": "Encouraged by public opinion, Alexander began a period of radical reforms, including an attempt not to depend on landed aristocracy controlling the poor, an effort to develop Russia's natural resources, and to reform all branches of the administration."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Reforms | Additional reforms", "text": "The Alaska colony was losing money, and would be impossible to defend in wartime against Britain, so in 1867 Russia sold Alaska to the United States for $7.2 million (equivalent to $132 million in 2019 dollars)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Aleksandr II Nikolayevich, IPA: Aleksandr II Nikolayevich, IPA: [\u0250l\u02b2\u026a\u02c8ksandr ft\u0250\u02c8roj n\u02b2\u026ak\u0250\u02c8laj\u026av\u02b2\u026at\u0255]; 29 April 1818 \u2013 13 March 1881) was the Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination on 13 March 1881.Alexander's most significant reform as emperor was emancipation of Russia's serfs in 1861, for which he is known as Alexander the Liberator (Russian: \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0301\u043d\u0434\u0440"}, {"section_header": "Reign | Liberation of Bulgaria", "text": "For his social reforms in Russia and his role in the liberation of Bulgaria, Alexander II became known in Bulgaria as the \"Tsar-Liberator of Russians and Bulgarians\"."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Reforms | Emancipation of the serfs", "text": "The measure was the first and most important of the liberal reforms made by Alexander II."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Reforms", "text": "Boris Chicherin (1828-1904) was a  political philosopher who believed that Russia needed a strong, authoritative government by Alexander to make possible his reforms."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Liberation of Bulgaria", "text": "The Russians, helped by the Romanian Army under its supreme commander,"}, {"section_header": "Reign | Reforms | Emancipation of the serfs", "text": "Alexander II succeeded to the throne upon the death of his father in 1855."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alexander II (Russian: \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0301\u043d\u0434\u0440 II \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447, tr."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Reforms | Emancipation of the serfs", "text": "Even so, there was no one more prepared to bring the country around than Alexander II."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Reforms | Additional reforms", "text": "The tsar  appointed Dmitry Milyutin to carry out significant reforms in the Russian armed forces."}], "text": "Alexander II of Russia was against reforming Russia's army and navy.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Alexander II of Russia"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Season synopses | Season 5", "text": "The fifth season consists of 28 half-hours of material, divided into 24 half-hour episodes and two hour-long episodes, one of which aired after Super Bowl XLIII.Jim proposes to Pam at a gas station midway between Scranton and New York City where they are meeting for a visit."}], "id": "Lf2a1HIyM5rVbojima5x", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Crew", "text": "Paul Lieberstein and Jennifer Celotta were named the series showrunners for the fifth season."}, {"section_header": "Season synopses | Season 5", "text": "The fifth season consists of 28 half-hours of material, divided into 24 half-hour episodes and two hour-long episodes, one of which aired after Super Bowl XLIII.Jim proposes to Pam at a gas station midway between Scranton and New York City where they are meeting for a visit."}, {"section_header": "Season synopses | Season 2", "text": "The second season is the series' first 22-episode season and has its first 28-minute \"super-sized\" episode."}, {"section_header": "Season synopses | Season 6", "text": "In the season finale, Dwight buys the office park."}, {"section_header": "Season synopses | Season 1", "text": "The first season consists of six episodes."}, {"section_header": "Season synopses | Season 8", "text": "The eighth season consists of 24 episodes."}, {"section_header": "Season synopses | Season 9", "text": "The final season consists of 25 episodes."}, {"section_header": "Season synopses | Season 3", "text": "The third season consists of 17 half-hour episodes, four 40-minute \"super-sized\" episodes, and two one-hour episodes."}, {"section_header": "Season synopses | Season 4", "text": "The season consists of nine half-hour and five hour-long episodes for a total of 19 episodes of material created."}, {"section_header": "Season synopses | Season 7", "text": "The seventh season consists of 26 half-hours of material, divided into 21 half-hour episodes, one \"super-sized\" episode, and two hour-long episodes."}], "text": "The fifth season of The Office has twenty-six episodes.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "The Office (US)"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Persuaded that his religion was not incompatible with military service, York joined the 82nd Division as an infantry private and went to France in 1918."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "York was drafted during World War I; he initially claimed conscientious objector status on the grounds that his religious denomination forbade violence."}], "id": "LjsuE4tpmU0fVAs8vLwH", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "World War I | Medal of Honor action", "text": "The group worked their way behind the Germans and overran the headquarters of a German unit, capturing a large group of German soldiers who were preparing a counter-attack against the U.S. troops."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Discovery of 'lost' battlefield", "text": "In addition, pieces of German ammunition and weaponry, including items which could be linked by name to individuals involved in the fighting against York's unit, were found where the men York captured laid down their arms."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Medal of Honor controversy", "text": "Corporal William Cutting, who was present with York during his Medal of Honor action, and Bernard Early, the noncommissioned officer under whom York was serving during his Medal of Honor actions, were among those who argued against the official version."}, {"section_header": "After the war", "text": "In the second half of 1930s and early 1940s, in the run-up to the America's entry in World War II, York was a forceful and public advocate for interventionism, calling for U.S. involvement in the war against Germany, Italy and Japan."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Persuaded that his religion was not incompatible with military service, York joined the 82nd Division as an infantry private and went to France in 1918."}, {"section_header": "After the war | Political views", "text": "\" They are \"prizes awarded only to those peoples who fight to win them and then keep fighting eternally to hold them!\" At times he was blunt: \"I think any man who talks against the interests of his own country ought to be arrested and put in jail, not excepting senators and colonels."}, {"section_header": "World War I", "text": "When he registered for the draft, he answered the question \"Do you claim exemption from draft (specify grounds)?\" by writing \"Yes."}, {"section_header": "World War I", "text": "From the day he registered for the draft until he returned from the war on May 29, 1919, York kept a diary of his activities."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Discovery of 'lost' battlefield", "text": "There are battlefield guides available at the Sergeant York Historic Trail."}, {"section_header": "After the war | Political views", "text": "\" He questioned the failure of United Nations forces to use the atomic bomb in Korea."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "York was drafted during World War I; he initially claimed conscientious objector status on the grounds that his religious denomination forbade violence."}], "text": "U.S. soldier Sergeant York was drafted against his will because it was against his religion.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Sergeant York"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The original pale stone is no longer available in sufficient quantity, and replacement stones are increasingly darker in hue."}], "id": "LkQOH33ASMAh1vMgcXdW", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The original pale stone is no longer available in sufficient quantity, and replacement stones are increasingly darker in hue."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The restoration involved one hundred people and used more than 60,000 pieces of stone taken from the same quarry as the original statue."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The statue's internal structure was renovated and its soapstone mosaic covering was restored by removing a crust of fungi and other microorganisms and repairing small cracks."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Work included cleaning, replacing the mortar and soapstone on the exterior, restoring iron in the internal structure, and waterproofing the monument."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The four-month restoration in 2010 focused on the statue itself."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "During the unveiling of the restored statue, it was illuminated with green-and-yellow lighting in support of the Brazil national football team playing in the 2010 FIFA World Cup."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "oil company Shell do Brasil, environmental regulator IBAMA, National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage, and the city government of Rio de Janeiro entered an agreement to conduct restoration work."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "In 2010, a massive restoration of the statue began."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "A group of engineers and technicians studied Landowski's submissions and felt building the structure of reinforced concrete (designed by Albert Caquot) instead of steel was more suitable for the cross-shaped statue."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "In 1990, several organizations, including the Archdiocese of Rio de Janeiro, media company Grupo Globo,"}], "text": "The orginial stone for the structure is not available for the restoration.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Christ the Redeemer (statue)"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Exorcist is an American media franchise that originated with William Peter Blatty's 1971 horror novel of the same name and most prominently featured in a 1973 film adapted from the novel, and many subsequent prequels and sequels."}], "id": "Lks4aUYOsWq9wl5qi1SA", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Films | The Exorcist (1973)", "text": "The Exorcist is a 1973 American supernatural horror film directed by William Friedkin, adapted by William Peter Blatty from his 1971 novel of the same name, and starring Ellen Burstyn, Linda Blair, Max von Sydow, and Jason Miller."}, {"section_header": "Parodies and pastiches | Other references", "text": "In 2014, British author Saurav Dutt released a book entitled Pazuzu Unbound, which is a book set in contemporary times dealing with the demon Pazuzu but which does not deal with the original characters in the film and novel on which the book is inspired."}, {"section_header": "Films | The Exorcist III (1990)", "text": "The Exorcist III appeared in 1990, written and directed by Blatty himself from his own 1983 novel Legion."}, {"section_header": "Theatre | The Exorcist (2012)", "text": "In February 2008, American playwright John Pielmeier expressed an interest in adapting William Peter Blatty's novel of the same name into a play and soon met with Blatty."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Exorcist is an American media franchise that originated with William Peter Blatty's 1971 horror novel of the same name and most prominently featured in a 1973 film adapted from the novel, and many subsequent prequels and sequels."}, {"section_header": "Novels | The Exorcist (1971)", "text": "The Exorcist is a 1971 novel by American writer William Peter Blatty."}, {"section_header": "Films | The Exorcist (1973)", "text": "The adaptation is faithful to the book, which itself has been commercially successful (hitting the New York Times bestseller list)."}, {"section_header": "Parodies and pastiches", "text": "The prologue for Scary Movie 2 was a short parody of several scenes from the original."}, {"section_header": "Films | Related films | Possessed (2000)", "text": "The film claimed to follow the true accounts that inspired Blatty to write The Exorcist and starred Timothy Dalton, Henry Czerny, and Christopher Plummer."}, {"section_header": "Films | Related films | Possessed (2000)", "text": "A made-for-television film, Possessed (based on the book of the same name by Thomas B. Allen), was broadcast on Showtime on October 22, 2000, directed by Steven E. de Souza and written by de Souza and Michael Lazarou."}], "text": "Originally written by William Friedkin as a book in 1972, The Exorcist has inspired several film adaptations. Blatty", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "The Exorcist"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Ronstadt was raised on the family's 10-acre (4 ha) ranch with her siblings Peter (who served as Tucson's Chief of Police for ten years, 1981\u20131991), Michael J., and Gretchen (Suzy)."}], "id": "Lmv7x8YBOnR54IrdQIrP", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career overview | Beginning of professional career", "text": "At age 14, Ronstadt formed a folk trio with her brother Peter and sister Gretchen."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Collaborations with Peter Asher", "text": "But needing someone willing to work with her as an equal, Ronstadt asked Peter Asher, who came highly recommended to her by James Taylor's sister Kate Taylor, to help produce two of them: \"Sail Away\" and \"I Believe in You\"."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Artistic aspirations", "text": "Between 1983 and 1990, Ronstadt scored six additional platinum albums; two are triple platinum (each with over three million U.S. copies sold); one has been certified double platinum (over two million copies sold); and one has earned additional certification as a Gold (over 500,000 U.S. copies sold) double-disc album."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | From rock to operetta", "text": "The album earned Ronstadt two Grammy Award nominations: one for Best Rock Vocal Performance/Female for the title track and another for Best Pop Vocal Performance/Female for the album."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Return to roots music", "text": "In 2006, recording as the ZoZo Sisters, Ronstadt teamed with her new friend, musician and musical scholar Ann Savoy, to record Adieu False Heart."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Touring", "text": "Its members included Cajun fiddler Gib Guilbeau and John Beland, who later joined the Flying Burrito Brothers, as well as Stan Pratt, Thad Maxwell, and Eric White, brother of Clarence White of the Byrds."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Early influences", "text": "Of Maria Callas, Ronstadt says, \"There's no one in her league."}, {"section_header": "Awards | Grammy", "text": "Ronstadt was one of the various artists featured on the album."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Return to roots music", "text": "In 1998, Ronstadt released We Ran, her first album in over two years."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Most successful female singer of the 1970s", "text": "In late 1977, Ronstadt became the first female recording artist to have two songs in the U.S."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Ronstadt was raised on the family's 10-acre (4 ha) ranch with her siblings Peter (who served as Tucson's Chief of Police for ten years, 1981\u20131991), Michael J., and Gretchen (Suzy)."}], "text": "Ronstadt had two sisters and one brother.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Linda Ronstadt"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Jewel Bundren \u2013 Jewel is the third of the Bundren children, most likely around nineteen years of age."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "A half-brother to the other children and the favorite of Addie, he is the illegitimate son of Addie and Reverend Whitfield."}], "id": "LofkebcklpbCnu3Aiefw", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "As I Lay Dying is a 1930 Southern Gothic novel by American author William Faulkner."}, {"section_header": "Significance", "text": "As I Lay Dying derived its name from this novel."}, {"section_header": "Background and literary techniques", "text": "As I Lay Dying helped to solidify Faulkner's reputation as a pioneer, like James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, of stream of consciousness."}, {"section_header": "Significance", "text": "As I Lay Dying is consistently ranked among the best novels of 20th-century literature."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The title derives from Book XI of Homer's Odyssey (William Marris's 1925 translation) , wherein Agamemnon tells Odysseus: \"As I lay dying, the woman with the dog's eyes would not close my eyes as I descended into Hades.\" The novel utilizes stream of consciousness writing technique, multiple narrators, and varying chapter lengths."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Faulkner's fifth novel, it is consistently ranked among the best novels of 20th-century literature."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Jewel Bundren \u2013 Jewel is the third of the Bundren children, most likely around nineteen years of age."}, {"section_header": "Significance", "text": "Dying 35th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century."}, {"section_header": "Significance", "text": "The character Darl Bundren also appeared in Faulkner's 1935 short story \"Uncle Willy\"."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Anse Bundren \u2013 Anse is Addie's widower, the father of all the children but Jewel."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "A half-brother to the other children and the favorite of Addie, he is the illegitimate son of Addie and Reverend Whitfield."}], "text": "In William Faulkner's novel As I Lay Dying, the character of Jewel is a man.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "As I Lay Dying"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 2017\u20132020", "text": "\" Twitter users were still able to view Trump's tweet if they chose to click on it, but could not like or retweet it without their own comment."}, {"section_header": "History | 2017\u20132020", "text": "A major hack of Twitter on July 15, 2020 affected 130 high-profile accounts, both verified and unverified ones such as Barack Obama, Bill Gates, and Elon Musk; the hack allowed bitcoin scammers to send tweets via the compromised accounts that asked the followers to send bitcoin to a given public address, with the promise to double their money."}], "id": "Lp7oCzR4yM1MDFvrUmye", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Finances | Stock launch and tax issues", "text": "He said while Twitter would \"never lose that feeling\" of speed, users could do more with the text."}, {"section_header": "User accounts | Malicious and fake accounts", "text": "However, Twitter did not disclose all of them as some could possibly be legitimate accounts taken over through hacking."}, {"section_header": "User accounts | Privacy, security and harassment", "text": "After a number of high-profile hacks of official accounts, including those of the Associated Press and The Guardian, in April 2013, Twitter announced a two-factor login verification as an added measure against hacking."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets", "text": "According to research published in April 2014, around 44% of user accounts have never tweeted."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Using SMS", "text": "In August 2019, Jack Dorsey's account was hacked by using Twitter's SMS to tweet feature to send crude messages."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Account archival | Browsable legacy Twitter archive format", "text": "The ability to export this type of tweet archive, which never existed on the new layout, has been removed entirely in August 2019[when exactly?], after co-existing with the new 2018 data archival method."}, {"section_header": "History | 2017\u20132020", "text": "A major hack of Twitter on July 15, 2020 affected 130 high-profile accounts, both verified and unverified ones such as Barack Obama, Bill Gates, and Elon Musk; the hack allowed bitcoin scammers to send tweets via the compromised accounts that asked the followers to send bitcoin to a given public address, with the promise to double their money."}, {"section_header": "History | 2017\u20132020", "text": "Several law enforcement entities including the FBI launched investigations into the attack to determine the perpetrators over concerns of broader implications of such a hack in the future."}, {"section_header": "User accounts | Twitter bots", "text": "A Twitter bot is a computer program that automatically posts on Twitter, they are programmed to tweet, retweet, and follow other accounts."}, {"section_header": "User accounts | Twitter bots | Effects", "text": "The companies that facilitate this service create fake Twitter accounts that follow a number of people, some of these Twitter accounts may even post fake tweets to make it seem like they are real."}, {"section_header": "History | 2017\u20132020", "text": "\" Twitter users were still able to view Trump's tweet if they chose to click on it, but could not like or retweet it without their own comment."}], "text": "Twitter has never been hacked.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Twitter"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball as a left-handed pitcher for six different teams from 1965 to 1988, most notably as a member of the Philadelphia Phillies with whom he won four Cy Young Awards as well as the 1980 World Series."}], "id": "LrXoYGou0VPZwNZc2xhX", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "A ten-time All-Star, Carlton led the league in many pitching categories."}, {"section_header": "Early years", "text": "Carlton was born and raised in Miami, Florida, where he played Little League and American Legion Baseball during his youth."}, {"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | Philadelphia Phillies (1972\u20131986) | Media silence | Race with Nolan Ryan and Gaylord Perry for the all\u2013time strikeout record", "text": "He was a seven\u2013time All\u2013Star with the Phillies and won the NL Cy Young Award four times: in 1972, 1977, 1980 and 1982."}, {"section_header": "Early years", "text": "Steve was the only son of Joe and Anne Carlton and was raised with his sisters Joanne and Christina on 144th street in Miami."}, {"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | St. Louis Cardinals (1965\u20131971)", "text": "Carlton had won 77 games to Wise's 75, and both were considered among the game's best pitchers."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was the first pitcher to win four Cy Young Awards in a career."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball as a left-handed pitcher for six different teams from 1965 to 1988, most notably as a member of the Philadelphia Phillies with whom he won four Cy Young Awards as well as the 1980 World Series."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "He struck out 4,136 batters in his career, setting a record for a left-handed pitcher (since surpassed by Randy Johnson), and holds many other records for both left-handed and Phillies pitchers."}, {"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | Philadelphia Phillies (1972\u20131986) | Media silence | More success", "text": "Gradually the Phillies improved their team, and won the National League East Division three consecutive times from 1976 to 1978."}, {"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | Philadelphia Phillies (1972\u20131986) | Media silence | More success", "text": "Carlton was the first pitcher to win four Cy Young Awards, a mark later matched by Greg Maddux, and exceeded by Roger Clemens and Randy Johnson."}], "text": "Steve Carlton won many accolades as a pitcher four times and his birthplace is Miami, Florida.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Steve Carlton"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Music career", "text": "Later posthumous albums are R U Still Down? (1997), Greatest Hits (1998), Still I Rise (1999), Until the End of Time (2001), Better Dayz (2002), Loyal to the Game (2004), Pac's Life (2006)."}, {"section_header": "Music career", "text": "In January 1991, Tupac, rapper, nationally debuted under the stage name 2Pac, guest on rap group Digital Underground's single \"Same Song,\" compiled on the soundtrack of the February 1991 movie Nothing but Trouble."}], "id": "LtibLS9LfstcvXHjNabY", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Music career | Superstardom: 1995\u20131996", "text": "While imprisoned February to October 1995, Tupac wrote only one song, he would say."}, {"section_header": "Legacy and remembrance | Multimedia releases", "text": "Meanwhile, the Greatest Hits album, released in 1998, and which in 2000 had left the pop albums chart, the Billboard 200, returned to the chart and reached #129, while also other 2Pac albums and singles drew sales gains."}, {"section_header": "Music career", "text": "November 1996's The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, under the stage name Makaveli, is a studio album made in one August week, whereas later posthumous albums are archival productions."}, {"section_header": "Shootings of Shakur | November 1994", "text": "Philips then named Isaac as one of his own, retracted article's unnamed sources."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | School years", "text": "After his death, she would call him \"one of my best friends."}, {"section_header": "Criminal cases | Shooting two policemen", "text": "Ultimately, Shakur shot one officer in the buttocks and the other in the leg, back, or abdomen."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Rising star: 1992\u20131993", "text": "2Pac's debut album, 2Pacalypse"}, {"section_header": "Shootings of Shakur | September 1996", "text": "Shakur was struck four times: once in the arm, once in the thigh, and twice in the chest with one bullet entering his right lung."}, {"section_header": "New York scene 1990s", "text": "B.I.G. His debut album, released in late 1994 as Ready to Die, promptly returned rap's spotlight to New York."}, {"section_header": "Legacy and remembrance | Multimedia releases", "text": "In 2006, the 2Pac album Pac's Life was released and, like the previous, was among the recording industry's most popular releases."}, {"section_header": "Music career", "text": "Later posthumous albums are R U Still Down? (1997), Greatest Hits (1998), Still I Rise (1999), Until the End of Time (2001), Better Dayz (2002), Loyal to the Game (2004), Pac's Life (2006)."}, {"section_header": "Music career", "text": "In January 1991, Tupac, rapper, nationally debuted under the stage name 2Pac, guest on rap group Digital Underground's single \"Same Song,\" compiled on the soundtrack of the February 1991 movie Nothing but Trouble."}], "text": "Tupac Shakur debuted on the single \"Same Song\" and later released one album.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Tupac Shakur"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 \u2013 January 17, 1893) was the 19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881, after serving in the U.S. House of Representatives and as governor of Ohio."}], "id": "LuUV9sFaE6vVyPpP2F5g", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy and honors", "text": "Also named for Hayes is Hayes County, Nebraska."}, {"section_header": "Legacy and honors", "text": "Hayes knew the building would be named in his honor, but he did not live to see it completed."}, {"section_header": "Legacy and honors", "text": "Hayes was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1890.Rutherford B. Hayes High School in Hayes's hometown of Delaware, Ohio, was named in his honor."}, {"section_header": "Legacy and honors", "text": "Hayes Hall, built in 1893, at the Ohio State University is also named in his honor."}, {"section_header": "Family and early life | Childhood and family history", "text": "Hayes's great-grandfather Ezekiel Hayes was a militia captain in Connecticut in the American Revolutionary War, but Ezekiel's son (Hayes's grandfather, also named Rutherford) left his Branford home during the war for the relative peace of Vermont."}, {"section_header": "Family and early life | Childhood and family history", "text": "His mother's ancestors migrated to Vermont at a similar time."}, {"section_header": "Family and early life | Cincinnati law practice and marriage", "text": "They became engaged in 1851 and married on December 30, 1852, at Lucy's mother's house."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1877\u20131881) | Currency debate", "text": "agitation for more greenbacks and silver coinage quieted down for the rest of Hayes's presidency."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1877\u20131881) | Foreign policy", "text": "\"The Mexican border also drew Hayes's attention."}, {"section_header": "Legacy and honors", "text": "An 1878 dispute between Argentina and Paraguay that Hayes had arbitrated and decided in favor of Paraguay, giving Paraguay 60% of its current territory, later led to the naming of a province in the region after him: Presidente Hayes Department (capital: Villa Hayes); an official holiday: Laudo Hayes Firm Day, the anniversary of the decision, celebrated in Presidente Hayes province; a local soccer team: Club Presidente Hayes (also known as \"Los Yanquis\"), based in the national capital, Asuncion; a postage stamp,"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 \u2013 January 17, 1893) was the 19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881, after serving in the U.S. House of Representatives and as governor of Ohio."}], "text": "President Hayes' middle name was Burcher, his mother's maiden name.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Rutherford B. Hayes"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He ranks second in franchise history in shutouts."}], "id": "LvYWinS0zMlpJg8kzVIX", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jesse Joseph Haines (July 22, 1893 \u2013 August 5, 1978), nicknamed \"Pop\", was a right-handed pitcher in for the Cincinnati Reds and St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He ranks second in franchise history in shutouts."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Haines pitched on three World Series championship teams."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "Haines pitched on three World Series championship teams, winning two games in the 1926 World Series."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "He won 20 games or more three times for the Cardinals and won three World Series championships (in 1926, 1931, and 1934), though he did not pitch in the 1931 series."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "In game seven of that series, Haines developed a bleeding blister and had to be removed from the game with the bases loaded in the seventh inning."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "He retired with a 210\u2013158 record, 981 strikeouts, 3.64 ERA, and 3208\u200b2\u20443 innings pitched."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "Despite a 13\u201320 record, he pitched 301\u200b2\u20443 innings, the highest output of his career, and recorded a 2.98 ERA."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Branch Rickey of the St. Louis Cardinals noticed Haines while he was pitching in Kansas City, but the team was struggling with money."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He had played briefly in the major leagues with the Cincinnati Reds in 1918, but he returned to the minor leagues."}], "text": "Jesse Haines nicknamed \"Pop\", was a right-handed pitcher in for the Cincinnati Reds and St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB), pitched on three World Series championship teams, and ranks first in franchise history in shutouts.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Jesse Haines"}
{"category": "NOCAT", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Illumination", "text": "Moonlight is not actually tinted blue, and despite often being described as \"silvery\", it has no inherent silvery quality."}], "id": "M0mCaJ8SS1ABbVncRgsF", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Illumination", "text": "that of the Sun. The color of moonlight, particularly around full moon, appears bluish to the human eye compared to most artificial light sources due to the Purkinje effect."}, {"section_header": "Moonlight in art | Contemporary art", "text": "In 2008 Katie Paterson produced an artwork titled Light bulb to Simulate Moonlight."}, {"section_header": "Folklore", "text": "Moonlight is no longer thought of as the cause."}, {"section_header": "Folklore", "text": "In folklore, moonlight sometimes has a harmful influence."}, {"section_header": "Illumination", "text": "Moonlight takes approximately 1.26 seconds to reach Earth's surface."}, {"section_header": "Illumination", "text": "Moonlight is not actually tinted blue, and despite often being described as \"silvery\", it has no inherent silvery quality."}, {"section_header": "Folklore", "text": "Nyctalopia (night blindness caused by a lack of vitamin A) was thought to be caused by sleeping in moonlight in the tropics."}, {"section_header": "Folklore", "text": "The light of the Moon was thought to worsen the symptoms of lunatics, and to sleep in moonlight could make one blind, or mad."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Moonlight consists of mostly sunlight (with little earthlight) reflected from the parts of the Moon's surface where the Sun's light strikes."}, {"section_header": "Illumination", "text": "The intensity of moonlight varies greatly depending on the lunar phase, but even the full Moon typically provides only about 0.05\u20130.1 lux illumination."}], "text": "Moonlight appears bluish to the human eye although it is really silver.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Moonlight"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Natural satellites | Planetary rings", "text": "Saturn is probably best known for the system of planetary rings that makes it visually unique."}, {"section_header": "Natural satellites | Planetary rings", "text": "Some of the moons of Saturn, including Pandora and Prometheus, act as shepherd moons to confine the rings and prevent them from spreading out."}], "id": "M4nOBaAHR9ai7ZDzciXR", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Natural satellites | Planetary rings", "text": "One hypothesis is that the rings are remnants of a destroyed moon of Saturn."}, {"section_header": "Natural satellites | Planetary rings", "text": "Some of the moons of Saturn, including Pandora and Prometheus, act as shepherd moons to confine the rings and prevent them from spreading out."}, {"section_header": "Natural satellites | Planetary rings", "text": "Some ice in the E ring comes from the moon Enceladus's geysers."}, {"section_header": "Natural satellites | Planetary rings", "text": "Beyond the main rings at a distance of 12 million km from the planet is the sparse Phoebe ring, which is tilted at an angle of 27\u00b0 to the other rings and, like Phoebe, orbits in retrograde fashion."}, {"section_header": "Observation", "text": "Saturn and its rings are best seen when the planet is at, or near, opposition, the configuration of a planet when it is at an elongation of 180\u00b0, and thus appears opposite the Sun in the sky."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "At least 82 moons are known to orbit Saturn, of which 53 are officially named; this does not include the hundreds of moonlets in its rings."}, {"section_header": "Natural satellites", "text": "Titan, the largest moon, comprises more than 90% of the mass in orbit around Saturn, including the rings."}, {"section_header": "Observation", "text": "From time to time, Saturn is occulted by the Moon (that is, the Moon covers up Saturn in the sky)."}, {"section_header": "Natural satellites | Planetary rings", "text": "Saturn is probably best known for the system of planetary rings that makes it visually unique."}, {"section_header": "Natural satellites | Planetary rings", "text": "The second hypothesis is that the rings are left over from the original nebular material from which Saturn was formed."}], "text": "The planet Saturn has rings and moons.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Saturn"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Adaptations | Films", "text": "Animal Farm has been adapted to film twice."}], "id": "MCwmm5Kwu3SZOtL1Jlnk", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception", "text": "In 2018, the government made the decision to censor all online posts about or referring to Animal Farm."}, {"section_header": "Publication | Publishing", "text": "Eliot said he found the view \"not convincing\", and contended that the pigs were made out to be the best to run the farm; he posited that someone might argue \"what was needed... was not more communism but more public-spirited pigs\"."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Other animals", "text": "Similarly to Benjamin, Muriel is one of the few animals on the farm who is not a pig but can read."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Other animals", "text": "However, their eggs are soon taken from them under the premise of buying goods from outside Animal Farm."}, {"section_header": "Analysis | Animalism", "text": "All animals are equal. These commandments are also distilled into the maxim \"Four legs good, two legs bad!\" which is primarily used by the sheep on the farm, often to disrupt discussions and disagreements between animals on the nature of Animalism."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Films", "text": "Animal Farm has been adapted to film twice."}, {"section_header": "Analysis | Animalism", "text": "This is an ironic twist to the original purpose of the Seven Commandments, which were supposed to keep order within Animal Farm by uniting the animals together against the humans and preventing animals from following the humans' evil habits."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Films", "text": "Animal Farm (1954) is an animated film, in which Napoleon is eventually overthrown in a second revolution."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Humans", "text": "Animal Farm shares land boundaries with Pinchfield on one side and Foxwood on another, making Animal Farm a \"buffer zone\" between the two bickering farmers."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Pigs", "text": "An allegory of Joseph Stalin,  Napoleon is the leader of Animal Farm."}], "text": "Animal Farm has been made into a movie.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Animal Farm"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His father was born in Kenya and was of Gujarati Indian descent."}], "id": "MMa6pg5IDg3EdYsKvblA", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Kingsley's paternal grandfather was a successful spice trader who had moved from India to Zanzibar, where Kingsley's father lived until moving to the UK at the age of 14."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Kingsley was appointed Knight Bachelor in 2002 for services to the British film industry."}, {"section_header": "Honours", "text": "The award was announced on 31 December 2001, which happened to be Kingsley's 58th birthday."}, {"section_header": "Honours", "text": "Kingsley is a Quaker. Kingsley was made a Knight Bachelor in the 2002 New Year Honours for services to the British film industry."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "At about this time, he changed his name to Ben Kingsley, fearing that a foreign name would hamper his career."}, {"section_header": "Honours", "text": "Since then, Kingsley appears to have altered his stance; credits for his latest films refer to him as Ben Kingsley."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sir Ben Kingsley (born Krishna Pandit Bhanji; 31 December 1943) is an English actor."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Kingsley's maternal grandfather was believed by the family to have been of Russian- or German-Jewish descent, while his maternal grandmother was English and worked in the garment district of London's East End."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "Kingsley studied at De La Salle College in Salford, which later became home to the Ben Kingsley Theatre."}, {"section_header": "Honours", "text": "Co-star Pen\u00e9lope Cruz was reportedly unsure what to call him during the filming of Elegy as someone had told her she needed to refer to him as \"Sir Ben\"."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His father was born in Kenya and was of Gujarati Indian descent."}], "text": "Ben Kingsley's parents were British descendants.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Ben Kingsley"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | 2004\u22122009: Career beginnings", "text": "She released her third mixtape, Beam Me"}, {"section_header": "Career | 2004\u22122009: Career beginnings", "text": "Up Scotty, on April 18, 2009; it received favorable coverage on BET and MTV."}], "id": "MOMIbHWL5KAWdtC6DM9t", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Born in the Saint James district of Port of Spain and raised in the Queens borough of New York City, she gained public recognition after releasing the mixtapes"}, {"section_header": "Products and endorsements", "text": "In 2016, Minaj stated she has learned the ins and outs of business so she could do it herself."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Up Scotty (2009). Early in her career, Minaj was known for her colorful costumes and wigs."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2004\u22122009: Career beginnings", "text": "She released her third mixtape, Beam Me"}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Musical style", "text": "But once I started doing all that weird shit\u2014I'm not mad at it because it got everyone's attention."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2004\u22122009: Career beginnings", "text": "Up Scotty, on April 18, 2009; it received favorable coverage on BET and MTV."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Onika Tanya Maraj was born in Saint James on December 8, 1982,"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Onika Tanya Maraj-Petty (born December 8, 1982), known professionally as Nicki Minaj (), is a Trinidadian-born rapper, singer, songwriter, actress, and model."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2012\u20132013: Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded and The Re-Up", "text": "documentary titled Nicki Minaj: My Truth."}, {"section_header": "Public image | Influence", "text": "But she has also drawn attention to the ways in which power can be embodied by a woman standing up for herself and speaking her own mind."}], "text": "Born in the Port of Spain, Nicki Minaj was given attention early in her career once she released Beam Me Up Scotty.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Nicki Minaj"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Decrees and doctrinal status", "text": "Many members of the new assembly (comparatively few bishops, but many doctors of theology and of canon and civil law, procurators of bishops, deputies of universities, cathedral chapters, provosts, etc., agents and representatives of princes, etc.) strongly favored the voluntary abdication of all three popes, as did King Sigismund."}, {"section_header": "Origin and background", "text": "According to Joseph McCabe, the council was attended by roughly 29 cardinals, 100 \"learned doctors of law and divinity\", 134 abbots, and 183 bishops and archbishops."}], "id": "MW7iMrGiAYhOJ0Gui4ZG", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Ending the Western Schism", "text": "Gregory XII's cardinals were accepted as true cardinals by the council, but the members of the council delayed electing a new pope for fear that a new pope would restrict further discussion of pressing issues in the church."}, {"section_header": "Decrees and doctrinal status", "text": "The famous decree Haec Sancta Synodus, which gave primacy to the authority of the council and thus became a source for ecclesial conciliarism, was promulgated in the fifth session, 6 April 1415: Legitimately assembled in the holy Spirit, constituting a general council and representing the Catholic church militant, it has power immediately from Christ; and everyone of whatever state or dignity, even papal, is bound to obey it in those matters which pertain to the faith, the eradication of the said schism, and the general reform of the said church of God in head and members."}, {"section_header": "Constance", "text": "The vote by nations was in great measure the initiative of the English, German, and French members."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Council of Constance was a 15th-century ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church, held from 1414 to 1418 in the Bishopric of Constance in present-day Germany."}, {"section_header": "Constance", "text": "Sigismund arrived on Christmas Eve 1414 and exercised a profound and continuous influence on the course of the council in his capacity of imperial protector of the church."}, {"section_header": "Decrees and doctrinal status", "text": "The church declared the first sessions of the Council of Constance an invalid and illicit assembly of bishops, gathered under the authority of John XXIII."}, {"section_header": "Decrees and doctrinal status", "text": "This decree, however, is not considered valid by the Magisterium of the Catholic Church, since it was never approved by Pope Gregory XII or his successors, and was passed by the council in a session before his confirmation."}, {"section_header": "Condemnation of Jan Hus", "text": "\" This holy synod of Constance, seeing that God's church has nothing more that it can do"}, {"section_header": "Ending the Western Schism", "text": "Former Pope Gregory XII was then created titular Cardinal Bishop of Porto and Santa Ruffina by the council, with rank immediately below the Pope (which made him the highest-ranking person in the church, since, due to his abdication, the See of Peter in Rome was vacant)."}, {"section_header": "Decrees and doctrinal status", "text": "Many members of the new assembly (comparatively few bishops, but many doctors of theology and of canon and civil law, procurators of bishops, deputies of universities, cathedral chapters, provosts, etc., agents and representatives of princes, etc.) strongly favored the voluntary abdication of all three popes, as did King Sigismund."}, {"section_header": "Origin and background", "text": "According to Joseph McCabe, the council was attended by roughly 29 cardinals, 100 \"learned doctors of law and divinity\", 134 abbots, and 183 bishops and archbishops."}], "text": "The council was composed all sorts of people, not just members of the church.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Council of Constance"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Precursors | Canals dug by Necho, Darius I and Ptolemy", "text": "Remnants of an ancient west\u2013east canal through the ancient Egyptian cities of Bubastis, Pi-Ramesses, and Pithom were discovered by Napoleon Bonaparte and his engineers and cartographers in 1799.According to the Histories of the Greek historian Herodotus, about 600 BCE, Necho II undertook to dig a west\u2013east canal through the Wadi Tumilat between Bubastis and Heroopolis, and perhaps continued it to the Heroopolite Gulf and the Red Sea."}], "id": "MeTb1vV0ecXcgKGuVpTO", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Construction by the Suez Canal Company | Construction (1859\u20131869)", "text": "Some sources estimate that over 30,000 people were working on the canal at any given period, that more than 1.5 million people from various countries were employed, and that thousands of labourers died, many of them from cholera and similar epidemics."}, {"section_header": "Precursors | Canals dug by Necho, Darius I and Ptolemy", "text": "The length that Herodotus tells, of over 1000 stadia (i.e., over 114 miles (183 km)), must be understood to include the entire distance between the Nile and the Red Sea at that time."}, {"section_header": "Precursors | Canals dug by Necho, Darius I and Ptolemy", "text": "When the canal had been dug as I ordered, ships went from Egypt through this canal to Persia, even as I intended."}, {"section_header": "Precursors | Canals dug by Necho, Darius I and Ptolemy", "text": "Chalouf or Shaloof), located just south of the Great Bitter Lake, had become so blocked with silt that Darius needed to clear it out so as to allow navigation once again."}, {"section_header": "Precursors | Canals dug by Necho, Darius I and Ptolemy", "text": "I ordered this canal dug from the river called the Nile that flows in Egypt, to the sea that begins in Persia."}, {"section_header": "Precursors | Canals dug by Necho, Darius I and Ptolemy", "text": "Necho's project was completed by Darius I of Persia, who ruled over Ancient Egypt after it had been conquered by his predecessor Cambyses II."}, {"section_header": "History | Construction by the Suez Canal Company | Preparations (1854\u20131858)", "text": "The Suez Canal Company (Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez) came into being on 15 December 1858."}, {"section_header": "History | Interim period", "text": "Bourdaloue's survey of the isthmus was the first generally accepted evidence that there was no practical difference in altitude between the two seas."}, {"section_header": "Precursors | Second millennium BCE", "text": "This was dated to the Middle Kingdom of Egypt by extrapolating the dates of ancient sites along its course."}, {"section_header": "History | Construction by the Suez Canal Company | Construction (1859\u20131869)", "text": "Port Said on 25 April 1859. The excavation took some 10 years, with forced labour (corv\u00e9e) being employed until 1864 to dig-out the canal."}, {"section_header": "Precursors | Canals dug by Necho, Darius I and Ptolemy", "text": "Remnants of an ancient west\u2013east canal through the ancient Egyptian cities of Bubastis, Pi-Ramesses, and Pithom were discovered by Napoleon Bonaparte and his engineers and cartographers in 1799.According to the Histories of the Greek historian Herodotus, about 600 BCE, Necho II undertook to dig a west\u2013east canal through the Wadi Tumilat between Bubastis and Heroopolis, and perhaps continued it to the Heroopolite Gulf and the Red Sea."}], "text": "There in which the canal is located had shown archaeological evidence of many canals being dug there over the course of history.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Suez Canal"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "After the Portuguese took control of the city in the 15th century AD, they rebuilt it, changing the name to Casa Branca ([kaz\u0250'b\u027e\u0250\u0303k\u0250]), meaning 'white house' in Portuguese."}], "id": "MiysYpp265kADtHu5yzF", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "The original name of Casablanca was Anfa (Neo-Tifinagh: \u2d30\u2d4f\u2d3c\u2d30), in Berber language, by at least the seventh century BC."}, {"section_header": "Tourism", "text": "Visitors also come to see the city's rich architectural heritage."}, {"section_header": "History | Early history", "text": "The area which is today Casablanca was founded and settled by Berbers by at least the seventh century BC."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "About 33% of national industrial exports, MAD 27 billion, comes from the Grand Casablanca; 30% of the Moroccan banking network is concentrated in Casablanca."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "During the French protectorate in Morocco, the name remained Casablanca (pronounced [kazabl\u0251\u0303ka])."}, {"section_header": "Demographics", "text": "99.9% of the population of Morocco are Arab and Berber Muslims."}, {"section_header": "History | Early history", "text": "In his book Description of Africa, Leo Africanus refers to ancient Casablanca as \"Anfa\", a great city founded in the Berber kingdom of Barghawata in 744 AD."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Art", "text": "The \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts of Casablanca was founded in 1919 by a French Orientalist painter named \u00c9douard Brindeau de Jarny, who started his career teaching drawing at Lyc\u00e9e Lyautey."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "The present name, which is the Spanish version (pronounced [ka\u0320sa\u0320\u02c8\u03b2\u031ela\u0320\u014bka\u0320]), came when the Portuguese kingdom was integrated in personal union to the Spanish kingdom."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "It was rebuilt by Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah who changed the name into the local Arabic Ad-d\u0101r al-Bay\u1e0d\u0101' (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621), although occasionally \"Casablanca\" is written in Arabic (\u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627, K\u0101z\u0101bl\u0101nk\u0101)."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "After the Portuguese took control of the city in the 15th century AD, they rebuilt it, changing the name to Casa Branca ([kaz\u0250'b\u027e\u0250\u0303k\u0250]), meaning 'white house' in Portuguese."}], "text": "The name for Casablanca comes from the Berbers.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Casablanca"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "When Max Allan Collins wrote the graphic novel Road to Perdition, his book agent saw potential in the story as a film adaptation and showed it to a film agent."}, {"section_header": "Production | Writing", "text": "Novelist Max Allan Collins acknowledged the influence of Lone Wolf and Cub on his graphic novel Road to Perdition in an interview to the BBC, declaring that \"Road To Perdition is 'an unabashed homage' to Lone Wolf and Cub\"."}], "id": "Miz5pNOCqW253fQ0qv1y", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Writing", "text": "Mendes described Road to Perdition as a \"poetic, elegiac story, in which the pictures tell the story\"."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "One theme that he saw in the story was of the parents' world that is inaccessible to their children."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "DreamWorks sent Mendes Road to Perdition as a prospect, and Mendes was attracted to the story, considering it \"narratively very simple, but thematically very complex\"."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "When Max Allan Collins wrote the graphic novel Road to Perdition, his book agent saw potential in the story as a film adaptation and showed it to a film agent."}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "Mendes filmed Road to Perdition using the Super 35 format."}, {"section_header": "Production | Writing", "text": "Duplicate language in characters' confrontations in Road to Perdition was trimmed to the absolute minimum."}, {"section_header": "Production | Writing", "text": "Novelist Max Allan Collins acknowledged the influence of Lone Wolf and Cub on his graphic novel Road to Perdition in an interview to the BBC, declaring that \"Road To Perdition is 'an unabashed homage' to Lone Wolf and Cub\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Road to Perdition is a 2002 American crime drama film directed by Sam Mendes."}, {"section_header": "Production | Writing", "text": "In the final 20 minutes of Road to Perdition, the script was written to have only six lines of dialogue."}, {"section_header": "Release | Home media", "text": "In 2016, Brash Books published Collins' original version of the novelization as Road to Perdition: The New, Expanded Edition Road to Perdition was released on DVD on February 25, 2003, in both full screen and anamorphic widescreen versions."}], "text": "Road to Perdition is based on an illustrated story.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Road to Perdition"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "It has received mixed to negative reviews, with most critics noting poor literary qualities of the work."}], "id": "MjomafJrqHk35SJm5dZy", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A version of the novel from Christian's point of view, Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian, was published in June 2015 as the fourth book."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2011 erotic romance novel by British author E. L. James."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best-seller lists around the world, including those of the United Kingdom and the United States."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best-seller lists around the world, selling over 125 million copies worldwide by June 2015."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Censorship", "text": "Dr. Drew commented that the book was \"horribly written\" in addition to being \"disturbing\" but stated that \"if the book enhances women's real-life sex lives and intimacy, so be it.\" In March 2012, branches of the public library in Brevard County, Florida, removed copies of Fifty Shades of Grey from their shelves, with an official statement that it did not meet the selection criteria for the library and that reviews for the book had been poor."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Her best friend is Katherine \"Kate\" Kavanagh, who writes for the college newspaper."}, {"section_header": "Background and publication", "text": "The first, titled Fifty Shades of Grey, was released as an e-book and a print on demand paperback in May 2011 by The Writers' Coffee Shop, a virtual publisher based in Australia."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It became the first instalment in the Fifty Shades novel series that follows the deepening relationship between a college graduate, Anastasia Steele, and a young business magnate, Christian Grey."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The second and third volumes of the original trilogy, Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed, were published in 2012."}, {"section_header": "Background and publication", "text": "On 1 August 2012, Amazon UK announced that it had sold more copies of Fifty Shades of Grey than it had any individual book in the Harry Potter series, though worldwide the Harry Potter series sold more than 450 million copies compared with Fifty Shades of Grey's sales of 60 million copies."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "It has received mixed to negative reviews, with most critics noting poor literary qualities of the work."}], "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey earned rave reviews for its superior writing.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Fifty Shades of Grey"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Aleksandr II Nikolayevich, IPA: Aleksandr II Nikolayevich, IPA: [\u0250l\u02b2\u026a\u02c8ksandr ft\u0250\u02c8roj n\u02b2\u026ak\u0250\u02c8laj\u026av\u02b2\u026at\u0255]; 29 April 1818 \u2013 13 March 1881) was the Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination on 13 March 1881.Alexander's most significant reform as emperor was emancipation of Russia's serfs in 1861, for which he is known as Alexander the Liberator (Russian: \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0301\u043d\u0434\u0440"}], "id": "MlAviFYwxeuSJBVG56S8", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reign | Liberation of Bulgaria", "text": "For his social reforms in Russia and his role in the liberation of Bulgaria, Alexander II became known in Bulgaria as the \"Tsar-Liberator of Russians and Bulgarians\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Aleksandr II Nikolayevich, IPA: Aleksandr II Nikolayevich, IPA: [\u0250l\u02b2\u026a\u02c8ksandr ft\u0250\u02c8roj n\u02b2\u026ak\u0250\u02c8laj\u026av\u02b2\u026at\u0255]; 29 April 1818 \u2013 13 March 1881) was the Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination on 13 March 1881.Alexander's most significant reform as emperor was emancipation of Russia's serfs in 1861, for which he is known as Alexander the Liberator (Russian: \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0301\u043d\u0434\u0440"}, {"section_header": "Reign | Life in the ruling family", "text": "In 1864, Alexander II found Nicholas a bride, Princess Dagmar of Denmark, second daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark and younger sister to Alexandra, Princess of Wales and King George I of Greece."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Reforms | Emancipation of the serfs", "text": "The measure was the first and most important of the liberal reforms made by Alexander II."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Liberation of Bulgaria", "text": "After the failure of the Constantinople Conference, at the beginning of 1877 Emperor Alexander II started diplomatic preparations with the other Great Powers to secure their neutrality in case of a war between Russia and the Ottomans."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Life in the ruling family", "text": "In 1873, a quarrel broke out between the courts of Queen Victoria and Alexander II, when Victoria's second son, Prince Alfred, made it known that he wished to marry the Grand Duchess."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Liberation of Bulgaria", "text": "A monument to Alexander II was erected in 1907 in Sofia in the \"National Assembly\" square, opposite to the Parliament building."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Liberation of Bulgaria", "text": "Alexander II considered such agreements paramount in avoiding the possibility of causing his country a disaster similar to the Crimean War."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alexander II (Russian: \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0301\u043d\u0434\u0440 II \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0301\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447, tr."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Reaction after 1866", "text": "Alexander maintained a generally liberal course."}], "text": "Alexander II was the King of Russia  and is known as Alexander the Liberator.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Alexander II of Russia"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The plot takes place in 1931, during the Great Depression, following a mob enforcer and his son as they seek vengeance against a mobster who murdered the rest of their family."}], "id": "MnwHdAIGzLvKZ4A3JAOt", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "In 1931, during the Great Depression, Michael Sullivan, Sr. is an enforcer for Irish mob boss John Rooney in Rock Island, Illinois."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The plot takes place in 1931, during the Great Depression, following a mob enforcer and his son as they seek vengeance against a mobster who murdered the rest of their family."}, {"section_header": "Release | Reception", "text": "Ringel Gillespie of The Atlanta Journal-Constitution enjoyed the film's cinematography and Depression-era setting, as well as the performances of Hanks and Newman."}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "Gassner built sets that could capture the cold look of the era."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The cinematography, setting, and the lead performances by Hanks and Newman were well received by critics."}, {"section_header": "Release | Reception", "text": "Paul Clinton of CNN said: \"While these deeply human issues are touched upon, they're never fully explored, and that undermines the sense of greatness to which this movie obviously aspires\"."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The encounter is a set-up, with Rance stalling Sullivan until Maguire enters with a shotgun."}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "Sets were built inside the armory, including interiors of the Sullivan family's home and the Rooney mansion."}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "Mendes sought a muted palette for the film, having dark backgrounds and sets with dark, muted greens and grays."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "Shortly afterward, Spielberg set up the project at his studio DreamWorks, though he did not pursue direction of the film due to his full slate."}], "text": "Road to Perdition's setting is Great Depression.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Road to Perdition"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Origins", "text": "In 1869, Uriah Smith Stephens, James L. Wright, and a small group of Philadelphia tailors founded a secret organization known as the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor."}], "id": "Mnz5Hs5Zy1G04ZEbOgIK", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Decline", "text": "In 1886, right after the peak of the Knights of Labor, they started to lose more members to the American Federation of Labor."}, {"section_header": "Origins", "text": "In 1869, Uriah Smith Stephens, James L. Wright, and a small group of Philadelphia tailors founded a secret organization known as the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "In Chicago, James and Emily Talmadge, printers and supporters of the Knights of Labor, published the songbook \"Labor Songs Dedicated to the Knights of Labor\" (1885)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Knights of Labor (K of L), officially Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, was an American labor federation active in the late 19th century, especially the 1880s."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Though often overlooked, the Knights of Labor contributed to the tradition of labor protest songs in America."}, {"section_header": "Origins", "text": "The only woman to hold office in the Knights of Labor, Leonora Barry, worked as an investigator."}, {"section_header": "Decline", "text": "The Knights of Labor attracted many Catholics, who were a large part of the membership, perhaps a majority."}, {"section_header": "Origins", "text": "The Knights strongly supported passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and the Contract Labor Law of 1885, as did many other labor groups, demonstrating the limits of their commitment to solidarity."}, {"section_header": "Origins", "text": "As membership expanded, the Knights began to function more as a labor union and less of a secret organization."}, {"section_header": "Origins", "text": "During the 1880s, the Knights of Labor played a huge role in independent and third-party movements."}], "text": "The Knights of Labor were started by tailors.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Knights of Labor"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the sequel to The Avengers (2012) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and the 19th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU)."}], "id": "Mrd6gOgDRRdSQhzWbKm5", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers: Infinity War \u2013 Part 1."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the sequel to The Avengers (2012) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and the 19th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Avengers: Infinity War is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2016, Marvel shortened the title to Avengers: Infinity War."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Likewise, Zacharek said, \"There's no pacing in Avengers: Infinity War."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Avengers: Infinity War held its world premiere on April 23, 2018, in Los Angeles, and was released in the United States on April 27, as part of Phase Three of the MCU."}, {"section_header": "Marketing", "text": "In January 2018, Marvel Comics published a two-issue prequel comic titled Avengers: Infinity War Prelude, which serves as a bridge between Captain America: Civil War and Avengers: Infinity War."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Box office | United States and Canada", "text": "Avengers: Infinity War earned an additional $25 million the Monday after its opening weekend, which was the highest-grossing Monday in April, beating Furious 7 (2015) ($14 million), and the second-best Monday gross for an MCU film, after Black Panther ($40.1 million)."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "In October 2014, Marvel announced a two-part sequel to Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), titled Avengers: Infinity War."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "\"Avengers: Infinity War ably juggles a dizzying array of MCU heroes in the fight against their gravest threat yet, and the result is a thrilling, emotionally resonant blockbuster that (mostly) realizes its gargantuan ambitions."}], "text": "Avengers: Infinity War was the nineteenth MCU film and the third Avenger film.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Avengers: Infinity War"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war and is often described as the war's turning point."}, {"section_header": "Historical assessment | Decisive victory controversies", "text": "Gettysburg was a landmark battle, the largest of the war and it would not be surpassed."}], "id": "MtciHBZlqRMOI9EqZx7C", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "The south winning the Battle of Gettysburg is a popular premise for a point of divergence in American Civil War alternate histories."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Battle of Gettysburg (locally  (listen)) was fought July 1\u20133, 1863, in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, by Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War."}, {"section_header": "Battlefield preservation", "text": "The Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved 1,022 acres (4.14 km2) of the battlefield in more than 30 separate transactions since 1997."}, {"section_header": "Battlefield preservation", "text": "Although Gettysburg is one of the best known of all Civil War battlefields, it too faces threats to its preservation and interpretation."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war and is often described as the war's turning point."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Here are some examples which either depict or make significant reference to an alternate Battle of Gettysburg (sometimes simply inserting fantasy or sci-fi elements in an account of the battle):  Novels: Bring the Jubilee by Ward Moore; If the South Had Won the Civil War by Mackinlay Kantor; Civil War Trilogy (Gettysburg, Grant Comes East, Never Call Retreat) by Newt Gingrich, William R. Forstchen, and Albert S. Hanser; Stonewall Jackson at Gettysburg by Douglas Lee Gibboney; By Force of Arms by Billy Bennett."}, {"section_header": "Battlefield preservation", "text": "The Civil War Trust also successfully purchased and transferred 95 acres at the former site of the Gettysburg Country Club to the control of the U.S. Department of the Interior in 2011.Less than half of the over 11,500 acres on the old Gettysburg Battlefield have been preserved for posterity thus far."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | Gettysburg Address", "text": "During this ceremony, President Abraham Lincoln honored the fallen and redefined the purpose of the war in his historic Gettysburg Address."}, {"section_header": "Historical assessment | Decisive victory controversies", "text": "Gettysburg was a landmark battle, the largest of the war and it would not be surpassed."}, {"section_header": "Second day of battle | Attacks on the Union left flank", "text": "The defense of Little Round Top with a bayonet charge by the 20th Maine, ordered by Col. Joshua L. Chamberlain but possibly led by Lt. Holman S. Melcher, was one of the most fabled episodes in the Civil War and propelled Col. Chamberlain into prominence after the war."}], "text": "Battle of Gettysburg is refereed to as the inflection point of the American Civil War.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Battle of Gettysburg"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Peripatetic manuscript", "text": "In her view, Buck delves deeply into the lives of the Chinese poor and opposed \"religious fundamentalism, racial prejudice, gender oppression, sexual repression, and discrimination against the disabled.\" Buck wrote the novel in Nanjing, spending mornings in the attic of her university house to complete the manuscript in one year (ca. 1929)."}], "id": "Mul5Ew3hBnroPt1FKf1P", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "However, the 1937 film, The Good Earth, which was based on the stage version, was more successful."}, {"section_header": "Political influence", "text": "Some scholars have seen The Good Earth as creating sympathy for China in the oncoming war with Japan."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Good Earth is a novel by Pearl S. Buck published in 1931 that dramatizes family life in a Chinese village in the early 20th century."}, {"section_header": "Political influence", "text": "If they had, Americans would have been fighting in Asia long before 1941.\"The Columbia University political scientist Andrew J. Nathan praised Hilary Spurling's book Pearl Buck in China: Journey to The Good Earth, saying that it should move readers to rediscover Buck's work as a source of insight into both revolutionary China and the United States' interactions with it."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the first book in her House of Earth trilogy, continued in Sons (1932) and A House Divided (1935)."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "A woman of few words, she is uneducated but nonetheless is valuable to Wang Lung for her skills, good sense, and indomitable work ethic."}, {"section_header": "Political influence", "text": "\"If China had not captured the American imagination,\" said one, \"it might just have been possible to work out a more satisfactory Far Eastern policy,\" but such works as The Good Earth, \"infused with an understandable compassion for the suffering Chinese, did little to inform Americans about their limited options in Asia.\" The diplomatic historian Walter LaFeber, however, although he agrees that Americans grew enamored of heroic Chinese portrayed by writers such as Buck, concluded that \"these views of China did not shape U.S. policy after 1937."}, {"section_header": "Peripatetic manuscript", "text": "In her view, Buck delves deeply into the lives of the Chinese poor and opposed \"religious fundamentalism, racial prejudice, gender oppression, sexual repression, and discrimination against the disabled.\" Buck wrote the novel in Nanjing, spending mornings in the attic of her university house to complete the manuscript in one year (ca. 1929)."}], "text": "The Good Earth advocates religion as a healthy means of coping with an unfair reality.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "The Good Earth"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Background | Territorial disputes", "text": "Since their independence from Portugal and Spain in the early 19th century, the Empire of Brazil and the Spanish-American countries of South America were troubled by territorial disputes."}, {"section_header": "Background | Political situation before the war", "text": "The war has also been attributed to the after-effects of colonialism in South America, with border conflicts between the new states, the struggle for power among neighboring nations over the strategic R\u00edo de la Plata region, Brazilian and Argentine meddling in internal Uruguayan politics (which had already caused the Platine War), and Solano L\u00f3pez's efforts to help his allies in Uruguay (previously defeated by the Brazilians), as well as his presumed expansionist ambitions."}], "id": "N79DQfAoJPP50Gj0LwIN", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Background | Territorial disputes", "text": "In 1750, the Treaty of Madrid separated the Portuguese and Spanish areas of South America in lines that mostly corresponded to present-day boundaries."}, {"section_header": "Background | Territorial disputes", "text": "Since their independence from Portugal and Spain in the early 19th century, the Empire of Brazil and the Spanish-American countries of South America were troubled by territorial disputes."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "The Americas. The Americas. 38 (4): 463\u2013479."}, {"section_header": "Background | Territorial disputes", "text": "Signed by Portugal and Spain in 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas proved ineffective in the following centuries as both colonial powers expanded their frontiers in South America and elsewhere."}, {"section_header": "Consequences of the war | Brazil", "text": "The War helped the Brazilian Empire to reach its peak of political and military influence, becoming the Great Power of South America, and also helped to bring about the end of slavery in Brazil, moving the military into a key role in the public sphere."}, {"section_header": "Background | Regional tension", "text": "Brazil was the first country to recognize the independence of Paraguay, in 1844."}, {"section_header": "Background | Regional tension", "text": "However, Brazil had difficulty obtaining permission from the government in Asunci\u00f3n to freely use the Paraguay River for its shipping needs."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Wars of the Americas. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO."}, {"section_header": "The war begins | Paraguayan offensive in Mato Grosso", "text": "The Brazilians withdrew from the area in April 1868, moving their troops to the main theatre of operations, in the south of Paraguay."}, {"section_header": "Background | Regional tension", "text": "As no roads linked the inland province of Mato Grosso to Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian ships needed to travel through Paraguayan territory, going up the Paraguay River to arrive at Cuiab\u00e1."}, {"section_header": "Background | Political situation before the war", "text": "The war has also been attributed to the after-effects of colonialism in South America, with border conflicts between the new states, the struggle for power among neighboring nations over the strategic R\u00edo de la Plata region, Brazilian and Argentine meddling in internal Uruguayan politics (which had already caused the Platine War), and Solano L\u00f3pez's efforts to help his allies in Uruguay (previously defeated by the Brazilians), as well as his presumed expansionist ambitions."}], "text": "Paraguay war has been associated with post-colonial tensions in South America.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Paraguayan War"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Age", "text": "The estimates yielded by these methods still vary over a large range, from 0.5 to 2 billion years old."}, {"section_header": "Age", "text": "Two main approaches have been used to infer the age of the inner core: thermodynamic modeling of the cooling of the Earth, and analysis of paleomagnetic evidence."}], "id": "N7Ig2pAc6EeQyOWU4a7y", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Age | Thermodynamic evidence", "text": "With those values, they obtained an upper bound of 4.2 billion years for the age of the inner core, compatible with the paleomagnetic evidence."}, {"section_header": "Age", "text": "The estimates yielded by these methods still vary over a large range, from 0.5 to 2 billion years old."}, {"section_header": "Age | Paleomagnetic evidence", "text": "They further speculate that the change may have been due to growth of the solid inner core between 3.5 and 2 billion years ago."}, {"section_header": "Age | Paleomagnetic evidence", "text": "Considering other evidence of high frequency of magnetic field reversals around that time, they speculate that those anomalies could be due to the onset of formation of the inner core, which would then be 0.5 billion years old."}, {"section_header": "Age | Paleomagnetic evidence", "text": "In 2016, P. Driscoll published an evolving numerical dynamo model that made a detailed prediction of the paleomagnetic field evolution over 0-2 Ga."}, {"section_header": "Age | Paleomagnetic evidence", "text": "In 2011, Smirnov and others published an analysis of the paleomagnetism in a large sample of rocks that formed in the Neoarchean (2.8 to 2.5 billion years ago) and the Proterozoic (2.5 to 0.541 billion)."}, {"section_header": "Age", "text": "Two main approaches have been used to infer the age of the inner core: thermodynamic modeling of the cooling of the Earth, and analysis of paleomagnetic evidence."}, {"section_header": "Age | Thermodynamic evidence", "text": "In 2001, S. Labrosse and others, assuming that there were no radioactive elements in the core, gave an estimate of 1\u00b10.5 billion years for the age of the inner core \u2014 considerably less than the estimated age of the Earth and of its liquid core (about 4.5 billion years) In 2003, the same group concluded that, if the core contained a reasonable amount of radioactive elements, the inner core's age could be a few hundred million years older."}, {"section_header": "Age | Thermodynamic evidence", "text": "The higher values for electrical conductivity led to increased estimates of the thermal conductivity, to 90 W/m\u00b7K; which, in turn, lowered estimates of its age to less than 700 million years old."}, {"section_header": "Age | Thermodynamic evidence", "text": "One of the ways to estimate the age of the inner core is by modeling the cooling of the Earth, constrained by a minimum value for the heat flux at the core\u2013mantle boundary (CMB)."}], "text": "The inner core could be from .5 to 2 billions years old from thermodynamic modeling and paleomagnetic evidence.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Inner core"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Knights of Labor (K of L), officially Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, was an American labor federation active in the late 19th century, especially the 1880s."}], "id": "N7VlGK7egN70fB6UuLIa", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Origins", "text": "In 1882, the Knights ended their membership rituals and removed the words \"Noble Order\" from their name."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Knights of Labor (K of L), officially Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, was an American labor federation active in the late 19th century, especially the 1880s."}, {"section_header": "Decline", "text": "The Knights of Labor attracted many Catholics, who were a large part of the membership, perhaps a majority."}, {"section_header": "Origins", "text": "In 1869, Uriah Smith Stephens, James L. Wright, and a small group of Philadelphia tailors founded a secret organization known as the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Panic of 1893 terminated the Knights of Labor's importance."}, {"section_header": "Origins", "text": "This gave momentum to the Knights and membership surged."}, {"section_header": "Origins", "text": "As membership expanded, the Knights began to function more as a labor union and less of a secret organization."}, {"section_header": "Origins", "text": "The Knights of Labor barred five groups from membership: bankers, land speculators, lawyers, liquor dealers and gamblers."}, {"section_header": "Origins", "text": "They also called for legislation to end child and convict labor as well as a graduated income tax."}, {"section_header": "Decline", "text": "After the Archbishop of Quebec condemned the Knights in 1884, twelve American archbishops voted 10 to 2 against doing likewise in the United States."}], "text": "The Knights of Labor's official name was Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor and eventually discarded 2 parts in the title and ended their membership rituals.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Knights of Labor"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Battles of Saratoga (September 19 and October 7, 1777) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign, giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War."}], "id": "N7hVARGv9lYJ2BF7ucY4", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Background", "text": "They decided to split the Thirteen Colonies and isolate New England from what they believed to be the more Loyalist middle and southern colonies."}, {"section_header": "First Saratoga: Battle of Freeman's Farm (September 19) | Prelude", "text": "The American camp had become a bed of festering intrigue ever since Arnold's return from Fort Stanwix."}, {"section_header": "Second Saratoga: Battle of Bemis Heights (October 7) | British foray", "text": "Burgoyne decided to reconnoiter the American left flank to see if an attack was possible."}, {"section_header": "First Saratoga: Battle of Freeman's Farm (September 19) | Battle", "text": "The battle then went through phases alternating between intense fighting and breaks in the action."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | French aid", "text": "However, after the Battles of Saratoga were conclusively won by the colonists, France realized that the Americans had the hope of winning the war, and began fully aiding the colonists by sending soldiers, donations, loans, military arms, and supplies."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "The British learned that the Americans would fight bravely and effectively."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "This battle culminated in heavy fighting marked by Arnold's spirited rallying of the American troops."}, {"section_header": "First Saratoga: Battle of Freeman's Farm (September 19) | Battle", "text": "There was then a lull in the fighting around 1:00 pm as Hamilton's men began to form up on the north side of the field, and American reinforcements began to arrive from the south."}, {"section_header": "Background | British situation", "text": "His campaign had become bogged down in difficulties following a victory at Fort Ticonderoga."}, {"section_header": "Background | British situation", "text": "Most of Burgoyne's Indian support had fled following the loss at Bennington, and his situation was becoming difficult."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Battles of Saratoga (September 19 and October 7, 1777) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign, giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War."}], "text": "Battles of Saratoga was the deciding win for the Americans in their fight to become independent from England.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Battles of Saratoga"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dafoe has dual citizenship of the United States and Italy."}], "id": "N9bznQwLaw0PdM7cXabv", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | 2010\u2013present: Continued acclaim and success", "text": "Dafoe then starred in the Australian drama The Hunter, playing a professional hunter who travels to Tasmania to hunt down the world's only remaining thylacine."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "William James \"Willem\" Dafoe (born July 22, 1955) is an American actor."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1955\u20131978: Early life and acting in theater", "text": "In high school, he acquired the nickname Willem, which is the Dutch version of the name William."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1955\u20131978: Early life and acting in theater", "text": "Only after becoming an actor, he took the second interpretation as his stage name."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1986\u20131989: Breakthrough, first Oscar nomination, and controversial roles", "text": "Dafoe starred alongside Judge Reinhold in Roadhouse 66 (1985) as a pair of yuppies who become stranded in a town on U.S. Route 66."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 2000\u20132009: Shadow of the Vampire, Spider-Man and prolificity", "text": "Dafoe and Charlotte Gainsbourg played a couple whose relationship becomes increasingly sexually violent and sadomasochistic after retreating to a cabin in the woods following the death of their child."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1990\u20131999: Balancing independent and blockbuster films", "text": "Roger Ebert praised Dafoe's \"gifted\" portrayal of LeTour and Owen Gleiberman opined that \"even when the film doesn't gel, one is held by Willem Dafoe's grimly compelling performance.\"Dafoe"}, {"section_header": "Biography | 2000\u20132009: Shadow of the Vampire, Spider-Man and prolificity", "text": "Dafoe played the Norman Osborn incarnation of the Green Goblin, the billionaire founder and owner of the corporation Oscorp, becoming the Green Goblin after testing an unstable strength enhancer on himself, turning him insane and making him extremely powerful."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1990\u20131999: Balancing independent and blockbuster films", "text": "In the period drama Victory\u2014which was filmed in 1994 and premiered in Europe in 1996, but was released until 1998\u2014Dafoe played a European Axel living on an island in the Southeast Asia who becomes the target of redemption after preventing a woman, played Ir\u00e8ne Jacob, from being raped."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Dafoe said in 2010, \"We were having lunch"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dafoe has dual citizenship of the United States and Italy."}], "text": "Willem Dafoe travels to France so often that he deceided to become a citizen of France too.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Willem Dafoe"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Home of the monarch", "text": "Ventilation was so bad that the interior smelled, and when it was decided to install gas lamps, there was a serious worry about the build-up of gas on the lower floors."}, {"section_header": "Home of the monarch | Interior", "text": "There are 775 rooms, including 188 staff bedrooms, 92 offices, 78 bathrooms, 52 principal bedrooms, and 19 state rooms."}], "id": "NAYI4GjugYTZ7VP3CJsH", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | First houses on the site | Buckingham House", "text": "Sheffield's leasehold on the mulberry garden site, the freehold of which was still owned by the royal family, was due to expire in 1774."}, {"section_header": "Modern history | 21st century: Royal use and public access", "text": "The forecourt of Buckingham Palace is used for the Changing of the Guard, a major ceremony and tourist attraction ("}, {"section_header": "Modern history", "text": "This event was shown in cinemas throughout the UK to show the common suffering of rich and poor."}, {"section_header": "Home of the monarch", "text": "Ventilation was so bad that the interior smelled, and when it was decided to install gas lamps, there was a serious worry about the build-up of gas on the lower floors."}, {"section_header": "History | From Queen's House to palace", "text": "While St James's Palace remained the official and ceremonial royal residence, the name \"Buckingham-palace\" was used from at least 1791.After his accession to the throne in 1820, King George IV continued the renovation with the idea in mind of a small, comfortable home."}, {"section_header": "History | First houses on the site | Buckingham House", "text": "The house which forms the architectural core of the palace was built for the first Duke of Buckingham and Normanby in 1703 to the design of William Winde."}, {"section_header": "Modern history | 21st century: Royal use and public access", "text": "Many of the contents of Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, Kensington Palace, and St James's Palace are part of the Royal Collection, held in trust by the Sovereign; they can, on occasion, be viewed by the public at the Queen's Gallery, near the Royal Mews."}, {"section_header": "History | First houses on the site | Buckingham House", "text": "Buckingham House was eventually sold by Buckingham's illegitimate son, Sir Charles Sheffield, in 1761 to George III for \u00a321,000."}, {"section_header": "Home of the monarch", "text": "For many years the palace was seldom used, even neglected."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Buckingham Palace (UK: ) is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the monarch of the United Kingdom."}, {"section_header": "Home of the monarch | Interior", "text": "There are 775 rooms, including 188 staff bedrooms, 92 offices, 78 bathrooms, 52 principal bedrooms, and 19 state rooms."}], "text": "The Buckingham Palace used to stink due to poor ventilation.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Buckingham Palace"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A symbol of Christianity across the world, the statue has also become a cultural icon of both Rio de Janeiro and Brazil, and is listed as one of the New7Wonders of the World."}], "id": "NNAnT5PToBK6DvJH1aKn", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A symbol of Christianity across the world, the statue has also become a cultural icon of both Rio de Janeiro and Brazil, and is listed as one of the New7Wonders of the World."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The restoration involved one hundred people and used more than 60,000 pieces of stone taken from the same quarry as the original statue."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The designs considered for the \"Statue of the Christ\" included a representation of the Christian cross, a statue of Jesus with a globe in his hands, and a pedestal symbolizing the world."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "During the unveiling of the restored statue, it was illuminated with green-and-yellow lighting in support of the Brazil national football team playing in the 2010 FIFA World Cup."}], "text": "The staute is one of the New7Wonders of the World.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Christ the Redeemer (statue)"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Covertly financed and directed by the U.S. government, the operation took place at the height of the Cold War, and its failure led to major shifts in international relations between Cuba, the United States, and the Soviet Union."}], "id": "NOOlrix4nYxQ6bAbbTta", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later analysis | Invasion legacy in Cuba", "text": "After the invasion, he pursued closer relations with the Soviet Union, partly for protection, that helped pave the way for the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis."}, {"section_header": "Later analysis | Invasion legacy in Cuba", "text": "The conference was titled Bay of Pigs: 40 Years After."}, {"section_header": "Background | Causes", "text": "The hypothesis of a landing at the Bay of Pigs, or the invasion of Cuba, had political and economic causes."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Bay of Pigs invasion (Spanish: invasi\u00f3n de bah\u00eda de Cochinos; sometimes called invasi\u00f3n de playa Gir\u00f3n or batalla de Gir\u00f3n, after the Playa Gir\u00f3n) was a failed landing operation on the southwestern coast of Cuba in 1961 by Cuban exiles who opposed Fidel Castro's Cuban Revolution."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | Political reaction", "text": "Immediately following the Bay of Pigs invasion, the Kennedy Administration considered complete trade restrictions with Cuba."}, {"section_header": "Invasion | Invasion day (17 April)", "text": "At about 00:00 on 17 April 1961, the two LCIs Blagar and Barbara J, each with a CIA 'operations officer' and an Underwater Demolition Team of five frogmen, entered the Bay of Pigs (Bah\u00eda de Cochinos) on the southern coast of Cuba."}, {"section_header": "Later analysis | Invasion legacy in Cuba", "text": "In mid-1960, CIA operative E. Howard Hunt had interviewed Cubans in Havana; in a 1997 interview with CNN, he said, \"... all I could find was a lot of enthusiasm for Fidel Castro.\" For many Latin Americans, the Bay of Pigs Invasion served to reinforce the already widely held belief that the U.S. could not be trusted."}, {"section_header": "Preparation | Kennedy's operational approval", "text": "In March 1961, the CIA helped Cuban exiles in Miami to create the Cuban Revolutionary Council, chaired by Jos\u00e9 Mir\u00f3 Cardona, former Prime Minister of Cuba."}, {"section_header": "Preparation | Kennedy's operational approval", "text": "On 4 April 1961, President Kennedy approved the Bay of Pigs plan (also known as Operation Zapata), because it had a sufficiently long airfield, it was farther away from large groups of civilians than the Trinidad plan, and it was less \"noisy\" militarily, which would make denial of direct U.S. involvement more plausible."}, {"section_header": "Later analysis | Invasion legacy in Cuba", "text": "Historians often attest the Bay of Pigs fiasco made Castro even more popular, adding nationalistic sentiments in support of his economic policies."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Covertly financed and directed by the U.S. government, the operation took place at the height of the Cold War, and its failure led to major shifts in international relations between Cuba, the United States, and the Soviet Union."}], "text": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion was an operation in Cuba but failed and helped relations with Russia and the US.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Bay of Pigs Invasion"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Farfetch has offices in 11 cities and employs over 3,000 staff."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Farfetch is an online luxury fashion retail platform that sells products from over 700 boutiques and brands from around the world."}], "id": "NWcfPQqKxxEO8CO2lv0Q", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Current operations", "text": "Farfetch achieves approximately 10 million site visits per month and ships to customers in almost 190 countries."}, {"section_header": "Current operations", "text": "\" The business continues to grow, and in 2013, it retailed products from over 1500 global fashion brands, attracting 4.3 million weekly visitors to the site."}, {"section_header": "Management", "text": "Farfetch is led by Jos\u00e9 Neves, the founder of the business.."}, {"section_header": "Current operations", "text": "In February 2019, Farfetch agreed to merge its Chinese business with JD.com."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Investors included Advent Ventures Partners, Cond\u00e9 Nast International, Index Ventures, Novel TMT, e.ventures and Vitruvian Partners."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "This boutique is run independently from Farfetch by a newly-appointed CEO Holli Rogers who joined the business in July 2015."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The e-commerce company operates local-language websites and mobile apps for international markets in English, Spanish, French, Japanese, Chinese, Arabic, German, Portuguese, Korean, Italian and Russian."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Farfetch was founded in 2007 by Jos\u00e9 Neves, a Portuguese entrepreneur who has been active in the world of fashion start-ups since the 1990s, when he launched the shoe design business SWEAR."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Business was bad, they couldn't rely on local custom any more"}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Farfetch developed the proprietary business units Farfetch Black & White and Store of the Future in 2015.In May 2016, Farfetch secured a Series F round of investment of US $110 million, led by new investors Temasek, IDG Capital Partners and Eurazeo with existing investor Vitruvian Partners participating."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Farfetch has offices in 11 cities and employs over 3,000 staff."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Farfetch is an online luxury fashion retail platform that sells products from over 700 boutiques and brands from around the world."}], "text": "Farfetch is an international business with 10 site locations worldwide.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Farfetch"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "The film is based on the story of John Wojtowicz."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "It adheres to the basic facts of what happened, according to a Life article published on September 22, 1972, entitled \"The Boys in the Bank\"."}], "id": "NZa0AuGbNbWehyJADhtA", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Response", "text": "Although Dog Day Afternoon was released nationally in 1975, it is based on events that took place in Brooklyn three years earlier, in August 1972."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "The film is based on the story of John Wojtowicz."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "Wojtowicz wrote a letter to The New York Times in 1975 claiming that the events of the film were \"only 30% true."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dog Day Afternoon is a 1975 American biographical neo-noir crime drama film directed by Sidney Lumet, written by Frank Pierson, and produced by Martin Bregman and Martin Elfand."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dog Day Afternoon was released in the United States on September 21, 1975, and received near-universal acclaim for the performances of its cast, its directing, and its screenplay."}, {"section_header": "Cast", "text": "The table below summarizes the main cast of Dog Day Afternoon."}, {"section_header": "Response | Critical reception", "text": "Upon its release, Dog Day Afternoon received largely positive reviews."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2009, Dog Day Afternoon was deemed \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\" by the Library of Congress, and was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry."}, {"section_header": "Response | Critical reception", "text": "Dog Day Afternoon ranks 443rd on Empire's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dog Day Afternoon is notable for its anti-establishment tone, and marks the third collaboration between Pacino and Cazale, after The Godfather."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "It adheres to the basic facts of what happened, according to a Life article published on September 22, 1972, entitled \"The Boys in the Bank\"."}], "text": "The 1975 film Dog Day Afternoon is based on a true story.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Dog Day Afternoon"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Early years (1975\u20131978)", "text": "Iron Maiden were formed on Christmas Day, 25 December 1975 by bassist Steve Harris shortly after he left his previous group, Smiler."}], "id": "NfZHXXWCckIG9IoJ90GC", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Popoff, Martin (2013). 2 Minutes to Midnight: An Iron Maiden Day-by-Day."}, {"section_header": "History | Early years (1975\u20131978)", "text": "Iron Maiden were formed on Christmas Day, 25 December 1975 by bassist Steve Harris shortly after he left his previous group, Smiler."}, {"section_header": "History | Dance of Death and A Matter of Life and Death (2003\u20132007)", "text": "the World Tour, which, tying in with their 2004 DVD entitled The History of Iron Maiden \u2013 Part 1: The Early Days, only featured material from their first four albums."}, {"section_header": "Image and legacy | Ed Force One", "text": "The aircraft, named \"Ed Force One\" after a competition on the band's website, was flown by Dickinson, as he was also a commercial airline pilot for Astraeus, and plays a major role in the award-winning documentary, Iron Maiden: Flight 666, which was released in cinemas in 42 countries in April 2009."}, {"section_header": "Image and legacy | Ed Force One", "text": "It was also repainted with a special Iron Maiden livery, which the airline decided to retain after receiving positive feedback from customers."}, {"section_header": "Image and legacy | Ed Force One", "text": "For their Somewhere Back in Time World Tour in 2008 and 2009, Iron Maiden commissioned an Astraeus Airlines Boeing 757 as transport."}, {"section_header": "Image and legacy | Influence on other artists", "text": "Both current and former Dream Theater members John Petrucci, John Myung, and Mike Portnoy have stated that Iron Maiden were one of their biggest influences."}, {"section_header": "History | Blaze Bayley era, The X Factor and Virtual XI (1994\u20131999)", "text": "In 1998, Iron Maiden released Virtual XI, whose chart scores were the band's lowest to date, failing to score one million worldwide sales for the first time in the band's history."}, {"section_header": "History | Record contract and early releases (1978\u20131981)", "text": "The plan was always to get a second guitarist in, but finding one that could match Davey was really difficult.\" On New Year's Eve 1978, Iron Maiden recorded a demo, consisting of four songs, at Spaceward Studios in Cambridge."}, {"section_header": "History | Upheaval (1989\u20131994)", "text": "Between 24 February and 28 April 1990, the individual parts were released one-by-one, each containing two of Iron Maiden's singles, including the original B-sides."}], "text": "Iron Maiden started on Xmas Day.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Iron Maiden"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography", "text": "In 1968, she obtained her PhD from the Weizmann Institute of Science for X-ray crystallographic studies on the structure of collagen, with Wolfie Traub as her PhD advisor."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2009, Yonath received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas A. Steitz for her studies on the structure and function of the ribosome, becoming the first Israeli woman to win the Nobel Prize out of ten Israeli Nobel laureates, the first woman from the Middle East to win a Nobel prize in the sciences, and the first woman in 45 years to win the Nobel Prize for Chemistry."}], "id": "NhMEE2uj39fdDLHuSQxw", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ada E. Yonath (Hebrew: \u05e2\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea\u200e, pronounced [\u02c8ada jo\u02c8nat]) (born 22 June 1939) is an Israeli crystallographer best known for her pioneering work on the structure of the ribosome."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2009, Yonath received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas A. Steitz for her studies on the structure and function of the ribosome, becoming the first Israeli woman to win the Nobel Prize out of ten Israeli Nobel laureates, the first woman from the Middle East to win a Nobel prize in the sciences, and the first woman in 45 years to win the Nobel Prize for Chemistry."}, {"section_header": "Biography", "text": "In 1968, she obtained her PhD from the Weizmann Institute of Science for X-ray crystallographic studies on the structure of collagen, with Wolfie Traub as her PhD advisor."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "She is the current director of the Helen and Milton A. Kimmelman Center for Biomolecular Structure and Assembly of the Weizmann Institute of Science."}, {"section_header": "Scientific career", "text": "At the Weizmann Institute, Yonath is the incumbent of the Martin S. and Helen Kimmel Professorial Chair."}, {"section_header": "Scientific career", "text": "She headed a Max-Planck Institute Research Unit at DESY in Hamburg, Germany (1986\u20132004) in parallel to her research activities at the Weizmann Institute."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "She was the first Israeli woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "In 2006, Rothschild Prize in Life Sciences."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "In 2009, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (co-recipient with Thomas Steitz and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan)."}, {"section_header": "Biography", "text": "She has one daughter, Hagit Yonath, a doctor at Sheba Medical Center, and a granddaughter, Noa."}], "text": "Ada E. Yonath got a Nobel prize for her study of ribosomes and she got her doctorate from the Weizmann Institute of Science.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Ada Yonath"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Launched in October 2008, the Spotify platform provides access to over 50 million tracks."}], "id": "NiAhlKsRsIRQZqadk58T", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Early international launches", "text": "In late 2016, the company launched its \"largest [marketing] campaign to date\", by placing large-scale billboards in major cities around the world that humorously mocked users' listening habits."}, {"section_header": "History | Launch in 2008", "text": "The Spotify app was launched on 7 October 2008."}, {"section_header": "History | Other developments | User growth", "text": "In countries affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, Spotify registered a fall in users in late February, but it has seen a recovery."}, {"section_header": "History | Launch in 2008", "text": "While free accounts remained available by invitation, the launch opened paid subscriptions to everyone."}, {"section_header": "History | Early international launches", "text": "Spotify launched in the United States in July 2011 and offered a six-month ad-supported trial period, where new users could listen to an unlimited amount of music for free."}, {"section_header": "Criticism", "text": "Spotify has attracted significant criticism since its 2008 launch."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Launched in October 2008, the Spotify platform provides access to over 50 million tracks."}, {"section_header": "Business model | Monetization | Funding", "text": "market\". In June 2011, Spotify secured $100 million of funding and planned to use this to support its US launch."}, {"section_header": "Business model | Stations by Spotify", "text": "At launch, the skipping feature was not featured to \"reinforce the feel of radio\", but it was quietly added later, and with no limits."}, {"section_header": "Business model", "text": "In December 2013, the company launched a new website, \"Spotify for Artists\", that explained its business model and revenue data."}], "text": "Spotify launched in the late 2000s.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Spotify"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "\"We've Got the Moon and Sixpence\", sung by Al Bowlly, takes its name from the book and Jack Kerouac"}], "id": "NoXFHSyl0oKfm4MRAYje", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "About the title", "text": "The Moon and Sixpence is at once a satire of Edwardian mores and a Gauguin biography.\" According to some sources, the title, the meaning of which is not explicitly revealed in the book, was taken from a review of Maugham's novel Of Human Bondage in which the novel's protagonist, Philip Carey, is described as \"so busy yearning for the moon that he never saw the sixpence at his feet.\" According to a 1956 letter from Maugham, \"If you look on the ground in search of a sixpence, you don't look up, and so miss the moon."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "\" Maugham's title echoes the description of Gauguin by his contemporary biographer, Meier-Graefe (1908): \"He [Gauguin] may be charged with having always wanted something else.\" The book was made into a stage play in 1925 at the New Theatre with Henry Ainley as Strickland and Eileen Sharp as Ata and a film of the same name directed and written by Albert Lewin."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "That book is The Moon and Sixpence."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "mentions the book in his 1958 novella"}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "The novel served as the basis for an opera, also titled The Moon and Sixpence, by John Gardner to a libretto by Patrick Terry; it was premiered at Sadlers Wells in 1957.Writer S Lee Pogostin"}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "The book was mentioned in Agatha Christie's mystery (Hercule Poirot series) novel Five Little Pigs, when Poirot asks one of the suspects (Angela Warren) if she read the book at the time the crime was committed."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "\"We've Got the Moon and Sixpence\", sung by Al Bowlly, takes its name from the book and Jack Kerouac"}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "In the opening scene of Fran\u00e7ois Truffaut's cinematic adaptation of Fahrenheit 451, several firemen are preparing books for burning."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "The Subterraneans. the book was mentioned in James Jones's novel From Here to Eternity, in a conversation between Sergeant Warden and Corporal Mazzioli."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "In the crowd of onlookers is a little boy who picks up one of the books and thumbs through it before his father takes it from him and throws it on the pile with the rest."}], "text": "There are no songs titled after this book.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "The Moon and Sixpence"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Based on the medieval La Damigella di Scalot, it tells the story of Elaine of Astolat, a young noblewoman imprisoned in a tower on an island near Camelot."}], "id": "NpkhGpPC9O1Z5NBonM9c", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"The Lady of Shalott\" is a lyrical ballad by the English poet Alfred Tennyson."}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Music", "text": "Israeli progressive rock group Atmosphera recorded a 16-minute epic named \"Lady of Shalott\" about the ballad."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Based on the medieval La Damigella di Scalot, it tells the story of Elaine of Astolat, a young noblewoman imprisoned in a tower on an island near Camelot."}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Literature", "text": "The Lady of Shalott is mentioned in Annie Fellows Johnston's \"Three Weavers\", a fairy tale embedded in chapter XIV of the children's book"}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Music", "text": "The song titled \"Shalott\" on Emilie Autumn's 2006 album Opheliac tells the poem from her own perspective, where she quotes the Lady of Shalott as saying \"But then, I could have guessed it all along, 'cause now some drama queen is gonna write a song for me."}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Art", "text": "Two aspects, in particular, of \"The Lady of Shalott\" intrigued these artists: the idea of the lady trapped in her tower and the dying girl floating down the river towards Camelot.:173"}, {"section_header": "Themes", "text": "\" Based on Poulson's view, escaping from the tower allows for the Lady of Shalott to emotionally break free and come into terms with female sexuality."}, {"section_header": "Themes", "text": "Fairy tales, such as Sleeping Beauty or Snow White, have traditionally depended upon this association."}, {"section_header": "Themes", "text": "Christine Poulson discusses a feminist viewpoint and suggests: \"the Lady of Shalott's escape from her tower as an act of defiance, a symbol of female empowerment."}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Television", "text": "This poem forms the backbone of voice-over for the episode \"Tracie's Story\" (2012) of Accused starring Sean Bean as a transgender woman in a highly destructive relationship with a married man."}], "text": "The Lady of Shalott tells a tale about a woman confined in a tower and is a lyrical ballad.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "The Lady of Shalott"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Humanitarian and political causes", "text": "Pitt visited the University of Missouri campus in October 2004 to encourage students to vote in the 2004 U.S. presidential election, in which he supported John Kerry."}], "id": "NqBjvXWhx4jcgmbrZkpU", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Humanitarian and political causes", "text": "In September 2006, Pitt and Jolie established a charitable organization, the Jolie-Pitt Foundation, to aid humanitarian causes around the world."}, {"section_header": "Humanitarian and political causes", "text": "Right Foundation, organizing housing professionals in New Orleans to finance and construct 150 sustainable, affordable new houses in New Orleans's Ninth Ward following the devastation caused by Hurricane Katrina."}, {"section_header": "Humanitarian and political causes", "text": "Pitt is a supporter of same-sex marriage."}, {"section_header": "Humanitarian and political causes", "text": "Pitt and philanthropist Steve Bing have each committed $5 million in donations."}, {"section_header": "Humanitarian and political causes", "text": "Pitt supports One Campaign, an organization aimed at combating AIDS and poverty in the developing world."}, {"section_header": "Humanitarian and political causes", "text": "In an October 2006 interview with Esquire, Pitt said that he would marry Jolie when everyone in America is legally able to marry."}, {"section_header": "Humanitarian and political causes", "text": "Along with Clooney, Damon, Don Cheadle, David Pressman, and Jerry Weintraub, Pitt is one of the founders of"}, {"section_header": "Humanitarian and political causes", "text": "In May 2007, Pitt and Jolie donated $1 million to three organizations in Chad and Sudan dedicated to those affected by the crisis in the Darfur region."}, {"section_header": "Humanitarian and political causes", "text": "Pitt visited the University of Missouri campus in October 2004 to encourage students to vote in the 2004 U.S. presidential election, in which he supported John Kerry."}, {"section_header": "Humanitarian and political causes", "text": "According to federal filings, Pitt and Jolie invested $8.5 million into the foundation in 2006; it gave away $2.4 million in 2006 and $3.4 million in 2007."}], "text": "Brad Pitt has never done any humanitarian causes and this has caused a rift with his fans.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Brad Pitt"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Johannes Peter \"Honus\" Wagner (; February 24, 1874 \u2013 December 6, 1955), sometimes referred to as \"Hans\" Wagner, was an American baseball shortstop who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates."}], "id": "NwGE9XjNQDHRhySYCXNo", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "Wagner was offered a $20,000 contract by the Chicago White Sox, but turned it down and continued to play with the Pirates."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "The move to the Pittsburgh Pirates signified Wagner's emergence as a premier hitter."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "Prior to 1904, Wagner had played several positions, but settled into the shortstop role full-time that season, where he became a skilled fielder."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Johannes Peter \"Honus\" Wagner (; February 24, 1874 \u2013 December 6, 1955), sometimes referred to as \"Hans\" Wagner, was an American baseball shortstop who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "In September 1905, Wagner signed a contract to produce the first bat with a player's signature, the Louisville Slugger, becoming the first sportsperson to endorse a commercial product; the Honus Wagner was to become a best-seller for years."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "In desperation, owner Barney Dreyfuss offered him $10,000 per year, making him the highest paid Pirate for many years."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "He returned to the Pirates early in the 1908 season, and finished two home runs short of the league's Triple Crown, leading the league in hitting (for the sixth time) \u201a hits\u201a total bases\u201a"}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Life after baseball", "text": "A sporting goods store bearing the name \"Honus Wagner\" operated in downtown Pittsburgh for 93 years before closing permanently in 2011.The Pirates hosted the 1944 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at Forbes Field."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Career before Major League Baseball", "text": "In 1896 Edward Barrow, from the Wheeling, West Virginia, team that Wagner was playing on, decided to take Honus with him to his next team, the Paterson Silk Sox (Atlantic League)."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "Shortly before the 1908 season, Wagner retired."}], "text": "Honus Wagner spent most of his career playing for the Pittsburgh Pirates.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Honus Wagner"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Bronze Age", "text": "Between 3000 and 2500 BC, new settlers (Corded Ware culture) arrived in eastern Norway."}, {"section_header": "History | Bronze Age", "text": "They were Indo-European farmers who grew grain and kept cows and sheep."}], "id": "O2GFBcipbcDos4PlYIHw", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Economy | Transport", "text": "In March 2014, Norway became the first country where over 1 in every 100 passenger cars on the roads is a plug-in electric."}, {"section_header": "History | Union with Sweden", "text": "Following the recession caused by the Napoleonic Wars, economic development of Norway remained slow until economic growth began around 1830."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "Until around 1800 inhabitants of Western Norway were referred to as nordmenn (northmen) while inhabitants of Eastern Norway were referred to as austmenn (eastmen).According to another theory, the first component was a word n\u00f3r, meaning \"narrow\" (Old English nearu) or \"northern\", referring to the inner-archipelago sailing route through the land (\"narrow way\")."}, {"section_header": "Geography", "text": "Norway also comprised Bohusl\u00e4n until 1658, J\u00e4mtland and H\u00e4rjedalen until 1645, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, and the Hebrides and Isle of Man until the Treaty of Perth in 1266."}, {"section_header": "History | Prehistory", "text": "The earliest traces of human occupation in Norway are found along the coast, where the huge ice shelf of the last ice age first melted between 11,000 and 8,000 BC."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Norway remained neutral until April 1940 when the country was invaded and occupied by Germany until the end of Second World War."}, {"section_header": "History | First and Second World Wars", "text": "Throughout the First World War, Norway was in principle a neutral country."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Languages", "text": "Around 95% of the population speak Norwegian as their first or native language, although many speak dialects that may differ significantly from the written languages."}, {"section_header": "History | Bronze Age", "text": "Between 3000 and 2500 BC, new settlers (Corded Ware culture) arrived in eastern Norway."}, {"section_header": "History | Prehistory", "text": "The first inhabitants were the Ahrensburg culture (11th to 10th millennia BC), which was a late Upper Paleolithic culture during the Younger Dryas, the last period of cold at the end of the Weichselian glaciation."}, {"section_header": "History | Bronze Age", "text": "They were Indo-European farmers who grew grain and kept cows and sheep."}], "text": "The first civilization did not popup in Norway until around 100 BC.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Norway"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 7, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling."}], "id": "O3e1WoGzsoV9cW5cuR0J", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot | Voldemort returns", "text": "Near the beginning of the novel, lacking his own book, Harry is given an old potions textbook filled with many annotations and recommendations signed by a mysterious writer titled; \"the Half-Blood Prince."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Literary criticism", "text": "Rosen also stated that \"J. K. Rowling is more of an adult writer."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Translations", "text": "This led to more and more copies of the English editions being sold to impatient fans in non-English speaking countries; for example, such was the clamour to read the fifth book that its English language edition became the first English-language book ever to top the best-seller list in France."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Publishing history", "text": "It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Literary criticism", "text": "\" Soon the English newspapers joined in, with more than one comparing it to Roald Dahl's work: The Mail on Sunday rated it as \"the most imaginative debut since Roald Dahl\", a view echoed by The Sunday Times (\"comparisons to Dahl are, this time, justified\"), while The Guardian called it \"a richly textured novel given lift-off by an inventive wit."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Translations", "text": "The United States editions were adapted into American English to make them more understandable to a young American audience."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The series was originally published in English by two major publishers, Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and Scholastic Press in the United States."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Translations", "text": "For reasons of secrecy, translation on a given book could only start after it had been released in English, leading to a lag of several months before the translations were available."}, {"section_header": "Achievements | Cultural impact", "text": "The word Muggle has spread beyond its Harry Potter origins, becoming one of few pop culture words to land in the Oxford English Dictionary."}, {"section_header": "Achievements | Commercial success", "text": "By 24 June 2000, Rowling's novels had been on the list for 79 straight weeks; the first three novels were each on the hardcover best-seller list."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling."}], "text": "The writer of Harry Potter is English.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 9, "wikipedia_page": "Harry Potter"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Winesburg, Ohio (full title: Winesburg, Ohio: A Group of Tales of Ohio Small-Town Life) is a 1919 short story cycle by the American author Sherwood Anderson."}], "id": "O8WivAYWYTku5kWOALId", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Adaptations | Stage", "text": "A loose musical adaptation of Winesburg, Ohio written by Kevin Kuhlke with music by Heaven Phillips premiered in 2003 as Winesburg: Small Town Life at the Perseverance Theatre in Juneau, Alaska."}, {"section_header": "Composition and publication", "text": "It was there, under those circumstances, myself sitting near an open window, the rain occasionally blowing in and wetting my bare back, that I did my first writing... I wrote it, as I wrote them all, complete in the one sitting... The rest of the stories in the book came out of me on succeeding evenings, and sometimes during the day while I worked in the advertising office...\" Study of his manuscripts shows that, though it is probably true that most of the stories were written within a relatively short span of time in late 1915, like a number of facts in Anderson's retelling of his writing process (for instance, his claim that he had written the Winesburg, Ohio stories after his earlier books were already published), it is inaccurate to say that the final versions of the stories published in 1919 were exactly the same as the ones written whole four years earlier."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Stage", "text": "The book and lyrics were written by Eric Rosen (in collaboration with Andrew Pluess, Ben Sussman, and Jessica Thebus)."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "The film was directed by Daniel Nearing, written by Nearing and Rudy Thauberger, and stars Andre Truss, Keisha Dyson and Gerrold Johnson."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Mostly written from late 1915 to early 1916, with a few stories completed closer to publication, they were \"...conceived as complementary parts of a whole, centered in the background of a single community."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Stage", "text": "The adaptation, written by Christopher Sergel, starred Ben Piazza as George Willard, James Whitmore as Tom Willard, Sandra Church as Helen White, and Leon Ames as Dr. Reefy."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is set in the fictional town of Winesburg, Ohio (not to be confused with the actual Winesburg), which is based loosely on the author's childhood memories of Clyde, Ohio."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Winesburg, Ohio (full title: Winesburg, Ohio: A Group of Tales of Ohio Small-Town Life) is a 1919 short story cycle by the American author Sherwood Anderson."}, {"section_header": "Major themes | George Willard's coming-of-age", "text": "George Willard, a young reporter for the Winesburg Eagle, figures prominently in much of Winesburg, Ohio."}, {"section_header": "Literary and cultural connections | In literature", "text": "Philip Roth's 2008 novel Indignation is set, in part, at Winesburg College in Winesburg, Ohio."}], "text": "Winesburg, Ohio was written by Shelley Amber.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Winesburg, Ohio"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Productions", "text": "Directed by Lawrence Sacharow, the production starred Marian Seldes as \"A\", Michael Learned as \"B\", and Christina Rouner as \"C\", and Michael Rhodes as \"The Boy\" Translated as Tres mujeres altas, the play premiered in Madrid (Spain) at the Teatro Lara in September 1995."}], "id": "OAOVJm1D9GFyqfoIpN0h", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Three Tall Women is a two-act play by Edward Albee, written in 1990, which won the 1994 Pulitzer Prize for Drama, Albee's third Pulitzer."}, {"section_header": "Overview", "text": "The woman\u2019s relationship with her son is the clearest indication that Albee was working through some troubled memories of his own in Three Tall Women."}, {"section_header": "Productions", "text": "In fact, Three Tall Women was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1994, as well as the Drama Critics Circle, Lucille Lortel, and Outer Critics Circle awards for best play.\" Three Tall Women had its world premiere at the English Theatre, Vienna, Austria in June 1991."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "The Boy: The son of the three women, he does not play a speaking role but is the subject of much discussion among them."}, {"section_header": "Overview", "text": "Albee admitted to The Economist that the play \"was a kind of exorcism."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Act I", "text": "The play opens with the three major characters together in A's bedroom."}, {"section_header": "Overview", "text": ", it was noted that \"Besides exorcising personal demons, Albee regained the respect of New York theater critics with the play."}, {"section_header": "Productions", "text": "Directed by Lawrence Sacharow, the production starred Marian Seldes as \"A\", Michael Learned as \"B\", and Christina Rouner as \"C\", and Michael Rhodes as \"The Boy\" Translated as Tres mujeres altas, the play premiered in Madrid (Spain) at the Teatro Lara in September 1995."}, {"section_header": "Productions", "text": "During the run, Seldes assumed the role of \"A,\" with Joan Van Ark and Frances Conroy assuming the role of \"B.\" During the run, Seldes assumed the role of \"A,\" with Joan Van Ark and Frances Conroy assuming the role of \"B.\" The play premiered in the West End at the Wyndham's Theatre in October 1994, directed by Anthony Page and featuring Maggie Smith (Elder Tall Woman), Frances de la Tour (Middle Tall Woman), Anastasia Hille (Younger Tall Woman), and John Ireland (the Boy).The play opened in Washington, D.C. at The Kennedy Center's Eisenhower Theater on November 9, 1995."}, {"section_header": "Productions", "text": "The play was directed by Albee, with a cast that included Myra Carter as the Old Woman, Kathleen Butler as the Middle-Aged Woman, Cynthia Bassham as the Young Woman, and Howard Nightingall as the Boy."}], "text": "Three Tall Women, a play by Edward Albee, has been translated into French.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Three Tall Women"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The son of Hungarian immigrants, Medwick was born and raised in Carteret, New Jersey."}], "id": "OBV66g4MSpHMICbl1odj", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career", "text": "Medwick entered professional baseball with the Scottdale Scotties of the Middle Atlantic League in 1930."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The son of Hungarian immigrants, Medwick was born and raised in Carteret, New Jersey."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He excelled in baseball, basketball, football, and track at Carteret High School."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "University of Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne made arrangements for Medwick to play football there, however Medwick decided to forgo college and enter professional baseball."}, {"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "In January 2014, the Cardinals announced Medwick among 22 former players and personnel to be inducted into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum for the inaugural class of 2014.Joseph Medwick Park along the banks of the Rahway River in Woodbridge Township and Carteret in Middlesex County, New Jersey is named in his honor."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Hearing the whistle, Medwick stepped toward what he thought was a curveball, but Bowman had decided to throw a high, inside fastball to confuse them."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "In 75 games with the Scotties, he had a .419 batting average and 22 home runs."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A left fielder with the St. Louis Cardinals during the \"Gashouse Gang\" era of the 1930s"}, {"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "Medwick was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Baseball Writers' Association of America in 1968."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "He was traded to the New York Giants in 1943."}], "text": "Medwick is Hungarian and after high school in New Jersey he went right into professional baseball with the Scottdale Scotties in 1930.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Joe Medwick"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Over a thousand people were employed in the production of the film, which required 16 reels of film after the cutting."}], "id": "OCowTKTkzaeAm3m0jg8s", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Great Ziegfeld is a 1936 American musical and drama film directed by Robert Z. Leonard and produced by Hunt Stromberg."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "By coincidence, Universal's 1936 film version of the Ziegfeld musical \"Show Boat\", the most faithful of all the film versions of the stage production, was filmed at the same time as The Great Ziegfeld and released in the same year."}, {"section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "The Great Ziegfeld marked Rainer's second Hollywood film role after Escapade (also with Powell)."}, {"section_header": "Production | Aftermath", "text": "When it reopened on Broadway in September 1936, five months after the release of the film, it was retitled The New Ziegfeld Follies of 1936\u20131937, and was revamped considerably, with changes to the show's humor."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "Over a thousand people were employed in the production, and The Great Ziegfeld required 16 reels of film after the cutting."}, {"section_header": "Production | Mise en sc\u00e8ne and music", "text": "meaning in this or future film production.\" Juan Antonio Ram\u00edrez refers to the wedding cake as a \"famous spiral column\", citing it as one of the best known pieces of mobile architecture in film, but notes that in design the cake was not exclusive to The Great Ziegfeld, explaining that a wedding cake, albeit less flamboyant, had appeared in previous films such as King of Jazz (1930), The Kid from Spain (1932), Top Hat (1935), and Follow the Fleet (1936)."}, {"section_header": "Production | Aftermath", "text": "In 1941, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer produced a sequel titled Ziegfeld Girl, starring James Stewart, Judy Garland, Hedy Lamarr, and Lana Turner, which recycled some film from The Great Ziegfeld."}, {"section_header": "Production | Aftermath", "text": "Burke caused much controversy and upset among many of Ziegfeld's friends and colleagues when she sold the rights to a production on Broadway, the Ziegfeld Follies, also starring Fanny Brice, at the time the film was released in 1936, due to the fact that the show was produced by the Shubert brothers, whom Ziegfeld detested."}, {"section_header": "Production | Aftermath", "text": "The Ziegfeld Follies under Vincente Minnelli initially was performed in December 1935 before making its Broadway debut on January 30, 1936."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "MGM made two more Ziegfeld films \u2013 one titled Ziegfeld Girl (1941), starring James Stewart, Judy Garland, Hedy Lamarr and Lana Turner, which recycled some footage from The Great Ziegfeld, and in 1946, Ziegfeld Follies by Vincente Minnelli."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Over a thousand people were employed in the production of the film, which required 16 reels of film after the cutting."}], "text": "The 1936 film The Great Ziegfeld had a skeleton crew.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Great Ziegfeld"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Demographics", "text": "About 56% of Paraguayans live in urban areas, making Paraguay one of the least urbanized nations in South America."}], "id": "OFpnRJhDheCZUFrjnT1U", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Stroessner's overthrow, post-1989", "text": "At the time, 2.06 million people lived in rural areas, more than half of the 4.1 million total population, and most were landless."}, {"section_header": "Demographics", "text": "About 56% of Paraguayans live in urban areas, making Paraguay one of the least urbanized nations in South America."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "A large percentage of the population, especially in rural areas, derives its living from agricultural activity, often on a subsistence basis."}, {"section_header": "Economy | Social issues", "text": "Moreover, 71% of the latter live in rural areas of the country."}, {"section_header": "Demographics", "text": "Paraguay's population is distributed unevenly through the country, with the vast majority of people living in the eastern region near the capital and largest city, Asunci\u00f3n, which accounts for 10% of the country's population."}, {"section_header": "Economy | Social issues", "text": "In rural areas, 41.20% of the people lack a monthly income to cover basic necessities, whereas in urban centers this figure is 27.6%."}, {"section_header": "Demographics", "text": "The Gran Chaco region, which includes the Alto Paraguay, Boquer\u00f3n and Presidente Hayes Department, and accounts for about 60% of the territory, is home to less than 2% of the population."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Administrative subdivisions", "text": "These are the departments, with their capitals, population, area and the number of districts: The departments are further divided into districts (distritos)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Paraguayans are known for being a very happy and easy-living people and many times the country has topped the \"world's happiest place\" charts because of the \"positive experiences\" lived and expressed by the population."}, {"section_header": "Economy | Social issues | Social issues of the indigenous", "text": "Literacy rates are extremely low among Paraguay's indigenous population, who have an illiteracy rate of 51% compared to the 7.1% rate of the general population."}], "text": "Less than half of Paraguay's population lives in urban areas.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Paraguay"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and career | 2018\u2013present: Liberation and The Xperience", "text": "In 2019, Aguilera received The Disney Legends Awards for \"her remarkable contributions to the Disney legacy\"."}], "id": "OQTFaOfRoC9XUUx5AnYq", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and career | 1999\u20132001: Christina Aguilera, Mi Reflejo, and My Kind of Christmas", "text": "Just Be Free, a compilation of demo tracks Aguilera recorded in 1994 and 1995, when she was looking forward to an album release after the end of The Mickey Mouse Club."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1980\u20131998: Early life and career beginnings", "text": "In 1991, Aguilera auditioned for a position on The Mickey Mouse Club, although she did not meet its age requirements."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 2010\u20132011: Bionic, Burlesque, and The Voice", "text": "Aguilera starred alongside Cher in the musical film Burlesque."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Influences", "text": "Aguilera is also inspired by her Burlesque co-star, Cher: \"I have always had tremendous respect for her."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 2010\u20132011: Bionic, Burlesque, and The Voice", "text": "Aguilera played Ali Rose, who quits her bar service job and moves to Los Angeles, where she aspires to be a performer in a burlesque club owned by Tess Scali (Cher)."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 2010\u20132011: Bionic, Burlesque, and The Voice", "text": "Aguilera recorded eight tracks for the film's ten-track accompanying soundtrack, and Cher performed the other two."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Musical style and themes", "text": "David Browne from Entertainment Weekly credited the release with distancing Aguilera from her pop contemporaries."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Voice", "text": "Every time she'd start going into 'hoo-ha', I'd stop the tape."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1999\u20132001: Christina Aguilera, Mi Reflejo, and My Kind of Christmas", "text": "RCA was pressured by the contemporary teen pop craze evoked by Aguilera's peer Britney Spears, leading to the label rushing production of the album and aligning Aguilera to be part of the teen pop trend."}, {"section_header": "Image", "text": "Fashion has also been a part of Aguilera's music career and image."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 2018\u2013present: Liberation and The Xperience", "text": "In 2019, Aguilera received The Disney Legends Awards for \"her remarkable contributions to the Disney legacy\"."}], "text": "The Mickey Mouse people has tried to distance themselves from Christina Aguilera recently, due to her use of the word 'hoo-ha', and her part in Burlesque with Cher.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Christina Aguilera"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Count of Monte Cristo (French: Le Comte de Monte-Cristo) is an adventure novel by French author Alexandre Dumas (p\u00e8re) completed in 1844."}], "id": "OYg4WoSBMLHGRcx96SMx", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Another important work by Dumas, written before his work with Maquet, was the 1843 short novel Georges; this novel is of particular interest to scholars because Dumas reused many of the ideas and plot devices later in The Count of Monte Cristo."}, {"section_header": "Historical background | A chronology of The Count of Monte Cristo and Bonapartism", "text": "1841\u20131844 : The story is conceived and written."}, {"section_header": "Historical background | A chronology of The Count of Monte Cristo and Bonapartism", "text": "1857 : Dumas publishes \u00c9tat civil du Comte de Monte-Cristo"}, {"section_header": "Selected notable adaptations | Plays and musicals", "text": "The music is written by Frank Wildhorn and the lyrics and book are by Jack Murphy."}, {"section_header": "Selected notable adaptations | Plays and musicals", "text": "Alexandre Dumas and Auguste Maquet wrote a set of four plays that collectively told the story of The Count of Monte Cristo: Monte Cristo"}, {"section_header": "Historical background | A chronology of The Count of Monte Cristo and Bonapartism", "text": "During the life of Thomas-Alexandre Dumas:  1793: Thomas-Alexandre Dumas is promoted to the rank of general in the army of the First French Republic."}, {"section_header": "Historical background | A chronology of The Count of Monte Cristo and Bonapartism", "text": "During the life of Alexandre Dumas:  1832: The only son of Napoleon I dies. 1836: Alexandre Dumas is famous as a writer by this time (age 34)."}, {"section_header": "Historical background | A chronology of The Count of Monte Cristo and Bonapartism", "text": "1802: Birth of his son, Alexandre Dumas p\u00e8re."}, {"section_header": "Historical background", "text": "In \"Causeries\" (1860), Dumas published a short paper, \"\u00c9tat civil du Comte de Monte-Cristo\", on the genesis of the Count of Monte-Cristo."}, {"section_header": "Historical background | A chronology of The Count of Monte Cristo and Bonapartism", "text": "Louis Napoleon is elected its first president but Dumas does not vote for him."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Count of Monte Cristo (French: Le Comte de Monte-Cristo) is an adventure novel by French author Alexandre Dumas (p\u00e8re) completed in 1844."}], "text": "The Count of Monte Cristo was not written by Mr. Dumas.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "The Count of Monte Cristo"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life | Philanthropy", "text": "In April 2020, to help countries suffering during the COVID-19 pandemic, Musk offered to donate ventilators built by Tesla to third-world countries in need."}], "id": "OedRLPaaSMy7RPQFw42a", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Tham Luang cave rescue | Device viability and backlash", "text": "Our system of justice worked\"."}, {"section_header": "Views | Political", "text": "\"I'm somewhere in the middle, socially liberal and fiscally conservative.\" In 2018, he stated that he was \"not a conservative."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Philanthropy", "text": "In April 2020, to help countries suffering during the COVID-19 pandemic, Musk offered to donate ventilators built by Tesla to third-world countries in need."}, {"section_header": "Career | Tesla", "text": "Use that money to build an affordable car."}, {"section_header": "Career | Tesla", "text": "Use that money to build an even more affordable car."}, {"section_header": "Career | Hyperloop", "text": "The track was used in January 2017, and Musk also started building a tunnel."}, {"section_header": "Career | Tesla", "text": "Tesla's \"master plan\", as iterated by Musk in 2006 was:  Build sports car."}, {"section_header": "In popular media", "text": "Musk was featured in the 2015 environmental documentary Racing Extinction, in which a custom Tesla Model S was designed to help project images of critically endangered species onto public buildings, including the Empire State Building and the Vatican."}, {"section_header": "Career | SpaceX", "text": "On the flight back from Moscow, Musk realized that he could start a company that could build the affordable rockets he needed."}, {"section_header": "Views | Political | Subsidies", "text": "Musk's statements have been criticized, with Stanford University Professor Fred Turner noting that \"if you're an entrepreneur like Elon Musk, you will take the money where you can get it, but at the same time believe as a matter of faith that it's entrepreneurship and technology that are the sources of social change, not the state."}], "text": "Telsa builds ventilators for social justice.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Elon Musk"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life | School years", "text": "In 1984, Tupac's family moved from New York City to Baltimore, Maryland."}], "id": "OjDS1uXvYji9mf2jL2Zm", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Music career | Stardom: 1994\u20131995", "text": "All Eyez on Me. Usually, Thug Life performed live without Tupac."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Later relations", "text": "In the four months before his death, Tupac lived with his girlfriend Kidada Jones, daughter of the record producer Quincy Jones and the actress Peggy Lipton."}, {"section_header": "New York scene 1990s | Rap world | Stretch and Live Squad", "text": "In any case, after a Live Squad production session for the second album of Queens rapper Nas, Stretch's vehicle was chased while receiving fatal gunfire at about 12:30 AM on November 30, 1995."}, {"section_header": "New York scene 1990s | Rap world | Stretch and Live Squad", "text": "In 1988, Randy \"Stretch\" Walker, along with his brother, dubbed Majesty, and a friend debuted with an EP as rap group and production team, Live Squad, in New York City's borough Queens."}, {"section_header": "New York scene 1990s | Rap world | Stretch and Live Squad", "text": "Stretch as well as Live Squad contributed tracks on 2Pac's first two albums, first November 1991, then February 1993, and on 2Pac's side group Thug Life's only album of September 1994."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "\" Tupac had an older stepbrother, Mopreme \"Komani\" Shakur, and a half-sister, Sekyiwa, two years his junior."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Tupac Amaru Shakur was born on June 16, 1971, in the East Harlem section of New York City's Manhattan borough."}, {"section_header": "New York scene 1990s | Rap world | Biggie and Junior M.A.F.I.A.", "text": "During this period, at his own live shows, Tupac would call Biggie onto stage to rap with him and Stretch."}, {"section_header": "Shootings of Shakur | September 1996", "text": "Shakur was taken to the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada where he was heavily sedated, put on life support, and later, to prevent involuntary reactions injurious, put under a barbiturate-induced coma."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Panther heritage", "text": "In 1982, for aiding the 1979 New Jersey prison escape of Tupac's step-aunt and godmother Assata Shakur, his stepfather Mutulu Shakur spent four years among the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | School years", "text": "In 1984, Tupac's family moved from New York City to Baltimore, Maryland."}], "text": "Shakur lived all his life in NY.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Tupac Shakur"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 7, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Popularity in the Arab world", "text": "In recent years, Richie has become a popular musician in various Arab states, and has performed in Morocco, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, and Libya."}], "id": "OlGjZEKGwCYrfRAErCoh", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Popularity in the Arab world", "text": "Richie was against the war and has said he would like to perform in Baghdad someday."}, {"section_header": "Career | Popularity in the Arab world", "text": "In recent years, Richie has become a popular musician in various Arab states, and has performed in Morocco, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, and Libya."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "The album was a big success for Richie in the United States, peaking at No. 6."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Religious views", "text": "Richie was baptized and grew up in the Episcopal Church (United States)."}, {"section_header": "Breast cancer activism", "text": "He stated that she was his enduring symbol of hope and his reason for becoming a breast cancer activist."}, {"section_header": "Career | Popularity in the Arab world", "text": "\" Berman wrote that Richie said he was told that Iraqi civilians were playing \"All Night Long\" the night U.S. tanks invaded Baghdad."}, {"section_header": "Career | Solo career", "text": "Some of his recent albums, such as Renaissance, have returned to his older style and achieved success in Europe but only modest notice in the United States."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "On December 9, 2006, Richie hosted and performed live on the British television"}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "In an interview with American Songwriter magazine, Richie stated \"I'm just gonna stand next to them again with great country artists and hug them.\" After years of mediocre sales in the U.S., the album returned him to the top of the Billboard 200 chart, his first number one album there for more than 25 years, and achieved Platinum status within six weeks of release."}, {"section_header": "Career | Solo career", "text": "In 1985, he wrote and performed \"Say You, Say Me\" for the film White Nights."}], "text": "Richie stated early on he was against the war in Baghdad and that he would like to perform there someday, eventually his dreams came true and he was able to perform in several Arab states.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Lionel Richie"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Wilver Dornell Stargell (March 6, 1940 \u2013 April 9, 2001), nicknamed \"Pops\" later in his career, was an American professional baseball left fielder and first baseman who spent all of his 21 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) (1962\u20131982) with the Pittsburgh Pirates."}], "id": "OlbQlwjF3cI73M63kyIf", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "MLB career | Long home runs", "text": "He doesn't just hit pitchers, he takes away their dignity."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | 1970s", "text": "Stargell capped off the year by hitting a dramatic home run in Baltimore during the late innings of a close Game 7 to seal a Pirates' championship."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Long home runs", "text": "The shot came in the second inning and chased starting pitcher Jim Bunning out of the game."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | 1970s", "text": "Following a Pirate sweep of the Friday-night double-header, Stargell belted a grand slam in the bottom of the first inning of the season's penultimate game to give the Pirates an early 4\u20131 lead, although the Pirates relinquished that lead later in the game and fell two runs short after a four-run rally in the bottom of the ninth inning, thus eliminating themselves from contention for the pennant."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Long home runs", "text": "For a time, whenever he homered, Stargell's restaurant would give away free chicken to all patrons present in the restaurant at the time of the home run, in a promotion dubbed \"Chicken on the Hill with Will\"."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "Berra said that he obtained amphetamines from Stargell and Bill Madlock; he said he could get them from Stargell \"on any given day I asked him for one.\" Stargell strongly denied these accusations."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "After Stargell died, Joe Morgan said, \"When I played, there were 600 baseball players, and 599 of them loved Willie Stargell."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | 1970s", "text": "Stargell originated the practice of giving his teammates embroidered \"Stargell stars\" for their caps after a nice play or a good game."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Stargell played and nothing came of the incident."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "In his later life, Stargell had also suffered from hypertension and heart failure."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Wilver Dornell Stargell (March 6, 1940 \u2013 April 9, 2001), nicknamed \"Pops\" later in his career, was an American professional baseball left fielder and first baseman who spent all of his 21 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) (1962\u20131982) with the Pittsburgh Pirates."}], "text": "Stargell passed away in 2003.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Willie Stargell"}
{"category": "NOCAT", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "His father Count Trasimund of Segni was a member of a famous house, Conti di Segni (Earl of Segni), which produced nine popes including Gregory IX, Alexander IV and Innocent XIII."}], "id": "OxLy9cqMGng1IRS2Z1OK", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential of the medieval popes."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Crusades and suppression of heresy", "text": "Pope Innocent III spent a majority of his tenure as Pope (1198\u20131216) preparing for a great crusade on the Holy Land."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Francis of Assisi", "text": "The Cardinal, who was the confessor of Pope Innocent III, was immediately sympathetic to Francis and agreed to represent Francis to the pope."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Death and legacy", "text": "is one of two popes (the other being Gregory IX) among the 23 historical figures depicted in marble relief portraits above the gallery doors of the U.S. House of Representatives in honor of their influence on the development of American law."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Crusades and suppression of heresy", "text": "This diversion was adopted without the consent of Innocent III, who threatened excommunication to any who took part in the attack."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Reassertion of papal power", "text": "As pope, Innocent III began with a very wide sense of his responsibility and of his authority."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Involvement in Imperial elections", "text": "In 1201, the pope openly espoused the side of Otto IV, whose family had always been opposed to the house of Hohenstaufen."}, {"section_header": "General sources", "text": "Moore, John C. \" Pope Innocent III, Sardinia, and the Papal State."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Crusades and suppression of heresy", "text": "Unlike past popes, Innocent III displayed interest in leading the crusade himself, rather than simply instigating it and allowing secular leaders to organize the expedition according to their own aspirations."}, {"section_header": "General sources", "text": "Moore, John C. Pope Innocent III (1160/61-1216): To Root Up and to Plant."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "His father Count Trasimund of Segni was a member of a famous house, Conti di Segni (Earl of Segni), which produced nine popes including Gregory IX, Alexander IV and Innocent XIII."}], "text": "Pope Innocent III was an Italian pope that was part of the Crusades and was one of 10 popes from the House of Montague.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Pope Innocent III"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The tsar was responsible for other reforms, including reorganizing the judicial system, setting up elected local judges, abolishing corporal punishment, promoting local self-government through the zemstvo system, imposing universal military service, ending some privileges of the nobility, and promoting university education."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He has been described as looking like a German, somewhat of a pacifist, a heavy smoker and card player."}], "id": "P11VFDSqIcR6R2q93XLz", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reign | Reforms | Additional reforms", "text": "Military reforms included universal conscription, introduced for all social classes on 1 January 1874."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The tsar was responsible for other reforms, including reorganizing the judicial system, setting up elected local judges, abolishing corporal punishment, promoting local self-government through the zemstvo system, imposing universal military service, ending some privileges of the nobility, and promoting university education."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Reforms | Additional reforms", "text": "Prior to the new regulation, as of 1861, conscription was compulsorily enforced only for the peasantry."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Reforms | Additional reforms", "text": "Other military reforms included extending the reserve forces and the military district system, which split the Russian states into 15 military districts, a system still in use over a hundred years later."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Reforms | Additional reforms", "text": "A new penal code and a greatly simplified system of civil and criminal procedure also came into operation."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Reforms | Additional reforms", "text": "Conscription had been 25 years for serfs that were drafted by their landowners, which was widely considered to be a life sentence."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Reforms | Emancipation of the serfs", "text": "The Emancipation Reform of 1861 abolished serfdom on private estates throughout the Russian Empire."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Reforms | Additional reforms", "text": "Legal historian Sir Henry Maine credited Alexander II with the first great attempt since the time of Grotius to codify and humanise the usages of war."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Reforms | Emancipation of the serfs", "text": "The measure was the first and most important of the liberal reforms made by Alexander II."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Reforms | Emancipation of the serfs", "text": "Serfs gained the full rights of free citizens, including rights to marry without having to gain consent, to own property and to own a business."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He has been described as looking like a German, somewhat of a pacifist, a heavy smoker and card player."}], "text": "Alexander II of Russia was a warmonger who led a lot of internal reforms including abolishing serfs, instating a new legal system and universal conscription.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Alexander II of Russia"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception | Critical re-evaluation", "text": "Although the film is still viewed as a symbol of glamour and excess during the Golden Age of Hollywood, today the film has more of a mixed reception, with many critics believing that the film relies on its (now-dated) extravagance and is too long; Christopher Null stated that The Great Ziegfeld is a \"textbook case of how a film can lose its appeal over the years\"."}], "id": "P1nGShthW7QlUmAdymln", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Screenplay", "text": "\"Although it has some accuracies, The Great Ziegfeld takes many key liberties with Ziegfeld's life and the history of the Follies, resulting in many inaccuracies."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical re-evaluation", "text": "Although the film is still viewed as a symbol of glamour and excess during the Golden Age of Hollywood, today the film has more of a mixed reception, with many critics believing that the film relies on its (now-dated) extravagance and is too long; Christopher Null stated that The Great Ziegfeld is a \"textbook case of how a film can lose its appeal over the years\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Although the film still is praised for its lavish production and as a symbol of glamour and excess during the Golden Age of Hollywood, today The Great Ziegfeld is generally seen less favorably and is considered by many critics to be excessively showy and too lengthy at over three hours."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response at the time of release", "text": "Luise Rainer received the Best Actress Oscar for her portrayal of Anna Held, Ziegfeld's first wife."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical re-evaluation", "text": "Since its release the film has been criticized in particular for being unnecessarily lengthy and its overacting (particularly by Rainer), and is occasionally cited as a \"prime example of the Academy's fallibility\" in a year when other critically acclaimed pictures such as Mr. Deeds Goes to Town were released, which some argue was more deserving of Best Picture."}, {"section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "Billie Burke objected to her role being cast with another actress (Myrna Loy) since she was also an actress under contract to the studio and could play herself, but the producers concluded that at that point she was not a big enough star to play herself in The Great Ziegfeld."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response at the time of release", "text": "Stanley Green cited The Great Ziegfeld as \"the first of a number of elaborate show-business screen biographies\"."}, {"section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "Powell admitted to being \"amazed\" with the film after viewing it and was very grateful at having had the privilege to portray Ziegfeld, considering it to be a very important moment in his career."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Anna twice almost sends him away for his rudeness and for being broke, before revealing that she appreciates his honesty."}, {"section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "The Great Ziegfeld marked Rainer's second Hollywood film role after Escapade (also with Powell)."}], "text": "The Great Ziegfeld received many critics for being too short.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "The Great Ziegfeld"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Synopsis | Act I: Daily Life", "text": "The Stage Manager introduces the audience to the small town; Grover's Corners, New Hampshire, and the people living there as a morning begins in the year 1901."}, {"section_header": "Setting", "text": "the play-within-the-play which is set in the fictional community of Grover's Corners, New Hampshire."}], "id": "P1zr61a9hgUHfa6v2MHW", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Setting", "text": "The play is set in the actual theatre where the play is being performed, but the year is always 1938."}, {"section_header": "Setting", "text": "the play-within-the-play which is set in the fictional community of Grover's Corners, New Hampshire."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Our Town was first performed at McCarter Theatre in Princeton, New Jersey in 1938."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "In 1994, Philip Jerry choreographed a balletic adaptation set to the music of Aaron Copland and has been performed by the American Repertory Ballet in Princeton, New Jersey in the decades since its premiere."}, {"section_header": "Composition", "text": "In June 1937, he stayed in the MacDowell Colony in Peterborough, New Hampshire, one of the many locations where he worked on the play."}, {"section_header": "Setting", "text": "The Stage Manager gives the coordinates of Grover's Corners as 42\u00b040\u2032 north latitude and 70\u00b037\u2032 west longitude (those coordinates are actually in Massachusetts, about a thousand feet off the coast of Rockport), and at the beginning of Act III he mentions several real New Hampshire landmarks in the vicinity: Mt. Monadnock and the towns of Jaffrey, Jaffrey Center, Peterborough, and Dublin."}, {"section_header": "Production history", "text": "\"Wilder called Our Town his favorite out of all his works, but complained that it was rarely done right, insisting that it \"should be performed without sentimentality or ponderousness--simply, dryly, and sincerely.\" Our Town was first performed at McCarter Theater in Princeton, New Jersey on January 22, 1938."}, {"section_header": "Composition", "text": "It is believed Wilder drafted the entire third act during a visit to Z\u00fcrich in September 1937, in one day, after a long evening walk in the rain with a friend, author Samuel Morris Steward."}, {"section_header": "Setting", "text": "The Stage Manager of the 1938 production introduces"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The play is performed without a set on a mostly bare stage."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis | Act I: Daily Life", "text": "The Stage Manager introduces the audience to the small town; Grover's Corners, New Hampshire, and the people living there as a morning begins in the year 1901."}], "text": "Our Town is set in the location that the author grew up in Jersey.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Our Town"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot introduction", "text": "The ambitious young heroine, Thea Kronborg, leaves her hometown to go to Chicago to fulfill her dream of becoming a well-trained pianist, a better piano teacher."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part I: Friends of Childhood", "text": "After the funeral, Dr. Archie informs Mr. Kronborg that Ray has bequeathed six hundred dollars to Thea for her to go to Chicago and study music there."}], "id": "P3vlWzrHkz5hO8smysmi", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Song of the Lark is the third novel by American author Willa Cather, written in 1915."}, {"section_header": "Plot introduction", "text": "Set in the 1890s in Moonstone, a fictional town in Colorado, The Song of the Lark is the self-portrait of an artist in the making."}, {"section_header": "Literary significance and criticism", "text": "Revolt from the Village authors wrote from 1915 until the early 1930s and included Willa Cather, Song of the Lark (1915), Sinclair Lewis, Main Street (1920) and Mary Hunter Austin, A Woman of Genius (1921)."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part II: The Song of the Lark", "text": "He then parts with Thea, explaining that her voice is her true artistic gift, not her playing."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "MoonstoneThea Kronborg: the protagonist."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The book tells the story of a talented artist born in a small town in Colorado who discovers and develops her singing voice."}, {"section_header": "Plot introduction", "text": "In that pursuit she travels to Dresden, then to New York City, singing operas."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part III: Stupid Faces", "text": "Fred Ottenburg shows up for lessons, a man who is educated, lively and closer to her age than all her male teachers."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "She is eleven years old in Moonstone, Colorado."}, {"section_header": "Plot introduction", "text": "When her instructor hears her voice, he realizes that this is her true artistic gift."}, {"section_header": "Plot introduction", "text": "The ambitious young heroine, Thea Kronborg, leaves her hometown to go to Chicago to fulfill her dream of becoming a well-trained pianist, a better piano teacher."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part I: Friends of Childhood", "text": "After the funeral, Dr. Archie informs Mr. Kronborg that Ray has bequeathed six hundred dollars to Thea for her to go to Chicago and study music there."}], "text": "The protagonist of the novel Song of the Lark by Willa Cather leaves Colorado in the pursuit of artistic education.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Song of the Lark"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Metabolism", "text": "In many ways, bacterial metabolism provides traits that are useful for ecological stability and for human society."}], "id": "PAtjMxrokyD49tnNezDn", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Metabolism", "text": "This reaction releases energy that can be used to drive metabolism."}, {"section_header": "Metabolism", "text": "The distribution of metabolic traits within a group of bacteria has traditionally been used to define their taxonomy, but these traits often do not correspond with modern genetic classifications."}, {"section_header": "Metabolism", "text": "In many ways, bacterial metabolism provides traits that are useful for ecological stability and for human society."}, {"section_header": "Metabolism", "text": "Bacterial metabolism is classified into nutritional groups on the basis of three major criteria: the source of energy, the electron donors used, and the source of carbon used for growth."}, {"section_header": "Metabolism", "text": "Non-respiratory anaerobes use fermentation to generate energy and reducing power, secreting metabolic by-products (such as ethanol in brewing) as waste."}, {"section_header": "Metabolism", "text": "Bacteria exhibit an extremely wide variety of metabolic types."}, {"section_header": "Metabolism", "text": "The compounds used to receive electrons are also used to classify bacteria: aerobic organisms use oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor, while anaerobic organisms use other compounds such as nitrate, sulfate, or carbon dioxide."}, {"section_header": "Metabolism", "text": "This environmentally important trait can be found in bacteria of most metabolic types listed above."}, {"section_header": "Metabolism", "text": "Bacteria either derive energy from light using photosynthesis (called phototrophy), or by breaking down chemical compounds using oxidation (called chemotrophy)."}, {"section_header": "Metabolism", "text": "Bacteria that use inorganic compounds such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or ammonia as sources of electrons are called lithotrophs, while those that use organic compounds are called organotrophs."}], "text": "Bacteria metabolism is good for us all.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Bacteria"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Terminals | Terminal 1", "text": "Featuring 16 gates, it was the operational base for the domestic routes of China Southern Airlines and a few other airlines such as XiamenAir and Chongqing Airlines, and was originally planned to handle domestic traffic excluding those to Hong Kong and Macau."}, {"section_header": "Terminals", "text": "The airport has three terminals."}], "id": "PJUdQ4vW93XwxmtG6gwu", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "IATA: PEK, ICAO: ZBAA) is the main international airport serving Beijing."}, {"section_header": "Terminals | Terminal 2", "text": "A gate capable of handling the A380 (gate 21) was also built at the terminal."}, {"section_header": "Ground transportation | Rail", "text": "Beijing Capital International Airport is served by the Capital Airport Express, a dedicated rail link operated as part of the Beijing Subway system."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The new airport will serve as a hub for SkyTeam alliance airlines (except China Eastern Airlines), while Star Alliance members will stay at Beijing Capital International Airport."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Beijing Capital International Airport ("}, {"section_header": "Terminals | Terminal 1", "text": "Featuring 16 gates, it was the operational base for the domestic routes of China Southern Airlines and a few other airlines such as XiamenAir and Chongqing Airlines, and was originally planned to handle domestic traffic excluding those to Hong Kong and Macau."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The first International flight to China and Beijing Capital International Airport was of Pakistan International Airlines from Islamabad."}, {"section_header": "Ground transportation | Intra-terminal transportation", "text": "Both domestic and international travellers check in at concourse T3C. Gates for domestic flights are in T3C, and gates for domestic flights operated by Air China are also located in concourse T3D."}, {"section_header": "Sister airports", "text": "Hong Kong International Airport Los Angeles International Airport"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "From September 2019, all Oneworld & SkyTeam flights from Beijing Capital International Airport were transferred to the new Beijing Daxing International Airport except Cathay Pacific and Cathay Dragon."}, {"section_header": "Terminals", "text": "The airport has three terminals."}], "text": "The main international airport serving Beijing has 16 terminals and 21 gates.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Beijing Capital International Airport"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Pauli's proposal", "text": "The name (the Italian equivalent of \"little neutral one\") was jokingly coined by Edoardo Amaldi during a conversation with Fermi at the Institute of Physics of via Panisperna in Rome, in order to distinguish this light neutral particle from Chadwick's heavy neutron."}], "id": "PR9GSqa7DnC9HmHdwBJe", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Pauli's proposal", "text": "The neutrino was postulated first by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 to explain how beta decay could conserve energy, momentum, and angular momentum (spin)."}, {"section_header": "History | Pauli's proposal", "text": "The word \"neutrino\" entered the scientific vocabulary through Enrico Fermi, who used it during a conference in Paris in July 1932 and at the Solvay Conference in October 1933, where Pauli also employed it."}, {"section_header": "History | Solar neutrino problem", "text": "This hypothesis was investigated by a new series of experiments, thereby opening a new major field of research that still continues."}, {"section_header": "History | Pauli's proposal", "text": "In contrast to Niels Bohr, who proposed a statistical version of the conservation laws to explain the observed continuous energy spectra in beta decay, Pauli hypothesized an undetected particle that he called a \"neutron\", using the same -on ending employed for naming both the proton and the electron."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The neutrino is so named because it is electrically neutral and because its rest mass is so small ("}, {"section_header": "History | Pauli's proposal", "text": "James Chadwick discovered a much more massive neutral nuclear particle in 1932 and named it a neutron also, leaving two kinds of particles with the same name."}, {"section_header": "History | Pauli's proposal", "text": "Pauli made use of the occasion to publicly emphasize that the still-undetected \"neutrino\" must be an actual particle."}, {"section_header": "History | Pauli's proposal", "text": "He considered that the new particle was emitted from the nucleus together with the electron or beta particle in the process of beta decay."}, {"section_header": "Properties and reactions | Majorana mass", "text": "Particles that have this property are known as Majorana particles, named after the Italian physicist Ettore Majorana who first proposed the concept."}, {"section_header": "Research | Speed | Superluminal neutrino glitch", "text": "In June 2012, CERN announced that new measurements conducted by all four Gran Sasso experiments (OPERA, ICARUS, Borexino and LVD) found agreement between the speed of light and the speed of neutrinos, finally refuting the initial OPERA claim."}, {"section_header": "History | Pauli's proposal", "text": "The name (the Italian equivalent of \"little neutral one\") was jokingly coined by Edoardo Amaldi during a conversation with Fermi at the Institute of Physics of via Panisperna in Rome, in order to distinguish this light neutral particle from Chadwick's heavy neutron."}], "text": "Wolfgang Pauli named the neutrino after the French word for new.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Neutrino"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He currently serves as a special assistant to the General Manager of the Detroit Tigers."}], "id": "PSDNvzsFpEjfyuUp2cEM", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Detroit Tigers", "text": "Alan Trammell was named the manager of a struggling Tigers team on October 9, 2002."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early years", "text": "The Detroit Tigers selected him in the second round of the 1976 MLB draft."}, {"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Detroit Tigers", "text": "During Trammell's three years as manager, the Tigers compiled a record of 186\u2013300.During the 2003 season, Detroit nearly matched the modern MLB record of 120 losses, set by the expansion New York Mets (40\u2013120) in 1962."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "His entire 20-year playing career in Major League Baseball (MLB) was with the Detroit Tigers."}, {"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Return to Detroit Tigers", "text": "On November 3, 2014, it was announced that Trammell would return to Detroit as a special assistant to Tigers' general manager Dave Dombrowski."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Jersey number retirement", "text": "Alan Trammell's jersey number 3 was retired by the Tigers in a ceremony on August 26, 2018."}, {"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Detroit Tigers", "text": "Trammell was showered with a lengthy standing ovation from Detroit baseball fans upon taking the field."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alan Stuart Trammell (born February 21, 1958) is an American former professional baseball shortstop, manager and coach."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | 1985\u20131988", "text": "After the season finale, Whitaker gave him second base, on which he had written: To Alan Trammell, 1987 Most Valuable Player, from your friend Lou Whitaker."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early years", "text": "Having hit .258 in both 1981 and 1982, Trammell won the 1983 MLB Comeback Player of the Year Award in the American League."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He currently serves as a special assistant to the General Manager of the Detroit Tigers."}], "text": "Alan Trammell is a MLB GM for the Detroit Tigers.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Alan Trammell"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early political career | Congressional service", "text": "With the help of Congressman William McKendree Springer, Bryan secured a coveted spot on the House Ways and Means Committee."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "Salem is also home to Bryan Park and a large statue of Bryan."}], "id": "PSO2bvwcfghtz1mBVv3h", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "William Jennings Bryan was born in Salem, Illinois, on March 19, 1860, to Silas Lillard Bryan and Mariah Elizabeth (Jennings) Bryan."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "William Jennings Bryan (March 19, 1860 \u2013 July 26, 1925) was an American orator and politician from Nebraska."}, {"section_header": "Early political career | Congressional service", "text": "With the help of Congressman William McKendree Springer, Bryan secured a coveted spot on the House Ways and Means Committee."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "The William Jennings Bryan House in Nebraska was named a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1963."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "His home at Asheville, North Carolina, from 1917 to 1920, the William Jennings Bryan House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983."}, {"section_header": "Family", "text": "William Sr.'s brother, Charles, was an important supporter of his brother until William's death, as well as an influential politician in his own right."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "Of Soul Sincere, in Action Faithful, and in Honor Clear\" and on the other side"}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "Salem is also home to Bryan Park and a large statue of Bryan."}, {"section_header": "Presidential candidate and party leader | Between presidential campaigns, 1901\u20131907", "text": "Conservatives feared that Bryan would join with publisher William Randolph Hearst to block Parker's nomination."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "The Bryan Home Museum is a by-appointment only museum at his birthplace in Salem, Illinois."}], "text": "William Jennings Bryan was a politician with no means to accomplish the nominations he received without the souls of his Salem ancestors who were into witchcraft.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "William Jennings Bryan"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Awards and recognitions", "text": "She was the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine."}], "id": "PTjUr9TfLYqWhQUnybEU", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gerty Theresa Cori (n\u00e9e Radnitz; August 15, 1896 \u2013 October 26, 1957) was an Austro-Hungarian-American biochemist who in 1947 was the third woman to win a Nobel Prize in science, and the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for her role in the discovery of glycogen metabolism."}, {"section_header": "Awards and recognitions", "text": "She was the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine."}, {"section_header": "Final years", "text": "Just before winning the Nobel prize, while they were on a mountain climbing trip, the Coris learned that Gerty Cori was ill with myelosclerosis, a fatal disease of the bone marrow."}, {"section_header": "Awards and recognitions", "text": "Six of the scientists mentored by Cori and her husband went on to win Nobel Prizes, which is only superseded by the mentored scientists of British physicist J.J. Thomson."}, {"section_header": "Awards and recognitions", "text": "In 1947, Gerty Cori became the third woman\u2014and the first American woman\u2014to win a Nobel Prize in science, the previous recipients being Marie Curie and Ir\u00e8ne Joliot-Curie."}, {"section_header": "Working in the United States", "text": "In 1929, they proposed the theoretical cycle that later won them the Nobel Prize, the Cori cycle."}, {"section_header": "Awards and recognitions", "text": "Although prejudiced against in her time for being a woman, today she is the more celebrated of the Coris as she considered a pioneer as a woman of science."}, {"section_header": "Awards and recognitions", "text": "In 1947, the couple was awarded a half share of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine."}, {"section_header": "Washington University", "text": "Gerty and Carl Cori collaborated on most of their work, including that which won them the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine \"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": ", Gerty Cori received the Nobel Prize in 1947 for the discovery of the mechanism by which glycogen\u2014a derivative of glucose\u2014is broken down in muscle tissue into lactic acid and then resynthesized in the body and stored as a source of energy (known as the Cori cycle)."}], "text": "Cori was the 3rd woman to win a Nobel Prize in Psychology.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Gerty Theresa Cori"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Winesburg, Ohio (full title: Winesburg, Ohio: A Group of Tales of Ohio Small-Town Life) is a 1919 short story cycle by the American author Sherwood Anderson."}], "id": "PUe5PDJFOiYavvtMlCK6", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Literary and cultural connections | In literature", "text": "Porter Shreve presents a possible sequel to Winesburg, Ohio in his novel"}, {"section_header": "Literary and cultural connections | In literature", "text": "Philip Roth's 2008 novel Indignation is set, in part, at Winesburg College in Winesburg, Ohio."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "In 2008 Winesburg, Ohio, a filmed adaptation of the novel, was produced by Jennifer Granville."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Stage", "text": "A loose musical adaptation of Winesburg, Ohio written by Kevin Kuhlke with music by Heaven Phillips premiered in 2003 as Winesburg: Small Town Life at the Perseverance Theatre in Juneau, Alaska."}, {"section_header": "Setting", "text": "In actuality, Anderson had been using Winesburg, Ohio, as a base for Talbot Whittingham, the protagonist of an unfinished novel he had been writing on-and-off for several years prior to the composition of the Winesburg stories."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1998, the Modern Library ranked Winesburg, Ohio 24th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century."}, {"section_header": "Genre", "text": "Though there is practically no argument about the unity of structure within Winesburg, Ohio, few scholars have concluded that it fits the standards of a conventional novel."}, {"section_header": "Style", "text": "Another major characteristic of Winesburg, Ohio that separates its style from Anderson's contemporaries, as well as his previous novels, is the minimal role of plot."}, {"section_header": "Style", "text": "In what has been dubbed a \"New Realism\", Winesburg, Ohio surpasses the notion of the novel as an \"objective report\" by making use of \"lyrical, nostalgic, evocative,\" even sentimental effects of nineteenth-century novels in its depictions of what lies beneath the psychological surface of a midwestern town."}, {"section_header": "Literary sources", "text": "While Anderson expressed an admiration for Ivan Turgenev's A Sportsman's Sketches, the affinities between Turgenev's novel and Winesburg, Ohio (\"...both are episodic novels containing loosely bound but closely related sketches, both depend for impact less on dramatic action than on climactic lyrical insight, and in both the individual sketches frequently end with bland understatements that form an ironic coda to the body of the writing\") may not be a sign of influence since it is not known whether Anderson read the book before writing Winesburg, Ohio."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Winesburg, Ohio (full title: Winesburg, Ohio: A Group of Tales of Ohio Small-Town Life) is a 1919 short story cycle by the American author Sherwood Anderson."}], "text": "Winesburg, Ohio is a novel written in the 1900's.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Winesburg, Ohio"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Definition and properties | Other forms", "text": "An object moving in a circular motion\u2014such as a satellite orbiting the Earth\u2014is accelerating due to the change of direction of motion, although its speed may be constant."}], "id": "PZyERL287uDZYZcjQiqI", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "When changing direction, the effecting acceleration is called radial (or orthogonal during circular motions) acceleration, the reaction to which the passengers experience as a centrifugal force."}, {"section_header": "Special cases | Uniform acceleration", "text": "In particular, the motion can be resolved into two orthogonal parts, one of constant velocity and the other according to the above equations."}, {"section_header": "Tangential and centripetal acceleration", "text": "Taking into account both the changing speed v(t) and the changing direction of ut, the acceleration of a particle moving on a curved path can be written using the chain rule of differentiation for the product of two functions of time as:                                                                                                    a"}, {"section_header": "Definition and properties | Other forms", "text": "An object moving in a circular motion\u2014such as a satellite orbiting the Earth\u2014is accelerating due to the change of direction of motion, although its speed may be constant."}, {"section_header": "Special cases | Circular motion", "text": "In uniform circular motion, that is moving with constant speed along a circular path, a particle experiences an acceleration resulting from the change of the direction of the velocity vector, while its magnitude remains constant."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The acceleration of the vehicle in its current direction of motion is called a linear (or tangential during circular motions) acceleration, the reaction to which the passengers onboard experience as a force pushing them back into their seats."}, {"section_header": "Special cases | Circular motion", "text": "In a nonuniform circular motion, i.e., the speed along the curved path is changing, the acceleration has a non-zero component tangential to the curve, and is not confined to the principal normal, which directs to the center of the osculating circle, that determines the radius"}, {"section_header": "Relation to relativity | Special relativity", "text": "As the relevant speeds increase toward the speed of light, acceleration no longer follows classical equations."}, {"section_header": "Definition and properties | Other forms", "text": "As speeds approach the speed of light, relativistic effects become increasingly large."}, {"section_header": "Relation to relativity | Special relativity", "text": "As speeds approach that of light, the acceleration produced by a given force decreases, becoming infinitesimally small as light speed is approached; an object with mass can approach this speed asymptotically, but never reach it."}], "text": "Speed is one factor that must change during the acceleration process.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Acceleration"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Style and genre", "text": "Sister Carrie went against social and moral norms of the time, as Dreiser presented his characters without judging them."}], "id": "PbD3xDvFSsSvqogdzTnf", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "General reception", "text": "In opposition, one critic, Karl F. Zender, argued that Dreiser's stress on circumstance over character was \"adequate neither to the artistic power nor to the culture implications of Sister Carrie\"."}, {"section_header": "General reception", "text": "\" The novel has also been praised for its accurate depiction of the protests in New York and the city life in Chicago."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "A pictorial history of Sister Carrie from 1900\u20131981."}, {"section_header": "Publication history and response", "text": "Dreiser had difficulty finding a publisher for Sister Carrie."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Theodore Dreiser. Sister Carrie: Unexpurgated Edition."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Sister Carrie. Norton Critical Edition, 1970."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Sister Carrie. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Donald Pizer, ed. New Essays on Sister Carrie."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "A recent collection of articles about Sister Carrie. James West."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "A Sister Carrie Portfolio. University Press of Virginia, 1985."}, {"section_header": "Style and genre", "text": "Sister Carrie went against social and moral norms of the time, as Dreiser presented his characters without judging them."}], "text": "Sister Carrie was a protest in opposition to the society rules.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Sister Carrie"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jacob Ruppert Jr. (August 5, 1867 \u2013 January 13, 1939) was an American brewer, businessman, National Guard colonel and politician who served for four terms representing New York in the United States House of Representatives from 1899 to 1907."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Starting out in the family brewing business, Ruppert entered the 7th Regiment of the New York National Guard in 1886 at the age of 19, eventually reaching the rank of colonel."}], "id": "PcYdFiUBiPaImQjEzLra", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Jacob Jr. attended the Columbia Grammar School."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jacob Ruppert Jr. (August 5, 1867 \u2013 January 13, 1939) was an American brewer, businessman, National Guard colonel and politician who served for four terms representing New York in the United States House of Representatives from 1899 to 1907."}, {"section_header": "Career | Political and business career", "text": "Ruppert was renominated for Congress, this time running in New York's 16th congressional district, in 1902."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Starting out in the family brewing business, Ruppert entered the 7th Regiment of the New York National Guard in 1886 at the age of 19, eventually reaching the rank of colonel."}, {"section_header": "Career | Political and business career", "text": "Upon his father's death in 1915, Ruppert inherited the Jacob Ruppert Brewing Company and became the company's president."}, {"section_header": "Career | Baseball", "text": "The case led to the dissolution of the National Commission, which governed baseball, and helped lead to the creation of the Commissioner of Baseball."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Ruppert grew up in the Jacob Ruppert Sr. House on Fifth Avenue."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "In 1890, he was promoted to colonel and appointed to serve on the staff of David B. Hill, the Governor of New York, serving as aide-de-camp."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "In 1886, Ruppert enlisted in the Seventh Regiment, National Guard of New York, serving in the rank of private through 1889."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Ruppert was born in New York City, the son of brewer Jacob Ruppert Sr., and his wife, the former Anna Gillig."}], "text": "Jacob Ruppert Jr. never served in the military since he had to help run the family business.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Jacob Ruppert"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Death", "text": "On 10 January 2016, two days after his 69th birthday and the release of the album Blackstar, Bowie died from liver cancer in his New York City apartment."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was a leading figure in the music industry and is considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century."}], "id": "PfJbxKPpymW75AtuHOL2", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life | Family", "text": "After the gag order that was part of their divorce agreement ended, Angela wrote, Backstage Passes: Life on the Wild Side with David Bowie, a memoir of their turbulent marriage."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "On 10 January 2016, two days after his 69th birthday and the release of the album Blackstar, Bowie died from liver cancer in his New York City apartment."}, {"section_header": "Legacy and influence", "text": "A David Bowie walking tour through Brixton was also launched, and other events marking his birthday weekend included concerts in New York, Los Angeles, Sydney, and Tokyo."}, {"section_header": "Legacy and influence", "text": "Biographer Thomas Forget added, \"Because he has succeeded in so many different styles of music, it is almost impossible to find a popular artist today that has not been influenced by David Bowie.\" In 2000, Bowie was voted by other music stars as the \"most influential artist of all time\" in a poll by NME."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 2013\u20132016: Final years", "text": "Directed by Floria Sigismondi, it stars Bowie and Tilda Swinton as a married couple."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 2000s and posthumous notes", "text": "Nolan later claimed that Bowie was his only preference to play Tesla, and that he personally appealed to Bowie to take the role after he initially passed."}, {"section_header": "Legacy and influence", "text": "Alexis Petridis of The Guardian wrote that Bowie was confirmed by 1980 to be \"the most important and influential artist since the Beatles\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He remained musically active until he died of liver cancer at his home in New York City, two days after his 69th birthday and the release of his final album, Blackstar (2016)."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Spirituality and religion", "text": "Well, I'm almost an atheist. Give me a couple of months."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Politics", "text": "\"I've read stuff since his death saying that he wasn't that political and he stayed away from politics."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was a leading figure in the music industry and is considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century."}], "text": "David Bowie was an influential entertainer who passed away a couple of days after his birthday.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "David Bowie"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was devastated by the death of his wife five days before the election and died himself one month later, before the Electoral College had met."}], "id": "PnxnyFp5u7SNYMDpKikh", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "In 1822, Horace ran away from home to become a printer's apprentice, but was told he was too young."}, {"section_header": "Editor of the Tribune | Influence (1849\u20131860)", "text": "but backed away after the failed revolutions of 1848 in Europe."}, {"section_header": "Editor of the Tribune | Influence (1849\u20131860)", "text": "After it passed, and the Border War broke out in Kansas Territory, Greeley was part of efforts to send free-state settlers there, and to arm them."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Even as his father struggled to make a living as a hired hand, Horace Greeley read everything he could\u2014the Greeleys had a neighbor who let Horace use his library."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Horace Greeley was born on February 3, 1811, on a farm about five miles from Amherst, New Hampshire."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He could not breathe for the first twenty minutes of his life."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Horace attended the local schools and was a brilliant student."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "It is suggested that this deprivation may have caused him to develop Asperger's syndrome\u2014some of his biographers, such as Mitchell Snay, maintain that this condition would account for his eccentric behaviors in later life."}, {"section_header": "Notes and references | Bibliography", "text": "Horace Greeley: Printer, Editor, Crusader."}, {"section_header": "Notes and references | Bibliography", "text": "Horace Greeley: Nineteenth-Century Reformer."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was devastated by the death of his wife five days before the election and died himself one month later, before the Electoral College had met."}], "text": "Horace Greeley was so sad that his love of his life passed away that he passed away just a few days after her.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Horace Greeley"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government | Conditions of armistice and 10 July 1940 vote of full powers", "text": "The armistice divided France into occupied and unoccupied zones: northern and western France, including the entire Atlantic coast, was occupied by Germany, and the remaining two-fifths of the country was under the control of the French government with the capital at Vichy under P\u00e9tain."}], "id": "PpjlDxZkjmSNfidSW7Y1", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government | Conditions of armistice and 10 July 1940 vote of full powers | German custody", "text": "The Armistice required France to turn over any German citizens within the country upon German demand."}, {"section_header": "Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government | Conditions of armistice and 10 July 1940 vote of full powers", "text": "The armistice divided France into occupied and unoccupied zones: northern and western France, including the entire Atlantic coast, was occupied by Germany, and the remaining two-fifths of the country was under the control of the French government with the capital at Vichy under P\u00e9tain."}, {"section_header": "Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government | Conditions of armistice and 10 July 1940 vote of full powers | German custody", "text": "The French regarded this as a \"dishonorable\" term since it would require France to hand over persons who had entered France seeking refuge from Germany."}, {"section_header": "Foreign relations", "text": "Vichy France was recognised by most Axis and neutral powers, including the US and the USSR."}, {"section_header": "Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government | Conditions of armistice and 10 July 1940 vote of full powers | Vichy government", "text": "On 10 July 1940, the Parliament and the government gathered in the quiet spa town of Vichy, their provisional capital in central France. (Lyon, France's second-largest city, would have been a more logical choice but mayor \u00c9douard Herriot was too associated with the Third Republic."}, {"section_header": "Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government", "text": "He wanted to ensure that France did not continue to fight from North Africa, and he wanted to ensure that the French Navy was taken out of the war."}, {"section_header": "Foreign relations", "text": "During the war, Vichy France conducted military actions against armed incursions from Axis and Allied belligerents, an example of armed neutrality."}, {"section_header": "German invasion, November 1942", "text": "Vichy continued to exercise its remaining jurisdiction over almost all of metropolitan France, with the residual power devolved into the hands of Laval, until the gradual collapse of the regime following the Allied invasion in June 1944."}, {"section_header": "Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government | Conditions of armistice and 10 July 1940 vote of full powers | Vichy government", "text": "Countries recognised the Vichy government despite de Gaulle's attempts in London to dissuade them; only the German occupation of all of France in November 1942 ended diplomatic recognition."}, {"section_header": "German invasion, November 1942", "text": "That rump government finally fell when the city was taken by the Allied French army in April 1945."}], "text": "Vichy France was the capital of the France during WWII that was not taken over by the Axis powers, mainly the German government.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Vichy France"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"Do not go gentle into that good night\" is a poem in the form of a villanelle, and the most famous work of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas (1914\u20131953)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The poem was also included in Collected Poems, 1934\u20131952, first published by Dent in 1952.It has been suggested that the poem was written for Thomas' dying father, although he did not die until just before Christmas 1952."}], "id": "PqZYJnDbyzk9Oh6hqBbf", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It has no title other than its first line, \"Do not go gentle into that good night\", a line that appears as a refrain throughout the poem along with its other refrain, \"Rage, rage against the dying of the light\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"Do not go gentle into that good night\" is a poem in the form of a villanelle, and the most famous work of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas (1914\u20131953)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The poem was also included in Collected Poems, 1934\u20131952, first published by Dent in 1952.It has been suggested that the poem was written for Thomas' dying father, although he did not die until just before Christmas 1952."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "Part of the final line of the poem is the title of Derek Landy's book The Dying of The Light, the 9th book of the Skulduggery Pleasant series."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "The piece was written soon after Thomas' death and first performed in 1954."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "See scheme below. \"Do not go gentle into that good night\" was used as the text for the 1954"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Though first published in the journal Botteghe Oscure in 1951, it was written in 1947 when Thomas was in Florence with his family."}, {"section_header": "Form", "text": "The rhyme-and-refrain pattern of Do not go gentle into that good night can be schematized as A1bA2 abA1 abA2 abA1 abA2"}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "The first three lines of the poem are also used in the front matter of the book."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "In the same movie, leading actors Matthew McConaughey and Anne Hathaway are sent into hypersleep with the final words \"Do not go gentle into that good night."}], "text": "The poem by Dylan Thomas \"Do not go gentle into that good night\" does not have a formal title just a working title which is the first line of the poem and was probably written for his father who was dying at the time.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is an adaptation of the 2001-2003 BBC series of the same name, being adapted for American television by Greg Daniels, a veteran writer for Saturday Night Live, King of the Hill, and The Simpsons."}, {"section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "Featured music tends to be well known, and often songs reflect the character, such as Michael's attempt to seem hip by using \"Mambo No. 5\" and later \"My Humps\" as his cell phone ringtone."}], "id": "Pr6TEqIMj3o3CrJwFsSq", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "Some episodes of the series use a shortened version of the theme song."}, {"section_header": "Production | Crew", "text": "Greg Daniels served as the senior series showrunner for the first four seasons of the series and developed the British Office series for American television."}, {"section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "Featured music tends to be well known, and often songs reflect the character, such as Michael's attempt to seem hip by using \"Mambo No. 5\" and later \"My Humps\" as his cell phone ringtone."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development and writing", "text": "They also made the lights in the office brighter, which allowed the series to differentiate itself from the British series."}, {"section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "Most of them wanted \"Mr. Blue Sky\", but that option turned out to be invalid as it was already used in the drama series LAX (2004\u20132005)."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development and writing", "text": "The pilot is a direct adaptation of the first episode of the original British series."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Many characters portrayed by The Office cast are based on the original British series."}, {"section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "Carell later stated that he had only seen about half of the original pilot episode of the British series before he auditioned."}, {"section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "When it came to choosing the theme song for The Office, producer Greg Daniels had several tracks he was thinking of using: existing songs including \"Better Things\" by The Kinks, \"Float On\" by Modest Mouse, and \"Mr. Blue Sky\" by Electric Light Orchestra, and"}, {"section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "Daniels decided that the cast would vote on what song to use and gave them four of the choices."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is an adaptation of the 2001-2003 BBC series of the same name, being adapted for American television by Greg Daniels, a veteran writer for Saturday Night Live, King of the Hill, and The Simpsons."}], "text": "The Office is a television series of episodes chosen at random using a British musical composer.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Office (US)"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "John Paul Jones (born John Paul; July 6, 1747 \u2013  July 18, 1792) was the United States' first well-known naval commander in the American Revolutionary War."}, {"section_header": "Early life and training", "text": "It was not long afterward that John Paul \"Jones\" joined the American navy to fight against Britain."}], "id": "Px8O8YdXpQjfmvULqSsY", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "\"Jones, John Paul\". Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "-8160-2107-4. Sherburne, John H. The Life and Character of John Paul Jones."}, {"section_header": "Early life and training", "text": "About this time, John Paul assumed the surname of Jones (in addition to his original surname)."}, {"section_header": "Early life and training", "text": "Willie Jones found John Paul and took him to his brother Allen's house."}, {"section_header": "Early life and training", "text": "The home \"Mount Gallant\" had belonged to Brigadier General Allen Jones and the family had cared for John Paul Jones."}, {"section_header": "Early life and training", "text": "It was not long afterward that John Paul \"Jones\" joined the American navy to fight against Britain."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Led Zeppelin bassist/keyboardist John Paul Jones took his stage name from the title of this film."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "John Paul Jones (born John Paul; July 6, 1747 \u2013  July 18, 1792) was the United States' first well-known naval commander in the American Revolutionary War."}, {"section_header": "Early life and training", "text": "John Paul would have been killed if the British found him."}], "text": "John Paul Jones was in the armed forces of America.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "John Paul Jones"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "Greg Daniels was originally unsure where to use Mindy Kaling on-screen in the series until the opportunity came in the script for the second episode, \"Diversity Day\", where Michael needed to be slapped by a minority. \" Since [that slap], I've been on the show\" (as Kelly Kapoor), says Kaling."}], "id": "Q0t5bfR3zjIu7PjX6ERt", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Characters", "text": "While these characters generally have the same attitude and perceptions as their British counterparts, the roles have been redesigned to better fit the American show."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Many characters portrayed by The Office cast are based on the original British series."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development and writing", "text": "The pilot is a direct adaptation of the first episode of the original British series."}, {"section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "Carell later stated that he had only seen about half of the original pilot episode of the British series before he auditioned."}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "The main action of the show is supplemented with talking-head interviews or \"confessionals\" in which characters speak one on one with the camera crew about the day's events."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Notable stars outside the original main cast include Ed Helms, Mindy Kaling, Craig Robinson, James Spader, Ellie Kemper, and Catherine Tate."}, {"section_header": "Production | Crew", "text": "Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant, who created the original British series, are credited as executive producer and wrote the pilot and the third-season episode \"The Convict\"."}, {"section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "NBC programmer Kevin Reilly originally suggested Paul Giamatti to producer Ben Silverman for the role of Michael Scott, but the actor declined."}, {"section_header": "Production | Crew", "text": "Kaling, Novak, and Lieberstein also served multiple roles on the series, as they played regular characters on the show, as well as wrote, directed, and produced episodes."}, {"section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "Greg Daniels was originally unsure where to use Mindy Kaling on-screen in the series until the opportunity came in the script for the second episode, \"Diversity Day\", where Michael needed to be slapped by a minority. \" Since [that slap], I've been on the show\" (as Kelly Kapoor), says Kaling."}], "text": "Mindy Kaling's role was one of the original characters from the pilot.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "The Office (US)"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2000, it was adapted for a successful stage musical of the same name."}], "id": "Q8jtFtmuRacj1PQDQa3G", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Thoroughly Modern Millie is a 1967 American musical-romantic comedy film directed by George Roy Hill and starring Julie Andrews."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "Also, the film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:  2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs: \"Thoroughly Modern Millie\" \u2013 Nominated 2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals \u2013 Nominated"}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Thoroughly Modern Millie was her last film of the 1960s to make money."}, {"section_header": "Critical reception", "text": "After Thoroughly Modern Millie, he made Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, The Great Waldo Pepper, and the Oscar-winning hit The Sting."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "A DVD was issued in 2003. In 1922 New York City, flapper Millie Dillmount is determined to find work as a stenographer to a wealthy businessman and then marry him \u2013 a \"thoroughly modern\" goal."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2000, it was adapted for a successful stage musical of the same name."}, {"section_header": "Critical reception", "text": "\"Variety observed \"The first half of Thoroughly Modern Mille (sic) is quite successful in striking and maintaining a gay spirit and pace."}, {"section_header": "Critical reception", "text": "Guide rated the film three out of four stars and commented \"Although it ultimately runs out of steam, this charming spoof of the 1920s is still one of the 1960s' better musicals ... Andrews is a comic delight, Moore is charming, and Channing steals scene after scene in this enjoyable feature."}, {"section_header": "Production notes | Music", "text": "Elmer Bernstein composed the incidental score, for which he won his only Academy Award."}, {"section_header": "Production notes | Music", "text": "The songs were arranged and conducted by Andr\u00e9 Previn."}], "text": "Throughly Modern Millie was inspired for a broadway musical.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Thoroughly Modern Millie"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet (), is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601."}], "id": "Q9AvmHTfOFmNnXdWe6hL", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Analysis and criticism | Critical history", "text": "Not until the late 18th century did critics and performers begin to view Hamlet as confusing and inconsistent."}, {"section_header": "Analysis and criticism | Critical history", "text": "Though it remained popular with mass audiences, late 17th-century Restoration critics saw Hamlet as primitive and disapproved of its lack of unity and decorum."}, {"section_header": "Date", "text": "Hamlet is not among them, suggesting that it had not yet been written."}, {"section_header": "Analysis and criticism | Critical history", "text": "From the early 17th century, the play was famous for its ghost and vivid dramatisation of melancholy and insanity, leading to a procession of mad courtiers and ladies in Jacobean and Caroline drama."}, {"section_header": "Context and interpretation | Psychoanalytic | Sigmund Freud", "text": "Rothman suggests that \"it was the other way around: Hamlet helped Freud understand, and perhaps even invent, psychoanalysis\"."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Stage pastiches", "text": "This section is limited to those written for the stage."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | 19th century", "text": "From around 1810 to 1840, the best-known Shakespearean performances in the United States were tours by leading London actors\u2014including George Frederick Cooke, Junius Brutus Booth, Edmund Kean, William Charles Macready, and Charles Kemble."}, {"section_header": "Influence", "text": "The poem also reworks theatrical language from Hamlet, especially around the idea of \"putting on\" certain dispositions, as when Hamlet puts on \"an antic disposition,\" similarly to the Son in Paradise Lost who \"can put on / [God's] terrors."}, {"section_header": "Texts", "text": "Early editors of Shakespeare's works, beginning with Nicholas Rowe (1709) and Lewis Theobald (1733), combined material from the two earliest sources of Hamlet available at the time, Q2 and F1."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet (), is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601."}], "text": "Hamlet was written around the beginning of the 17th century.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Hamlet"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Home of the monarch | Court ceremonies | Other ceremonies and functions", "text": "Since the bombing of the palace chapel in World War II, royal christenings have sometimes taken place in the Music Room."}, {"section_header": "Modern history", "text": "During World War II, the palace was bombed nine times; the most serious and publicised incident destroyed the palace chapel in 1940."}], "id": "QAo4qXkMxITJlccYBH66", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Home of the monarch | Court ceremonies | Investitures", "text": "It has replaced the throne room in importance and use."}, {"section_header": "Modern history | 21st century: Royal use and public access", "text": "Many of the contents of Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, Kensington Palace, and St James's Palace are part of the Royal Collection, held in trust by the Sovereign; they can, on occasion, be viewed by the public at the Queen's Gallery, near the Royal Mews."}, {"section_header": "Modern history", "text": "For the second time a German bomber has tried to bring death and destruction to the home of Their Majesties ... When this war is over the common danger which King George and Queen Elizabeth have shared with their people will be a cherished memory and an inspiration through the years."}, {"section_header": "Home of the monarch | Former ceremonial at the Palace | Security breaches", "text": "At least 12 people have managed to gain unauthorised entry into the palace or its grounds since 1914, including Michael Fagan, who broke into the palace twice in 1982 and entered the Queen's bedroom on the second occasion."}, {"section_header": "Home of the monarch | Interior", "text": "A second corridor in the suite has Gothic-influenced cross-over vaulting."}, {"section_header": "History | Site", "text": "In the Middle Ages, the site of the future palace formed part of the Manor of Ebury (also called Eia)."}, {"section_header": "History | First houses on the site | Buckingham House", "text": "The house which forms the architectural core of the palace was built for the first Duke of Buckingham and Normanby in 1703 to the design of William Winde."}, {"section_header": "Home of the monarch | Garden and surroundings", "text": "The Mall, a ceremonial approach route to the palace, was designed by Sir Aston Webb and completed in 1911 as part of a grand memorial to Queen Victoria."}, {"section_header": "Modern history", "text": "During World War I, the palace, then the home of King George V and Queen Mary, escaped unscathed."}, {"section_header": "Modern history", "text": "During World War II, the palace was bombed nine times; the most serious and publicised incident destroyed the palace chapel in 1940."}, {"section_header": "Home of the monarch | Court ceremonies | Other ceremonies and functions", "text": "Since the bombing of the palace chapel in World War II, royal christenings have sometimes taken place in the Music Room."}], "text": "An important part of Buckingham palace was blasted to rubble by an explosive dropped from the sky in the second great war.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Buckingham Palace"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "However, Sherry manages to befriend the Stanleys' children, June and Richard, as well as Mr. Stanley's eccentric older sister Harriet."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "The exposition reveals that the famously outlandish New York City radio wit Sheridan Whiteside ('Sherry' to his friends) is invited to dine at the house of the well-to-do factory owner Ernest W. Stanley and his family."}], "id": "QEGCZ8mk9czF4kQKmNMf", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Influence of Alexander Woollcott", "text": "Woollcott was delighted with The Man Who Came to Dinner and was offered the role for its Broadway debut."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "The Man Who Came to Dinner was presented on Philip Morris Playhouse July 10, 1942."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "In 1949, The Man Who Came to Dinner was produced for CBS Radio for The Hotpoint Holiday Hour."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Man Who Came to Dinner is a comedy in three acts by George S. Kaufman and Moss Hart."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "The exposition reveals that the famously outlandish New York City radio wit Sheridan Whiteside ('Sherry' to his friends) is invited to dine at the house of the well-to-do factory owner Ernest W. Stanley and his family."}, {"section_header": "Influence of Alexander Woollcott", "text": "Kaufman and Hart wrote the play as a vehicle for their friend Alexander Woollcott, the model for the lead character Sheridan Whiteside."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Television", "text": "The production starred Orson Welles, who was \"a marvelous friend\" of Woollcott's and had been offered the role of Sheridan Whiteside in both the original stage production and the 1942 film."}, {"section_header": "Original cast", "text": "Sheridan Whiteside was modeled on Alexander Woollcott."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Musical", "text": "Clive Revill starred as Sheridan Whiteside."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "Who Came to Dinner approved by the Hart and Kaufman estates which starred Simon Callow as Whiteside, Elizabeth McGovern as Maggie, with Conleth Hill as Bert Jefferson, Cheryl Campbell as Lorraine Sheldon, John Sessions as Banjo and Professor Metz, Colin Stinton as Mr. Stanley, and Malcolm Sinclair as Beverley Carlton."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "However, Sherry manages to befriend the Stanleys' children, June and Richard, as well as Mr. Stanley's eccentric older sister Harriet."}], "text": "In The Man Who Came to Dinner, Sheridan Whiteside becomes friends with the children of the house.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Man Who Came to Dinner"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Aftermath | Effect on the United States | Cost of the war", "text": "More than 3 million Americans served in the Vietnam War, some 1.5 million of whom actually saw combat in Vietnam."}], "id": "QFj3mRLvFK8nfowG1Gfd", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Opposition to U.S. involvement, 1964\u20131973", "text": "On 15 October 1969, the Vietnam Moratorium attracted millions of Americans."}, {"section_header": "Opposition to U.S. involvement, 1964\u20131973", "text": "Before he left for the South, D\u0169ng was addressed by L\u00ea Du\u1ea9n: \"Never have we had military and political conditions so perfect or a strategic advantage as great as we have now.\" During the course of the Vietnam War a large segment of the American population came to be opposed to U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | Effect on the United States | Cost of the war", "text": "More than 3 million Americans served in the Vietnam War, some 1.5 million of whom actually saw combat in Vietnam."}, {"section_header": "Johnson's escalation, 1963\u20131969 | Bombing of Laos", "text": "The objective of stopping North Vietnam and the Viet Cong was never reached."}, {"section_header": "Women | American nurses", "text": "Although a small number of women were assigned to combat zones, they were never allowed directly in the field of battle."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1969, following the election of U.S President Richard Nixon, a policy of \"Vietnamization\" began, which saw the conflict fought by an expanded ARVN, with U.S. forces sidelined and increasingly demoralized by domestic opposition and reduced recruitment."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Insurgencies were fought by the unified Vietnam in all three countries."}, {"section_header": "Vietnamization, 1969\u20131972 | Easter Offensive and Paris Peace Accords, 1972", "text": "On 15 January 1973, all U.S. combat activities were suspended."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam."}, {"section_header": "Women | Vietnamese soldiers", "text": "They also fought in the Battle of Hue."}], "text": "At least 1.5 million Americans who were involved in the Vietnam conflict never fought in the frontlines.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Vietnam War"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Success (1981\u20131985)", "text": "The album features the singles \"2 Minutes to Midnight\", \"Aces High\", as well as \"Rime of The Ancient Mariner\", based on Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem of the same name, and running over 13 minutes in length."}, {"section_header": "History | Blaze Bayley era, The X Factor and Virtual XI (1994\u20131999)", "text": "The record included the 11-minute epic \"Sign of the Cross\", the band's longest song since \"Rime of the Ancient Mariner\", as well as the singles, \"Man on the Edge\", based on the film Falling Down, and \"Lord of the Flies\", based on the novel of the same name."}], "id": "QJlGhedzQKZoECnvILFo", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Image and legacy | Appearance in media", "text": "The band's name has been mentioned prominently in several songs, such as the singles \"Teenage Dirtbag\" by Wheatus, \"Back to the 80's\" by Danish dance-pop band Aqua."}, {"section_header": "Image and legacy | Claims of Satanic references", "text": "\" Harris has also stated that \"The Number of the Beast\" song was inspired by a nightmare he had after watching Damien: Omen II, and also influenced by Robert Burns'"}, {"section_header": "Musical style and influences", "text": "\" In 2004, Harris explained that the band's \"heaviness\" was inspired by \"Black Sabbath and Deep Purple with a bit of Zeppelin thrown in.\" On top of this, Harris developed his own playing style, which guitarist Janick Gers describes as \"more like a rhythm guitar,\" cited as responsible for the band's galloping style, heard in such songs as \"The Trooper\" and \"Run to the Hills."}, {"section_header": "Musical style and influences", "text": "Singer Bruce Dickinson, who typically works in collaboration with guitarist Adrian Smith, has an operatic vocal style, inspired by Arthur Brown, Peter Hammill, Ian Anderson and Ian Gillan, and is often considered to be one of the best heavy metal vocalists of all time."}, {"section_header": "History | Blaze Bayley era, The X Factor and Virtual XI (1994\u20131999)", "text": "The record included the 11-minute epic \"Sign of the Cross\", the band's longest song since \"Rime of the Ancient Mariner\", as well as the singles, \"Man on the Edge\", based on the film Falling Down, and \"Lord of the Flies\", based on the novel of the same name."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "For 40 years the band have been supported by their famous mascot, \"Eddie\", who has appeared on almost all of their album and single covers, as well as in their live shows."}, {"section_header": "History | Upheaval (1989\u20131994)", "text": "Janick Gers, having worked on Dickinson's solo project, was chosen to replace Smith, and became the band's first new member in seven years."}, {"section_header": "History | Record contract and early releases (1978\u20131981)", "text": "Containing many tracks written prior to their debut release, only two new songs were written for the record: \"Prodigal Son\" and \"Murders in the Rue Morgue\" (the latter's title was taken from the short story by Edgar Allan Poe)."}, {"section_header": "History | Dance of Death and A Matter of Life and Death (2003\u20132007)", "text": "Produced by Kevin Shirley, now the band's regular producer, many critics also felt that this release matched up to their earlier efforts, such as Killers, Piece of Mind and The Number of the Beast."}, {"section_header": "History | Blaze Bayley era, The X Factor and Virtual XI (1994\u20131999)", "text": "The release is notable for its \"dark\" tone, inspired by Steve Harris' divorce."}, {"section_header": "History | Success (1981\u20131985)", "text": "The album features the singles \"2 Minutes to Midnight\", \"Aces High\", as well as \"Rime of The Ancient Mariner\", based on Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem of the same name, and running over 13 minutes in length."}], "text": "Many of the band's songs are inspired by, or even named directly off of famous literary works.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Iron Maiden"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Geography | Climate", "text": "January is the hottest summer month, with an average daily temperature of 28.9 degrees Celsius (84 degrees F)."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Climate", "text": "The overall climate is tropical to subtropical."}], "id": "QNXUoh6lZiglNAyuWhdh", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Geography | Climate", "text": "Winds play a major role in influencing Paraguay's weather: between October and March, warm winds blow from the Amazon Basin in the north, while the period between May and August brings cold winds from the Andes."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Climate", "text": "The overall climate is tropical to subtropical."}, {"section_header": "Economy | Industry and manufacturing", "text": "Paraguay put in place many incentives aimed to attract industries to the country."}, {"section_header": "History | Election of Fernando Lugo", "text": "On 14 January 2011, the Colorado Party convention nominated Horacio Cartes as the presidential candidate for the party."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Climate", "text": "January is the hottest summer month, with an average daily temperature of 28.9 degrees Celsius (84 degrees F)."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Languages", "text": "Guaran\u00ed claims its place as one of the last surviving and thriving of South American indigenous national languages."}, {"section_header": "History | Stroessner's overthrow, post-1989", "text": "Reflecting the deep hunger of the rural poor for land, hundreds immediately occupied thousands of acres of unused territories belonging to Stroessner and his associates; by mid-1990, 19,000 families occupied 340,000 acres (138,000 ha)."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "The economy grew rapidly between 2003 and 2013 as growing world demand for commodities combined with high prices and favorable weather to support Paraguay's commodity-based export expansion."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Paraguayans are known for being a very happy and easy-living people and many times the country has topped the \"world's happiest place\" charts because of the \"positive experiences\" lived and expressed by the population."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Geography", "text": "Paraguay is divided by the R\u00edo Paraguay into two well differentiated geographic regions."}], "text": "Paraguay has the warmest weather in January and is a tropical place.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Paraguay"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Paraguayan War, also known as the War of the Triple Alliance was a South American war fought from 1864 to 1870, between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina, the Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay."}], "id": "QRrsLCJwX7Br1iG7X996", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Modern interpretations of the war | Theories about British influence behind the scenes", "text": "William Doria (the UK Charg\u00e9 d'Affaires in Paraguay who briefly acted for Thornton) joined French and Italian diplomats in condemning Argentina's President Bartolom\u00e9 Mitre's involvement in Uruguay."}, {"section_header": "Background | Uruguayan prelude", "text": "Paraguayan President L\u00f3pez sent a note to the Argentine government on 6 September 1863, asking for an explanation, but Buenos Aires denied any involvement in Uruguay."}, {"section_header": "Gender and ethnic aspects | Paraguayan indigenous people", "text": "\"The war also bonded the indigenous people of Paraguay to the project of Paraguayan nation-building."}, {"section_header": "Gender and ethnic aspects | Women in the Paraguayan War", "text": "A 2012 piece in The Economist argued that by killing most of Paraguay's men, the Paraguayan War distorted the sex ratio and impacted the sexual culture of Paraguay to this day."}, {"section_header": "Opposing forces | Paraguay", "text": "Whoever controlled the rivers would win the war, so Paraguay had built fortifications on the banks of the lower end of the Paraguay River."}, {"section_header": "Gender and ethnic aspects | Women in the Paraguayan War", "text": "Paraguayan women played a significant role in the Paraguayan War."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Nights on the R\u00edo Paraguay: Scenes on the Paraguayan War and Charactersketches."}, {"section_header": "The war begins | Paraguayan invasion of Corrientes and Rio Grande do Sul", "text": "The Treaty states that Paraguay is to be blamed on all the consequences of the conflict and has to pay all the debt of war, Paraguay has to remain without any fortress and military force."}, {"section_header": "The war begins | Paraguayan invasion of Corrientes and Rio Grande do Sul", "text": "Large portions of Paraguayan territories were to be taken by Argentina and Brazil at the end of the conflict, and the independence of Paraguay was supposed to be respected only for five years."}, {"section_header": "Gender and ethnic aspects | Women in the Paraguayan War", "text": "Paraguayan women's support of the war effort can be divided into two stages."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Paraguayan War, also known as the War of the Triple Alliance was a South American war fought from 1864 to 1870, between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina, the Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay."}], "text": "The Paraguayan War primarily involved Paraguay and Mexico.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Paraguayan War"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His mother Elizabeth Parry was 18 years old at the time of his birth."}], "id": "QT7qE5wkSL4tbZkMzDBy", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later years", "text": "He became Sir Henry Morton Stanley when he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the 1899 Birthday Honours, in recognition of his service to the British Empire in Africa."}, {"section_header": "Later years", "text": "His grave is in the churchyard of St Michael and All Angels' Church in Pirbright, Surrey, marked by a large piece of granite inscribed with the words \"Henry Morton Stanley, Bula Matari, 1841\u20131904, Africa\"."}, {"section_header": "Controversies | Accounts of cruel treatment toward African people", "text": "Kirk was related to Horace Waller by marriage; and so Waller also hated Stanley on Kirk's behalf."}, {"section_header": "Controversies | Overview", "text": "Stanley's good relations with these two colleagues from the Emin Pasha Expedition could possibly be seen as demonstrating that he could get along with colleagues."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sir Henry Morton Stanley (born John Rowlands; 28 January 1841 \u2013  10 May 1904) was a Welsh-American journalist, explorer, soldier, colonial administrator, author and politician who was famous for his exploration of central Africa and his search for missionary and explorer David Livingstone, whom he later claimed to have greeted with the now-famous line: \"Dr Livingstone, I presume?"}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He was knighted in 1899. Henry Stanley was born in 1841 as John Rowlands in Denbigh, Denbighshire, Wales."}, {"section_header": "Works depicting Stanley", "text": "In 2020, Polish independent developer Vulpesoft announced video game about Henry Stanley and Dr. David Livingstone meeting: \"Dr Livingstone, I Presume?\"."}, {"section_header": "New country, new name", "text": "He disembarked at New Orleans and, according to his own declarations, became friends by accident with Henry Hope Stanley, a wealthy trader."}, {"section_header": "Controversies | Overview", "text": "The authors of the book The Congo: Plunder and Resistance argued that Stanley had \"a pathological fear of women, an inability to work with talented co-workers, and an obsequious love of the aristocratic rich\", Stanley's intimate correspondence in the Royal Museum of Central Africa, however, between him and his two fianc\u00e9es, Katie Gough Roberts and Alice Pike, as well as between him and the American journalist May Sheldon, and between him and his wife Dorothy Tennant,"}, {"section_header": "New country, new name", "text": "Because Stanley got so many basic facts wrong about his 'adoptive' family, Jeal concludes that it is very unlikely that he ever met rich Henry Hope Stanley, and that an ordinary grocer, James Speake, was Rowlands' true benefactor until his (Speake's) sudden death in October 1859.Stanley reluctantly joined in the American Civil War, first enrolling in the Confederate States Army's 6th Arkansas Infantry Regiment and fighting in the Battle of Shiloh in 1862."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His mother Elizabeth Parry was 18 years old at the time of his birth."}], "text": "Henry Morton Stanley is related to Katy Perry.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Henry Morton Stanley"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Final years", "text": "In recognition of his contributions to the game as an umpire and supervisor, Cal Hubbard was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1976, only the fifth umpire to be so honored up to that time."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Football career", "text": "In a 1969 poll by the Hall of Fame committee, Hubbard was voted the NFL's greatest tackle of all-time."}], "id": "QTouuOfvifTwPctOpyKr", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Professional career | Football career", "text": "He was among the initial class of inductees to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1963."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Football career", "text": "In a 1969 poll by the Hall of Fame committee, Hubbard was voted the NFL's greatest tackle of all-time."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"To date, Hubbard is the only person to be enshrined in both the Pro Football Hall of Fame and Baseball Hall of Fame."}, {"section_header": "Final years", "text": "In recognition of his contributions to the game as an umpire and supervisor, Cal Hubbard was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1976, only the fifth umpire to be so honored up to that time."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "Member, Missouri Sports Hall of Fame (inducted 1954) Charter Member, Pro Football Hall of Fame (inducted 1963) Member, College Football Hall of Fame (inducted 1962) Member, Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame (inducted 1965) Member, Helms Foundation Hall of Fame (inducted 1969) Member, Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame (inducted 1970) Named to All-Time All-Professional football team (1970) Member, National Baseball Hall of Fame (inducted 1976) Member, Missouri Sports Hall of Fame (inducted 1954) Charter Member, Pro Football Hall of Fame (inducted 1963) Member, College Football Hall of Fame (inducted 1962) Member, Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame (inducted 1965) Member, Helms Foundation Hall of Fame (inducted 1969) Member, Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame (inducted 1970) Named to All-Time All-Professional football team (1970) Member, National Baseball Hall of Fame (inducted 1976) Member, Beaver County Sports Hall of Fame (Beaver County, Pennsylvania) (inducted 1976) Member, Centenary College Athletic Hall of Fame (inducted posthumously, 1990) Named to the Grantland Rice All-Time, All-American football team"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He is also a member of the College Football Hall of Fame."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Football career", "text": "The NFL named its first official All-League team in 1931 with Cal Hubbard being one of that inaugural list."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "Cal Hubbard Field (baseball) at Keytesville,"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Hubbard is credited as being one of the inventors of the football position of linebacker."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Football career", "text": "Mel Hein said Hubbard was \"probably the greatest tackle I ever played against."}], "text": "Cal Hubbard was the only person to be elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame and was voted among the initial class of inductees as NHL's greatest.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Cal Hubbard"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Geography, climate, and environment", "text": "The United States is the world's third- or fourth-largest nation by total area (land and water), ranking behind Russia and Canada and nearly equal to China."}], "id": "QXaxzCOkCiRtmGg0IxCR", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Geography, climate, and environment", "text": "States bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's tornadoes occur in the country, mainly in Tornado Alley areas in the Midwest and South."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "At 3.8 million square miles (9.8 million km2), it is the world's third- or fourth-largest country by total area."}, {"section_header": "Geography, climate, and environment", "text": "The United States is the world's third- or fourth-largest nation by total area (land and water), ranking behind Russia and Canada and nearly equal to China."}, {"section_header": "Geography, climate, and environment", "text": "Overall, the United States has the world's most violent weather, receiving more high-impact extreme weather incidents than any other country in the world."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A highly developed country, the United States is the world's largest economy and accounts for approximately a quarter of global gross domestic product (GDP)."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Government finance", "text": "The United States is one of the only countries in the world to do so."}, {"section_header": "Geography, climate, and environment", "text": "Measured by only land area, the United States is third in size behind Russia and China, just ahead of Canada."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The United States is the world's largest importer and the second-largest exporter of goods, by value."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Military", "text": "More than 90% of the world's 14,000 nuclear weapons are owned by Russia and the United States."}, {"section_header": "History | Further immigration, expansion, and industrialization", "text": "The American economy boomed, becoming the world's largest, and the United States achieved great power status."}], "text": "The United States is the world's 2nd biggest country by area.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "United States"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "In 1953, Bowie moved with his family to Bromley."}], "id": "QhZsauat04MIQOXvhQYG", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "In 1953, Bowie moved with his family to Bromley."}, {"section_header": "Other works | Painter and art collector", "text": "He moved to Switzerland in 1976, purchasing a chalet in the hills to the north of Lake Geneva."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Family", "text": "Bowie married his first wife, Mary Angela Barnett on 19 March 1970 at Bromley Register Office in Bromley, London."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The family lived at 40 Stansfield Road, on the boundary between Brixton and Stockwell in the south London borough of Lambeth."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Family", "text": "The couple resided primarily in New York City and London, as well as owning an apartment in Sydney's Elizabeth Bay and Britannia Bay House on the island of Mustique."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1968\u20131971: Space Oddity to Hunky Dory", "text": "In January 1968, Kemp choreographed a dance scene for a BBC play, The Pistol Shot, in the Theatre 625 series, and used Bowie with a dancer, Hermione Farthingale; the pair began dating, and moved into a London flat together."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1992\u20131998: Electronic period", "text": "The Earthling Tour took in Europe and North America between June and November 1997."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1974\u20131976: \"Plastic soul\" and the Thin White Duke", "text": "To promote it, Bowie launched the Diamond Dogs Tour, visiting cities in North America between June and December 1974."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1976\u20131979: Berlin era", "text": ", \"Move On\" used the chords from Bowie's early composition"}, {"section_header": "Music career | 2013\u20132016: Final years", "text": "Is exhibition at the Australian Centre for the Moving Image in Melbourne, Australia."}], "text": "In 1954, he moved with his family to North London.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "David Bowie"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Aniston has two half-brothers: John Melick, her older maternal half-brother, and Alex Aniston, her younger paternal half-brother."}], "id": "Qjv8IAmJTu9EkO8wzFVT", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Other ventures", "text": "Original plans called for the perfume to be named \"Lolavie by Jennifer Aniston\", but to avoid confusion with a similarly named perfume, the name was changed to simply \"Jennifer Aniston\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jennifer Joanna Aniston (born February 11, 1969) is an American actress, film producer, and businesswoman."}, {"section_header": "Career | Continued film success (2005\u20132013)", "text": "While it received mixed reviews, Aniston, along with Affleck, Ginnifer Goodwin, and Jennifer Connelly, were praised by critics as stand-outs in the film."}, {"section_header": "Works and accolades", "text": "Aniston additionally won a SAG Award and was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards for The Morning Show."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Aniston has two half-brothers: John Melick, her older maternal half-brother, and Alex Aniston, her younger paternal half-brother."}, {"section_header": "Career | Recent roles and return to television (2014\u2013present)", "text": "The Los Angeles Times wrote in its review: \"Toni Collette and Jennifer Aniston as the soldiers' quite different but equally concerned mothers, deliver uniformly naturalistic performances\"."}, {"section_header": "In the media | Public image", "text": "Although Aniston disliked the hairstyle she wore during her first two years on Friends, \"The Rachel\" became very popular."}, {"section_header": "Works and accolades", "text": "Aniston has received five Primetime Emmy Award nominations, two Golden Globe Award nominations, and nine SAG Award nominations for her role in Friends."}, {"section_header": "Career | Continued film success (2005\u20132013)", "text": "two premiere of ABC's sitcom Cougar Town, playing a psychiatrist."}, {"section_header": "Career | Beginnings (1988\u20131993)", "text": "Aniston also appeared in two more failed television comedy series, The Edge and Muddling Through, and guest-starred in Quantum Leap, Herman's Head, and Burke's Law."}], "text": "Jennifer Aniston has two siblings.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Jennifer Aniston"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Early years (1975\u20131978)", "text": "Iron Maiden were formed on Christmas Day, 25 December 1975 by bassist Steve Harris shortly after he left his previous group, Smiler."}, {"section_header": "History | Early years (1975\u20131978)", "text": "Harris attributed the band's name to a film adaptation of The Man in the Iron Mask from the novel by Alexandre Dumas, the title of which reminded him of the iron maiden torture device."}], "id": "Qk3mGSn6Qn6xRFHS01Lh", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | The Book of Souls and Legacy of the Beast (2015\u2013present)", "text": "Recorded throughout The Book of Souls World Tour, it was released on 17 November 2017.In the summer of 2016, the group launched a mobile game, Iron Maiden: Legacy of the Beast and a pinball game with the same name in 2018."}, {"section_header": "History | Early years (1975\u20131978)", "text": "Harris attributed the band's name to a film adaptation of The Man in the Iron Mask from the novel by Alexandre Dumas, the title of which reminded him of the iron maiden torture device."}, {"section_header": "History | The Book of Souls and Legacy of the Beast (2015\u2013present)", "text": "On 18 June 2015, the band's website announced its title, The Book of Souls, and confirmed a release date of 4 September 2015."}, {"section_header": "History | Record contract and early releases (1978\u20131981)", "text": "A copy was also acquired by Rod Smallwood, who soon became the band's manager, and, as Iron Maiden's popularity increased, they released the demo on their own record label as The Soundhouse Tapes, named after the club."}, {"section_header": "History | Upheaval (1989\u20131994)", "text": "He played his farewell show with Iron Maiden on 28 August 1993, which was filmed, broadcast by the BBC, and released on video under the name Raising Hell."}, {"section_header": "Image and legacy | Ed Force One", "text": "The aircraft, named \"Ed Force One\" after a competition on the band's website, was flown by Dickinson, as he was also a commercial airline pilot for Astraeus, and plays a major role in the award-winning documentary, Iron Maiden: Flight 666, which was released in cinemas in 42 countries in April 2009."}, {"section_header": "History | The Final Frontier and Maiden England World Tour (2010\u20132014)", "text": "On 15 February 2012, the band announced the Maiden England World Tour 2012\u201314, which was based around the video of the same name."}, {"section_header": "Image and legacy | Appearance in media", "text": "Transformers author Bill Forster is an avowed Iron Maiden fan and made several Iron Maiden references, including song lyrics and the phrase \"Up the Irons\" in his books, including The Ark series and The AllSpark Almanac series."}, {"section_header": "History | The Book of Souls and Legacy of the Beast (2015\u2013present)", "text": "On 20 September 2017, The Book of Souls: Live Chapter was announced."}, {"section_header": "History | Blaze Bayley era, The X Factor and Virtual XI (1994\u20131999)", "text": "In 1998, Iron Maiden released Virtual XI, whose chart scores were the band's lowest to date, failing to score one million worldwide sales for the first time in the band's history."}, {"section_header": "History | Early years (1975\u20131978)", "text": "Iron Maiden were formed on Christmas Day, 25 December 1975 by bassist Steve Harris shortly after he left his previous group, Smiler."}], "text": "The Iron Maiden band's name was derived from a book .", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Iron Maiden"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Death and succession", "text": "The Zulu monarch was killed by three assassins sometime in 1828; September is the most frequently cited date, when almost all available"}], "id": "QnamBn6Guc2qJezspEvV", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Successor to Senzangakhona", "text": "When Dingiswayo was murdered by Zwide, Shaka sought to avenge his death."}, {"section_header": "Physical descriptions", "text": "He also had two prominent front teeth."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Mobility of the army", "text": "They spent two whole days recuperating in one instance, and on another they rested for a day and two nights before pursuing their enemy."}, {"section_header": "In Zulu culture", "text": "The praise song is one of the most widely used poetic forms in Africa, applying not only to spirits but to men, animals, plants and even towns."}, {"section_header": "Scholarship studies | The Mfecane | Disruptions of the Mfecane", "text": "Rubinstein also notes:  One element in Shaka's destruction was to create a vast artificial desert around his domain... 'to make the destruction complete, organized bands of Zulu murderers regularly patrolled the waste, hunting for any stray men and running them down like wild pig'... An area 200 miles to the north of the center of the state, 300 miles to the west, and 500 miles to the south was ravaged and depopulated...  Wylie (2006) expressed skepticism of the portrayal of Shaka as a pathological monster destroying everything within reach."}, {"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "In a two-day running battle, the Zulu inflicted a resounding defeat on their opponents."}, {"section_header": "Successor to Senzangakhona", "text": "It was not until around 1825 that the two military leaders met, near Phongola, in their final meeting."}, {"section_header": "In Zulu culture", "text": "This ambiguity continues to lend the image of Shaka its continued power and influence, almost two centuries after his death."}, {"section_header": "Scholarship studies | Biographical sources", "text": "The earliest are two eyewitness accounts written by European adventurer-traders who met Shaka during the last four years of his reign."}, {"section_header": "Death and succession", "text": "Dingane and Mhlangana, Shaka's half-brothers, appear to have made at least two attempts to assassinate Shaka before they succeeded, with perhaps support from Mpondo elements and some disaffected iziYendane people."}, {"section_header": "Death and succession", "text": "The Zulu monarch was killed by three assassins sometime in 1828; September is the most frequently cited date, when almost all available"}], "text": "Shaka was murdered by two men in 1830.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Shaka"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Managerial career", "text": "Ott continued as a regular player for another five years, and remained productive at the plate for much of that time."}], "id": "Qotg4gbXkrpOqEpuZtoQ", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Managerial career", "text": "After longtime teammate Bill Terry retired as manager in 1941, he named Ott as player-manager."}, {"section_header": "Managerial career", "text": "Ott continued as a regular player for another five years, and remained productive at the plate for much of that time."}, {"section_header": "Baseball records and accomplishments | Overall", "text": "All-Star (1934\u201336, 1938). In 1999, he ranked number 42 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players and was a nominee for the MLB All-Century Team."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The Mel Ott Little League began in 1959, named for Ott soon after his death."}, {"section_header": "Baseball records and accomplishments | Overall", "text": "are the others). He managed the New York Giants in seven seasons (1942\u201348)."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His team had a tradition of passing the hat whenever a player hit a home run that figured in a victory, meaning Ott was taking home money for playing baseball as early as 14."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Since 1959, the National League has honored the league's annual home run champion with the Mel Ott Award."}, {"section_header": "MLB honors", "text": "Ott was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1951 with 87.2% of the vote."}, {"section_header": "Baseball records and accomplishments | Home runs", "text": "Was the youngest player to hit 100 and 200 home runs, and the first NL player to reach 500 home runs."}, {"section_header": "Baseball records and accomplishments | Overall", "text": "One of six NL players to play more than 20 years with one team (Cap Anson, Stan Musial, Willie Stargell, Craig Biggio, and Tony Gwynn"}], "text": "The baseball player Mel Ott continued playing baseball after he retired as manager.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Mel Ott"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 \u2013 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death in 1820."}, {"section_header": "American War of Independence", "text": "The American War of Independence was the culmination of the civil and political American Revolution resulting from the American Enlightenment."}], "id": "QpAyUWYkLULCJaE7STzs", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Titles, styles and arms | Titles and styles", "text": "His style became \"George the Third, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 \u2013 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death in 1820."}, {"section_header": "French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars", "text": "In 1800, the British and Irish Parliaments passed an Act of Union that took effect on 1 January 1801 and united Great Britain and Ireland into a single state, known as the \"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland\"."}, {"section_header": "French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars", "text": "George used the opportunity to abandon the title \"king of France\", which English and British Sovereigns had maintained since the reign of Edward III."}, {"section_header": "American War of Independence", "text": "George III is often accused of obstinately trying to keep Great Britain at war with the revolutionaries in America, despite the opinions of his own ministers."}, {"section_header": "American War of Independence", "text": "However, more recent historians defend George by saying in the context of the times no king would willingly surrender such a large territory, and his conduct was far less ruthless than contemporary monarchs in Europe."}, {"section_header": "French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars", "text": "The setbacks in Europe took a toll on Pitt's health and he died in 1806, reopening the question of who should serve in the ministry."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "George's life and reign, which were longer than those of any of his predecessors, were marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdoms, much of the rest of Europe, and places farther afield in Africa, the Americas, and Asia."}, {"section_header": "William Pitt | Slavery and the slave trade", "text": "During most of his reign, King George III opposed the abolitionist movement."}, {"section_header": "French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars", "text": "As part of his Irish policy, Pitt planned to remove certain legal disabilities that applied to Roman Catholics."}, {"section_header": "American War of Independence", "text": "The American War of Independence was the culmination of the civil and political American Revolution resulting from the American Enlightenment."}], "text": "George III of the United Kingdom was a king in Europe and was part of the Revolutionary War..", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "George III of the United Kingdom"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early political career (1793\u20131817) | Early diplomatic career and marriage", "text": "Adams initially avoided becoming directly involved in politics, instead focusing on building his legal career."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Personality", "text": "It has been suggested that John Quincy Adams had the highest I.Q. of any U.S. president."}], "id": "QseXRfnIDrMpW39TteHq", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "John Quincy Adams ( (listen); July 11, 1767 \u2013 February 23, 1848) was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, and diarist who served as the sixth president of the United States, from 1825 to 1829."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Personality", "text": "It has been suggested that John Quincy Adams had the highest I.Q. of any U.S. president."}, {"section_header": "Early life, education, and early career", "text": "John Quincy Adams was born on July 11, 1767, to John and Abigail Adams (n\u00e9e Smith) in a part of Braintree, Massachusetts that is now Quincy."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "Adams County, Iowa, and Adams County, Wisconsin, were each named for either John Adams or John Quincy Adams."}, {"section_header": "Early life, education, and early career", "text": "He was named for his mother's maternal grandfather, Colonel John Quincy, after whom Quincy, Massachusetts, is named."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "Adams's middle name of Quincy has been used by several locations in the United States, including the town of Quincy, Illinois."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1825\u20131829) | Domestic affairs | Ambitious agenda", "text": "Additionally, the first passenger railroad in the United States, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, was constructed during Adams's presidency."}, {"section_header": "Early political career (1793\u20131817) | Minister to Russia", "text": "Later that year, President James Madison appointed Adams as the first United States Minister to Russia in 1809."}, {"section_header": "Early life, education, and early career", "text": "Adams initially opposed the ratification of the United States Constitution, but he ultimately came to accept the document, and in 1789 his father was elected as the first Vice President of the United States."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was the eldest son of John Adams, who served as the second US president from 1797 to 1801, and First Lady Abigail Adams."}, {"section_header": "Early political career (1793\u20131817) | Early diplomatic career and marriage", "text": "Adams initially avoided becoming directly involved in politics, instead focusing on building his legal career."}], "text": "John Quincy Adams became United States president after first becoming a lawyer.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "John Quincy Adams"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "William Jennings Bryan Herman (July 7, 1909 \u2013 September 5, 1992) was an American second baseman and manager in Major League Baseball (MLB) during the 1930s and 1940s."}], "id": "QuhKHXKGhDTTrJfOBxlv", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "On September 30, 1946, Herman was traded to Pittsburgh with three marginal players (outfielder Stan Wentzel, pitcher Elmer Singleton and infielder Whitey Wietelmann) for third baseman Bob Elliott and catcher Hank Camelli."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "Herman was promptly named playing manager of the 1947 Pirates, but he was aghast at the cost\u2014Elliott\u2014the Pirates had paid for him."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "His record as a Major League manager was 189-274 (.408)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "William Jennings Bryan Herman (July 7, 1909 \u2013 September 5, 1992) was an American second baseman and manager in Major League Baseball (MLB) during the 1930s and 1940s."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "Herman's 1947 Pirates lost 92 games and finished tied for seventh in the NL, and he resigned before the season's final game. (His last appearance as a Major League player was on August 1 of that year.) Herman then managed in the minor leagues and became a Major League coach with the Dodgers (1952\u201357) and Braves (now based in Milwaukee) (1958\u201359)\u2014serving on five National League pennant winners in eight seasons."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "Then he moved to the American League (AL) as the third-base coach of the Boston Red Sox for five years (1960\u201364), before managing the Red Sox to lackluster records in 1965 and 1966; his 1965 Boston club lost 100 games."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "Si Johnson, Herman chopped a pitch into the back of home plate, which then bounced up and hit Herman in the back of the head, knocking him out."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Later life", "text": "Herman moved to Palm Beach Gardens, Florida in 1968."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "After a sub-standard offensive year in 1940, Herman was traded to the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1941."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "A fixture in the Chicago lineup over the next decade, Herman was a consistent hitter and solid producer."}], "text": "Billy Herman was an infielder and manager.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Billy Herman"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "The United States is the third most populous nation in the world, after China and India."}], "id": "QxIMn508dVsJsN5C5DLt", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Law enforcement and crime", "text": "The United States has the highest documented incarceration rate and largest prison population in the world."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "The United States is the third most populous nation in the world, after China and India."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "Its population growth rate is positive at 0.7%, higher than that of many developed nations."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "A 2017 United Nations report projected that the U.S. would be one of nine countries in which world population growth through 2050 would be concentrated."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "Mexican Americans (circa 31 million) and English Americans (circa 28 million).White Americans (mostly European ancestry) are the largest racial group at 73.1% of the population; African Americans are the nation's largest racial minority and third-largest ancestry group."}, {"section_header": "Infrastructure | Transportation", "text": "The United States has the world's second-largest automobile market, and has the highest rate of per-capita vehicle ownership in the world, with 765 vehicles per 1,000 Americans (1996)."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "In 2018 the median age of the United States population was 38.1 years."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "In 2009, the United States had the third-highest workforce productivity per person in the world, behind Luxembourg and Norway."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "The United States has an annual birth rate of 13 per 1,000, which is five births per 1,000 below the world average."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "With a 2019 estimated population of over 328 million, the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world."}], "text": "The United States has the highest documented incarceration rate and largest prison population in the world despite it being the third most populous nation.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "United States"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Spanning 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), it is the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world."}], "id": "R1EqiNbLW0qvJWnwB148", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BC."}, {"section_header": "Economy | Energy", "text": "Iran is the world's third country to have developed GTL technology."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Cinema and animation", "text": "A third-millennium BC earthen goblet discovered at the Burnt City, a Bronze Age urban settlement in southeastern Iran, depicts what could possibly be the world's oldest example of animation."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "Iran has leading manufacturing industries in the fields of automobile manufacture, transportation, construction materials, home appliances, food and agricultural goods, armaments, pharmaceuticals, information technology, and petrochemicals in the Middle East."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Military", "text": "Iran has the largest and most diverse ballistic missile arsenal in the Middle East."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Religion", "text": "Iran has the largest Jewish population in the Middle East outside of Israel."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Spanning 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), it is the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world."}, {"section_header": "Geography", "text": "It is one of the world's most mountainous countries, its landscape dominated by rugged mountain ranges that separate various basins or plateaux from one another."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Administrative divisions", "text": "It is also home to the world's seventh largest shopping mall, Isfahan City Center."}, {"section_header": "History | Prehistory", "text": "During the Bronze Age, the territory of present-day Iran was home to several civilizations, including Elam, Jiroft, and Zayanderud."}], "text": "The country of Iran is the third biggest in size in the Middle East and home to one of the world's oldest civilizations.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Iran"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "During his tenure on the Supreme Court, Hughes often joined Associate Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. in voting to uphold state and federal regulations."}], "id": "R1HvlylpbgXbjisI8LVK", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Charles Evans Charles Evans Hughes Sr. (April 11, 1862 \u2013 August 27, 1948) was an American statesman, Republican Party politician, and the 11th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court."}, {"section_header": "Chief Justice | Roosevelt takes office", "text": "Roosevelt, who had expected the Supreme Court to rule adversely to his administration's position, was elated by the outcome, writing that \"as a lawyer it seems to me that the Supreme Court has at last definitely put human values ahead of the 'pound of flesh' called for by a contract.\" The Hughes Court also continued to adjudicate major cases concerning the states."}, {"section_header": "Early life and family", "text": "Their youngest child, Elizabeth Hughes Gossett, was one of the first humans injected with insulin, and later served as president of the Supreme Court Historical Society."}, {"section_header": "Chief Justice | Rejoining the Court", "text": "In one of the first major cases of his tenure, Hughes joined with Roberts and the Three Musketeers to strike down a piece of state legislation in the 1931 landmark case of Near v. Minnesota."}, {"section_header": "Chief Justice | Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937", "text": "However, throughout 1937, Hughes had presided over a massive shift in jurisprudence that marked the end of the Lochner era, a period during which the Supreme Court had frequently struck down state and federal economic regulations."}, {"section_header": "Associate Justice", "text": "In the disposition of cases, however, Hughes tended to align with Holmes."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "During his tenure on the Supreme Court, Hughes often joined Associate Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. in voting to uphold state and federal regulations."}, {"section_header": "Early life and family", "text": "Charles Evans Hughes, the only child of David and Mary, was born in Glens Falls on April 11, 1862."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1910, President William Howard Taft appointed Hughes as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States."}, {"section_header": "Chief Justice | Later tenure", "text": "Hughes joined the majority in another case, United States v. Darby Lumber Co., which upheld the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938.The Hughes Court also faced several civil rights cases."}], "text": "While serving as Chief Justice on the United States Supreme Court, Charles Evans Hughes frequently disagreed with Holmes in cases concerning regulatory issues.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Charles Evans Hughes"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It also pushed Cuba closer to the Soviet Union, and those strengthened Soviet-Cuban relations would lead to the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962."}], "id": "RDXCgVnDrINEt9glpMNJ", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Bay of Pigs invasion (Spanish: invasi\u00f3n de bah\u00eda de Cochinos; sometimes called invasi\u00f3n de playa Gir\u00f3n or batalla de Gir\u00f3n, after the Playa Gir\u00f3n) was a failed landing operation on the southwestern coast of Cuba in 1961 by Cuban exiles who opposed Fidel Castro's Cuban Revolution."}, {"section_header": "Preparation | Kennedy's operational approval", "text": "In March 1961, the CIA helped Cuban exiles in Miami to create the Cuban Revolutionary Council, chaired by Jos\u00e9 Mir\u00f3 Cardona, former Prime Minister of Cuba."}, {"section_header": "Later analysis | Invasion legacy in Cuba", "text": "In mid-1960, CIA operative E. Howard Hunt had interviewed Cubans in Havana; in a 1997 interview with CNN, he said, \"... all I could find was a lot of enthusiasm for Fidel Castro.\" For many Latin Americans, the Bay of Pigs Invasion served to reinforce the already widely held belief that the U.S. could not be trusted."}, {"section_header": "Later analysis | Invasion legacy in Cuba", "text": "The conference was titled Bay of Pigs: 40 Years After."}, {"section_header": "Background | Causes", "text": "The hypothesis of a landing at the Bay of Pigs, or the invasion of Cuba, had political and economic causes."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | Political reaction", "text": "Immediately following the Bay of Pigs invasion, the Kennedy Administration considered complete trade restrictions with Cuba."}, {"section_header": "Invasion | Invasion day (17 April)", "text": "A flotilla containing equipment that broadcast sounds and other effects of a shipborne invasion landing provided the source of Cuban reports that briefly lured Fidel Castro away from the Bay of Pigs battlefront area."}, {"section_header": "Background | Causes", "text": "On 7 July, the Cuban Parliament passed a law for the nationalization of U.S. companies operating in Cuba, which were repaid with thirty-year government bonds, with an annual interest of less than 2%."}, {"section_header": "Invasion | Invasion day (17 April)", "text": "At about 00:00 on 17 April 1961, the two LCIs Blagar and Barbara J, each with a CIA 'operations officer' and an Underwater Demolition Team of five frogmen, entered the Bay of Pigs (Bah\u00eda de Cochinos) on the southern coast of Cuba."}, {"section_header": "Preparation | Kennedy's operational approval", "text": "On 4 April 1961, President Kennedy approved the Bay of Pigs plan (also known as Operation Zapata), because it had a sufficiently long airfield, it was farther away from large groups of civilians than the Trinidad plan, and it was less \"noisy\" militarily, which would make denial of direct U.S. involvement more plausible."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It also pushed Cuba closer to the Soviet Union, and those strengthened Soviet-Cuban relations would lead to the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962."}], "text": "Bay of Pigs Invasion was a failed operation to help the exiles in Cuba and strengthen the American's bond with Fidel.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Bay of Pigs Invasion"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Culture", "text": "Hong Kong is characterised as a hybrid of East and West."}], "id": "RESo9gddMK3VCxIiPKVX", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Culture", "text": "Traditional Chinese values emphasising family and education blend with Western ideals, including economic liberty and the rule of law."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Music", "text": "Western classical music has historically had a strong presence in Hong Kong, and remains a large part of local musical education."}, {"section_header": "Culture", "text": "Although the vast majority of the population is ethnically Chinese, Hong Kong has developed a distinct identity."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Music", "text": "The Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra, composed of classical Chinese instruments, is the leading Chinese ensemble and plays a significant role in promoting traditional music in the community."}, {"section_header": "Culture", "text": "The remaining population purport mixed identities, 23 per cent as \"Hongkonger in China\" and 12 per cent as \"Chinese in Hong Kong\"."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Music", "text": "Evolving from Shanghai-style shidaiqu, it is also influenced by Cantonese opera and Western pop."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Architecture", "text": "The 1846 Flagstaff House, the former residence of the commanding British military officer, is the oldest Western-style building in Hong Kong."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Hong Kong ( (listen); Chinese: \u9999\u6e2f, Cantonese: ["}, {"section_header": "Culture | Cuisine", "text": "Local versions of Western food are served at cha chaan teng (fast, casual restaurants)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "h\u0153\u0301\u02d0\u014b.k\u0254\u030c\u02d0\u014b] (listen)), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (HKSAR), is a metropolitan area and special administrative region of the People's Republic of China on the eastern Pearl River Delta of the South China Sea."}, {"section_header": "Culture", "text": "Hong Kong is characterised as a hybrid of East and West."}], "text": "Hong Kong is a balance of the Eastern and Western Chinese culture.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Hong Kong"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "She wrote the poem in 1883 to raise money for the construction of a pedestal for the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World)."}], "id": "RHNo2EZ7SsfmKHsoDc9I", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History of the poem", "text": "This poem was written as a donation to an auction of art and literary works conducted by the \"Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty\" to raise money for the pedestal's construction."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "She wrote the poem in 1883 to raise money for the construction of a pedestal for the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World)."}, {"section_header": "Influence | Immigration to the United States", "text": "Over the decades, \u201cThe New Colossus\u201d has acquired a patina of universality."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"The New Colossus\" is a sonnet by American poet Emma Lazarus (1849\u20131887)."}, {"section_header": "Influence | In culture", "text": "The poem is also the subtitle of the game's sequel: Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus."}, {"section_header": "Influence | Immigration to the United States", "text": "Staining \u201cThe New Colossus\u201d with the bile of discrimination is a shameful act of cultural defilement."}, {"section_header": "History of the poem", "text": "\"The New Colossus\" was the first entry read at the exhibit's opening on November 2, 1883."}, {"section_header": "Interpretation", "text": "The \"air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame\" refers to New York Harbor between New York City and Brooklyn, which were separate cities at the time the poem was written, before being consolidated as boroughs of the City of Greater New York in 1898.The \"huddled masses\" refers to the large numbers of immigrants arriving in the United States in the 1880s, particularly through the port of New York via Ellis Island."}, {"section_header": "Interpretation", "text": "In the poem, Lazarus contrasts that ancient symbol of grandeur and empire (\"the brazen giant of Greek fame\")  with a \"New\" Colossus \u2013 the Statue of Liberty, a female embodiment of commanding \"maternal strength\" (\"Mother of Exiles\")."}, {"section_header": "Influence | Immigration to the United States", "text": "Paul Auster wrote that \"Bartholdi's gigantic effigy was originally intended as a monument to the principles of international republicanism, but 'The New Colossus' reinvented the statue's purpose, turning Liberty into a welcoming mother, a symbol of hope to the outcasts and downtrodden of the world."}], "text": "The New Colossus was written to raise money for a homeless shelter.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The New Colossus"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production notes | Development", "text": "Hunter wanted to make a film of The Boyfriend, which had been a hit on stage with Julie Andrews."}, {"section_header": "Production notes | Development", "text": "Film rights cost too much - $400,000 - so Hunter decided to do \"his own\"."}], "id": "RLZR1LTLxpKFnjhMzlNS", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Thoroughly Modern Millie was her last film of the 1960s to make money."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "Also, the film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:  2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs: \"Thoroughly Modern Millie\" \u2013 Nominated 2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals \u2013 Nominated"}, {"section_header": "Critical reception", "text": "After Thoroughly Modern Millie, he made Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, The Great Waldo Pepper, and the Oscar-winning hit The Sting."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Thoroughly Modern Millie is a 1967 American musical-romantic comedy film directed by George Roy Hill and starring Julie Andrews."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "A DVD was issued in 2003. In 1922 New York City, flapper Millie Dillmount is determined to find work as a stenographer to a wealthy businessman and then marry him \u2013 a \"thoroughly modern\" goal."}, {"section_header": "Critical reception", "text": "\"Variety observed \"The first half of Thoroughly Modern Mille (sic) is quite successful in striking and maintaining a gay spirit and pace."}, {"section_header": "Critical reception", "text": "\"Leo Sullivan of The Washington Post wrote \"Highly insignificant and deliberately old-fashioned, the film veers and comments in a broadly stylized way ... All [Ross Hunter] may have produced is a commercial movie but enhancing the entire film is his own personal enthusiasm."}, {"section_header": "Critical reception", "text": "Ebert gave the film a perfect four stars in his original review, a decision he later admitted in hindsight he was \"no longer certain about.\"TV"}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "When Mrs. Meers finally succeeds, Millie finds Trevor drowning his sorrows, and he tells her that Miss Dorothy stood him up and checked out of the hotel."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Millie then discovers that Jimmy and Miss Dorothy are actually millionaire siblings and that Muzzy is their stepmother who sent them out into the world to find partners who would love them for who they were and not for their money."}, {"section_header": "Production notes | Development", "text": "Hunter wanted to make a film of The Boyfriend, which had been a hit on stage with Julie Andrews."}, {"section_header": "Production notes | Development", "text": "Film rights cost too much - $400,000 - so Hunter decided to do \"his own\"."}], "text": "The producer of Thoroughly Modern Millie started out to make a completely different movie, but chose not too because the original property was too expensive.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Thoroughly Modern Millie"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Elon Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa, the son of Maye Musk (n\u00e9e Haldeman), a model and dietitian born in Saskatchewan, Canada and raised in South Africa, and Errol Musk, a South African electromechanical engineer, pilot, and sailor."}], "id": "RNiEXR9oqW6PSstLMY87", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | SpaceX", "text": "In February 2002, the group returned to Russia to look for three ICBMs, bringing along Mike Griffin."}, {"section_header": "Views | Political", "text": "Earlier that same day, Musk also stirred up controversy on Twitter by remarking"}, {"section_header": "In popular media", "text": "Alongside the Wright Brothers, Elon Musk, Zefram Cochrane?"}, {"section_header": "Career | SpaceX", "text": "Ultimately, Musk ended up founding SpaceX with the long-term goal of creating a true spacefaring civilization."}, {"section_header": "Career | Tesla", "text": "As of 2019, Elon Musk is the longest tenured CEO of any automotive manufacturer globally."}, {"section_header": "Early life | Education", "text": "In 1994, Musk held two internships in Silicon Valley during the summer: at an energy storage start-up called Pinnacle Research Institute, which researched electrolytic ultracapacitors for energy storage, and at the Palo Alto-based start-up Rocket Science Games."}, {"section_header": "Career | Tesla", "text": "In January 2018, Musk was granted an option to buy up to 20.3 million shares if Tesla's market value were to rise to $650 billion."}, {"section_header": "Awards and recognition", "text": "In 2014, Elon Musk was honored with an Edison Achievement Award for his commitment to innovation throughout his career."}, {"section_header": "Career | Teslaquila", "text": "Elon Musk teased a Tesla-branded tequila in 2018 as part of an April Fool\u2019s joke on Instagram."}, {"section_header": "Career | Tham Luang cave rescue", "text": "Richard Stanton, leader of the international rescue diving team, also urged Musk to continue construction of the mini-submarine as a back-up, in case flooding worsened."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Elon Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa, the son of Maye Musk (n\u00e9e Haldeman), a model and dietitian born in Saskatchewan, Canada and raised in South Africa, and Errol Musk, a South African electromechanical engineer, pilot, and sailor."}], "text": "Elon Musk grew up in Russia.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Elon Musk"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Creation and initial reaction", "text": "The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as an internal service for Odeo employees and the full version was introduced publicly on July 15, 2006."}], "id": "RSQbFPXy19YrQPDoYUVJ", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Developers", "text": "Developers built upon the public API to create the first Twitter mobile phone clients as well as the first URL shortener."}, {"section_header": "Technology | Interface", "text": "In March 2012, Twitter became available in Arabic, Farsi, Hebrew and Urdu, the first right-to-left language versions of the site."}, {"section_header": "Developers", "text": "Developer interest in Twitter began immediately following its launch, prompting the company to release the first version of its public API in September 2006."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Logo and font", "text": "In 2012, Douglas Bowman created a further simplified version of Larry the Bird, keeping the solid silhouette but making it more similar to a mountain bluebird."}, {"section_header": "History | Creation and initial reaction", "text": "The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as an internal service for Odeo employees and the full version was introduced publicly on July 15, 2006."}, {"section_header": "History | Creation and initial reaction", "text": "And we just did!\"The first unassisted off-Earth Twitter message was posted from the International Space Station by NASA astronaut T. J. Creamer on January 22, 2010."}, {"section_header": "Technology | Interface", "text": "Twitter introduced the first major redesign of its user interface in September 2010, adopting a dual-pane layout with a navigation bar along the top of the screen, and an increased focus on the inline embedding of multimedia content."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | URL shortener", "text": "t.co is a URL shortening service created by Twitter."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Account archival | New machine-readable archive format", "text": "Various account settings Users in created Twitter Lists Member of which"}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Account archival | Browsable legacy Twitter archive format", "text": "Even when accessing the legacy Twitter desktop website layout using the user-agent of an older browser version, the option has disappeared from the account settings."}], "text": "The first version of Twitter was created in 2010.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 8, "wikipedia_page": "Twitter"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 8, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novels chronicle the lives of a young wizard, Harry Potter, and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley, all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry."}], "id": "RU34jVOW0ufc3IR7FjMg", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novels chronicle the lives of a young wizard, Harry Potter, and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley, all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Harry becomes a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, a wizarding academy in Scotland, and it is here where most of the events in the series take place."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Early years", "text": "Hagrid then officially invites Harry to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, a famous magic school in Scotland that educates young teenagers on their magical development for seven years, from age eleven to seventeen."}, {"section_header": "Attractions | The Wizarding World of Harry Potter", "text": "The flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey, which exists within a re-creation of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Voldemort returns", "text": "This year, Harry must compete against a witch and a wizard \"champion\" from overseas schools Beauxbatons and Durmstrang, as well as another Hogwarts student, causing Harry's friends to distance themselves from him."}, {"section_header": "Structure and genre", "text": "The only exception to this school-centred setting is the final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, in which Harry and his friends spend most of their time away from Hogwarts, and only return there to face Voldemort at the d\u00e9nouement."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Each novel chronicles one year in Harry's life during the period from 1991 to 1998."}, {"section_header": "Structure and genre", "text": "If students are caught breaking rules, they are often disciplined by Hogwarts professors."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Voldemort returns", "text": "Harry and his friends are relatively protected from that danger at Hogwarts."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Early years", "text": "Ron's younger sister, Ginny Weasley, enrolls in her first year at Hogwarts, and finds an old notebook in her belongings which turns out to be the diary of a previous student, Tom Marvolo Riddle, later revealed to be Voldemort's younger self, who is bent on ridding the school of \"mudbloods\", a derogatory term describing wizards and witches of non-magical parentage."}], "text": "The novels chronicle the lives of a young wizard and his 2 friends, all who are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 8, "wikipedia_page": "Harry Potter"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Arsenal Women", "text": "Arsenal Women are the most successful team in English women's football having won a total of 58 trophies."}, {"section_header": "Arsenal Women", "text": "In the 2008\u201309 season, they won all three major English trophies \u2013 the FA Women's Premier League, FA Women's Cup and FA Women's Premier League Cup, and, as of 2017, were the only English side to have won the UEFA Women's Cup or UEFA Women's Champions League, having won the Cup in the 2006\u201307 season as part of a unique quadruple."}], "id": "RWTr9ChyCILA0ueqN7jE", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Supporters and rivalries", "text": "Arsenal have the seventh highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund, FC Barcelona, Manchester United, Real Madrid, Bayern Munich, and Schalke."}, {"section_header": "Arsenal Women", "text": "Arsenal Women is the women's football club affiliated to Arsenal."}, {"section_header": "Arsenal Women", "text": "In the 2008\u201309 season, they won all three major English trophies \u2013 the FA Women's Premier League, FA Women's Cup and FA Women's Premier League Cup, and, as of 2017, were the only English side to have won the UEFA Women's Cup or UEFA Women's Champions League, having won the Cup in the 2006\u201307 season as part of a unique quadruple."}, {"section_header": "History | 1953\u20131986: Mediocrity, Mee and Neill", "text": "The club's only trophy during this time was a last-minute 3\u20132 victory over Manchester United in the 1979 FA Cup Final, widely regarded as a classic."}, {"section_header": "Arsenal Women", "text": "Arsenal Women are the most successful team in English women's football having won a total of 58 trophies."}, {"section_header": "Supporters and rivalries", "text": "In addition, Arsenal and Manchester United developed a strong on-pitch rivalry in the late 1980s, which intensified in recent years when both clubs were competing for the Premier League title \u2013 so much so that a 2003 online poll by the Football Fans Census listed Manchester United as Arsenal's biggest rivals, followed by Tottenham and Chelsea."}, {"section_header": "History | 1953\u20131986: Mediocrity, Mee and Neill", "text": "And the season after, an even greater triumph: Arsenal's first League and FA Cup double, and a new champions of England record."}, {"section_header": "Supporters and rivalries", "text": "The Arsenal Supporters' Trust promotes greater participation in ownership of the club by fans."}, {"section_header": "Arsenal Women", "text": "The men's and women's clubs are formally separate entities but have quite close ties; Arsenal Women are entitled to play once a season at the Emirates Stadium, though they usually play their home matches at Meadow Park in Borehamwood."}, {"section_header": "History | 1996\u20132018: The Wenger Years", "text": "The final match under the Wenger era was a 1\u20130 away victory against Huddersfield."}], "text": "Arsenal F.C. is a European women's utmost victorious unit with loyal fans and prevailing triumphs.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Arsenal F.C."}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Age", "text": "However, there is still no firm evidence about the time when this process started."}, {"section_header": "Age", "text": "Two main approaches have been used to infer the age of the inner core: thermodynamic modeling of the cooling of the Earth, and analysis of paleomagnetic evidence."}], "id": "RZ0jsYFfxKwju9TiKNZu", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Age | Paleomagnetic evidence", "text": "From their age estimate they derived a rather modest value for the thermal conductivity of the outer core, that allowed for simpler models of the Earth's thermal evolution."}, {"section_header": "Age", "text": "It is widely believed that the Earth's solid inner core formed out of an initially completely liquid core as the Earth cooled down."}, {"section_header": "Age | Paleomagnetic evidence", "text": "They speculated that the change could be due to the birth of Earth's solid inner core."}, {"section_header": "Age", "text": "Theories about the age of the core are necessarily part of theories of the history of Earth as a whole."}, {"section_header": "Age", "text": "Two main approaches have been used to infer the age of the inner core: thermodynamic modeling of the cooling of the Earth, and analysis of paleomagnetic evidence."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "There are no samples of the Earth's core available for direct measurement, as there are for the Earth's mantle."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Information about the Earth's core mostly comes from analysis of seismic waves and the Earth's magnetic field."}, {"section_header": "Age | Thermodynamic evidence", "text": "In 2001, S. Labrosse and others, assuming that there were no radioactive elements in the core, gave an estimate of 1\u00b10.5 billion years for the age of the inner core \u2014 considerably less than the estimated age of the Earth and of its liquid core (about 4.5 billion years) In 2003, the same group concluded that, if the core contained a reasonable amount of radioactive elements, the inner core's age could be a few hundred million years older."}, {"section_header": "Age | Thermodynamic evidence", "text": "That estimate is based on the prevailing theory that the Earth's magnetic field is primarily triggered by convection currents in the liquid part of the core, and the fact that a minimum heat flux is required to sustain those currents."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Earth's inner core is the innermost geologic layer of the Earth."}, {"section_header": "Age", "text": "However, there is still no firm evidence about the time when this process started."}], "text": "There is no agreed upon age of the Earth's core.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Inner core"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The story is set in New York City in December 1932, in the last days of Prohibition."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "As they attempt to solve the case, Nick and Nora share a great deal of banter and witty dialogue, along with copious amounts of alcohol."}], "id": "RdhCpHmPpMVU8YpTmWIl", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Although Hammett lived until 1961, The Thin Man was his last published novel."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Thin Man (1934) is a detective novel by Dashiell Hammett, originally published in the December 1933 issue of Redbook."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Lillian Hellman, in an introduction to a compilation of Hammett's five novels, contemplated several explanations for Hammett's retirement as a novelist,  I have been asked many times over the years why he did not write another novel after The Thin Man."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Thin Man television series aired on NBC from 1957\u201359, and starred  Peter Lawford and Phyllis Kirk .In 1999, Knopf published a collection of Hammett's early works, including an early draft of The Thin Man."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "During the course of this work, he wrote After the Thin Man and Another Thin Man, which, discovered amongst Hammett's papers in 2011, together with instructions by Hammett for incorporation of additional elements written by screenwriters Albert Hackett and Frances Goodrich, were edited by Hammett's biographer Richard Layman in collaboration with Hammett's granddaughter Julie M. Rivett and published as novellas in Return of the Thin Man in 2012."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Following the success of the movie version of The Thin Man in 1934, Hammett was commissioned to work on screenplays for sequels."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Hammett never wrote a sequel but the book became the basis for a successful six-part film series, which also began in 1934 with The Thin Man and starred William Powell and Myrna Loy."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "While some story elements were used in one of the sequel movies, this early draft is very different from the final published novel."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The story is set in New York City in December 1932, in the last days of Prohibition."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "As they attempt to solve the case, Nick and Nora share a great deal of banter and witty dialogue, along with copious amounts of alcohol."}], "text": "Drinking is a common theme in the novel, The Thin Man.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "The Thin Man"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | 1986\u20131989: Breakthrough, first Oscar nomination, and controversial roles", "text": "Dafoe began his film career in 1979, when he was cast in a supporting role in Michael Cimino's epic Western film Heaven's Gate."}], "id": "Re6ben3x8cjRrcR3Lvgt", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | 2010\u2013present: Continued acclaim and success", "text": "Dafoe starred in the late Brazilian director's H\u00e9ctor Babenco's final film"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "William James \"Willem\" Dafoe (born July 22, 1955) is an American actor."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1955\u20131978: Early life and acting in theater", "text": "In high school, he acquired the nickname Willem, which is the Dutch version of the name William."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 2000\u20132009: Shadow of the Vampire, Spider-Man and prolificity", "text": "The film received a polarized response from critics and audiences, receiving both applause and boos at the Cannes Film Festival and was called the \"most shocking movie\" to be shown at the festival because of its graphic sex scenes."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 2010\u2013present: Continued acclaim and success", "text": "Also in 2010, Dafoe began voicing Clarence, the Birds Eye polar bear mascot in the company's television commercials in the United Kingdom, and narrated Into the Deep: America, Whaling & the World, a Ric Burns documentary about the history of the whaling industry in the United States."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1990\u20131999: Balancing independent and blockbuster films", "text": "Roger Ebert praised Dafoe's \"gifted\" portrayal of LeTour and Owen Gleiberman opined that \"even when the film doesn't gel, one is held by Willem Dafoe's grimly compelling performance.\"Dafoe"}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Dafoe said in 2010, \"We were having lunch"}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1955\u20131978: Early life and acting in theater", "text": "Within a year Dafoe was part of the company."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1955\u20131978: Early life and acting in theater", "text": "Dafoe would continue with the Wooster Group into the 2000s."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1986\u20131989: Breakthrough, first Oscar nomination, and controversial roles", "text": "Dafoe did not receive a credit for his work on the film."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1986\u20131989: Breakthrough, first Oscar nomination, and controversial roles", "text": "Dafoe began his film career in 1979, when he was cast in a supporting role in Michael Cimino's epic Western film Heaven's Gate."}], "text": "Willem Dafoe started in the movie industry in the late 1970's", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Willem Dafoe"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "She holds a torch above her head with her right hand, and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed JULY IV MDCCLXXVI (July 4, 1776 in Roman numerals), the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence."}], "id": "RnzIVWn9eGfgbckgKIWX", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A broken shackle and chain lie at her feet as she walks forward, commemorating the recent national abolition of slavery."}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Design, style, and symbolism", "text": "Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain, but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War."}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Design, style, and symbolism", "text": "The erected statue does stride over a broken chain, half-hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground."}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Construction in France", "text": "Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided, but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder, 40 feet (12 m) long."}, {"section_header": "After dedication | Early National Park Service years (1933\u20131982)", "text": "They left December 28 following a Federal Court order."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "She holds a torch above her head with her right hand, and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed JULY IV MDCCLXXVI (July 4, 1776 in Roman numerals), the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence."}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Origin", "text": "The defiant lion, 73 feet (22 m) long and half that in height, displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism, which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty."}, {"section_header": "Access and attributes | Location and access", "text": "Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3-acre (0.93 ha) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory."}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Construction in France | Design", "text": "In form, it is a truncated pyramid, 62 feet (19 m) square at the base and 39.4 feet (12.0 m) at the top."}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Design, style, and symbolism", "text": "Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty's left hand; he settled on a tabula ansata, used to evoke the concept of law."}], "text": "The Statue of Liberty has a torch in her left and a broken shackle and chain at her feet.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Statue of Liberty"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Francisco V\u00e1zquez de Coronado y Luj\u00e1n (Spanish pronunciation: [f\u027ean\u02c8\u03b8isko \u02c8\u03b2a\u03b8ke\u03b8 \u00f0e ko\u027eo\u02c8na\u00f0o]; 1510 \u2013 22 September 1554) was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who led a large expedition from Mexico to present-day Kansas through parts of the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542."}], "id": "RoaC8lheEpzIfrgaJzZV", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Expedition | Location of Quivira, Tabas, and Harahey", "text": "Archaeologists have found numerous 16th-century sites in these areas that probably include some of the settlements visited by V\u00e1zquez de Coronado."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Francisco V\u00e1zquez de Coronado y Luj\u00e1n (Spanish pronunciation: [f\u027ean\u02c8\u03b8isko \u02c8\u03b2a\u03b8ke\u03b8 \u00f0e ko\u027eo\u02c8na\u00f0o]; 1510 \u2013 22 September 1554) was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who led a large expedition from Mexico to present-day Kansas through parts of the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542."}], "text": "Francisco Vasquez de Coronado was a 16th century conquistador.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Francisco Vasquez de Coronado"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and profession | Family and education", "text": "Borodin was born in Saint Petersburg as an illegitimate son of a 62-year-old Georgian nobleman, Luka Stepanovich Gedevanishvili, and a married 25-year-old Russian woman, Evdokia Konstantinovna Antonova."}], "id": "RrJj9ow5OSXnuye5DtyW", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and profession | Family and education", "text": "Despite his status as a commoner, Borodin was well provided for by his Georgian father and grew up in a large four-storey house, which was gifted to Alexander and his \"aunt\" by the nobleman."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Family and education", "text": "Borodin was born in Saint Petersburg as an illegitimate son of a 62-year-old Georgian nobleman, Luka Stepanovich Gedevanishvili, and a married 25-year-old Russian woman, Evdokia Konstantinovna Antonova."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Borodin was a promoter of education in Russia and founded the School of Medicine for Women in Saint Petersburg, where he taught until 1885."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Musical avocation | Opera and orchestral works", "text": "The Polovtsians were apparently a nomadic tribe originally of Turkish origin who habitually attacked southern Russia."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Musical avocation | Opera and orchestral works", "text": "Although for a while rarely performed in its entirety outside of Russia, this opera has received two notable new productions recently, one at the Bolshoi State Opera and Ballet Company in Russia during 2013, and one at the Metropolitan Opera Company of New York City during 2014."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Musical avocation | Opera and orchestral works", "text": "The story tells of the capture of Prince Igor, and his son, Vladimir, of Russia by Polovtsian chief Khan Konchak, who entertains his prisoners lavishly and orders his slaves to perform the famous 'Polovtsian Dances', which provide a thrilling climax to the second act."}, {"section_header": "Subsequent references", "text": "The Borodin Quartet was named in his honour."}, {"section_header": "Subsequent references", "text": "In his book Burning in Water, Drowning in Flame (1974) Charles Bukowski wrote a poem about the life of Borodin entitled \"The Life of Borodin\"."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Musical avocation | Opera and orchestral works", "text": "Borodin met Mily Balakirev during 1862."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Career as a chemist", "text": "Between 1859 and 1862 Borodin had a postdoctoral position in Heidelberg."}], "text": "Borodin was born in England  and moved to Russia where he was a commoner.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Aleksandr Borodin"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 7, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "The Long March | Union of the three armies", "text": "Of these, less than 7,000 were among the original 100,000 soldiers who had started the march."}], "id": "Ru30kqBlEL5sUaYXj9y4", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Historical controversies", "text": "Many of the survivors are no longer alive or able to accurately recall events."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | Escape from Jiangxi", "text": "The withdrawal began in early October 1934."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | The Second Red Army", "text": "He Long's wife, Jian Xianren, carried the baby daughter she had given birth to three weeks before the retreat began."}, {"section_header": "Timeline", "text": "1935 : June\u2013July, troops under Zhou and Mao met with Zhang Guotao's troops."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Long March began the ascent to power of Mao Zedong, whose leadership during the retreat gained him the support of the members of the party."}, {"section_header": "Timeline", "text": "1934 : October 16, 130,000 soldiers and civilians, led by Bo Gu and Otto Braun, began the Long March."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The best known is the march from Jiangxi province which began in October 1934 and ended in Yan'an, Shaanxi province in October 1935."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | Escaping Chiang's pursuit", "text": "The Red Army had to capture river crossings defended by warlords and Nationalist troops."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | The Second Red Army", "text": "The Second Red Army began its own withdrawal west from Hubei in November 1935, led by He Long, who commanded the KMT Twentieth Army in 1923 before joining the Communist Party of China (CPC)."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | Escape from Jiangxi", "text": "The early troop movements were actually a diversion to allow the retreat of more important leaders from Jiangxi."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | Union of the three armies", "text": "Of these, less than 7,000 were among the original 100,000 soldiers who had started the march."}], "text": "Most of the troops that began the long march were alive and there at the finish.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Long March"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Rain Man is a 1988 American road comedy-drama film directed by Barry Levinson and written by Barry Morrow and Ronald Bass."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It tells the story of abrasive, selfish young wheeler-dealer Charlie Babbitt (Tom Cruise), who discovers that his estranged father has died and bequeathed virtually all of his multi-million dollar estate to his other son, Raymond (Dustin Hoffman), an autistic savant, of whose existence"}], "id": "RuW9FIxFEMFUSNzkwfDY", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Rain Man was the highest-grossing film of 1988."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "During the episode, Fran fixes up CC the Abominable Babcock with the Rain Man."}, {"section_header": "Release | Critical reception", "text": "The website's critical consensus states: \" This road-trip movie about an autistic savant and his callow brother is far from seamless, but Barry Levinson's direction is impressive, and strong performances from Tom Cruise and Dustin Hoffman add to its appeal."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture | Qantas and airline controversy", "text": "\"I think it's a key scene to the entire movie,\" Levinson said in a telephone interview."}, {"section_header": "Release | Critical reception", "text": "\"Rain Man\" was placed on 39 critics' \"ten best\" lists in 1988, based on a poll of the nation's top 100 critics."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Rain Man is a 1988 American road comedy-drama film directed by Barry Levinson and written by Barry Morrow and Ronald Bass."}, {"section_header": "Release | Box office", "text": "Rain Man debuted on December 16, 1988, and was the second highest-grossing film at the weekend box office (behind Twins), with $7 million."}, {"section_header": "Release | Awards", "text": "Rain Man won Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Actor in a Leading Role (Dustin Hoffman), Best Director and Best Writing, Original Screenplay."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Rain Man's portrayal of the main character's condition has been seen as creating the erroneous media stereotype that people on the autism spectrum typically have savant skills, and references to Rain Man, in particular Dustin Hoffman's performance, have become a popular shorthand for autism and savantism."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "He also learns that Raymond actually lived with the family when Charlie was young and he realizes that the comforting figure from his childhood, whom he falsely remembered as an imaginary friend named \"Rain Man\", was actually Raymond."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It tells the story of abrasive, selfish young wheeler-dealer Charlie Babbitt (Tom Cruise), who discovers that his estranged father has died and bequeathed virtually all of his multi-million dollar estate to his other son, Raymond (Dustin Hoffman), an autistic savant, of whose existence"}], "text": "Rain Man is a comedy-drama movie that is about an abrasive wheeler-dealer and his brother.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Rain Man"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Backstreet Boys have sold over 100 million records worldwide, making them the best-selling boy band of all time, and one of the world's best-selling music artists."}], "id": "RuoED14Ety3PsQBY286v", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 2011\u201312: NKOTBSB and Richardson's return", "text": "In the same month, they embarked on a joint tour with New Kids on the Block as NKOTBSB."}, {"section_header": "Tours", "text": "Headlining  Co-headlining  NKOTBSB Tour (with New Kids on the Block) (2011\u201312)Promotional"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Backstreet Boys have sold over 100 million records worldwide, making them the best-selling boy band of all time, and one of the world's best-selling music artists."}, {"section_header": "Artistry", "text": "The ad they answered in 1993 was for a singing group with \"New Kids on the Block look with a Boyz II Men sound\", and they aimed to have a white version of Boyz II Men."}, {"section_header": "Artistry", "text": "\"We were fans of New Kids, but were we really modeled after them?"}, {"section_header": "History | 2000\u201301: Black and Blue and The Hits \u2013 Chapter One", "text": "In the U.S., The Hits: Chapter One was certified platinum for selling over one million copies."}, {"section_header": "Artistry", "text": "In order to fight the boy band stereotype and the backlash from New Kids on the Block's lip-sync scandal in the beginning, they would sing a cappella every chance they could get."}, {"section_header": "History | 2000\u201301: Black and Blue and The Hits \u2013 Chapter One", "text": "It was also certified platinum by IFPI for selling over one million copies in Europe."}, {"section_header": "History | 2006\u201311: Unbreakable and This Is Us", "text": "Richardson also performed with the group in the show's studio later that day, making it the second time he had performed with the group since his departure."}, {"section_header": "History | 1998\u201399: Millennium and superstardom", "text": "\"The One\". Millennium became the best-selling album of 1999 in the U.S., selling 9,445,732 copies."}], "text": "The Blackstreet Boys is the second in all time sells behind the New Kids on the Block.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Backstreet Boys"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Since You Went Away is a 1944 American drama film directed by John Cromwell for Selznick International Pictures and distributed by United Artists."}], "id": "RvGeWINkH3Ui5pBYmcs0", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Though famously sentimental in places, Since You Went Away is somber at times about the effects of war on ordinary people."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is an epic about the American home front during World War II that was adapted and produced by David O. Selznick from the 1943 novel Since You Went Away: Letters to a Soldier from His Wife by Margaret Buell Wilder."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Some characters on the homefront are dealing with grief, loneliness, or fear for the future."}, {"section_header": "Home media", "text": "Since You Went Away was released to DVD by MGM Home Video on October 19, 2004 in a Region 1"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Since You Went Away is a 1944 American drama film directed by John Cromwell for Selznick International Pictures and distributed by United Artists."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Bill quickly falls for Jane, who has a crush on Tony, who in turn has long been attracted to Anne."}, {"section_header": "Behind the scenes", "text": "Jones and Walker played young sweethearts in Since You Went Away, but in real life, they were married at the time and going through a bitter break-up due to Jones' ongoing affair with producer Selznick."}, {"section_header": "Behind the scenes", "text": "They divorced not long after the film was completed, and Jones later married Selznick after this affair ended his marriage to Irene Mayer Selznick."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "According to Bosley Crowther, Since You Went Away, Selznick's first screen production in four years, features a script with an \"excess of exhausting emotional detail\"; Crowther was impressed with the performances, but had issues with the film as a whole: As the mother and center of the family, Claudette Colbert gives an excellent show of gallantly self-contained emotion, and Jennifer Jones is surpassingly sweet as a well-bred American daughter in the first bloom of womanhood and love."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "They become engaged, but Bill convinces Jane to wait until after the war to get married."}], "text": "Since You Went Away is a long poem about dealing with war.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Since You Went Away"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "In 1991, the City of Tucson opened its central transit terminal on March 16 and dedicated it to Linda's grandfather, Federico Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Ronstadt, a local pioneer businessman; he was a wagon maker whose early contribution to the city's mobility included six mule-drawn streetcars delivered in 1903\u201304.Her mother Ruth Mary, of German, English, and Dutch ancestry, was raised in Flint, Michigan."}], "id": "RzkcrNa8lAepbcuMHTCN", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career overview | Beginning of professional career", "text": "Their repertoire included the music they grew up on \u2013 folk, country, bluegrass, and Mexican."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Touring", "text": "They toured with her for a short period in 1971 and played on Linda Ronstadt, her self-titled third album, from which the failed single, Ronstadt's version of Browne's \"Rock Me on the Water\", was drawn."}, {"section_header": "Awards | Golden Globe nomination", "text": "Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical or Comedy, Linda Ronstadt in The Pirates of Penzance"}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Linda Ronstadt's great-grandfather, graduate engineer"}, {"section_header": "Awards | Golden Globe nomination", "text": "1981 \u2013 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical, Linda Ronstadt in The Pirates of Penzance as \"Mabel\" 1983 \u2013"}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Canciones de Mi Padre", "text": "Linda Ronstadt's grandfather, and the songs she had learned, transcribed, and published were some of the ones he had brought with him from Sonora."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Collaborations with Peter Asher", "text": "Meanwhile, the album became Ronstadt's most successful up to that time, selling 300,000 copies by the end of 1974.Asher turned out to be more collaborative, and more on the same page with her musically, than any producer she had worked with previously."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | \"Trio\" recordings", "text": "In 1994, the three performers recorded a follow-up to Trio."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Return to roots music", "text": "This remains her most recent commercially available recording as lead vocalist."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Early influences", "text": "She credits her mother for her appreciation of Gilbert and Sullivan and her father for introducing her to the traditional pop and Great American Songbook repertoire that she would, in turn, help reintroduce to an entire generation."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "In 1991, the City of Tucson opened its central transit terminal on March 16 and dedicated it to Linda's grandfather, Federico Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Ronstadt, a local pioneer businessman; he was a wagon maker whose early contribution to the city's mobility included six mule-drawn streetcars delivered in 1903\u201304.Her mother Ruth Mary, of German, English, and Dutch ancestry, was raised in Flint, Michigan."}], "text": "Linda Ronstadt's mother grew up in a town where the water is polluted with lead, and other dangers.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Linda Ronstadt"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Aroostook War (sometimes called the Pork and Beans War) was a military and civilian-involved confrontation in 1838\u20131839 between the United States and the United Kingdom over the international boundary between the British colony of New Brunswick and the U.S. state of Maine."}], "id": "SCKwXRz5DNF1xER8t1At", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Disputed border", "text": "The Treaty of Paris (1783) ended the American Revolutionary War but did not clearly determine the boundary between British North America (Canada) and the United States."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Aroostook War (sometimes called the Pork and Beans War) was a military and civilian-involved confrontation in 1838\u20131839 between the United States and the United Kingdom over the international boundary between the British colony of New Brunswick and the U.S. state of Maine."}, {"section_header": "Disputed border", "text": "During the War of 1812, the British occupied most of eastern Maine, including Washington County, Hancock County, and parts of Penobscot County, Maine, for eight months, intending to permanently annex the region into British North America."}, {"section_header": "Posses, arrests, and the mobilization of militia", "text": "He added that he intended meanwhile to exercise his responsibilities to ensure British jurisdiction over the Aroostook, and he demanded removal from the region of all Maine forces."}, {"section_header": "Growing tensions", "text": "Disputes heated as factions maneuvered for control over the best stands of trees."}, {"section_header": "Disputed border", "text": "Massachusetts also retained an interest in the matter, as it retained ownership of half the public lands in Maine, including a large part of the disputed territory, as part of the separation."}, {"section_header": "Disputed border", "text": "The Treaty of Ghent ended the war in 1814 and reestablished the boundary line of the 1783 treaty."}, {"section_header": "Diplomatic settlement", "text": "In the aftermath of the crisis, the federal government assumed complete control over military matters."}, {"section_header": "Disputed border", "text": "The Commonwealth of Massachusetts thereafter began issuing land grants in its District of Maine, including areas which the British had already laid claim."}, {"section_header": "Posses, arrests, and the mobilization of militia", "text": "On 24 January 1839, the Maine Legislature authorized the newly elected Governor John Fairfield to send Maine's land agent, Rufus McIntire, the Penobscot County sheriff, and a posse of volunteer militia to the upper Aroostook to pursue and arrest the New Brunswickers."}], "text": "Aroostook War was a dispute over land in the Northeast of America.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Aroostook War"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Cast", "text": "The name Ariadne alludes to a princess of Greek myth, daughter of King Minos, who aided the hero Theseus by giving him a sword and a ball of string to help him navigate the labyrinth which was the prison of the Minotaur."}], "id": "SDXoleVfSjrQmVfRjAl4", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Themes | Reality and dreams", "text": "The dream is always in a state of production, and shifts across the levels as the characters navigate it."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Year-end and all-time lists", "text": "In 2019, Total Film named Inception the best film of the 2010s."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Several critics and scholars have noted the film has many striking similarities to the 2006 anime film Paprika by Satoshi Kon (and Yasutaka Tsutsui's 1993 novel of the same name), including plot similarities, similar scenes, and similar characters, arguing that Inception was influenced by Paprika."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "In an episode of The Simpsons, named  \"How I Wet Your Mother\", the plot spoofs Inception with various scenes parodying moments from the film."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Live's Mark Kermode named Inception as the best film of 2010, stating that \"Inception is proof that people are not stupid, that cinema is not trash, and that it is possible for blockbusters and art to be the same thing."}, {"section_header": "Themes | Dreams and cinema", "text": "As in the film's story, in a cinema one enters into the space of another's dream, in this case Nolan's, as with any work of art, one's reading of it is ultimately influenced by one's own subjective desires and subconscious."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "The song also name-checks DiCaprio in its lyrics."}, {"section_header": "Cast", "text": "Page said her character acts as a proxy to the audience, as \"she's just learning about these ideas and, in essence, assists the audience in learning about dream sharing\"."}, {"section_header": "Cinematic technique | Genre", "text": "The characters' relationships are created by their respective skills and roles."}, {"section_header": "Themes | Reality and dreams", "text": "However, according to one interpretation Nolan's world has more in common with the works of Gilles Deleuze and F\u00e9lix Guattari."}, {"section_header": "Cast", "text": "The name Ariadne alludes to a princess of Greek myth, daughter of King Minos, who aided the hero Theseus by giving him a sword and a ball of string to help him navigate the labyrinth which was the prison of the Minotaur."}], "text": "One of the characters in Inception is named after Asteria, a goddess of dreams.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Inception"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 7, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Thompson, although born in London, has stated she feels Scottish: \"not only because I am half Scottish but also because I've spent half my life here\"."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "She frequently returns to Scotland and visits Dunoon in Argyll and Bute, where she owns a home."}], "id": "SGrnYmQVKWWgmxKes5qD", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "She spent much time in Scotland during her childhood and often visited Ardentinny, where her grandparents and uncle lived."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dame Emma Thompson (born 15 April 1959) is a British actress, screenwriter, activist, author and comedian."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 2000s: Smaller roles", "text": "Mark Kermode said \"Emma Thompson is to some extent becoming the new Judi Dench, as the person who kind of comes in for 15 minutes and is brilliant ... [but then] when she goes away, the rest of the movie has a real problem living up to the wattage of her presence\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Thompson is married to actor Greg Wise, with whom she lives in London."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 1980s: Breaking through", "text": "\"I thought if I did the fucking \"Lambeth Walk\" one more time I was going to fucking throw up.\" At the end of 1985, she wrote and starred in her own one-off special for Channel 4, Emma Thompson: Up for Grabs."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 2010s: Veteran performer", "text": "In 2017, Thompson appeared as Mrs. Potts (played by Angela Lansbury in the 1991 animated film) in Disney's live-action adaptation of Beauty and the Beast, directed by Bill Condon and starring her Harry Potter co-star Emma Watson in the lead role."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Thompson was living alone as the relationship with Branagh deteriorated, and became clinically depressed."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 2000s: Smaller roles", "text": "Thompson was instrumental in bringing Mike Nichols to direct the project, and the pair spent months in rehearsal to get the complex character right."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Thompson, although born in London, has stated she feels Scottish: \"not only because I am half Scottish but also because I've spent half my life here\"."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The family lived in West Hampstead in north London, and Thompson was educated at Camden School for Girls."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "She frequently returns to Scotland and visits Dunoon in Argyll and Bute, where she owns a home."}], "text": "Emma Thompson identifies as British because she spent all her time there and has not lived elsewhere.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 8, "wikipedia_page": "Emma Thompson"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later congressional career (1830\u20131848) | Death", "text": "In mid-November 1846, the 78-year-old former president suffered a stroke that left him partially paralyzed."}, {"section_header": "Later congressional career (1830\u20131848) | Death", "text": "After a few months of rest, he made a full recovery and resumed his duties in Congress."}], "id": "SHzTVfzH1wvvs8vHC4Nv", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later congressional career (1830\u20131848) | Death", "text": "Immediately thereafter, Adams collapsed, having suffered a massive cerebral hemorrhage."}, {"section_header": "Later congressional career (1830\u20131848) | Death", "text": "In mid-November 1846, the 78-year-old former president suffered a stroke that left him partially paralyzed."}, {"section_header": "Early political career (1793\u20131817) | Treaty of Ghent and ambassador to Britain", "text": "Having spent several years in Europe, Adams returned to the United States in August 1817."}, {"section_header": "Later congressional career (1830\u20131848) | Anti-slavery movement", "text": "Adams went before the Supreme Court on behalf of African slaves who had revolted and seized the Spanish ship Amistad."}, {"section_header": "Early political career (1793\u20131817) | Early diplomatic career and marriage", "text": "In 1799, Adams negotiated a new trade agreement between the United States and Prussia, though he was never able to complete an agreement with Sweden."}, {"section_header": "Early life, education, and early career", "text": "Though Adams enjoyed Europe, he and his family decided he needed to return to the United States to complete his education and eventually launch a political career."}, {"section_header": "Later congressional career (1830\u20131848) | Opposition to the Mexican-American War, 1844\u20131848", "text": "Polk deployed a military detachment led by General Zachary Taylor to back up his assertion that the Rio Grande constituted the Southern border of both Texas and the United States."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1825\u20131829) | 1828 presidential election", "text": "In early 1827, Jackson was publicly accused of having encouraged his wife, Rachel, to desert her first husband."}, {"section_header": "Later congressional career (1830\u20131848) | Jackson administration, 1830\u20131836", "text": "His election went against the generally held opinion, shared by his own wife and youngest son, that former presidents should not run for public office."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1825\u20131829) | Domestic affairs | Ambitious agenda", "text": "Though many of these projects were undertaken by private actors, the government often provided money or land to aid the completion of such projects."}, {"section_header": "Later congressional career (1830\u20131848) | Death", "text": "After a few months of rest, he made a full recovery and resumed his duties in Congress."}], "text": "Adams did have a stroke but had a complete comeback from it and went back to work.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "John Quincy Adams"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ada E. Yonath (Hebrew: \u05e2\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea\u200e, pronounced [\u02c8ada jo\u02c8nat]) (born 22 June 1939) is an Israeli crystallographer best known for her pioneering work on the structure of the ribosome."}], "id": "SJTbRwV2UKrtfSUrbhE5", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Scientific career", "text": "She was visiting professor at the University of Chicago in 1977\u201378."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ada E. Yonath (Hebrew: \u05e2\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea\u200e, pronounced [\u02c8ada jo\u02c8nat]) (born 22 June 1939) is an Israeli crystallographer best known for her pioneering work on the structure of the ribosome."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "On Saturday, 18 October 2014, Professor Yonath was named an ordinary member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences by Pope Francis."}, {"section_header": "Scientific career", "text": "Yonath accepted postdoctoral positions at Carnegie Mellon University (1969) and MIT (1970)."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "In 2006, The EMET Prize for Art, Science and Culture in Life Sciences, along with Professor Peretz Lavie (Medicine) and Professor Eli Keshet (Biology) In 2007, Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize along with Harry Noller"}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "In 2010, Wilhelm Exner Medal In 2011, Marie Curie Medal awarded by the Polish Chemical Society In 2015, she was awarded Honorary Doctorates from the De La Salle University, Manila/Philippines; the Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble/France; the Medical University of Lodz, Lodz/Poland; and the University of Warwick, UK."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "In 2018, she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from Carnegie Mellon University"}, {"section_header": "Scientific career", "text": "Nobel Prize winner William N. Lipscomb, Jr. of Harvard University where she was inspired to pursue very large structures."}, {"section_header": "Biography", "text": "She returned to Jerusalem for college, graduating from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem with a bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1962, and a master's degree in biochemistry in 1964."}, {"section_header": "Biography", "text": "Yonath (n\u00e9e Lifshitz) was born in the Geula quarter of Jerusalem."}], "text": "Ada Yonath is a professor at the University of Chicago where she teaches the anatomy of gemstones and crystals.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Ada Yonath"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "They have over a million described species, making up more than 80 percent of all described living animal species, some of which, unlike most other animals, are very successful in dry environments."}], "id": "SJixdnRr2EoLraX2kT0C", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The term Arthropoda as originally proposed refers to a proposed grouping of Euarthropods and the phylum Onychophora."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "The designation \"Arthropoda\" was coined in 1848 by the German physiologist and zoologist Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold (1804\u20131885)."}, {"section_header": "Classification", "text": "The phylum is sometimes called Arthropoda, but strictly this term denotes a (putative - see Tactopoda) clade that also encompasses the phylum Onychophora."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "They have over a million described species, making up more than 80 percent of all described living animal species, some of which, unlike most other animals, are very successful in dry environments."}], "text": "60% of the Earth's fauna are Arthropoda.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Arthropoda"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography", "text": "Her parents, Hillel and Esther Lifshitz, were Zionist Jews who immigrated to Palestine from Zdu\u0144ska Wola, Poland in 1933 before the establishment of Israel."}], "id": "STGb6QFVPyMRVDDqNzWd", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ada E. Yonath (Hebrew: \u05e2\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea\u200e, pronounced [\u02c8ada jo\u02c8nat]) (born 22 June 1939) is an Israeli crystallographer best known for her pioneering work on the structure of the ribosome."}, {"section_header": "Biography", "text": "Her father was a rabbi and came from a rabbinical family."}, {"section_header": "Biography", "text": "Yonath was accepted to Tichon Hadash high school although her mother could not pay the tuition."}, {"section_header": "Biography", "text": "When her father died at the age of 42, the family moved to Tel Aviv."}, {"section_header": "Biography", "text": "Her parents, Hillel and Esther Lifshitz, were Zionist Jews who immigrated to Palestine from Zdu\u0144ska Wola, Poland in 1933 before the establishment of Israel."}], "text": "Ada Yonath's mother and father were from Palestine.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Ada Yonath"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The left-handed hitting Gwynn won eight batting titles in his career, tied for the most in National League (NL) history."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Anthony Keith Gwynn Sr. (May 9, 1960 \u2013 June 16, 2014), nicknamed \"Mr. Padre\", was an American professional baseball right fielder, who played 20 seasons (1982\u20132001) in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres."}], "id": "SUQvSzSmnZige5BlMIH1", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1990\u20131992", "text": "my whole career, playing the same way."}, {"section_header": "Post-baseball honors", "text": "At the 2016 All-Star Game in San Diego, MLB announced that the annual winner of the NL batting title would be known henceforth as the \"Tony Gwynn National League Batting Champion\"."}, {"section_header": "High school career", "text": "He also went unselected in the 1977 MLB draft, which Gwynn attributed to his limited playing time."}, {"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1990\u20131992", "text": "Gwynn countered, \"I've been doing the same things"}, {"section_header": "Player profile", "text": "Still, the Padres were the last MLB team to hire a video coordinator."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Both Chris and Tony Jr. played with the Padres during their careers."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "When he began the practice in 1983, MLB teams were years away from using video for scouting."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Only 17 MLB players have played at least 20 seasons with one club."}, {"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1990\u20131992", "text": "He sprained the medial collateral ligament in his left knee in the same game, and played just four more innings the rest of the season."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Only four players in MLB history had 300 steals and a career batting average of at least .338; Gwynn was the only one of the four to have played since 1928."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The left-handed hitting Gwynn won eight batting titles in his career, tied for the most in National League (NL) history."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Anthony Keith Gwynn Sr. (May 9, 1960 \u2013 June 16, 2014), nicknamed \"Mr. Padre\", was an American professional baseball right fielder, who played 20 seasons (1982\u20132001) in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres."}], "text": "Tony Gwynn played for the same NL team his whole MLB career.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Tony Gwynn"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Winesburg, Ohio (full title: Winesburg, Ohio: A Group of Tales of Ohio Small-Town Life) is a 1919 short story cycle by the American author Sherwood Anderson."}], "id": "SjNoM6aFDis6eWTj9ril", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1998, the Modern Library ranked Winesburg, Ohio 24th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Winesburg, Ohio (full title: Winesburg, Ohio: A Group of Tales of Ohio Small-Town Life) is a 1919 short story cycle by the American author Sherwood Anderson."}, {"section_header": "Genre", "text": "Promoted to younger writers by Anderson himself, Winesburg, Ohio has served as a representative early example of the modern short story cycle in American letters."}, {"section_header": "Literary significance and criticism", "text": "\" Throughout that decade, however, the author and his most popular book were the subject of a \"...re-examination, if only as a neglected literary ancestor of the moderns.\" Into the 1960s and beyond, this \"re-examination\" became a \"reevaluation\" by critics who today generally consider Winesburg, Ohio a modern classic."}, {"section_header": "The stories", "text": "The cycle consists of twenty-two short stories, one of which consists of four parts: The Book of the Grotesque Hands\u2014concerning Wing Biddlebaum"}, {"section_header": "Setting", "text": "In actuality, Anderson had been using Winesburg, Ohio, as a base for Talbot Whittingham, the protagonist of an unfinished novel he had been writing on-and-off for several years prior to the composition of the Winesburg stories."}, {"section_header": "Literary sources", "text": "Because Sherwood Anderson was so ambiguous about what directly influenced him, it is difficult to say that any specific writer or work inspired him to write Winesburg, Ohio as a whole."}, {"section_header": "Setting", "text": "It is widely acknowledged that the fictional model of the book's town, Winesburg, is based on Sherwood Anderson's boyhood memories of Clyde, Ohio, where Anderson lived between the ages of eight and nineteen (1884\u20131896), and not the actual town of Winesburg, Ohio."}, {"section_header": "Genre", "text": "Instead, it is typically placed \"... midway between the novel proper and the mere collection of stories,\" known as the short story cycle."}, {"section_header": "Literary sources", "text": "Finally, the regional focus on the Midwest has been linked to the writing of Mark Twain, particularly The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and while Anderson read and revered Twain, the connection between Twain and Winesburg, Ohio has largely been made by scholars seeking to place the book within the canon of American literature, not necessarily by the author."}], "text": "Winesburg, Ohio is a 1929 short story cycle by the American author Sherwood Anderson ranked Winesburg, and in 1998, Modern Library ranked Winesburg, Ohio 24th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Winesburg, Ohio"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Death", "text": "He died of respiratory failure, pneumonia and throat cancer on June 3, 2001, in Boston, at age 86.His funeral was held in the First Baptist Church in America in College Hill, Providence, Rhode Island."}], "id": "SkiFxkcR27N1h2U4OwuM", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Death", "text": "Quinn spent his last years in Bristol, Rhode Island."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "He is buried in a family plot in Bristol, Rhode Island."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "He died of respiratory failure, pneumonia and throat cancer on June 3, 2001, in Boston, at age 86.His funeral was held in the First Baptist Church in America in College Hill, Providence, Rhode Island."}, {"section_header": "Tributes and legacy", "text": "There is an Anthony Quinn Bay and Beach in Rhodes, Greece, just 2.7 miles (4.3 km) south of the village of Faliraki (aka Falirakion or Falir\u00e1kion)."}, {"section_header": "Tributes and legacy", "text": "Quinn bought the land during the filming of The Guns of Navarone in Rhodes; however, it was reclaimed by the Greek government in 1984 due to a change in property law."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "The video was filmed at the abandoned Islander Drive-In Theater in Key West, Florida."}, {"section_header": "Civil rights activism", "text": "In 1969, he visited with Native American student activists occupying Alcatraz Island in protest, promising to offer assistance."}, {"section_header": "Tributes and legacy", "text": "His widow, Katherine Benvin Quinn, established the Anthony Quinn Foundation which advocates the importance of arts in education."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "They had three children: Francesco Quinn (March 22, 1963 \u2013 August 5, 2011), Danny Quinn (born April 16, 1964), and Lorenzo Quinn (born May 7,"}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "By the 1990s, Quinn then had two children with his secretary, Katherine Benvin; daughter Antonia Patricia Rose Quinn (born July 23, 1993) and son Ryan Nicholas Quinn (born July 5, 1996)."}], "text": "Quinn passed away in Rhode Island.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Anthony Quinn"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He filled his time playing mostly basketball, which was his favorite sport."}], "id": "SlZBSrG6Duc8uxTL2MHh", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Player profile", "text": "Gwynn possessed a cheerful personality, being friendly towards others while being critical of himself."}, {"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1990\u20131992", "text": "\"It just involved one great guy, and that's Tony Gwynn, and anything they want to say about Tony Gwynn is going to be news."}, {"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1993\u20131997", "text": "Gwynn eventually concluded, \"No, I like it here, I should stay.\" He contemplated leaving baseball after his father's death; however, he recalled his father always telling him to \"never be a quitter, work hard\"."}, {"section_header": "Player profile", "text": "He preferred an outside pitch, waiting as long as possible and using his strong wrists to quickly hit the ball."}, {"section_header": "Post-baseball honors", "text": "At Moores's request, the stadium was renamed Tony Gwynn Stadium."}, {"section_header": "Post-baseball honors", "text": "The address of Petco Park is 19 Tony Gwynn Drive."}, {"section_header": "Publications", "text": "Gwynn, Tony; Geschke, Jim (1986)."}, {"section_header": "Publications", "text": "Gwynn, Tony; Vaughan, Roger (1998)."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Gwynn transcended sports and became a civic icon."}, {"section_header": "Publications", "text": "Tony!. Tony!. Contemporary Books. ISBN 0"}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He filled his time playing mostly basketball, which was his favorite sport."}], "text": "Tony Gwynn always had a knack for Baseball, and preferred it to other sports.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Tony Gwynn"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Buckingham Palace became the London residence of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837."}, {"section_header": "History | Site", "text": "In the Middle Ages, the site of the future palace formed part of the Manor of Ebury (also called Eia)."}], "id": "Slco00KytndFShY1XKfa", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Site", "text": "In 1531, Henry VIII acquired the Hospital of St James, which became St James's Palace, from Eton College, and in 1536 he took the Manor of Ebury from Westminster Abbey."}, {"section_header": "History | Site", "text": "In the Middle Ages, the site of the future palace formed part of the Manor of Ebury (also called Eia)."}, {"section_header": "Home of the monarch", "text": "Before Prince Albert's death, the palace was frequently the scene of musical entertainments, and the most celebrated contemporary musicians entertained at Buckingham Palace."}, {"section_header": "Home of the monarch", "text": "Buckingham Palace finally became the principal royal residence in 1837, on the accession of Queen Victoria, who was the first monarch to reside there; her predecessor William IV had died before its completion."}, {"section_header": "Home of the monarch | Court ceremonies | State banquets", "text": "The largest and most formal reception at Buckingham Palace takes place every November when the Queen entertains members of the diplomatic corps."}, {"section_header": "Home of the monarch | Former ceremonial at the Palace | Court presentation of d\u00e9butantes", "text": "These occasions, known as \"coming out\", took place at the palace from the reign of Edward VII."}, {"section_header": "History | First houses on the site | Buckingham House", "text": "The house which forms the architectural core of the palace was built for the first Duke of Buckingham and Normanby in 1703 to the design of William Winde."}, {"section_header": "History | First houses on the site | Goring House", "text": "Unbeknown to Goring, in 1640 the document \"failed to pass the Great Seal before King Charles I fled London, which it needed to do for legal execution\"."}, {"section_header": "Home of the monarch | Court ceremonies | Other ceremonies and functions", "text": "Since the bombing of the palace chapel in World War II, royal christenings have sometimes taken place in the Music Room."}, {"section_header": "History | First houses on the site | Buckingham House", "text": "Buckingham House was eventually sold by Buckingham's illegitimate son, Sir Charles Sheffield, in 1761 to George III for \u00a321,000."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Buckingham Palace became the London residence of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837."}], "text": "Buckingham Palace is a place for a potentate and was the Manor of Ebury before 1531.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Buckingham Palace"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "In 1965, Quinn and DeMille divorced because of his affair with Italian costume designer Jolanda Addolori, whom he married in 1966."}], "id": "SmMnuX7cafKWwXAhxcB8", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Quinn's first wife was the adopted daughter of Cecil B. DeMille, actress Katherine DeMille; they wed in 1937."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "In 1965, Quinn and DeMille divorced because of his affair with Italian costume designer Jolanda Addolori, whom he married in 1966."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1987, he was presented with the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Lifetime Achievement Award."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "He then married Benvin in December 1997 and remained married until his death, in June 2001."}, {"section_header": "Tributes and legacy", "text": "His widow, Katherine Benvin Quinn, established the Anthony Quinn Foundation which advocates the importance of arts in education."}, {"section_header": "Tributes and legacy", "text": "On January 5, 1982, the Belvedere County Public Library in East Los Angeles was renamed in honor of Anthony Quinn."}, {"section_header": "Tributes and legacy", "text": "Since 2002, the National Council of La Raza has given the Anthony Quinn Award for Excellence in Motion Pictures as an ALMA Award."}, {"section_header": "Tributes and legacy", "text": "In 1984, artist Eloy Torrez produced a 70-foot high portrait mural of Quinn titled both Anthony Quinn and The Pope of Broadway in Los Angeles."}, {"section_header": "Tributes and legacy", "text": "There is an Anthony Quinn Bay and Beach in Rhodes, Greece, just 2.7 miles (4.3 km) south of the village of Faliraki (aka Falirakion or Falir\u00e1kion)."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "In Quinn's autobiography, The Original Sin: A Self-portrait by Anthony Quinn, he denied being the son of an \"Irish adventurer\" and attributed that tale to Hollywood publicists."}], "text": "Anthony Quinn and Cecil DeMille were married for fifteen years.l", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 8, "wikipedia_page": "Anthony Quinn"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 9, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The original pale stone is no longer available in sufficient quantity, and replacement stones are increasingly darker in hue."}], "id": "Sq5d0CYqTB6UBnSz1s0X", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The original pale stone is no longer available in sufficient quantity, and replacement stones are increasingly darker in hue."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "In 1889, the country became a republic, and due to the separation of church and state, the proposed statue was dismissed."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The Rio de Janeiro state government initiated a restoration effort to replace some of the outer soapstone layers and repair the lightning rods on the statue."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "In 1990, several organizations, including the Archdiocese of Rio de Janeiro, media company Grupo Globo,"}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "Maintenance work needs to be conducted periodically due to the strong winds and erosion to which the statue is exposed, as well as lightning strikes."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The restoration involved one hundred people and used more than 60,000 pieces of stone taken from the same quarry as the original statue."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Vandals attacked the statue during renovation, spraying paint along the arm."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Lightning struck the statue during a violent thunderstorm on February 10, 2008, causing some damage to the fingers, head and eyebrows."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "In April 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the statue in Rio de Janeiro was illuminated as a doctor in tribute to the health workers."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "During the unveiling of the restored statue, it was illuminated with green-and-yellow lighting in support of the Brazil national football team playing in the 2010 FIFA World Cup."}], "text": "The statue has stones of several different shades now due to the availability of the lighter variety during resoration efforts.", "total_likes": 5, "total_votes": 9, "wikipedia_page": "Christ the Redeemer (statue)"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Ziegfeld girl and Broadway success", "text": "In 1923, a few months before her 16th birthday, Ruby auditioned for a place in the chorus at the Strand Roof, a nightclub over the Strand Theatre in Times Square."}], "id": "Sv3wl978yiNyqAnTUFNZ", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life | Marriages and relationships", "text": "A botched abortion at the age of 15 had resulted in complications which left Stanwyck unable to have children, according to her biographer."}, {"section_header": "Ziegfeld girl and Broadway success", "text": "She became a picture star. She is Barbara Stanwyck."}, {"section_header": "Ziegfeld girl and Broadway success", "text": "Mack agreed, and after a successful audition gave the part to Ruby."}, {"section_header": "Television career", "text": "The Barbara Stanwyck Show was not a ratings success, but it earned her an Emmy Award."}, {"section_header": "Ziegfeld girl and Broadway success", "text": "At the suggestion of David Belasco, Ruby changed her name to Barbara Stanwyck by combining the first name from the play Barbara Frietchie with the last name of the actress in the play, Jane Stanwyck; both were found on a 1906 theater program."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Described as one of the ultimate portrayals of villainy, it is widely thought that Stanwyck should have won the Academy Award for Best Actress rather than being just nominated."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "When Mildred got a job as a showgirl, Ruby and Byron were placed in a series of foster homes (as many as four in a year), from which young Ruby often ran away."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After she moved into television in the 1960s, she won three Emmy Awards \u2013 for The Barbara Stanwyck Show (1961), the western series"}, {"section_header": "Television career", "text": "She was billed in the series' opening credits as \"Miss Barbara Stanwyck\" for her role as Victoria, the widowed matriarch of the wealthy Barkley family."}, {"section_header": "Film career", "text": "Stanwyck was also the vulnerable, invalid wife that overhears her own murder being plotted in Sorry, Wrong Number (1948) and the doomed concert pianist in The Other Love (1947)."}, {"section_header": "Ziegfeld girl and Broadway success", "text": "In 1923, a few months before her 16th birthday, Ruby auditioned for a place in the chorus at the Strand Roof, a nightclub over the Strand Theatre in Times Square."}], "text": "Barbara Stanwyck was only 15 when she auditioned to be a showgirl.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Barbara Stanwyck"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Accounts | Danish sources", "text": "The Chronicon Roskildense (c. 1138) mentions Lodbrok (Lothpardus) as father to the utterly cruel Norse King Ywar (rex crudelissimus Normannorum Ywar) and his brothers, Inguar (a double of Ywar), Ubbi, Byorn and Ulf, who rule the northern peoples."}], "id": "SwI5icPwW6M2wwLzYWLk", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Accounts | Later continental accounts", "text": "At a time it happened that King Lodbrok succeeded his unnamed father on the Danish throne."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "According to the sagas Ragnarssona \u00fe\u00e1ttr and S\u00f6gubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum, Ragnar Lodbrok's father was the legendary king of the Swedes, Sigurd Ring."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | The Icelandic Sagas", "text": "According to the Saga of Ragnar Lodbrok, Tale of Ragnar's sons, Heimskringla, Hervarar Saga, S\u00f6gubrot, and many other Icelandic sources, Ragnar was the son of the Swedish king Sigurd Ring."}, {"section_header": "Ragnar's sons", "text": "According to the sagas Sigurd became King of Zealand, Sk\u00e5ne and the lesser Danish Isles."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ragnar Lodbrok or Lothbrok (Old Norse: Ragnarr Lo\u00f0br\u00f3k, \"Ragnar shaggy breeches\", Modern Icelandic: Ragnar Lo\u00f0br\u00f3k) is a historically dubious legendary Viking hero, as well as, according to the Gesta Danorum, a legendary Danish and Swedish king."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "According to the traditional literature, Ragnar Lodbrok distinguished himself by many raids against the British Isles and the Holy Roman Empire during the 9th century."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | Later continental accounts", "text": "According to William, the Danish kings of old had the custom to expel the younger sons from the kingdom to have them out of the way."}, {"section_header": "Ragnar's sons", "text": "According to late sagas Bj\u00f6rn Ironside became King of Sweden and Uppsala, although this presents chronological inconsistencies."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | Danish sources", "text": "The Chronicon Roskildense (c. 1138) mentions Lodbrok (Lothpardus) as father to the utterly cruel Norse King Ywar (rex crudelissimus Normannorum Ywar) and his brothers, Inguar (a double of Ywar), Ubbi, Byorn and Ulf, who rule the northern peoples."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | Anglo-Saxon and Irish accounts of the father of Ivar and Halfdan", "text": "that \"they say that the three sisters of Hingwar and Hubba, daughters of Lodebroch (Lodbrok), wove that flag and got it ready in one day."}], "text": "According to some authors, Lodbrok was the father to King Edward.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Ragnar Lodbrok"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Tourism", "text": "Pompeii has been a popular tourist destination for over 250 years; it was on the Grand Tour."}], "id": "SxKgniaEAh7qmJXubWSa", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Rediscovery and excavations", "text": "Due to the spectacular quality of the finds, the Spanish military engineer Rocque Joaquin de Alcubierre made excavations to find further remains at the site of Pompeii in 1748, even if the city was not identified."}, {"section_header": "History | Conservation", "text": "The concern for conservation has continually troubled archaeologists."}, {"section_header": "History | Eruption of Vesuvius", "text": "His uncle, Pliny the Elder, with whom he had a close relationship, died while attempting to rescue stranded victims."}, {"section_header": "History | The Roman period | AD 62\u201379", "text": "An important field of current research concerns structures that were restored between the earthquake of 62 and the eruption."}, {"section_header": "Roman city development | Erotic art", "text": "Re-opened, closed, re-opened again and then closed again for nearly 100 years, the Naples \"Secret Museum\" was briefly made accessible again at the end of the 1960s (the time of the sexual revolution) and was finally re-opened for viewing in 2000."}, {"section_header": "History | Conservation", "text": "Today, funding is mostly directed into conservation of the site; however, due to the expanse of Pompeii and the scale of the problems, this is inadequate in halting the slow decay of the materials."}, {"section_header": "Roman city development", "text": "Carbonised food plant remains, roots, seeds and pollens, have been found from gardens in Pompeii, Herculaneum, and from the Roman villa at Torre Annunziata."}, {"section_header": "History | Rediscovery and excavations", "text": "The area became known as the La Civita (the city) due to the features in the ground."}, {"section_header": "Roman city development", "text": "New public buildings include the amphitheatre with palaestra or gymnasium with a central natatorium (cella natatoria) or swimming pool, two theatres, the Eumachia Building and at least four public baths."}, {"section_header": "History | The Samnite period", "text": "Pompeii, although governed by the Samnites, entered the Roman orbit, to which it remained faithful even during the third Samnite war and in the war against Pyrrhus."}, {"section_header": "Tourism", "text": "Pompeii has been a popular tourist destination for over 250 years; it was on the Grand Tour."}], "text": "Pompeii remains closed to the public due to safety concerns.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Pompeii"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Launch in 2008", "text": "The Spotify app was launched on 7 October 2008."}], "id": "T3iMa1gU2ZIRQ0uZB3H7", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Geographic availability", "text": "However, based on complaints from users who reside in overseas or dependent territories that are part of sovereign states where Spotify is available, it is often impossible to buy premium membership there or download the app from Google Play, as opposed to App Store."}, {"section_header": "Geographic availability", "text": "Spotify is available in 92 countries."}, {"section_header": "Business model | Downloads", "text": "The ability to purchase and download music tracks via the app was removed on 4 January 2013."}, {"section_header": "Business model | Downloads", "text": "Advertiser Pages are a \"microsite seamlessly integrated into the Spotify player\", that can \"contain practically any content you'd find on a webpage, including videos, clickable images, blogs, news, links, and comments.\" In March 2009, Spotify began offering music downloads in the United Kingdom, France, and Spain."}, {"section_header": "Business model | Monetization", "text": "In 2007, just after launch, the company made a loss of 31.8 million Swedish kronor ($4.4 million).In October 2010, Wired reported that Spotify was making more money for labels in Sweden than any other retailer \"online or off\"."}, {"section_header": "Platforms", "text": "Spotify has a web player, for those who are unable to \u2013 or do not want to \u2013 download any app."}, {"section_header": "History | Other developments | Company partnerships", "text": "The podcasts are available for all Spotify Free and Premium users."}, {"section_header": "Platforms", "text": "Unlike the apps, the web player does not have the ability to download music for offline listening."}, {"section_header": "Platforms | Technical information", "text": "This feature is available only for Premium subscribers."}, {"section_header": "Business model | Downloads", "text": "Users could purchase tracks from Spotify, which partnered with 7digital to incorporate the feature."}, {"section_header": "History | Launch in 2008", "text": "The Spotify app was launched on 7 October 2008."}], "text": "Spotify was available for download in 2007.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 8, "wikipedia_page": "Spotify"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "Some corporations founded during the early colonial era still keep this name, including Hongkong Land, Hongkong Electric Company, Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC)."}], "id": "T6LjkWXWPDHST2hZ8ywQ", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "The name was also commonly written as the single word Hongkong until 1926, when the government officially adopted the two-word name."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "The simplified name Hong Kong was frequently used by 1810."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "Some corporations founded during the early colonial era still keep this name, including Hongkong Land, Hongkong Electric Company, Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC)."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "Chinese companies have expanded their economic presence in the territory since the transfer of sovereignty."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics", "text": "Under these terms and the \"one country, two systems\" principle, the Basic Law of Hong Kong is the regional constitution."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "The name of the territory, first romanised as \"He-Ong-Kong\" in 1780, originally referred to a small inlet located between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The protests continued into December, possibly becoming the largest-scale political protest movement in Hong Kong history, with organisers claiming to have attracted more than one million Hong Kong residents."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "As a special administrative region, Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under a principle of \"one country, two"}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "The name translates as \"fragrant harbour\" or \"incense harbour\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "With over 7.5 million people of various nationalities in a 1,104-square-kilometre (426 sq mi) territory, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world."}], "text": "Hong Kong spelled as one word is a component of some company names.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Hong Kong"}
{"category": "NOCAT", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "Lotario de ' Conti was born in Gavignano, Italy, near Anagni."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "His father Count Trasimund of Segni was a member of a famous house, Conti di Segni (Earl of Segni), which produced nine popes including Gregory IX, Alexander IV and Innocent XIII."}], "id": "T6oYHymEH7O9uEiEt2IW", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Feudal power over Europe", "text": "Innocent III played further roles in the politics of Norway, France, Sweden, Bulgaria, Spain and England."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Involvement in Imperial elections", "text": "It is the business of the pope to look after the interests of the Roman empire, since the empire derives its origin and its final authority from the papacy; its origin, because it was originally transferred from Greece by and for the sake of the papacy; ... its final authority, because the emperor is raised to his position by the pope who blesses him, crowns him and invests him with the empire. ... Therefore, since three persons have lately been elected king by different parties, namely the youth [Frederick, son of Henry VI], Philip [of Hohenstaufen, brother of Henry VI], and Otto [of Brunswick, of the Welf family], so also three things must be taken into account in regard to each one, namely: the legality, the suitability and the expediency of his election."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Innocent greatly extended the scope of the Crusades, directing crusades against Muslim Spain and the Holy Land as well as the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars in southern France."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "Lotario de ' Conti was born in Gavignano, Italy, near Anagni."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "His father Count Trasimund of Segni was a member of a famous house, Conti di Segni (Earl of Segni), which produced nine popes including Gregory IX, Alexander IV and Innocent XIII."}], "text": "Pope Innocent III was from Spain originally.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Pope Innocent III"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Marvin Lee Aday was born in Dallas, Texas, the only child of Wilma Artie (n\u00e9e Hukel), a school teacher and a member of the Vo-di-o-do Girls gospel quartet, and Orvis Wesley Aday, a former police officer who went into business with his wife and one of their friends as the Griffin Grocery Company, selling a homemade cough remedy."}], "id": "TNEyLCiGoJjCfiNM8fqW", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Music career | The Very Best of Meat Loaf", "text": "In 1998, Meat Loaf released The Very Best of Meat Loaf."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Stoney & Meat Loaf", "text": "With the publicity generated from Hair, Meat Loaf was invited to record with Motown."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Stoney & Meat Loaf", "text": "In December 1972, Meat Loaf was in the original off-Broadway production of Rainbow at the Orpheum Theatre in New York."}, {"section_header": "Music career | The Very Best of Meat Loaf", "text": "The single version of this song is a duet with Patti Russo, whereas the album version is a solo song by Meat Loaf."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Stoney & Meat Loaf", "text": "The Motown production team in charge of the album wrote and selected the songs while Meat Loaf and Stoney came in only to lay down their vocals."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Stoney & Meat Loaf", "text": "The album, titled Stoney & Meatloaf (with Meat Loaf misspelled as one word) was completed in the summer of 1971 and released in September of that year."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Stoney & Meat Loaf", "text": "Meat Loaf left soon after Motown replaced his and Stoney's vocals from the one song he liked, \"Who Is the Leader of the People?\" with new vocals by Edwin Starr."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Stoney & Meat Loaf", "text": "To support their album, Meat Loaf and Stoney toured with Jake Wade and the Soul Searchers, opening for Richie Havens, the Who, the Stooges, Bob Seger, Alice Cooper, and Rare Earth."}, {"section_header": "In media", "text": "Meat Loaf appeared, credited as Meat Loaf"}, {"section_header": "In media", "text": "Meat Loaf appeared, credited as Meat Loaf"}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Marvin Lee Aday was born in Dallas, Texas, the only child of Wilma Artie (n\u00e9e Hukel), a school teacher and a member of the Vo-di-o-do Girls gospel quartet, and Orvis Wesley Aday, a former police officer who went into business with his wife and one of their friends as the Griffin Grocery Company, selling a homemade cough remedy."}], "text": "Meat Loaf is Texan.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Meat Loaf"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Two main forms of isomerism are structural isomerism (or constitutional isomerism, in which bonds differ) and stereoisomerism (or spatial isomerism, in which the orientations of atoms differ)."}], "id": "TTCalndp61xQ1iDxg3BP", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Other types of isomerism", "text": "Other types of isomerism exist."}, {"section_header": "Other types of isomerism", "text": "There are also isotopomers or isotopic isomers that have the same numbers of each type of isotopic substitution but in chemically different positions."}, {"section_header": "Stereoisomers", "text": "If possible, E and Z (written in italic type) is also preferred in compounds with two substituents."}, {"section_header": "Medicinal chemistry", "text": "Synthesis of fumaric acidIndustrial synthesis of fumaric acid proceeds via the cis-trans isomerization of maleic acid: Isomers having distinct biological properties are common; for example, the placement of methyl groups."}, {"section_header": "Structural isomers | Example: propadiene and propyne", "text": "Propadiene (or allene) and propyne (or methylacetylene) are examples of isomers containing different bond types."}, {"section_header": "Structural isomers | Example: propanols and methoxyethane", "text": "A simple example of isomerism is given by propanol: It has the formula C3H8O (or C3H7OH) and occurs as two isomers: propan-1-ol (n-propyl alcohol; I) and propan-2-ol (isopropyl alcohol; II) These two molecules are position isomers of each other, because the position of the hydroxy group differs between the two: It is attached to an end carbon in the first isomer, and to the center carbon in the second."}, {"section_header": "Structural isomers | Tautomers", "text": "Tautomers are structural isomers which readily interconvert, so that two or more species co-exist in equilibria such as H\u2013"}, {"section_header": "Structural isomers | Example: propanols and methoxyethane", "text": "Unlike the isomers of propanol, methoxyethane has an oxygen connected to two carbons rather than to one carbon and one hydrogen."}, {"section_header": "Stereoisomers", "text": "Another type of isomer, conformational isomers (conformers), may be rotamers, diastereomers, or enantiomers depending on the compound."}, {"section_header": "Other types of isomerism", "text": "Spin isomers have differing distributions of spin among their constituent atoms."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Two main forms of isomerism are structural isomerism (or constitutional isomerism, in which bonds differ) and stereoisomerism (or spatial isomerism, in which the orientations of atoms differ)."}], "text": "Isomers have two primary types.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Isomer"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "It has received mixed to negative reviews, with most critics noting poor literary qualities of the work."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "There, Christian informs her that the second contract will be one of dominance and submission, and there will be no romantic relationship, only a sexual one."}], "id": "TVzcAes7qTJUib0knHnE", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2011 erotic romance novel by British author E. L. James."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "It has received mixed to negative reviews, with most critics noting poor literary qualities of the work."}, {"section_header": "Background and publication", "text": "The first, titled Fifty Shades of Grey, was released as an e-book and a print on demand paperback in May 2011 by The Writers' Coffee Shop, a virtual publisher based in Australia."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It became the first instalment in the Fifty Shades novel series that follows the deepening relationship between a college graduate, Anastasia Steele, and a young business magnate, Christian Grey."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "\" British author Jenny Colgan in The Guardian wrote \"It is jolly, eminently readable and as sweet and safe as BDSM (bondage, discipline, sadism and masochism) erotica can be without contravening the trade descriptions act\" and also praised the book for being \"more enjoyable\" than other \"literary erotic books\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A version of the novel from Christian's point of view, Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian, was published in June 2015 as the fourth book."}, {"section_header": "Background and publication", "text": "The second volume, Fifty Shades Darker, was released in September 2011; and the third, Fifty Shades Freed, followed in January 2012."}, {"section_header": "Background and publication", "text": "Many other erotic works quickly became best-sellers following Fifty Shades' success, while other popular works, such as Anne Rice's The Sleeping Beauty trilogy, have been reissued (this time without pseudonyms) to meet the higher demand."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "In that same month, Publishers Weekly named E. L. James the 'Publishing Person of the Year', a decision whose criticism in the LA Times and the New York Daily News was referred to by and summarised in The Christian Science Monitor."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Earlier, in April 2012, when E. L. James was listed as one of Time magazine's \"100 Most Influential People in the World\", Richard Lawson of The Atlantic Wire criticised her inclusion due to the trilogy's fan fiction beginnings."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "There, Christian informs her that the second contract will be one of dominance and submission, and there will be no romantic relationship, only a sexual one."}], "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2011 erotic romance novel by British author E. L. James about a sexual relationship without romance, receiving mixed and negative reviews.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Fifty Shades of Grey"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Demographics | Languages", "text": "Both Spanish and Guaran\u00ed are official languages."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Languages", "text": "The Guaran\u00ed language is a remarkable trace of the indigenous Guaran\u00ed culture that has endured in Paraguay."}], "id": "TWpWEVqy2zMXjRQBu7ii", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Guarani culture is very influential and more than 90% of the people speak different forms of the Guarani language in addition to Spanish."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Languages", "text": "The Guaran\u00ed language is a remarkable trace of the indigenous Guaran\u00ed culture that has endured in Paraguay."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Languages", "text": "Both Spanish and Guaran\u00ed are official languages."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Languages", "text": "Guaran\u00ed claims its place as one of the last surviving and thriving of South American indigenous national languages."}, {"section_header": "Demographics", "text": "The Gran Chaco region, which includes the Alto Paraguay, Boquer\u00f3n and Presidente Hayes Department, and accounts for about 60% of the territory, is home to less than 2% of the population."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Paraguay (; Spanish pronunciation: [pa\u027ea\u02c8\u0263waj] (listen), [pa\u027ea\u02c8\u0270waj]), officially the Republic of Paraguay (Spanish: Rep\u00fablica del Paraguay; Guarani: Tet\u00e3 Paragu\u00e1i), is a country in South America."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Languages", "text": "Paraguay is a bilingual nation."}, {"section_header": "History | Pre-Columbian era", "text": "The Paraguay River was roughly the dividing line between the agricultural Guarani people to the east and the nomadic and semi-nomadic people to the west in the Gran Chaco."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "From Guarani paragu\u00e1 \"feather crown\", thus paragua\u00ed \"river of crowns\"."}, {"section_header": "Demographics", "text": "HLA-DRB1 polymorphism studies have shown genetic distances between Paraguayans and Spanish populations were closer than between Paraguayans and Guaranis."}], "text": "Paraguay is home to the Guarani language.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Paraguay"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Vietnam War (Vietnamese: Chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam), also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America (Vietnamese: Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9) or simply the American War, was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975."}], "id": "TX2ZHBUyawMBwhPTbpGD", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The end of the war and resumption of the Third Indochina War would precipitate the Vietnamese boat people and the larger Indochina refugee crisis, which saw millions of refugees leave Indochina (mainly southern Vietnam), with an estimated 250,000 of whom perished at sea."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | Effect on the United States | Views on the war", "text": "When surveyed in 2000, one third of Americans believed that the war was a noble cause."}, {"section_header": "Names", "text": "It has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Hostilities escalated into the First Indochina War (beginning in December 1946)."}, {"section_header": "War crimes", "text": "A large number of war crimes took place during the Vietnam War."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The conflict emerged from the First Indochina War against the communist-led Viet Minh."}, {"section_header": "Opposition to U.S. involvement, 1964\u20131973", "text": "Public opinion steadily turned against the war following 1967 and by 1970 only a third of Americans believed that the U.S. had not made a mistake by sending troops to fight in Vietnam."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Vietnam War (Vietnamese: Chi\u1ebfn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam), also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America (Vietnamese: Kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9) or simply the American War, was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 convinced many Washington policymakers that the war in Indochina was an example of communist expansionism directed by the Soviet Union."}], "text": "The Vietnam War was the third of the Indochina Wars.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Vietnam War"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford,  (26 August 1676 \u2013 18 March 1745), known between 1721 and 1742 as Sir Robert Walpole, was a British politician who is generally regarded as the de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain."}], "id": "TX8zi9V3T0jBvFso3dKy", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early political career", "text": "Like his father, Robert Walpole was a member of the Whig Party."}, {"section_header": "Premiership under George I", "text": "However, Irish sentiment was situated against the English control."}, {"section_header": "Stanhope\u2013Sunderland ministry", "text": "Walpole continued to be an influential figure in the House of Commons."}, {"section_header": "Early political career", "text": "The new ministry, under the leadership of the Tory Robert Harley, removed Walpole from his office of Secretary at War"}, {"section_header": "Rise to power", "text": "The resignation of Sunderland and the death of Stanhope in 1721 left Walpole as the most important figure in the administration."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Walpole Street in Wolverhampton is named after Sir Robert Walpole."}, {"section_header": "Premiership under George II | Opposition", "text": "Walpole, a polarising figure, had many opponents, the most important of whom were in the Country Party, such as Lord Bolingbroke (who had been his political enemy since the days of Queen Anne) and William Pulteney (a capable Whig statesman who felt snubbed when Walpole failed to include him in the Cabinet)."}, {"section_header": "Education and early business success", "text": "In November 1700 his father died, and Robert succeeded to inherit the Walpole estate."}, {"section_header": "Premiership under George II | Support", "text": "The Act revealed a disdain for Swift, Pope, Fielding, and other literary figures who had attacked his government in their works."}, {"section_header": "Early political career", "text": "After he was released, Walpole wrote and published anonymous pamphlets attacking the Harley ministry and assisted Sir Richard Steele in crafting political pamphlets."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford,  (26 August 1676 \u2013 18 March 1745), known between 1721 and 1742 as Sir Robert Walpole, was a British politician who is generally regarded as the de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain."}], "text": "Robert Walpole is an English political figure.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Robert Walpole"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Although he preferred social and propagandistic political methods, he also engaged in a number of battles."}], "id": "TZ3ItCEYxLFs1jTgZd0a", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was one of the most influential monarchs of the Zulu Kingdom."}, {"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "This would open the door for future British incursions into the Zulu kingdom that were not so peaceful."}, {"section_header": "Scholarship studies | Biographical sources", "text": "Military historians of the Zulu War must also be considered for their description of Zulu fighting methods and tactics, including authors like Ian Knight and Robert Edgerton."}, {"section_header": "Death and succession", "text": "While the British colonialists considered his regime to be a future threat, allegations that European traders wished him dead were problematic given that Shaka had granted concessions to Europeans prior to his death, including the right to settle at Port Natal (now Durban)."}, {"section_header": "Death and succession", "text": "The Zulu monarch was killed by three assassins sometime in 1828; September is the most frequently cited date, when almost all available"}, {"section_header": "In Zulu culture", "text": "Certain aspects of traditional Zulu culture still revere the dead monarch, as the typical praise song below attests."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Shakan methods versus European technology", "text": "In fact, European travellers to Shaka's kingdom demonstrated advanced technology such as firearms and writing, but the Zulu monarch was less than convinced."}, {"section_header": "In Zulu culture", "text": "When Shaka's mother Nandi died for example, the monarch ordered a massive outpouring of grief including mass executions, forbidding the planting of crops or the use of milk, and the killing of all pregnant women and their husbands."}, {"section_header": "Popular culture", "text": "Shaka Zulu, an SABC TV miniseries about Shaka, which starred Henry Cele in the title role."}, {"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "There is no evidence to suggest that Shaka betrayed Dingiswayo."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Although he preferred social and propagandistic political methods, he also engaged in a number of battles."}], "text": "Shaka is considered the most influential monarch and peaceful.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Shaka"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Bonus Army was a group of 43,000 demonstrators \u2013 made up of 17,000 U.S. World War"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Washington police met with resistance, shot at the protestors, and two veterans were wounded and later died."}], "id": "TeX7ivfRdCvLxcbnLPFg", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "I veterans, together with their families and affiliated groups \u2013 who gathered in Washington, D.C. in mid-1932 to demand early cash redemption of their service certificates."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The principal demand of the Bonus Army was the immediate cash payment of their certificates."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "During the presidential campaign of 1932, Roosevelt had opposed the veterans' bonus demands."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Washington police met with resistance, shot at the protestors, and two veterans were wounded and later died."}, {"section_header": "March", "text": "I veterans to receive their cash bonus."}, {"section_header": "Police shooting", "text": "When the veterans moved back into the camp, police drew their revolvers and shot at the veterans, two of whom, William Hushka and Eric Carlson, died later."}, {"section_header": "Police shooting", "text": "On July 28, 1932, President Hoover ordered the Secretary of War to disperse the protesters."}, {"section_header": "Police shooting", "text": "When the two veterans were shot, the Commissioners asked the White House for federal troops."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "The Veterans of Foreign Wars continued to press the federal government to allow the early redemption of military service certificates."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Two years later, hundreds of Pennsylvania war veterans marched on Philadelphia, then the nation's capital, surrounded the State House, where the U.S. Congress was in session, and demanded back pay."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Bonus Army was a group of 43,000 demonstrators \u2013 made up of 17,000 U.S. World War"}], "text": "The Bonus Army was a protest by veterans in 1932 to demand cash for service certificates and resulted in two veterans being killed by Washington police.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Bonus Army"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | 1955\u20131978: Early life and acting in theater", "text": "William James Dafoe was born in Appleton, Wisconsin."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "William James \"Willem\" Dafoe (born July 22, 1955) is an American actor."}], "id": "TfBq9QuN7A6kOLOPIc5W", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dafoe has dual citizenship of the United States and Italy."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "William James \"Willem\" Dafoe (born July 22, 1955) is an American actor."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1955\u20131978: Early life and acting in theater", "text": "William James Dafoe was born in Appleton, Wisconsin."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "He now holds both Italian and American citizenship."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Their son, Jack, was born in 1982."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1955\u20131978: Early life and acting in theater", "text": "In high school, he acquired the nickname Willem, which is the Dutch version of the name William."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 2000\u20132009: Shadow of the Vampire, Spider-Man and prolificity", "text": "Dafoe co-starred as the White House Chief of Staff in American Dreamz, a comedy satirizing both popular entertainment and American politics."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 2010\u2013present: Continued acclaim and success", "text": "Dafoe stated he found the use of gun fu combat created an interesting mix of action, stating"}, {"section_header": "Biography | 2000\u20132009: Shadow of the Vampire, Spider-Man and prolificity", "text": "It was largely panned by critics, although Dafoe stated he did not regret appearing the film."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 2010\u2013present: Continued acclaim and success", "text": "The game polarized reviewers, although Dafoe and Page's performance were widely praised."}], "text": "The American actor Willem Dafoe has dual citizenship with the US and Italy although he was born in Wisconsin.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Willem Dafoe"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Aftermath | Casualties", "text": "67 Cuban exiles from Brigade 2506 were killed in action plus ten on the firing squad, ten on the boat Celia trying to escape, 9 in the sealed container on the way to Havana, 4 by accident, 2 in prison, and 4 American aviators, for a total of 106 casualties."}], "id": "TfT5yERDce1FvHM857C3", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Aftermath | Prisoners", "text": "About 1,202 members of Brigade 2506 were captured, of whom nine died from asphyxiation during transfer to Havana in a closed truck."}, {"section_header": "Later analysis | Invasion legacy in Cuba", "text": "The conference was titled Bay of Pigs: 40 Years After."}, {"section_header": "Background | Causes", "text": "The hypothesis of a landing at the Bay of Pigs, or the invasion of Cuba, had political and economic causes."}, {"section_header": "Preparation | Early plans", "text": "Richard M. Bissell Jr. was charged with overseeing plans for the Bay of Pigs Invasion."}, {"section_header": "Invasion | Invasion day (17 April)", "text": "At about 11:00, Castro issued a statement over Cuba's nationwide network saying that the invaders, members of the exiled Cuban revolutionary front, have come to destroy the revolution and take away the dignity and rights of men."}, {"section_header": "Later analysis | Invasion legacy for Cuban exiles", "text": "By March 2007, about half of the brigade had died."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | Political reaction", "text": "Immediately following the Bay of Pigs invasion, the Kennedy Administration considered complete trade restrictions with Cuba."}, {"section_header": "Prelude to invasion | Fleet sets sail (14 April)", "text": "Under cover of darkness, the invasion fleet set sail from Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua and headed towards the Bay of Pigs on the night of 14 April."}, {"section_header": "Prior warnings of invasion", "text": "The Cuban government also had been warned by senior KGB agents Osvaldo S\u00e1nchez Cabrera and 'Aragon', who died violently before and after the invasion, respectively."}, {"section_header": "Invasion | Invasion day (17 April)", "text": "A flotilla containing equipment that broadcast sounds and other effects of a shipborne invasion landing provided the source of Cuban reports that briefly lured Fidel Castro away from the Bay of Pigs battlefront area."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | Casualties", "text": "67 Cuban exiles from Brigade 2506 were killed in action plus ten on the firing squad, ten on the boat Celia trying to escape, 9 in the sealed container on the way to Havana, 4 by accident, 2 in prison, and 4 American aviators, for a total of 106 casualties."}], "text": "Over 100 men died during the Bay of Pigs Invasion.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Bay of Pigs Invasion"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Artistry | Musical style and themes", "text": "We've had similar costumes too!\" Aguilera frequently blends elements of pop, R&B, dance-pop and soul music into her projects, and her records typically include a combination of ballads and uptempo tracks."}], "id": "TgDnnLe8X6IL50HtgRKI", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and career | 2002\u20132003: Stripped", "text": "Aguilera's new image presented in the video was widely criticized by the public that it began to overshadow her music."}, {"section_header": "Other ventures | Products and endorsements", "text": "The range has been further augmented yearly by new releases."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Influences", "text": "Other classic artists, including Billie Holiday, Otis Redding, Aretha Franklin, Nina Simone, and Ella Fitzgerald, are also Aguilera's major influences; her fifth studio album Back to Basics is inspired by vintage jazz, blues and soul music records by them."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Influences", "text": "Aguilera has credited blues singer Etta James as her main influence and inspiration, elaborating,"}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Voice", "text": "Aguilera is a soprano, possessing a four-octave vocal range spanning from C3 to C\u266f7."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Influences", "text": "Aguilera mentions Whitney Houston as another influence, having performed many of her songs in her early years during talent shows."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Influences", "text": "Aguilera points out the musical film The Sound of Music and its lead actress, Julie Andrews, as her first inspiration for singing and performing."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Influences", "text": "According to author Pier Dominguez of the book Christina Aguilera: A Star Is Made, Aguilera stated that Carey and her debut single, \"Vision of Love\" (1990), had the biggest influence on her vocal style."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 2010\u20132011: Bionic, Burlesque, and The Voice", "text": "Heavily influenced by electronic genres, the song signaled Aguilera's musical experiments on her forthcoming album."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Influences", "text": "The Voice. Aguilera's debut album producer Ron Harris revealed that Aguilera during her recording sessions for Christina Aguilera would constantly listen to Brandy's music, studying and trying to replicate her adlibs."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Musical style and themes", "text": "We've had similar costumes too!\" Aguilera frequently blends elements of pop, R&B, dance-pop and soul music into her projects, and her records typically include a combination of ballads and uptempo tracks."}], "text": "Christina Aguilera's music comes from a wide range of influences.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Christina Aguilera"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legends and modern opinions about Marion", "text": "The introduction to the 2007 edition of Simms' book (originally published in 1844) was written by Sean Busick, a professor of American history at Athens State University in Alabama, who says that based on the facts, \"Marion deserves to be remembered as one of the heroes of the War for Independence.\" Crawford commented:  Francis Marion was a man of his times: he owned slaves, and he fought in a brutal campaign against the Cherokee Indians."}, {"section_header": "Legends and modern opinions about Marion", "text": "\" The contrast between the film's depiction of Martin \"as a family man and hero who single-handedly defeats countless hostile Brits\" and the real-life Marion was one of the \"egregious oversights\" that TIME magazine cited when listing \"The Patriot\" as number one of its \"Top 10 historically misleading films\" in 2011."}], "id": "ToGu2nN9UmdMhA9SdKi5", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legends and modern opinions about Marion", "text": "Francis Marion was one of the influences for the main character of Benjamin Martin in the 2000 movie The Patriot, which according to Crawford \"exaggerated the Swamp Fox legend for a whole new generation."}, {"section_header": "American Revolutionary War | Guerrilla warfare", "text": "Marion showed himself to be a singularly able leader of irregular militiamen and ruthless in his terrorizing of Loyalists."}, {"section_header": "Legends and modern opinions about Marion", "text": ", Marion appears and interacts with the fictional characters."}, {"section_header": "Legends and modern opinions about Marion", "text": "In the film, the fictional character Benjamin Martin (Mel Gibson) describes violence he committed in the French and Indian War."}, {"section_header": "Landmarks", "text": "The bill was packaged into the omnibus Consolidated Natural Resources Act of 2008, which passed both houses and was enacted in May 2008."}, {"section_header": "Legends and modern opinions about Marion", "text": "The introduction to the 2007 edition of Simms' book (originally published in 1844) was written by Sean Busick, a professor of American history at Athens State University in Alabama, who says that based on the facts, \"Marion deserves to be remembered as one of the heroes of the War for Independence.\" Crawford commented:  Francis Marion was a man of his times: he owned slaves, and he fought in a brutal campaign against the Cherokee Indians."}, {"section_header": "American Revolutionary War | Tarleton", "text": "Cornwallis observed, \"Colonel Marion had so wrought the minds of the people, partly by the terror of his threats and cruelty of his punishments, and partly by the promise of plunder, that there was scarcely an inhabitant between the Santee and the Pee Dee that was not in arms against us.\" The British especially hated Marion and made repeated efforts to neutralize his force, but Marion's intelligence gathering was excellent and that of the British was poor, due to the overwhelming Patriot loyalty of the populace in the Williamsburg area."}, {"section_header": "French and Indian War", "text": "On January 1, 1757, Francis and his brother, Job, were recruited by Captain John Postell to serve in the French and Indian War."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Francis Marion (c. 1732 \u2013 February 27, 1795), also known as the Swamp Fox, was a military officer who served in the American Revolutionary War (1775\u20131783)."}, {"section_header": "American Revolutionary War | Eutaw Springs", "text": "The war was brought to an end by the Treaty of Paris."}, {"section_header": "Legends and modern opinions about Marion", "text": "\" The contrast between the film's depiction of Martin \"as a family man and hero who single-handedly defeats countless hostile Brits\" and the real-life Marion was one of the \"egregious oversights\" that TIME magazine cited when listing \"The Patriot\" as number one of its \"Top 10 historically misleading films\" in 2011."}], "text": "Francis Marion fought in the Revolutionary War and was an influence for the protagonist in the movie, The Patriot, where his character highly altered to show him as good natured.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Francis Marion"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Childhood and early reign", "text": "On 14 December, six days after her birth, she became Queen of Scotland when her father died, perhaps from the effects of a nervous collapse following the Battle of Solway Moss or from drinking contaminated water while on campaign."}], "id": "TwLMlf60coc27iUMT4bN", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Childhood and early reign | Claim to the English throne", "text": "When Henry II died on 10 July 1559, from injuries sustained in a joust, fifteen-year-old Francis and sixteen-year-old Mary became king and queen of France."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 \u2013 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, reigned over Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign | Treaty of Greenwich", "text": "King Henry II of France proposed to unite France and Scotland by marrying the young queen to his three-year-old son, the Dauphin Francis."}, {"section_header": "Marriage to Lord Darnley | Murder of Darnley", "text": "A week later, Bothwell managed to convince more than two dozen lords and bishops to sign the Ainslie Tavern Bond, in which they agreed to support his aim to marry the queen."}, {"section_header": "Return to Scotland", "text": "As a devout Catholic, she was regarded with suspicion by many of her subjects, as well as by the Queen of England."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign", "text": "On 14 December, six days after her birth, she became Queen of Scotland when her father died, perhaps from the effects of a nervous collapse following the Battle of Solway Moss or from drinking contaminated water while on campaign."}, {"section_header": "Return to Scotland", "text": "Mary was grief-stricken. Her mother-in-law, Catherine de' Medici, became regent for the late king's ten-year-old brother Charles IX, who inherited the French throne."}, {"section_header": "Escape and imprisonment in England | Casket letters", "text": "As an anointed queen, Mary refused to acknowledge the power of any court to try her."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Mary was queen consort of France from his accession in 1559 until his death in December 1560."}, {"section_header": "Imprisonment in Scotland and abdication", "text": "The marriage was tempestuous, and Mary became despondent."}], "text": "Mary, Queen of Scots became Queen of Scotland when she was less than a week old.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Mary, Queen of Scots"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In the late afternoon of July 2, Lee launched a heavy assault on the Union left flank, and fierce fighting raged at Little Round Top, the Wheatfield, Devil's Den, and the Peach Orchard."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "On the Union right, Confederate demonstrations escalated into full-scale assaults on Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill."}], "id": "U9B2MBRNMnls63iwaHAs", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Second day of battle | Attacks on the Union left flank", "text": "As fighting raged in the Wheatfield and Devil's Den, Col. Strong Vincent of V Corps had a precarious hold on Little Round Top, an important hill at the extreme left of the Union line."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In the late afternoon of July 2, Lee launched a heavy assault on the Union left flank, and fierce fighting raged at Little Round Top, the Wheatfield, Devil's Den, and the Peach Orchard."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "On the Union right, Confederate demonstrations escalated into full-scale assaults on Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill."}, {"section_header": "Second day of battle | Plans and movement to battle", "text": "The Union line ran from Culp's Hill southeast of the town, northwest to Cemetery Hill just south of town, then south for nearly two miles (3 km) along Cemetery Ridge, terminating just north of Little Round Top."}, {"section_header": "Second day of battle | Attacks on the Union left flank", "text": "The new line ran from Devil's Den, northwest to the Peach Orchard, then northeast along the Emmitsburg Road to south of the Codori farm."}, {"section_header": "Second day of battle | Attacks on the Union left flank", "text": "Hood's division moved more to the east than intended, losing its alignment with the Emmitsburg Road, attacking Devil's Den and Little Round Top."}, {"section_header": "Third day of battle | Pickett's Charge", "text": "As the Confederates approached, there was fierce flanking artillery fire from Union positions on Cemetery Hill and north of Little Round Top, and musket and canister fire from Hancock's II Corps."}, {"section_header": "Historical assessment | Lee vs. Meade", "text": "\" Many historians speculate that Stonewall Jackson, if he had survived Chancellorsville, would have aggressively seized Culp's Hill, rendering Cemetery Hill indefensible, and changing the entire complexion of the battle."}, {"section_header": "Second day of battle | Plans and movement to battle", "text": "On the left, Lee instructed Ewell to position his Second Corps to attack Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill when he heard the gunfire from Longstreet's assault, preventing Meade from shifting troops to bolster his left."}, {"section_header": "Second day of battle | Attacks on the Union left flank", "text": "McLaws, coming in on Hood's left, drove multiple attacks into the thinly stretched III Corps in the Wheatfield and overwhelmed them in Sherfy's Peach Orchard."}], "text": "The Battle of Gettysburg was a full scale three day crucial battle at Little Round Top, an important hill at the extreme left of the Union line, the Wheatfield, Devil's Den, the Peach Orchard, Culp's Hill, and Cemetery Hill with the highest number of deaths of the entire war.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Battle of Gettysburg"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "In 1916, Wagner married Bessie Baine Smith, and the couple would have three daughters: Elva Katrina (b. 1918, stillborn), Betty Baine (1919\u20131992), and Virginia Mae (1922\u20131985)."}], "id": "U9Na0wSuRJaTuflMAmZ2", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Wagner was one of nine children."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Baseball legacy", "text": "A life-size statue of Wagner swinging a bat, atop a marble pedestal featuring admiring children, was forged by a local sculptor named Frank Vittor, and placed outside the left field corner gate at Forbes Field."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | T206 Baseball card", "text": "The card came with Sister Virginia Muller's brother's handwritten note: \"Although damaged, the value of this baseball card should increase exponentially throughout the 21st century!\"On April 20, 2012, a New Jersey resident purchased a VG-3 graded T206 Wagner card for more than $1.2 million."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "In 1916, Wagner married Bessie Baine Smith, and the couple would have three daughters: Elva Katrina (b. 1918, stillborn), Betty Baine (1919\u20131992), and Virginia Mae (1922\u20131985)."}], "text": "Honus Wagner had 3 children with his wife.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Honus Wagner"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The clipper ship, Camille Cavour, the battleship Conte di Cavour, which fought both in World War I and World War II, and the new Marina Militare aircraft carrier Cavour is also named in his honor."}], "id": "UBxhqSgTEI5krfjbJFKS", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Today, many Italian cities, including Turin, Trieste, Rome, Florence, and Naples, have important streets, squares, and piazzas named after Cavour, as well as Mazzini and Garibaldi."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "He experimented with different agricultural techniques on his estate, such as growing sugar beets, and was one of the first Italian landowners to use chemical fertilizers."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The clipper ship, Camille Cavour, the battleship Conte di Cavour, which fought both in World War I and World War II, and the new Marina Militare aircraft carrier Cavour is also named in his honor."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Prime minister of Piedmont\u2013Sardinia", "text": "He soon regained his optimism, however, as several of the terms, such as the restoration to power of the rulers of Tuscany and Modena, and the establishment of an Italian Confederation including Austria, were not actually carried out."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "Camillo Benso was born in Turin during Napoleonic rule, into a family that had gained a fair amount of land during the French occupation."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "In 1865, the Collegio dei Nobili, the oldest high school in Turin (founded 1568), and among the oldest and most prominent ones in Italy, was renamed the Liceo Ginnasio statale \"Camillo Benso di Cavour\" (Liceo classico Cavour)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso, Count of Cavour, Isolabella and Leri (10 August 1810 \u2013 6 June 1861), generally known as Cavour ( k\u0259-VOOR, Italian: [ka\u02c8vur]), was an Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "He was the second of two sons of Michele Giuseppe Francesco Antonio Benso, 4th Marquess of Cavour and Count of Isolabella and Leri, Lord of Corveglia, Dusino, Mondonio, Ottiglio and Ponticelli, Co-Lord of Castagnole, Cellarengo and Menabi, Cereaglio, Chieri, San Salvatore Monferrato, Santena and Valfenera, 1st Baron of the French Empire (1781\u20131850) and his wife (1805) Ad\u00e9la\u00efde (Ad\u00e8le) Suzanne, Marchioness of Sellon (1780\u20131846), herself of French origin."}], "text": "Benso had quite a few things labeled after him such as streets and a ship and an airplane.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Subsequent tradition", "text": "Jews and Christians have not observed Leviticus's instructions for animal offerings since the first century AD."}], "id": "UFGaiS96fZd8gsfiYhVp", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "With sacrifice and priesthood established, chapters 11\u201315 instruct the lay people on purity (or cleanliness)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The book teaches that faithful performance of the sanctuary rituals can make that possible, so long as the people avoid sin and impurity whenever possible."}, {"section_header": "Contents according to Judaism's weekly Torah portions", "text": "Behar, on Leviticus 25\u201325: Sabbatical year, debt servitude limited"}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | General", "text": "Reverberations of Faith: A Theological Handbook of Old Testament Themes."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The instructions of Leviticus emphasize ritual, legal and moral practices rather than beliefs."}, {"section_header": "Themes | Sacrifice and ritual", "text": "Many other interpreters have followed Milgrom in exploring the theological and ethical implications of Leviticus's regulations (e.g. Marx, Balentine), though some have questioned how systematic they really are."}, {"section_header": "Structure", "text": "1\u20135) B. Instructions for the priests (6:1\u20137:38) 1\u20136."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The priest is to send a second goat into the desert to \"Azazel\", bearing the sins of the whole people."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Priests receive instruction on mourning rituals and acceptable bodily defects."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Book of Leviticus () is the third book of the Torah and of the Old Testament;  scholars generally agree that it developed over a long period of time, reaching its present form during the Persian Period between 538\u2013332 BC."}, {"section_header": "Subsequent tradition", "text": "Jews and Christians have not observed Leviticus's instructions for animal offerings since the first century AD."}], "text": "No people of the Abrahamic faiths have followed all of the instructions of Leviticus en masse for over 1,000 years.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Leviticus"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Despite the mixed reviews, the film was nominated for eight Academy Awards at the 53rd Academy Awards (tying with The Elephant Man as the most nominated film of the ceremony), including Best Picture and Best Director, and won two: Best Actor for De Niro (his second Oscar) and Best Editing."}], "id": "UMMH46GddIU29mQXNuqo", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception | Legacy", "text": "Raging Bull is #7 on Time Out"}, {"section_header": "Reception | Legacy", "text": "By the end of the 1980s, Raging Bull had cemented its reputation as a modern classic."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": ", \"you make movies, you're in the ring each time.\" Preparation for the film began with Scorsese shooting some 8 mm color footage featuring De Niro boxing in a ring."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical reception", "text": "Jack Kroll of Newsweek called Raging Bull the \"best movie of the year\"."}, {"section_header": "Proposed sequel", "text": "In August 2012, the producers retitled the film The Bronx Bull, disassociating itself as a sequel to Raging Bull, and the lawsuit was subsequently dropped."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "Scorsese decided to use this as one of the reasons to film Raging Bull in black and white."}, {"section_header": "Production | Post-production", "text": "The editing of Raging Bull began when production was temporarily put on hold and was completed in 1980."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Legacy", "text": "Raging Bull was fifth on Entertainment Weekly's list of the 100 Greatest Movies of All Time."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Legacy", "text": "Leonard Maltin included Raging Bull on his 100 Must-See Films of the 20th Century list."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Raging Bull is a 1980 American biographical sports  drama film directed by Martin Scorsese, produced by Robert Chartoff and Irwin Winkler and adapted by Paul Schrader and Mardik Martin from Jake LaMotta's 1970 memoir Raging Bull: My Story."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Despite the mixed reviews, the film was nominated for eight Academy Awards at the 53rd Academy Awards (tying with The Elephant Man as the most nominated film of the ceremony), including Best Picture and Best Director, and won two: Best Actor for De Niro (his second Oscar) and Best Editing."}], "text": "Raging Bull was qualified for 8 oscars.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Raging Bull"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Origin", "text": "The poem is loosely based on the Arthurian legend of Elaine of Astolat, as recounted in a 13th-century Italian novellina titled La Damigella di Scalot (No."}], "id": "UPt78QAuuYv0ZSfppilG", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"The Lady of Shalott\" is a lyrical ballad by the English poet Alfred Tennyson."}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Music", "text": "Israeli progressive rock group Atmosphera recorded a 16-minute epic named \"Lady of Shalott\" about the ballad."}, {"section_header": "Origin", "text": "The poem is loosely based on the Arthurian legend of Elaine of Astolat, as recounted in a 13th-century Italian novellina titled La Damigella di Scalot (No."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Like his other early poems \u2013 \"Sir Launcelot and Queen Guinevere\" and \"Galahad\" \u2013 the poem recasts Arthurian subject matter loosely based on medieval sources."}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Literature", "text": "In Jasper Fforde's novel One of our Thursdays Is Missing (2011), the Lady of Shalott possesses a mirror that allows characters in the Book World to see into the real world (\"the Outland\")."}, {"section_header": "Themes", "text": "\" Based on Poulson's view, escaping from the tower allows for the Lady of Shalott to emotionally break free and come into terms with female sexuality."}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Literature", "text": "In Diana Wynne Jones' novel Hexwood (1993) one of the main characters, Ann Stavely, compares herself to the Lady of Shalott in that she uses a mirror to look outside her window."}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Art", "text": "\" The Lady of Shalott\" was particularly popular with the Brotherhood, which shared Tennyson's interest in Arthuriana; several of the Brotherhood made paintings based on episodes from the poem."}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Music", "text": "Danish Composer Bent S\u00f8rensen composed a piece for viola solo, based on John William Waterhouse's painting The Lady of Shalott at the Tate Gallery in London."}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Music", "text": "French composer Olivier Messiaen wrote a piece for solo piano La dame de Shalotte in 1917 based on Tennyson's poem."}], "text": "The Lady of Shalott is a ballad that is based on an Arthurian lore Elena of Aortic.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "The Lady of Shalott"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the first installment in the Star Wars sequel trilogy, following the story of Return of the Jedi (1983), and is the seventh episode of the nine-part \"Skywalker saga\"."}], "id": "UQwRq1cvgDYAwWiXzQF3", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "\"Certain critics found The Force Awakens derivative of the original Star Wars trilogy, some expressing their opinion that the film was essentially a remake of A New Hope."}, {"section_header": "Release | Video games", "text": "The Force Awakens is the first Star Wars film to not have a direct tie-in game to accompany it."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Star Wars: The Force Awakens (also known as Star Wars: Episode VII \u2013 The Force Awakens) is a 2015 American epic space opera film produced, co-written and directed by J. J. Abrams."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Star Wars: The Force Awakens received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics."}, {"section_header": "Production | Post-production", "text": "Cinematographer Daniel Mindel said The Force Awakens would use real locations and scale models over computer-generated imagery to make it aesthetically similar to the original Star Wars trilogy."}, {"section_header": "Cast", "text": "Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Star Wars Rebels cast and crew members"}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "Star Wars creator George Lucas discussed ideas for a sequel trilogy several times after the conclusion of the original trilogy, but denied any intent to make it."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Box office | Commercial analysis", "text": "The Star Wars franchise has traditionally lacked resonance with filmgoers in China, and marketing for The Force Awakens heavily focused on appealing to that market."}, {"section_header": "Release | Marketing", "text": "On December 17, 2015, select theaters across North America aired a Star Wars marathon, airing the six previous Star Wars episode films in 2D, followed by The Force Awakens in 3D. Attendees received a special lanyard featuring exclusive marathon art."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Box office", "text": "Star Wars: The Force Awakens grossed $936.7 million in the United States and Canada, and $1.132 billion in other countries for a worldwide total of $2.068 billion."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the first installment in the Star Wars sequel trilogy, following the story of Return of the Jedi (1983), and is the seventh episode of the nine-part \"Skywalker saga\"."}], "text": "Star Wars: The Force Awakens is the 2nd film in the Star Wars Trilogy.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Star Wars: The Force Awakens"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He also attempted to conquer Roman Gaul (modern France), crossing the Rhine in 451 and marching as far as Aurelianum (Orl\u00e9ans) before being stopped in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains."}], "id": "UZgTi2rwQ1XFsIxI2Ewl", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "During his reign, he was one of the most feared enemies of the Western and Eastern Roman Empires."}, {"section_header": "Early life and background", "text": "The Huns had become a great power by the time that Attila came of age during the reign of his uncle Ruga, to the point that Nestorius, the Patriarch of Constantinople, deplored the situation with these words: \"They have become both masters and slaves of the Romans\".:128"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He also attempted to conquer Roman Gaul (modern France), crossing the Rhine in 451 and marching as far as Aurelianum (Orl\u00e9ans) before being stopped in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains."}, {"section_header": "Notes", "text": "Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe."}, {"section_header": "Early life and background", "text": "Attila's father Mundzuk was the brother of kings Octar and Ruga, who reigned jointly over the Hunnic empire in the early fifth century."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He subsequently invaded Italy, devastating the northern provinces, but was unable to take Rome."}, {"section_header": "Campaigns against the Eastern Roman Empire", "text": "Carthage was the richest province of the Western Empire and a main source of food for Rome."}, {"section_header": "Notes", "text": "Heather, Peter (2007). The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians."}, {"section_header": "Later folklore and iconography", "text": "According to a version of this narrative related in the Chronicon Pictum, a mediaeval Hungarian chronicle, the Pope promised Attila that if he left Rome in peace, one of his successors would receive a holy crown (which has been understood as referring to the Holy Crown of Hungary)."}, {"section_header": "Early life and background", "text": "They crossed the Volga river during the 370s and annexed the territory of the Alans, then attacked the Gothic kingdom between the Carpathian mountains and the Danube."}], "text": "Attila conquered Rome during his reign.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Attila"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Acting career | 2000s: Smaller roles", "text": "She later reprised her role in the Order of the Phoenix (2007) and the Deathly Hallows \u2013 Part 2 (2011), and has called her time on the popular franchise \"great fun\"."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 2000s: Smaller roles", "text": "In 2004, she played the eccentric Divination teacher Sybill Trelawney in the third Harry Potter film, the Prisoner of Azkaban, her character described as a \"hippy chick professor who teaches fortune-telling\"."}], "id": "UcFP2GGnyyEshHTQEplO", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Acting career | 2010s: Veteran performer", "text": "With a worldwide gross of $624 million, MIB3 is Thompson's biggest commercial hit outside of the Harry Potter films."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 2010s: Veteran performer", "text": "In 2017, Thompson appeared as Mrs. Potts (played by Angela Lansbury in the 1991 animated film) in Disney's live-action adaptation of Beauty and the Beast, directed by Bill Condon and starring her Harry Potter co-star Emma Watson in the lead role."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Other notable film and television credits include the Harry Potter film series (2004\u20132011), Wit (2001), Love Actually (2003), Angels in America (2003), Nanny McPhee (2005),"}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 2000s: Smaller roles", "text": "In 2004, she played the eccentric Divination teacher Sybill Trelawney in the third Harry Potter film, the Prisoner of Azkaban, her character described as a \"hippy chick professor who teaches fortune-telling\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dame Emma Thompson (born 15 April 1959) is a British actress, screenwriter, activist, author and comedian."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The actress has commented that this \"tore [the family] to pieces\", and \"I can't begin to tell you how much I regret his not being around\"."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 2010s: Veteran performer", "text": "The film received positive reviews, with Thompson being singled out for praise, and Owen Gleiberman of Variety remarked that \"Thompson truly seems like a born talk-show host."}, {"section_header": "Books", "text": "\"what it's like being human now\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception and acting style", "text": "Ang Lee, director of Sense and Sensibility stated that Thompson's comedic approach may be her greatest asset as an actress, remarking, \"Emma is an extremely funny lady."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 1990\u20131993: A leading British actress", "text": "Thompson reunited with Merchant\u2013Ivory and Anthony Hopkins to film The Remains of the Day (1993), a film which has been described as a \"classic\" and the production team's definitive film."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 2000s: Smaller roles", "text": "She later reprised her role in the Order of the Phoenix (2007) and the Deathly Hallows \u2013 Part 2 (2011), and has called her time on the popular franchise \"great fun\"."}], "text": "The actress Emma Thompson enjoyed being in some of the Harry Potter films.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Emma Thompson"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Growing up at a time when women were marginalized in science and allowed few educational opportunities, she gained admittance to medical school, where she met her future husband Carl Ferdinand Cori in an anatomy class; upon their graduation in 1920, they married."}], "id": "UcLVqxFDOMQaGTzU5k2x", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Gerty Cori was born Gerty Theresa Radnitz into a Jewish family in Prague in 1896."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Growing up at a time when women were marginalized in science and allowed few educational opportunities, she gained admittance to medical school, where she met her future husband Carl Ferdinand Cori in an anatomy class; upon their graduation in 1920, they married."}, {"section_header": "Marriage and early career", "text": "While studying, she met Carl Cori, who was immediately attracted to her charm, vitality, sense of humor, and her love of the outdoors and mountain climbing."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gerty Theresa Cori (n\u00e9e Radnitz; August 15, 1896 \u2013 October 26, 1957) was an Austro-Hungarian-American biochemist who in 1947 was the third woman to win a Nobel Prize in science, and the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for her role in the discovery of glycogen metabolism."}, {"section_header": "Working in the United States", "text": "Gerty Cori published eleven articles as the sole author."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1957, Gerty Cori died after a ten-year struggle with myelosclerosis."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gerty Cori continued her early interest in medical research, collaborating in the laboratory with Carl."}, {"section_header": "Final years", "text": "Just before winning the Nobel prize, while they were on a mountain climbing trip, the Coris learned that Gerty Cori was ill with myelosclerosis, a fatal disease of the bone marrow."}, {"section_header": "Final years", "text": "Later, her son erected a cenotaph for Gerty and Carl Cori in Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis, Missouri."}, {"section_header": "Washington University", "text": "Gerty Cori also studied glycogen storage disease, identifying at least four forms, each related to a particular enzymatic defect."}], "text": "Gerty Theresa Cori met her spouse in high-school while she was taking a biology class.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Gerty Theresa Cori"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (; n\u00e9 Skryabin; (OS 25 February) 9 March 1890 \u2013 8 November 1986) was a Soviet politician and diplomat, an Old Bolshevik, and a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he rose to power as a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of Joseph Stalin."}], "id": "UfhgebBTljf9jTRTNR7Z", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Post-war career (1949\u20131962)", "text": "The new Party Secretary, Khrushchev, soon emerged as the new leader of the Soviet Union."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Post-war career (1949\u20131962)", "text": "Although Molotov was seen as a likely successor to Stalin in the immediate aftermath of his death, he never sought to become leader of the Soviet Union."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (; n\u00e9 Skryabin; (OS 25 February) 9 March 1890 \u2013 8 November 1986) was a Soviet politician and diplomat, an Old Bolshevik, and a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he rose to power as a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of Joseph Stalin."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life and career (1890\u20131930)", "text": "Trotsky and his supporters underestimated Molotov, as did many others."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Later years and death (1962\u20131986)", "text": "Later, Soviet leader Konstantin Chernenko further rehabilitated Molotov; in 1984, Molotov was even allowed to seek membership in the Communist Party."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Minister of Foreign Affairs (1939\u20131949)", "text": "In response, the Soviet Union, along with the other Eastern Bloc nations, initiated what is known as the Molotov Plan."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Post-war career (1949\u20131962)", "text": "Molotov supported the removal and later the execution of Beria on the orders of Khrushchev."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Legacy", "text": "\"At the end of 1989, two years before the final collapse of the Soviet Union, the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union and Mikhail Gorbachev's government formally denounced the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Minister of Foreign Affairs (1939\u20131949)", "text": "She was imprisoned for a year in the Lubyanka, after which she was exiled for three years in an obscure Russian city."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life and career (1890\u20131930)", "text": "This first association between the two future Soviet leaders proved to be brief, however, and did not lead to an immediate close political association."}], "text": "Vyacheslav Molotov was a Russian diplomat and a supporter of the leader of the Soviet Union.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Vyacheslav Molotov"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Usage", "text": "Its global user base in 2017 was 328 million."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Character limits", "text": "In 2017, Twitter doubled their historical 140-character-limitation to 280."}], "id": "Uiv7iesQwHc6yKtK1pNF", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Character limits", "text": "Only new Twitter handles added to the conversation count towards the limit."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Character limits", "text": "In 2017, Twitter doubled their historical 140-character-limitation to 280."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Character limits", "text": "Attachments and links would also no longer be part of the character limit."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Character limits", "text": "Since March 30, 2017, the Twitter handles are outside the tweet itself, therefore they no longer count towards the character limit."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Character limits", "text": "In 2016, Twitter announced that media such as photos, videos, and the person's handle, would not count against the already constrictive 140 character limit."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Using SMS", "text": "The 140-character limit also increased the usage of URL shortening services such as bit.ly, goo.gl, tinyurl.com, tr.im, and other content-hosting services such as TwitPic, memozu.com and NotePub to accommodate multimedia content and text longer than 140 characters."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Third-party applications", "text": "This was done to increase security and improve the user experience."}, {"section_header": "Technology | Interface", "text": "Migrations to this iteration of Twitter increased in April 2019, with some users receiving it with a modified layout."}, {"section_header": "User accounts | Twitter bots | Effects", "text": "With more followers, users' profiles gain more attention, thus increasing their popularity."}, {"section_header": "Society | Impact | Education", "text": "Research has found that using Twitter in college courses helps students communicate with each other and faculty, promotes informal learning, allows shy students a forum for increased participation, increases student engagement, and improves overall course grades."}, {"section_header": "Usage", "text": "Its global user base in 2017 was 328 million."}], "text": "Twitter increased their letters/symbols limits to over 275.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Twitter"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "The story is set in Padua, Italy, in a distant and unspecified past."}], "id": "UsO2L2zp5poQ2SRsEo7W", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Adaptations | In popular culture", "text": "The song \"Running through the Garden\" was written by Stevie Nicks after reading \"Rappaccini's Daughter\"."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Operas", "text": "Rappaccini's Daughter by Charles Wakefield Cadman premiered at Carnegie Hall on March 20, 1925 Rappaccini's Daughter by Margaret Garwood (1983) La hija de Rappaccini by Daniel Cat\u00e1n (1991) The Poisoned Kiss by Ralph Vaughan Williams"}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "The story is set in Padua, Italy, in a distant and unspecified past."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"Rappaccini's Daughter\" is a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne first published in the December 1844 issue of The United States Magazine and Democratic Review, and later in the 1846 collection Mosses from an Old Manse."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | In popular culture", "text": "In the Ravenloft campaign setting for Dungeons & Dragons there are creatures called Ermordenungs; former humans who, through some unknown, torturous process, have been transformed into beautiful men and women with a deadly poisonous touch."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "Spanish-language play: La Hija de Rappaccini by Octavio Paz (1956) English-language play: Rappaccini's Daughter by Sebastian Doggart (1996) John Todhunter verse-play The Poison-Flower, A Phantasy, in Three Scenes (1891) NBC's The Weird Circle (1943\u20131947), Episode 52, Radio Play."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | In popular culture", "text": "Her daughter, Carmilla Black, is, like Beatrice, both immune to poisons and able to deliver poisonous infection to another individual."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He brings up his daughter to tend the plants, and she becomes resistant to the poisons, but in the process she herself becomes poisonous to others."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | In popular culture", "text": "Theodora Goss's 2017 book The Strange Case of the Alchemist's Daughter features Beatrice Rappaccini as one of its main characters."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "From his quarters, Giovanni Guasconti, a young student of letters at the University of Padua, looks at Beatrice, the beautiful daughter of Dr. Giacomo Rappaccini, a scientist who works in isolation."}], "text": "Rappaccini's Daughter is set in Europe.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Rappaccini's Daughter"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Josef is ordered to appear at the court's address the coming Sunday, without being told the exact time or room."}], "id": "Usj3lj6Je2NfctqnMs0X", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Manufacturer \u2013 Person who hears about K.'s case and advises him to see a painter who knows how the court system works."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Josef is not imprisoned, however, but left \"free\" and told to await instructions from the Committee of Affairs."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Inspector \u2013 Man who conducts a proceeding at Josef K.'s boardinghouse to inform K. officially"}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Josef is ordered to appear at the court's address the coming Sunday, without being told the exact time or room."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "After a period of exploration, Josef finds the court in the attic."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Vice-President \u2013 K.'s unctuous rival at the Bank, only too willing to catch K. in a compromising situation."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The priest tells Josef that the parable is an ancient text of the court, and many generations of court officials have interpreted it differently."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "He knows a great deal about the comings and goings of the Court's lowest level."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "The priest advises K. that his case is going badly and tells him to accept his fate."}, {"section_header": "Interpretation | Relations to other texts by Kafka", "text": "The idea that a single executioner could be enough to arbitrarily replace the entire court is exactly what Josef K. is frightened of."}], "text": "In The Trial, Josef is told to go to court, but he isn't given information about when the hearing will occur.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Trial"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "Rabbit Maranville died of a heart attack shortly after midnight on January 6, 1954 at his home in Woodside, New York."}], "id": "Uv91N5fuWii3rBRFOda0", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career", "text": "Maranville fired!\" And so he was\u2014the next day."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Maranville was known as one of \"baseball's most famous clowns\" due to his practical jokes and lack of inhibitions."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "That year, Maranville was the Braves' cleanup hitter, despite batting just .246 and hitting four home runs."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "Rabbit Maranville died of a heart attack shortly after midnight on January 6, 1954 at his home in Woodside, New York."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Even at age 41, when Maranville batted .218 in 143 games and hit no homers, he finished in a tie for 12th in the MVP voting."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "One night he went through a Pullman car dumping water on sleeping players' heads, saying, \"No sleeping under Maranville management, especially at night."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Following the end of his playing career, Maranville turned to managing, including stints as a minor league manager for Montreal Royals, at Albany, Elmira, and Springfield, Massachusetts."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Walter James Vincent \"Rabbit\" Maranville (November 11, 1891 \u2013 January 6, 1954) was an American professional baseball shortstop, second baseman and manager."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "He was 62 years old. Maranville was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1954, just months after his death, along with Bill Terry and Bill Dickey, in his 14th year of eligibility."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "The following year, Maranville was the runner-up in the MVP voting to teammate Johnny Evers as the Braves won the National League pennant and then went on to sweep the powerful Philadelphia A's in the World Series."}], "text": "Maranville passed away from stomach cancer.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Rabbit Maranville"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Strickland left behind numerous paintings, but his magnum opus, which he painted on the walls of his hut before losing his sight to leprosy, was burnt after his death by his wife per his dying orders."}], "id": "V14PxmlLjW8dxTGoxOm4", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Moon and Sixpence is a novel by W. Somerset Maugham first published in April 15th, 1919."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "That book is The Moon and Sixpence."}, {"section_header": "About the title", "text": "The Moon and Sixpence is at once a satire of Edwardian mores and a Gauguin biography.\" According to some sources, the title, the meaning of which is not explicitly revealed in the book, was taken from a review of Maugham's novel Of Human Bondage in which the novel's protagonist, Philip Carey, is described as \"so busy yearning for the moon that he never saw the sixpence at his feet.\" According to a 1956 letter from Maugham, \"If you look on the ground in search of a sixpence, you don't look up, and so miss the moon."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "The novel served as the basis for an opera, also titled The Moon and Sixpence, by John Gardner to a libretto by Patrick Terry; it was premiered at Sadlers Wells in 1957.Writer S Lee Pogostin"}, {"section_header": "Inspiration", "text": "The Moon and Sixpence is not, of course, a life of Paul Gauguin in the form of fiction."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "\"We've Got the Moon and Sixpence\", sung by Al Bowlly, takes its name from the book and Jack Kerouac"}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "It is also mentioned frequently in Stephen King's 1998 novel Bag of Bones and in passing in his 2015 novel Finders Keepers."}, {"section_header": "Inspiration", "text": "I heard much about him. It occurred to me that there was in what I was told the subject of a novel\"."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "The novel is written largely from the point of view of the narrator, a young, aspiring writer and playwright in London."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Early in the novel, he leaves his wife and children and goes to Paris. (The narrator enters directly into the story at this point, when he is asked by Mrs Strickland to go to Paris and talk with her husband.) He lives a destitute but defiantly content life there as a painter, lodging in run-down hotels and falling prey to both illness and hunger."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Strickland left behind numerous paintings, but his magnum opus, which he painted on the walls of his hut before losing his sight to leprosy, was burnt after his death by his wife per his dying orders."}], "text": "In the novel The Moon and Sixpence, Strickland is afflicted by a venereal disease.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Moon and Sixpence"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Born in Mulhouse, Alsace in 1859, Dreyfus was the youngest of nine children born to Rapha\u00ebl and Jeannette Dreyfus (n\u00e9e Libmann)."}], "id": "V2GR1o94665b7mglsuyP", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alfred Dreyfus ( DRAY-f\u0259s, also US:  DRY-, French: [alf\u0281\u025bd d\u0281\u025bfys]; 9 October 1859 \u2013 12 July 1935) was a French artillery officer of Jewish ancestry whose trial and conviction in 1894 on charges of treason became one of the most controversial and polarizing political dramas in modern French history."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The French army of the period was relatively open to entry and advancement by talent, with an estimated 300 Jewish officers, of whom ten were generals."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Two years later, he graduated ninth in his class with honorable mention and was immediately designated as a trainee in the French Army's General Staff headquarters, where he would be the only Jewish officer."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "From 1880 to 1882, he attended the artillery school at Fontainebleau to receive more specialized training as an artillery officer."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Alfred Dreyfus's grandchildren donated over three thousand documents to the Mus\u00e9e d'art et d'histoire du juda\u00efsme (Museum of Jewish art and history), including personal letters, photographs of the trial, legal documents, writings by Dreyfus during his time in prison, personal family photographs, and his officer stripes that were ripped out as a symbol of treason."}, {"section_header": "Later life | World War I", "text": "He received de la L\u00e9gion d'honneur, at the rank of \"Officer,\" in November 1918.Dreyfus's son Pierre also served throughout the entire war as an artillery officer, receiving the Croix de guerre."}, {"section_header": "Later life | World War I", "text": "As a reserve officer, he re-entered the army as a major of artillery at the outbreak of World War I. Serving throughout the war, Dreyfus rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel."}, {"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "In 1894, the French Army's counter-intelligence section, led by Lieutenant Colonel Jean Sandherr, became aware that information regarding new artillery parts was being passed to the Germans by a highly placed spy, most likely on the General Staff."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Rapha\u00ebl Dreyfus was a prosperous, self-made Jewish textile manufacturer who had started as a peddler."}, {"section_header": "Later life | Death", "text": "The inscription on his tombstone is in Hebrew and French."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Born in Mulhouse, Alsace in 1859, Dreyfus was the youngest of nine children born to Rapha\u00ebl and Jeannette Dreyfus (n\u00e9e Libmann)."}], "text": "Alfred Dreyfus was a French artillery officer of Jewish ancestry that had eight older siblings.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Alfred Dreyfus"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life | Spirituality and religion", "text": "\" Released shortly before his death, \"Lazarus\"\u2014from his final album, Blackstar\u2014began with the words, \"Look up here, I'm in Heaven\" while the rest of the album deals with other matters of mysticism and mortality."}], "id": "V8k64mMj3S45LBvC8m5b", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Death", "text": "He made Blackstar for us, his parting gift."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 2013\u20132016: Final years", "text": "On 15 January, Blackstar debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart; nineteen of his albums were in the UK Top 100 Albums Chart, and thirteen singles were in the UK Top 100 Singles Chart."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 2016\u2013present: Posthumous releases", "text": "Apart from \"Lazarus\", the EP includes three songs that Bowie had recorded during the Blackstar sessions, but were left off the album and subsequently appeared on the soundtrack album for the Lazarus musical in October 2016."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 2013\u20132016: Final years", "text": "Blackstar also debuted at number one on album charts around the world, including Australia, France, Germany, Italy, New Zealand, and the US Billboard 200."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 2013\u20132016: Final years", "text": "According to The Times: \"Blackstar may be the oddest work yet from Bowie\"."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1972\u20131974: Ziggy Stardust", "text": "His own Aladdin Sane (1973) topped the UK chart, his first number-one album."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "On 10 January 2016, two days after his 69th birthday and the release of the album Blackstar, Bowie died from liver cancer in his New York City apartment."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1962\u20131967: Early career to debut album", "text": "Bowie formed his first band, the Konrads, in 1962 at the age of 15."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He remained musically active until he died of liver cancer at his home in New York City, two days after his 69th birthday and the release of his final album, Blackstar (2016)."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 2013\u20132016: Final years", "text": "The Next Day debuted at No. 1 on the UK Albums Chart, was his first album to achieve that position since Black Tie White Noise (1993), and was the fastest-selling album of 2013 at the time."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Spirituality and religion", "text": "\" Released shortly before his death, \"Lazarus\"\u2014from his final album, Blackstar\u2014began with the words, \"Look up here, I'm in Heaven\" while the rest of the album deals with other matters of mysticism and mortality."}], "text": "David Bowie's first album was  Blackstar.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "David Bowie"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Four years later, she married her half-cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, and in June 1566 they had a son, James."}], "id": "VBKUDBhTHpL7kf9nOjVp", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Childhood and early reign | Claim to the English throne", "text": "On 11 June 1560, their sister, Mary's mother, died, and so the question of future Franco-Scots relations was a pressing one."}, {"section_header": "Escape and imprisonment in England | Casket letters", "text": "They are widely believed to be crucial as to whether Mary shares the guilt for Darnley's murder."}, {"section_header": "Escape and imprisonment in England | Execution", "text": "As she disrobed Mary smiled and said she \"never had such grooms before ... nor ever put off her clothes before such a company\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 \u2013 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, reigned over Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign | Treaty of Greenwich", "text": "King Henry II of France proposed to unite France and Scotland by marrying the young queen to his three-year-old son, the Dauphin Francis."}, {"section_header": "Marriage to Lord Darnley", "text": "Darnley shared a more recent Stewart lineage with the Hamilton family as a descendant of Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran, a daughter of James II of Scotland."}, {"section_header": "Marriage to Lord Darnley | Murder of Darnley", "text": "A week later, Bothwell managed to convince more than two dozen lords and bishops to sign the Ainslie Tavern Bond, in which they agreed to support his aim to marry the queen."}, {"section_header": "Escape and imprisonment in England | Execution", "text": "Elizabeth's vacillation and deliberately vague instructions gave her plausible deniability to attempt to avoid the direct stain of Mary's blood."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign | Treaty of Greenwich", "text": "In May 1544, the English Earl of Hertford (later Duke of Somerset) raided Edinburgh, and the Scots took Mary to Dunkeld for safety."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign", "text": "Arran, with the support of his friends and relations, became the regent until 1554 when Mary's mother managed to remove and succeed him."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Four years later, she married her half-cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, and in June 1566 they had a son, James."}], "text": "Mary, Queen of Scots shared blood related grandparents with her partner before they got married.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Mary, Queen of Scots"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Government and politics | President", "text": "After the Supreme Leader, the Constitution defines the President of Iran as the highest state authority."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | President", "text": "The Leader also has the power to dismiss the elected president anytime."}], "id": "VEgqYwvLwN1ERKV8hDjU", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Government and politics | Supreme Leader", "text": "All of Iran's ambassadors to Arab countries, for example, are chosen by the Quds Corps, which directly reports to the Supreme Leader."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Supreme Leader", "text": "The Leader of the Revolution (\"Supreme Leader\") is responsible for delineation and supervision of the policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Supreme Leader", "text": "The previous head of the judicial system, Sadeq Larijani, appointed by the Supreme Leader, said that it is illegal for the Assembly of Experts to supervise the Supreme Leader."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Supreme Leader", "text": "The current longtime Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei, has been issuing decrees and making the final decisions on the economy, environment, foreign policy, education, national plannings, and everything else in the country."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Supreme Leader", "text": "The Supreme Leader Khamenei can and did order laws to be amended."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Supreme Leader", "text": "The Iranian president has limited power compared to the Supreme Leader Khamenei."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Supreme Leader", "text": "The budget bill for every year, as well as withdrawing money from the National Development Fund of Iran, require Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei's approval and permission."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Supreme Leader", "text": "Key ministers are selected with the Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei's agreement and he has the ultimate say on Iran's foreign policy."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Supreme Leader", "text": "The Assembly of Experts is responsible for electing the Supreme Leader, and has the power to dismiss him on the basis of qualifications and popular esteem."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Supreme Leader", "text": "There have been instances when the current Supreme Leader publicly criticized members of the Assembly of Experts, resulting in their arrest and dismissal."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | President", "text": "After the Supreme Leader, the Constitution defines the President of Iran as the highest state authority."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | President", "text": "The Leader also has the power to dismiss the elected president anytime."}], "text": "The Supreme Leader of Iran holds more influence than any one else in the country.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Iran"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The statue weighs 635 metric tons (625 long, 700 short tons), and is located at the peak of the 700-metre (2,300 ft) Corcovado mountain in the Tijuca Forest National Park overlooking the city of Rio de Janeiro."}], "id": "VG4hkQAKdRApL7lp1D5c", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The statue weighs 635 metric tons (625 long, 700 short tons), and is located at the peak of the 700-metre (2,300 ft) Corcovado mountain in the Tijuca Forest National Park overlooking the city of Rio de Janeiro."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "oil company Shell do Brasil, environmental regulator IBAMA, National Institute of Historic and Artistic Heritage, and the city government of Rio de Janeiro entered an agreement to conduct restoration work."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The Catholic Circle of Rio made a second proposal for a landmark statue on the mountain in 1920."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "In April 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the statue in Rio de Janeiro was illuminated as a doctor in tribute to the health workers."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "In 1990, several organizations, including the Archdiocese of Rio de Janeiro, media company Grupo Globo,"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A symbol of Christianity across the world, the statue has also become a cultural icon of both Rio de Janeiro and Brazil, and is listed as one of the New7Wonders of the World."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The Rio de Janeiro state government initiated a restoration effort to replace some of the outer soapstone layers and repair the lightning rods on the statue."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Christ the Redeemer (Portuguese: Cristo Redentor, standard Brazilian Portuguese: [\u02c8k\u027eistu \u0281eden\u02c8to\u0281], local pronunciation: [\u02c8k\u027ei\u0255t\u016d\u033b xe\u031eden\u02c8to\u0266]) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The lightning rods located in the statue's head and arms were also repaired, and new lighting fixtures were installed at the foot of the statue."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Mayor Eduardo Paes called the act \"a crime against the nation\"."}], "text": "The statue is located at the peak of the Corcovado mountains in the Tijuca Forest National Park  overlooking Rio de Janeiro.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Christ the Redeemer (statue)"}
{"category": "NOCAT", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Feudal power over Europe", "text": "Innocent III played further roles in the politics of Norway, France, Sweden, Bulgaria, Spain and England."}], "id": "VHJpIlaSmUYbZnZbx3ys", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Reassertion of papal power", "text": "During Innocent III's reign, the papacy was at the height of its powers."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Feudal power over Europe", "text": "Innocent III played further roles in the politics of Norway, France, Sweden, Bulgaria, Spain and England."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Reassertion of papal power", "text": "She was as eager to remove German power from the kingdom of Sicily as was Innocent III."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Reassertion of papal power", "text": "In 1198, Innocent wrote to the prefect Acerbius and the nobles of Tuscany expressing his support of the medieval political theory of the sun and the moon."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Reassertion of papal power", "text": "This determination meant, among other things, that princes should not be involved in the selection of bishops, and it was focused especially on the \"patrimonium\" of the papacy, the section of central Italy claimed by the popes and later called the Papal States."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Reassertion of papal power", "text": "As pope, Innocent III began with a very wide sense of his responsibility and of his authority."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential of the medieval popes."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Involvement in Imperial elections", "text": "In May 1202, Innocent issued the decree Venerabilem, addressed to the Duke of Z\u00e4hringen, in which he explained his thinking on the relation between the papacy and the Empire."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Feudal power over Europe", "text": "At the request of England's King John, Pope Innocent III declared the Magna Carta annulled, resulting in a rebellion by the English Barons who rejected the disenfranchisement."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Election to the papacy", "text": "He took the name Innocent III, maybe as a reference to his predecessor Innocent II (1130\u20131143), who had succeeded in asserting the papacy's authority over the emperor (in contrast with Celestine III's recent policy)."}], "text": "Powerful, Pope Innocent III, was heavily involved in the politics during his papacy.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Pope Innocent III"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Theogony (Greek: \u0398\u03b5\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, Theogon\u00eda, Attic Greek: [t\u02b0eo\u0261on\u00eda\u02d0], i.e. \"the genealogy or birth of the gods\") is a poem by Hesiod (8th \u2013 7th century BC) describing the origins and genealogies of the Greek gods, composed c. 730\u2013700 BC."}], "id": "VLjuaSailv5BYK1rQvg1", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Descriptions", "text": "Although it is often used as a sourcebook for Greek mythology, the Theogony is both more and less than that."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Theogony (Greek: \u0398\u03b5\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, Theogon\u00eda, Attic Greek: [t\u02b0eo\u0261on\u00eda\u02d0], i.e. \"the genealogy or birth of the gods\") is a poem by Hesiod (8th \u2013 7th century BC) describing the origins and genealogies of the Greek gods, composed c. 730\u2013700 BC."}, {"section_header": "Descriptions", "text": "Theogonies are a part of Greek mythology which embodies the desire to articulate reality as a whole; this universalizing impulse was fundamental for the first later projects of speculative theorizing."}, {"section_header": "Influence on earliest Greek philosophy", "text": "The heritage of Greek mythology already embodied the desire to articulate reality as a whole, and this universalizing impulse was fundamental for the first projects of speculative theorizing."}, {"section_header": "Descriptions", "text": "It is necessary to see the Theogony not as the definitive source of Greek mythology, but rather as a snapshot of a dynamic tradition that happened to crystallize when Hesiod formulated the myths he knew\u2014and to remember that the traditions have continued evolving since that time."}, {"section_header": "Selected translations", "text": "Frazer, R.M. (Richard McIlwaine), The Poems of Hesiod, Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, 1983."}, {"section_header": "Influence on earliest Greek philosophy", "text": "In the Theogony, the origin (arche) is Chaos, a divine primordial condition, and there are the roots and the ends of the earth, sky, sea, and Tartarus."}, {"section_header": "Descriptions", "text": "Hesiod's Theogony is a large-scale synthesis of a vast variety of local Greek traditions concerning the gods, organized as a narrative that tells how they came to be and how they established permanent control over the cosmos."}, {"section_header": "Influence on earliest Greek philosophy", "text": "In ancient Greek philosophy, arche is the element or first principle of all things, a permanent nature or substance which is conserved in the generation of the rest of it."}, {"section_header": "Influence on earliest Greek philosophy", "text": "Thales (7th \u2013 6th century BC), the first Greek philosopher, claimed that the first principle of all things is water."}], "text": "Greek mythology is the topic of the poem Theogony.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Theogony"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film is a fictionalized account about the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and stars Alice Brady as Mrs. O'Leary, the owner of the cow which started the fire, and Tyrone Power and Don Ameche as her sons."}], "id": "VNE9EwLIzTILoHH0BLHQ", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In Old Chicago is a 1938 American drama disaster film directed by Henry King."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film is a fictionalized account about the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and stars Alice Brady as Mrs. O'Leary, the owner of the cow which started the fire, and Tyrone Power and Don Ameche as her sons."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The O'Leary family are traveling to Chicago to start a new life when Patrick O'Leary tries to race a steam train in his wagon."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "When Dion learns from Bob how the fire really started, he rushes to Jack's aid."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "Some sources claim that MGM offered to loan both Harlow and Clark Gable to Fox for In Old Chicago if they reciprocated by loaning Shirley Temple to MGM for their upcoming production of The Wizard of Oz."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "The Mayor of Chicago in 1871 was Roswell B. Mason, not an O'Leary son."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "In the movie there are three sons."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "Despite crediting the Chicago Historical Society for assistance with historical research, much of the film is fictionalized."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "At the time of its release, it was one of the most expensive movies ever made."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "A fire breaks out. Soon the whole of the Patch is on fire."}], "text": "In Old Chicago is a movie about a fire that started in Chicago.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "In Old Chicago"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Shortly after arriving in Inisfree, he meets and falls in love with the fiery Mary Kate Danaher (Maureen O'Hara), the sister of a bullying but prosperous landowner, Squire \"Red\" Will Danaher (Victor McLaglen)."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "In the 1920s, Sean Thornton (John Wayne), an Irish-born American from Pittsburgh, travels to his birthplace\u2014\"Inisfree\", Ireland\u2014to purchase his family's former farm."}], "id": "VNWkFRyYbipMTeCTdrzN", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Home video", "text": "The Special features on this edition include \"The Making of the Quiet Man\" Documentary with Leonard Maltin, and \"The Joy of Ireland\" Documentary with Maureen O'Hara and Andrew V. McLaglen, and \"Remembering The Quiet Man Montage\"."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Will now allows Mary Kate to marry Sean; however, at their wedding he realizes he was deceived about the widow's willingness to marry him."}, {"section_header": "Home video", "text": "In 2010 there was a documentary called Dreaming The Quiet Man made about the journey and making of The Quiet Man."}, {"section_header": "Home video", "text": "It included the documentary \"The Making of the Quiet Man\" with Leonard Maltin."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Sean's quiet manner and reluctance to fight for his new wife's dowry are attributed to a tragedy he experienced prior to his return to Ireland."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "The Quiet Man Fan Club holds its annual general meeting in Ashford Castle."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Quiet Man is a 1952 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by John Ford."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Quiet Man won the Academy Award for Best Director for John Ford, his fourth, and for Best Cinematography."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Will then retaliates by refusing consent for his sister to marry."}, {"section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "When Maureen O'Hara died in October 2015, her family stated she listened to music from The Quiet Man during her final hours."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Shortly after arriving in Inisfree, he meets and falls in love with the fiery Mary Kate Danaher (Maureen O'Hara), the sister of a bullying but prosperous landowner, Squire \"Red\" Will Danaher (Victor McLaglen)."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "In the 1920s, Sean Thornton (John Wayne), an Irish-born American from Pittsburgh, travels to his birthplace\u2014\"Inisfree\", Ireland\u2014to purchase his family's former farm."}], "text": "In the movie The Quiet Man, Sean marries in America and they immigrate to Ireland.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "The Quiet Man"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city is New York City."}], "id": "VUzNK9w9j9D2OVs9tlMZ", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "In addition, the Census Bureau provides a continuously updated U.S. Population Clock that approximates the latest population of the 50 states and District of Columbia based on the Bureau's most recent demographic trends."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Political divisions", "text": "The District of Columbia is a federal district that contains the capital of the United States, Washington,"}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "The United States is the third most populous nation in the world, after China and India."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "In 2018 the median age of the United States population was 38.1 years."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics", "text": "The District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories do not have senators."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "Its population growth rate is positive at 0.7%, higher than that of many developed nations."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Political divisions", "text": "D.C. The states and the District of Columbia choose the president of the United States."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "The U.S. Census Bureau officially estimated the country's population to be 328,239,523 as of July 1, 2019."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "Estimates for the year 2018 show that 53 metropolitan areas have populations greater than one million."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "The United States has a very diverse population; 37 ancestry groups have more than one million members."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city is New York City."}], "text": "The US's most populated district is NYC.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "United States"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Inception grossed over US$829 million worldwide, becoming the fourth highest-grossing film of 2010."}], "id": "VXfeQaUvZJN6ezqYNlMA", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception | Year-end and all-time lists", "text": "Author Stephen King placed Inception at #3 in his list of top 10 best movies of the year."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Year-end and all-time lists", "text": "In the same year, Total Film named it the most rewatchable movie of all time."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Year-end and all-time lists", "text": "In 2014, Empire ranked Inception the tenth greatest film ever made on their list of \"The 301 Greatest Movies Of All Time\" as voted by the magazine's readers, while Rolling Stone magazine named it the second best science fiction film since the turn of the century."}, {"section_header": "Release | Home media", "text": "As of 2018, the home video releases have sold over 9 million units and grossed over $160 million."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Year-end and all-time lists", "text": "Inception appeared on over 273 critics' lists of the top ten films of 2010, being picked as number-one on at least 55 of those lists."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Year-end and all-time lists", "text": "Many critics and media outlets included Inception in their rankings of the best films of the 2010s."}, {"section_header": "Release | Marketing", "text": "On June 7, 2010, a behind-the-scenes featurette on the film was released in HD on Yahoo! Movies."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Year-end and all-time lists", "text": "In 2012, Inception was ranked the 35th Best Edited Film of All Time by the Motion Picture Editors Guild."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Year-end and all-time lists", "text": "Critics and publications who ranked the film first for that year included Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times, Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times (tied with The Social Network and Toy Story 3), Tasha Robinson of The A.V. Club, Empire magazine, and Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter."}, {"section_header": "Production | Cinematography", "text": "The whole point of cinematic imagery is it's three dimensional... You know 95% of our depth cues come from occlusion, resolution, color and so forth, so the idea of calling a 2D movie a '2D movie' is a little misleading."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Inception grossed over US$829 million worldwide, becoming the fourth highest-grossing film of 2010."}], "text": "The movie Inception made over $800 million dollars in the year it was released, ranking among the top three movies that year.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Inception"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Farfetch is an online luxury fashion retail platform that sells products from over 700 boutiques and brands from around the world."}], "id": "VYwlr21TOGR6kDn2ULuz", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History", "text": "In 2001 he created B Store, a fashion licensing and wholesale company selling a range of up-and-coming designer labels in a physical store."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Farfetch is an online luxury fashion retail platform that sells products from over 700 boutiques and brands from around the world."}, {"section_header": "Current operations", "text": "\" The business continues to grow, and in 2013, it retailed products from over 1500 global fashion brands, attracting 4.3 million weekly visitors to the site."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Rogers was the former fashion director of online retailer Net-A-Porter."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "This led to the company being branded as a 'unicorn' company by media commentators, a term used to denote start-ups valued at $1billion+.Farfetch announced its acquisition of London boutique retailer Browns in May 2015."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "During a trip to Paris Fashion Week in 2007, when Neves was wholesaling for his B Store brand, the idea for a virtual boutique marketplace came to fruition."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "A 2013 interview in The Daily Telegraph details the moment when Neves realised the need to give independent fashion boutiques an online retail presence: \"Dozens of boutique owners had been through our doors and what they were saying was really sobering."}, {"section_header": "Awards and accolades", "text": "Digital Masters Awards Winner: Best E-Store \u2013 WGSN"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Farfetch has offices in 11 cities and employs over 3,000 staff."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "In September 2018, the company went public."}], "text": "This is a fashion company that has retail stores all over the globe.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Farfetch"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Wagner was born to German immigrants Peter and Katheryn Wagner in the borough of Chartiers, in what is now Carnegie, Pennsylvania."}], "id": "VgJ3MFGlujhamBeZ8eej", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Professional career | Career before Major League Baseball", "text": "Honus' brother Albert \"Butts\" Wagner was considered the ballplayer of the family."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Wagner was nicknamed \"The Flying Dutchman\" due to his superb speed and German heritage."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Wagner was born to German immigrants Peter and Katheryn Wagner in the borough of Chartiers, in what is now Carnegie, Pennsylvania."}], "text": "Honus Wagner's family was of German descent.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Honus Wagner"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reflection of light | Complex conjugate reflection", "text": "If one were to look into a complex conjugating mirror, it would be black because only the photons which left the pupil would reach the pupil."}], "id": "VjcnQxbdvFWz631KiUvi", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reflection of light", "text": "As the waves interact at low angle with the surface of this tunnel they are reflected toward the focus point (or toward another interaction with the tunnel surface, eventually being directed to the detector at the focus)."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light", "text": "Reflection from a flat surface forms a mirror image, which appears to be reversed from left to right because we compare the image we see to what we would see if we were rotated into the position of the image."}, {"section_header": "Other types of reflection | Sound reflection", "text": "When a longitudinal sound wave strikes a flat surface, sound is reflected in a coherent manner provided that the dimension of the reflective surface is large compared to the wavelength of the sound."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light | Multiple reflections", "text": "When light reflects off a mirror, one image appears."}, {"section_header": "Other types of reflection | Sound reflection", "text": "As a result, the overall nature of the reflection varies according to the texture and structure of the surface."}, {"section_header": "Other types of reflection | Sound reflection", "text": "In the theory of exterior noise mitigation, reflective surface size mildly detracts from the concept of a noise barrier by reflecting some of the sound into the opposite direction."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light | Multiple reflections", "text": "A square of four mirrors placed face to face give the appearance of an infinite number of images arranged in a plane."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light | Multiple reflections", "text": "Two mirrors placed exactly face to face give the appearance of an infinite number of images along a straight line."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light | Retroreflection", "text": "When flying over clouds illuminated by sunlight the region seen around the aircraft's shadow will appear brighter, and a similar effect may be seen from dew on grass."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light | Retroreflection", "text": "Some surfaces exhibit retroreflection."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light | Complex conjugate reflection", "text": "If one were to look into a complex conjugating mirror, it would be black because only the photons which left the pupil would reach the pupil."}], "text": "There is no type of reflective surface that would appear be completely dark in a well-lit room.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Reflection (physics)"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Christmas Carol. A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech."}], "id": "VoeBkac2ZWx4pMRiqImf", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Background | Writing history", "text": "George Cruikshank, the illustrator who had earlier worked with Dickens on Sketches by Boz (1836) and Oliver Twist (1838), introduced him to the caricaturist John Leech."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Christmas Carol. A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech."}, {"section_header": "Background | Writing history", "text": "By 24 October Dickens invited Leech to work on A Christmas Carol, and four hand-coloured etchings and four black-and-white wood engravings by the artist accompanied the text."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "In 1824 John was committed to the Marshalsea, a debtors' prison in Southwark, London."}, {"section_header": "Themes", "text": "The Dickens scholar John O. Jordan argues that A Christmas Carol shows what Dickens referred to in a letter to his friend John Forster as his \"Carol philosophy, cheerful views, sharp anatomisation of humbug, jolly good temper ... and a vein of glowing, hearty, generous, mirthful, beaming reference in everything to Home and Fireside\"."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "The writer Charles Dickens was born to a middle-class family which got into financial difficulties as a result of the spendthrift nature of his father John."}, {"section_header": "Themes", "text": "Dickens's statement that Marley \"had no bowels\" is a reference to the \"bowels of compassion\" mentioned in the First Epistle of John, the reason for his eternal damnation."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "The writer and social thinker John Ruskin told a friend that he thought Dickens had taken the religion from Christmas, and had imagined it as \"mistletoe and pudding \u2013 neither resurrection from the dead, nor rising of new stars, nor teaching of wise men, nor shepherds\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "The Illustrated London News described how the story's \"impressive eloquence ... its unfeigned lightness of heart\u2014its playful and sparkling humour ... its gentle spirit of humanity\" all put the reader \"in good humour with ourselves, with each other, with the season and with the author\"."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Scrooge could also be based on two misers: the eccentric John Elwes, MP, or Jemmy Wood, the owner of the Gloucester Old Bank and also known as \"The Gloucester Miser\"."}], "text": "A Christmas Carol's illustrations were done by John Leech.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "A Christmas Carol"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Long active in politics, he served briefly as a congressman from New York, and was the unsuccessful candidate of the new Liberal Republican party in the 1872 presidential election against incumbent President Ulysses S. Grant, who won by a landslide."}], "id": "VqZluOaCZYtIQ8SNDu8b", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Even as his father struggled to make a living as a hired hand, Horace Greeley read everything he could\u2014the Greeleys had a neighbor who let Horace use his library."}, {"section_header": "First efforts at publishing", "text": "There were many young printers in New York who had likewise come to the metropolis, and he could only find short-term work."}, {"section_header": "Editor of the Tribune | Reconstruction", "text": "Davis's wife Varina urged Greeley to use his influence to gain her husband's release."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Horace Greeley (February 3, 1811 \u2013 November 29, 1872) was an American newspaper editor and publisher who was the founder and editor of the New-York Tribune, among the great newspapers of its time."}, {"section_header": "Editor of the Tribune | Influence (1849\u20131860)", "text": "Greeley sharpened those skills over time, laying down what future Secretary of State John Hay, who worked for the Tribune in the 1870s, deemed the \"Gospel according to St. Horace\"."}, {"section_header": "First efforts at publishing", "text": "Greeley had stopped over in Washington, D.C. on his way south to observe Congress."}, {"section_header": "Editor of the Tribune | 1860 presidential election", "text": "One subscriber cancelled, regretting the three-cent stamp he had to use on the letter; Greeley supplied a replacement."}, {"section_header": "Notes and references | Bibliography", "text": "Horace Greeley: Printer, Editor, Crusader."}, {"section_header": "Notes and references | Bibliography", "text": "Horace Greeley: Nineteenth-Century Reformer."}, {"section_header": "Notes and references | Bibliography", "text": "Horace Greeley: Champion of American Freedom."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Long active in politics, he served briefly as a congressman from New York, and was the unsuccessful candidate of the new Liberal Republican party in the 1872 presidential election against incumbent President Ulysses S. Grant, who won by a landslide."}], "text": "Horace Greeley was in the U.S Congress for a short period of time.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Horace Greeley"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "They had one child. Haines became a fixture in the Cardinals starting rotation in 1920."}], "id": "Vr0AhZLsbXdB7xZcuR5Z", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "Haines pitched on three World Series championship teams, winning two games in the 1926 World Series."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jesse Joseph Haines (July 22, 1893 \u2013 August 5, 1978), nicknamed \"Pop\", was a right-handed pitcher in for the Cincinnati Reds and St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB)."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "Haines began to pitch fewer games in 1932."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "After the committee selected Haines, Frisch commented that Haines was \"a worthy, worthy man... a great competitor, a fine fellow off and on the field.\" Sabermetrician Bill James has listed Haines as one of ten examples of Hall of Fame inductees who do not deserve the honor."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Haines pitched on three World Series championship teams."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Haines wanted to play baseball for the local team in Phillipsburg."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "Haines worked on the coaching staff of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1938."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "During his minor league days, Haines married Carrie M. Weidner."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "They had one child. Haines became a fixture in the Cardinals starting rotation in 1920."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Though he had a kind personality off the field, Haines was known as a fiery competitor during games."}], "text": "Jesse Haines had two sisters and two brothers.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Jesse Haines"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Anthony Keith Gwynn Sr. (May 9, 1960 \u2013 June 16, 2014), nicknamed \"Mr. Padre\", was an American professional baseball right fielder, who played 20 seasons (1982\u20132001) in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres."}], "id": "VtfJjRm3SKQy90gGoGGK", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Commissioner Selig called Gwynn \"the greatest Padre ever and one of the most accomplished hitters that our game has ever known, whose all-around excellence on the field was surpassed by his exuberant personality and genial disposition in life\"."}, {"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1990\u20131992", "text": "Widely respected by his peers and known as one of the most dedicated players in baseball, Gwynn in 1990 was accused by some teammates of being selfish and caring more about his batting average than winning."}, {"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1987\u20131989", "text": "During the season, McKeon replaced Bowa as Padres manager, and moved Gwynn from right to center field."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Anthony Keith Gwynn Sr. (May 9, 1960 \u2013 June 16, 2014), nicknamed \"Mr. Padre\", was an American professional baseball right fielder, who played 20 seasons (1982\u20132001) in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres."}, {"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1998\u20132001", "text": "He was limited to playing just 36 of the Padres' first 71 games, and he started only 26 games in right field."}, {"section_header": "Player profile", "text": "Applying Williams' approach, Gwynn employed the entire field, and was no longer satisfied with mostly hitting to left field."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A contact hitter, Gwynn excelled at hitting the ball to the opposite field."}, {"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1987\u20131989", "text": "Despite his financial problems and bankruptcy in 1987, Gwynn remained unfazed on the field."}, {"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1990\u20131992", "text": "\" No one bothers Tony Gwynn because he wins batting titles, but the Padres finish fourth or fifth every year\", said Clark, who also stirred controversy on his prior teams."}, {"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1998\u20132001", "text": "After weeks of negotiation that were at times bitter, Gwynn re-signed with the Padres for 2001, agreeing to a one-year, $2 million contract with a chance to earn another $3.7 million in performance incentives."}], "text": "Gwynn was known as Mr. Padre on the field.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Tony Gwynn"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "On 5 January 1895, Dreyfus was summarily convicted in a secret court martial, publicly stripped of his army rank, and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island in French Guiana."}, {"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "Had Dreyfus refused the pardon, he would have been returned to Devil's Island, a fate he could no longer emotionally cope with; so officially Dreyfus remained a traitor to France, and pointedly remarked upon his release: The government of the Republic has given me back my freedom."}], "id": "VwW3xgwNAfG4dLtU0OU0", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alfred Dreyfus ( DRAY-f\u0259s, also US:  DRY-, French: [alf\u0281\u025bd d\u0281\u025bfys]; 9 October 1859 \u2013 12 July 1935) was a French artillery officer of Jewish ancestry whose trial and conviction in 1894 on charges of treason became one of the most controversial and polarizing political dramas in modern French history."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Alfred was 10 years old when the Franco-Prussian War broke out in the summer of 1870, and his family moved to Paris following the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine by Germany after the war."}, {"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "For two years, until July 1906, he lived in a state of house-arrest with one of his sisters at Carpentras, and later at Cologny."}, {"section_header": "Later life | Death", "text": "Dreyfus died in Paris aged 75, on 12 July 1935, exactly 29 years after his exoneration."}, {"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "Suspicion quickly fell upon Dreyfus, who was arrested for treason on 15 October 1894."}, {"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "However, due to public opinion, Dreyfus was offered and accepted a pardon by President \u00c9mile Loubet in 1899 and released from prison; this was a compromise that saved face for the military's mistake."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "On 18 April 1891, the 31-year-old Dreyfus married 20-year-old Lucie Eug\u00e9nie Hadamard (1870\u20131945)."}, {"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "On 5 January 1895, Dreyfus was summarily convicted in a secret court martial, publicly stripped of his army rank, and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island in French Guiana."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Alfred Dreyfus's grandchildren donated over three thousand documents to the Mus\u00e9e d'art et d'histoire du juda\u00efsme (Museum of Jewish art and history), including personal letters, photographs of the trial, legal documents, writings by Dreyfus during his time in prison, personal family photographs, and his officer stripes that were ripped out as a symbol of treason."}, {"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "Had Dreyfus refused the pardon, he would have been returned to Devil's Island, a fate he could no longer emotionally cope with; so officially Dreyfus remained a traitor to France, and pointedly remarked upon his release: The government of the Republic has given me back my freedom."}], "text": "Alfred Dreyfus was convicted of treason but pardon years later.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Alfred Dreyfus"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Expedition | Preparation", "text": "Though he did not claim to have entered the city of C\u00edbola, he mentioned that it stood on a high hill and that it appeared wealthy and as large as Mexico City."}], "id": "W13MKSuAbqlr7bpBvP38", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Expedition | Preparation", "text": "When de Niza returned, he told of a city of vast wealth, a golden city called C\u00edbola, whose Zuni residents were assumed to have murdered Estevan."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Francisco V\u00e1zquez de Coronado y Luj\u00e1n (Spanish pronunciation: [f\u027ean\u02c8\u03b8isko \u02c8\u03b2a\u03b8ke\u03b8 \u00f0e ko\u027eo\u02c8na\u00f0o]; 1510 \u2013 22 September 1554) was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who led a large expedition from Mexico to present-day Kansas through parts of the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542."}, {"section_header": "Expedition | Expedition", "text": "\" There V\u00e1zquez de Coronado met a crushing disappointment: C\u00edbola was nothing like the great golden city that de Niza had described."}, {"section_header": "Expedition | Preparation", "text": "Though he did not claim to have entered the city of C\u00edbola, he mentioned that it stood on a high hill and that it appeared wealthy and as large as Mexico City."}, {"section_header": "Expedition | Preparation", "text": "In the autumn of 1539, Mendoza ordered Melchior D\u00edaz, commander of the Spanish outpost at San Miguel de Culiac\u00e1n, to investigate Friar de Niza's findings, and on November 17, 1539, D\u00edaz departed for C\u00edbola with fifteen horsemen."}, {"section_header": "Expedition | Expedition | Conquest of C\u00edbola", "text": "Upon arrival, the Spanish were also denied entrance to the village that they came across and, once again, resorted to using force to enter."}, {"section_header": "Expedition | Expedition | Exploration of the Colorado River", "text": "and then the Colorado River. In this exploration, he hauled some supplies for V\u00e1zquez de Coronado, but eventually, he buried them with a note in a bottle."}, {"section_header": "Expedition | Expedition | Querechos and Teyas", "text": "V\u00e1zquez de Coronado left the Querechos behind and continued southeast in the direction in which the Turk told him that Quivira was located."}, {"section_header": "Expedition | Expedition end", "text": "V\u00e1zquez de Coronado remained in Mexico City, where he died of an infectious disease on September 22, 1554."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "V\u00e1zquez de Coronado had hoped to reach the Cities of C\u00edbola, often referred to now as the mythical Seven Cities of Gold, which is a term not invented until American gold-rush days in the 1800s."}], "text": "The Spanish conquistador and explorer Francisco V\u00e1zquez de Coronado told tells of a golden city he entered in 1539.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Francisco Vasquez de Coronado"}
{"category": "NOCAT", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Involvement in Imperial elections", "text": "In 1201, the pope openly espoused the side of Otto IV, whose family had always been opposed to the house of Hohenstaufen."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Involvement in Imperial elections", "text": "King Philip II of France supported Philip's claim, whereas King Richard I of England supported his nephew Otto."}], "id": "W59SV4otvOSMNQW5WLeS", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "General sources", "text": "New York: Taylor & Francis. New York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-92743-7. (in Italian, French, and German) Andrea Sommerlechner, Andrea (dir.), Innocenzo III."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Crusades and suppression of heresy", "text": "A majority of the French ignored the threat and attacked Zara, and were excommunicated by Innocent III, but soon were forgiven so as to continue the crusade."}, {"section_header": "General sources", "text": ", 2 vol. , 2 vol. Tillman, Helen, Pope Innocent III, New York, 1980. (in French) Th\u00e9ry-Astruc, Julien, \"Introduction\", in Innocent III et le Midi (Cahiers de Fanjeaux, 50), Toulouse, Privat, 2015,"}, {"section_header": "General sources", "text": "Published 1910. Published 1910. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Published 1910. Published 1910. New York: Robert Appleton Company. (in Italian) Maccarrone, Michele (ed.), Chiesa e Stato nella dottrina di papa Innocenzo III, Roma: Ateneo lateranense, 1941. Published 1910. Published 1910. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Published 1910. Published 1910. New York: Robert Appleton Company. (in Italian) Maccarrone, Michele (ed.), Chiesa e Stato nella dottrina di papa Innocenzo III, Roma: Ateneo lateranense, 1941. (in Italian) Maccarone, Michele, Studi su Innocenzo III, Padoue, 1972. (in Italian) Maccarone, Michele, Nuovi studi su Innocenzo III, \u00e9d."}, {"section_header": "General sources", "text": "(in Italian and Latin) Constitutiones Concilii quarti lateranensis \u2013"}, {"section_header": "Biography | Involvement in Imperial elections", "text": "In 1201, the pope openly espoused the side of Otto IV, whose family had always been opposed to the house of Hohenstaufen."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He is furthermore notable for using interdict and other censures to compel princes to obey his decisions, although these measures were not uniformly successful."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Involvement in Imperial elections", "text": "Innocent was concerned that the marriage of Henry VI and Constance of Sicily gave the Hohenstaufens a claim to all the Italian peninsula with the exception of the Papal States, which would be surrounded by Imperial territory."}, {"section_header": "General sources", "text": "Bolton, Brenda, Innocent III."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Involvement in Imperial elections", "text": "Otto was defeated by the French and thereafter lost all influence."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Involvement in Imperial elections", "text": "King Philip II of France supported Philip's claim, whereas King Richard I of England supported his nephew Otto."}], "text": "Innocent III sided with the French in the matter of Italian royal succession.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Pope Innocent III"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life (1732\u20131752)", "text": "The Washington family was a wealthy Virginia family which had made its fortune in land speculation."}, {"section_header": "Slavery", "text": "He acquired them through inheritance, gained control of eighty-four dower slaves on his marriage to Martha and purchased at least seventy-one slaves between 1752 and 1773."}], "id": "WAKcWrNXsbgExOmtoFpB", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Retirement (1797\u20131799)", "text": "Washington was thought to be rich because of the well-known \"glorified fa\u00e7ade of wealth and grandeur\" at Mount Vernon, but nearly all his wealth was in the form of land and slaves rather than ready cash."}, {"section_header": "Colonial military career (1752\u20131758) | French and Indian War", "text": "Though he failed to realize a royal commission, he did gain self-confidence, leadership skills, and invaluable knowledge of British tactics."}, {"section_header": "Colonial military career (1752\u20131758)", "text": "Lawrence Washington's service as adjutant general of the Virginia militia inspired George to seek a commission."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Memorials", "text": "The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745\u20131799 (1931\u20131944) is a 39-volume set edited by John Clement Fitzpatrick, who was commissioned by the George Washington Bicentennial Commission."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "George Washington (February 22, 1732 (N.S.) \u2013 December 14, 1799) was an American political leader, military general, statesman, and founding father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Memorials | Universities", "text": "Numerous universities, including George Washington University and Washington University in St. Louis, were named in honor of Washington."}, {"section_header": "Slavery", "text": "He acquired them through inheritance, gained control of eighty-four dower slaves on his marriage to Martha and purchased at least seventy-one slaves between 1752 and 1773."}, {"section_header": "Commander in chief (1775\u20131783) | Battle of Long Island", "text": "Howe, emboldened by his Long Island victory, dispatched Washington as \"George Washington, Esq.\", in futility to negotiate peace."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1789\u20131797) | Domestic issues | National Bank", "text": "Hamilton's Federalists exploited large loans to gain control of U.S. debt securities, causing a run on the national bank; the markets returned to normal by mid-April."}, {"section_header": "Burial, net worth, and aftermath", "text": "The outer vault has the sarcophagi of both George and Martha Washington; the inner vault has the remains of other Washington family members and relatives."}, {"section_header": "Early life (1732\u20131752)", "text": "The Washington family was a wealthy Virginia family which had made its fortune in land speculation."}], "text": "George Washington gained his wealth in the military.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "George Washington"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Although the term acropolis is generic and there are many other acropoleis in Greece,"}], "id": "WBCGgBFtSVJCEDIhH4z0", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Archaic Acropolis", "text": "Whether this temple replaced an older one, or just a sacred precinct or altar, is not known."}, {"section_header": "History | Byzantine, Latin and Ottoman period", "text": "The Acropolis was besieged thrice during the Greek War of Independence (two sieges from the Greeks in 1821\u20131822 and one from the Ottomans in 1826\u20131827."}, {"section_header": "The Acropolis Restoration Project", "text": "The project included collection and identification of all stone fragments, even small ones, from the Acropolis and its slopes and the attempt was made to restore as much as possible using reassembled original material (anastylosis), with new marble from Mount Pentelicus used sparingly."}, {"section_header": "History | The Periclean building program", "text": "These colonnades were almost finished during 432 BC and had two wings, the northern one decorated with paintings by Polygnotus."}, {"section_header": "History | The Periclean building program", "text": "Unusually, the temple has two porches, one on the northwest corner borne by Ionic columns, the other, to the southwest, supported by huge female figures or Caryatids."}, {"section_header": "History | Hellenistic and Roman period", "text": "Around the same time, on the North slope, in a cave next to the one dedicated to Pan since the classical period, a sanctuary was founded where the archons dedicated to Apollo on assuming office."}, {"section_header": "History | Archaic Acropolis", "text": "Not much is known about the architectural appearance of the Acropolis until the Archaic era."}, {"section_header": "History | Archaic Acropolis", "text": "This \"Persian debris\" was the richest archaeological deposit excavated on the Acropolis by 1890."}, {"section_header": "History | Archaic Acropolis", "text": "Nevertheless, it seems that a nine-gate wall, the Enneapylon, had been built around the acropolis hill and incorporating the biggest water spring, the Clepsydra, at the northwestern foot."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Servi, Katerina (2011). The Acropolis: The Acropolis Museum."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Although the term acropolis is generic and there are many other acropoleis in Greece,"}], "text": "There are just one Acropolis in Europe.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Acropolis of Athens"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Her father, Karsten Olaf Johansson, is an architect originally from Copenhagen, Denmark, and her paternal grandfather, Ejner Johansson, was an art historian, screenwriter and film director, whose father was Swedish."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "She comes from an Ashkenazi Jewish family from Poland and Russia, originally surnamed Schlamberg, and Scarlett has described herself as Jewish."}], "id": "WDvsJSVFzqKW7CKpqz9b", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Scarlett Ingrid Johansson (; born November 22, 1984) is an American actress and singer."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Scarlett Ingrid Johansson was born in the New York City borough of Manhattan, on November 22, 1984."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Action and superhero films (2014\u2013present)", "text": "She also took on the supporting role of a young boy's mother who shelters a Jewish girl in Nazi Germany in Taika Waititi's satire Jojo Rabbit."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "She comes from an Ashkenazi Jewish family from Poland and Russia, originally surnamed Schlamberg, and Scarlett has described herself as Jewish."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Marvel Cinematic Universe and stage roles (2010\u20132013)", "text": "Entertainment Weekly's Thom Geier wrote, \"Scarlett Johansson brings a fierce fighting spirit\" to her part, but Joe Dziemianowicz from Daily News called her performance \"alarmingly one-note\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "She received critical praise and nominations for two Academy Awards for playing a single mother in Nazi Germany in the satire Jojo Rabbit and an actress going through a divorce in the drama Marriage Story (both 2019)."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Early roles (1996\u20132002)", "text": "Her performance received positive reviews: one written for the San Francisco Chronicle noted, \"[the film] grows on you, largely because of the charm of ... Scarlett Johansson,\" while critic Mick LaSalle, writing for the same paper, commented on her \"peaceful aura\", and believed, \"If she can get through puberty with that aura undisturbed, she could become an important actress.\" Johansson earned a nomination for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Lead Female for the role."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Early roles (1996\u20132002)", "text": "Johansson was credited with \"sensitivity and talent"}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "In May 2019, Johansson and Jost were engaged."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Johansson went on to star in the science fiction"}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Her father, Karsten Olaf Johansson, is an architect originally from Copenhagen, Denmark, and her paternal grandfather, Ejner Johansson, was an art historian, screenwriter and film director, whose father was Swedish."}], "text": "Scarlett Johansson has roots from Germany.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Scarlett Johansson"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The story is in part based on the life of the painter Paul Gauguin."}], "id": "WS9a5tTKTv52cuOKnAdT", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Inspiration", "text": "The Moon and Sixpence is not, of course, a life of Paul Gauguin in the form of fiction."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "That book is The Moon and Sixpence."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Moon and Sixpence is a novel by W. Somerset Maugham first published in April 15th, 1919."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "\"We've Got the Moon and Sixpence\", sung by Al Bowlly, takes its name from the book and Jack Kerouac"}, {"section_header": "About the title", "text": "The Moon and Sixpence is at once a satire of Edwardian mores and a Gauguin biography.\" According to some sources, the title, the meaning of which is not explicitly revealed in the book, was taken from a review of Maugham's novel Of Human Bondage in which the novel's protagonist, Philip Carey, is described as \"so busy yearning for the moon that he never saw the sixpence at his feet.\" According to a 1956 letter from Maugham, \"If you look on the ground in search of a sixpence, you don't look up, and so miss the moon."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "The novel served as the basis for an opera, also titled The Moon and Sixpence, by John Gardner to a libretto by Patrick Terry; it was premiered at Sadlers Wells in 1957.Writer S Lee Pogostin"}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "After the Paris episode, the story continues in Tahiti."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The story is in part based on the life of the painter Paul Gauguin."}, {"section_header": "Inspiration", "text": "It is founded on what I had heard about him, but I used only the main facts of his story and for the rest trusted to such gifts of invention as I was fortunate enough to possess."}, {"section_header": "Inspiration", "text": "The life of the French artist Paul Gauguin is the inspiration for the story, however the character of Strickland as a solitary, sociopathic and destructive genius is more related to a mythological version of Gauguin's life, which the artist himself developed and promoted, than the actual course of the artist's life."}], "text": "The Moon and Sixpence is a fictional story about an architect.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Moon and Sixpence"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The play tells the story of the fictional American small town of Grover's Corners between 1901 and 1913 through the everyday lives of its citizens."}], "id": "WU4RgcpId3YdQbTHGBkl", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Synopsis | Act III: Death and Eternity", "text": "Town undertaker Joe Stoddard is introduced, as is a young man named Sam Craig who has returned to Grover's Corners for his cousin's funeral."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Grover's Corners, a 1987 musical adaptation performed at the Marriott Theatre."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The play tells the story of the fictional American small town of Grover's Corners between 1901 and 1913 through the everyday lives of its citizens."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis | Act I: Daily Life", "text": "The Stage Manager introduces the audience to the small town; Grover's Corners, New Hampshire, and the people living there as a morning begins in the year 1901."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Stage Manager \u2013 a narrator, commentator, and guide through Grover's Corners."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Charles Webb \u2013 Emily's father, Editor of the Grover's Corners Sentinel"}, {"section_header": "Setting", "text": "the play-within-the-play which is set in the fictional community of Grover's Corners, New Hampshire."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Howie Newsome \u2013 the milkman, a fixture of Grover's Corners. Rebecca Gibbs \u2013 George's younger sister."}, {"section_header": "Setting", "text": "The Stage Manager gives the coordinates of Grover's Corners as 42\u00b040\u2032 north latitude and 70\u00b037\u2032 west longitude (those coordinates are actually in Massachusetts, about a thousand feet off the coast of Rockport), and at the beginning of Act III he mentions several real New Hampshire landmarks in the vicinity: Mt. Monadnock and the towns of Jaffrey, Jaffrey Center, Peterborough, and Dublin."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis | Act I: Daily Life", "text": "Professor Willard speaks to the audience about the history of the town."}], "text": "Our Town revolves around Grover's Corners.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Our Town"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "I veterans, together with their families and affiliated groups \u2013 who gathered in Washington, D.C. in mid-1932 to demand early cash redemption of their service certificates."}], "id": "WW8aKpXNifXfy0a7TvNs", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Bonus Army was a group of 43,000 demonstrators \u2013 made up of 17,000 U.S. World War"}, {"section_header": "Army intervention", "text": "At 1:40 pm MacArthur ordered General Perry Miles to assemble troops on the Ellipse immediately south of the White House."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A second, smaller Bonus March in 1933 at the start of the Roosevelt administration was defused in May with an offer of jobs with the Civilian Conservation Corps at Fort Hunt, Virginia, which most of the group accepted."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "I veterans, together with their families and affiliated groups \u2013 who gathered in Washington, D.C. in mid-1932 to demand early cash redemption of their service certificates."}, {"section_header": "March", "text": "I veterans to receive their cash bonus."}, {"section_header": "Army intervention", "text": "Shortly after 9 pm, MacArthur ordered Miles to cross the bridge and evict the Bonus Army from its encampment."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "I's American Expeditionary Forces, while the media referred to them as the \"Bonus Army\" or \"Bonus Marchers\"."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Breaking with tradition, the veterans of the Spanish\u2013American War did not receive a bonus and after World War I, that became a political matter when they received only a $60 bonus."}, {"section_header": "March", "text": "The Bonus Army massed at the U.S. Capitol on June 17 as the U.S. Senate voted on the Bonus Bill."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "During the presidential campaign of 1932, Roosevelt had opposed the veterans' bonus demands."}], "text": "The Bonus Army was a group of veterans and others would assembled in the 1930s.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Bonus Army"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the world's largest Buddhist temple."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Borobudur, or Barabudur (Indonesian: Candi Borobudur, Javanese: \ua995\ua9a4\ua9c0\ua9a3\ua9b6\ua9a7\ua9ab\ua9a7\ua9b8\ua9a3\ua9b8\ua982, romanized: Candhi Barabudhur) is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple in Magelang Regency, not far from the town of Muntilan, in Central Java, Indonesia."}], "id": "WXnzhxx60ytwIrtPoHnC", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Location | The three temples", "text": "During the restoration in the early 20th century, it was discovered that three Buddhist temples in the region, Borobudur, Pawon and Mendut, are positioned along a straight line."}, {"section_header": "History | Construction", "text": "Construction of Buddhist temples, including Borobudur, at that time was possible because Sanjaya's immediate successor, Rakai Panangkaran, granted his permission to the Buddhist followers to build such temples."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the world's largest Buddhist temple."}, {"section_header": "History | Construction", "text": "The Buddhist monuments, including Borobudur, were erected around the same period as the Hindu Shiva Prambanan temple compound."}, {"section_header": "History | Contemporary events | Religious ceremony", "text": "Vesak is an official national holiday in Indonesia, and the ceremony is centered at the three Buddhist temples by walking from Mendut to Pawon and ending at Borobudur."}, {"section_header": "Architecture | Building structure", "text": "This ratio is also found in the designs of Pawon and Mendut, nearby Buddhist temples."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Borobudur is the largest Buddhist temple in the world, and ranks with Bagan in Myanmar and Angkor Wat in Cambodia as one of the great archeological sites of Southeast Asia."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Borobudur, or Barabudur (Indonesian: Candi Borobudur, Javanese: \ua995\ua9a4\ua9c0\ua9a3\ua9b6\ua9a7\ua9ab\ua9a7\ua9b8\ua9a3\ua9b8\ua982, romanized: Candhi Barabudhur) is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple in Magelang Regency, not far from the town of Muntilan, in Central Java, Indonesia."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "In Indonesian, ancient temples are referred to as candi; thus locals refer to \"Borobudur Temple\" as Candi Borobudur."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The rediscovery and reconstruction of Borobudur has been hailed by Indonesian Buddhist as the sign of the Buddhist revival in Indonesia."}], "text": "Borobudur is Earth's biggest Buddhist temple since the 9th-century.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Borobudur"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later career", "text": "He then won the Puerto Rican Winter League Triple Crown in the 1949\u20131950 season, and also hit for the cycle once in his career."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Willard Jessie Brown (June 26, 1915 \u2013 August 4, 1996), nicknamed \"Home Run\" Brown, was an American baseball player who played outfielder in the Negro leagues and in Major League Baseball (MLB)."}], "id": "WanK0DhFFPpdYzL4LYz6", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later career", "text": "That winter, Brown went to Puerto Rico and had one of his greatest seasons ever, batting .432"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Willard Jessie Brown (June 26, 1915 \u2013 August 4, 1996), nicknamed \"Home Run\" Brown, was an American baseball player who played outfielder in the Negro leagues and in Major League Baseball (MLB)."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "Subsequently, he was a successful minor league player in the Texas League from 1953 through 1956."}, {"section_header": "MLB career", "text": "On 20 July, Brown and Hank Thompson played against the Boston Red Sox."}, {"section_header": "MLB career", "text": "He played briefly in the major leagues in 1947, having signed with the floundering St. Louis Browns."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "He then won the Puerto Rican Winter League Triple Crown in the 1949\u20131950 season, and also hit for the cycle once in his career."}, {"section_header": "Early Negro league experience", "text": "In 1936, he signed with the Kansas City Monarchs, for which he played continuously until seeing action in World War II in 1944\u201345."}, {"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "Brown was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Brown was born in Shreveport, Louisiana on 26 June 1915."}, {"section_header": "Early Negro league experience", "text": "From 1937 to 1946 Brown helped lead the Monarchs to six pennants in ten seasons."}], "text": "Playing in Puerto Rico proved to be a success for Willard Brown.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Willard Brown"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"Rappaccini's Daughter\" is a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne first published in the December 1844 issue of The United States Magazine and Democratic Review, and later in the 1846 collection Mosses from an Old Manse."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "The story is set in Padua, Italy, in a distant and unspecified past."}], "id": "Whs3aeg5v3OUqc9CwZDz", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Adaptations | In popular culture", "text": "PBS's American Short Story, starring Kristoffer Tabori, Kathleen Beller, Madeline Willemsen and Leonardo Cimino (1980) Twice Told Tales, starring Vincent Price (1963) DC Comics' Poison Ivy is partly inspired by Hawthorne's story."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "The story is set in Padua, Italy, in a distant and unspecified past."}, {"section_header": "Style", "text": "He lists texts by M. de l'Aub\u00e9pine, some of which translate into Hawthorne's own works as follows: Contes deux fois racont\u00e9s is Twice-Told Tales."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"Rappaccini's Daughter\" is a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne first published in the December 1844 issue of The United States Magazine and Democratic Review, and later in the 1846 collection Mosses from an Old Manse."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | In popular culture", "text": "In the Ravenloft campaign setting for Dungeons & Dragons there are creatures called Ermordenungs; former humans who, through some unknown, torturous process, have been transformed into beautiful men and women with a deadly poisonous touch."}], "text": "\"Rappaccini's Daughter\" is a short tale and is set in Italia.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Rappaccini's Daughter"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "James Maitland Stewart was born on May 20, 1908, in Indiana, Pennsylvania, the eldest child and only son born to Elizabeth Ruth (n\u00e9e Jackson; 1875\u20131953) and Alexander Maitland Stewart (1872\u20131962)."}], "id": "WrYGq0JvK4LFq8ao8yQY", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Theater and early film roles, 1932\u20141937", "text": "The New Yorker commented, \"Mr. James Stewart's chauffeur... comes on for three minutes and walks off to a round of spontaneous applause.\" Following the seven-month run of Goodbye Again, Stewart took a stage manager position in Boston, but was fired after frequently missing his cues."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "The museum is located near his birthplace, his childhood home, and the former location of his father's hardware store."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "A large statue of Stewart stands on the lawn of the Indiana County Courthouse and a plaque marks his birthplace."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Honors", "text": "In 1997, Princeton University, Stewart's alma mater, honored him with the dedication of the James M. Stewart Theater along with a retrospective of his films."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Upon his graduation in 1932, he was awarded a scholarship for graduate studies in architecture for his thesis on an airport design, but chose instead to join University Players, an intercollegiate summer stock company performing in West Falmouth, Massachusetts, on Cape Cod."}, {"section_header": "Acting style and screen persona", "text": "Belton explained that \"James Stewart is more James Stewart than Glenn Miller in The Glenn Miller Story (1954) or Charles Lindbergh in The Spirit of St. Louis (1957).\" Moreover, Jonathan Rosenbaum continued that Stewart's \"pre-existing life-size persona\" in Winchester '73 \"helped to shape and determine the impact of [his character] in [this film].\" On the other hand, Stewart has been described as a character actor who went through several distinct career phases."}, {"section_header": "Career | Career renewal: Westerns and suspense films (1950\u20131959)", "text": "James Neilson replaced Mann, and the film opened in 1957 to become a box office flop."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Friendships, interests, and character", "text": "An award for Boy Scouts, \"The James M. Stewart Good Citizenship Award\" has been presented since 2003."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "James Maitland Stewart (May 20, 1908 \u2013 July 2, 1997) was an American actor and military officer."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Honors", "text": "Stewart donated his papers and memorabilia to the library after becoming friends with the curator of its arts and communications collections, James D'Arc."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "James Maitland Stewart was born on May 20, 1908, in Indiana, Pennsylvania, the eldest child and only son born to Elizabeth Ruth (n\u00e9e Jackson; 1875\u20131953) and Alexander Maitland Stewart (1872\u20131962)."}], "text": "James Stewart's birthplace is Boston, Massachusetts.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "James Stewart"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He was a strong-armed quarterback, who reportedly could throw the football 70 yards."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Growing up in Southern California, Snider was a gifted all-around athlete, playing basketball, football, and baseball at Compton High School, class of 1944."}], "id": "WvzVV0OvGDeVXV2aL0dl", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Edwin Donald \"Duke\" Snider (September 19, 1926 \u2013 February 27, 2011), nicknamed \"The Silver Fox\" and \"The Duke of Flatbush\", was an American professional baseball player."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Growing up in Southern California, Snider was a gifted all-around athlete, playing basketball, football, and baseball at Compton High School, class of 1944."}, {"section_header": "Minor leagues", "text": "Spotted by one of Branch Rickey's scouts in the early 1940s, he was signed to a baseball contract out of high school in 1943."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "Snider occasionally took acting roles, sometimes appearing in television or films as himself or as a professional baseball player."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | 1955 MVP balloting controversy", "text": "Snider finished second to teammate Roy Campanella in the 1955 Most Valuable Player (MVP) balloting conducted by the Baseball Writers' Association of America."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He was a strong-armed quarterback, who reportedly could throw the football 70 yards."}, {"section_header": "Books", "text": "Snider, Duke; Gilbert, Bill (1988)."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "Besides his selection to the Hall of Fame in 1980, in 1999 Snider was ranked 84 on The Sporting News's list of \"100 Greatest Players\", and was a nominee for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team."}, {"section_header": "Books", "text": "The Duke Snider Story. Julian Messner, Inc."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "Often compared with two other New York center fielders, fellow Baseball Hall of Famers, Mickey Mantle and Willie Mays, he was the reigning \"Duke\" of Flatbush."}], "text": "American baseball player Duke Snider was a quarterback in high school.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Duke Snider"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "He had several sets of false teeth made which he wore during his presidency\u2014none of which were made of wood, contrary to common lore."}], "id": "WyUl2Dc2sfodFkvZljmd", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "George Washington (February 22, 1732 (N.S.) \u2013 December 14, 1799) was an American political leader, military general, statesman, and founding father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797."}, {"section_header": "Retirement (1797\u20131799)", "text": "No army invaded the United States during this period, and Washington did not assume a field command."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1789\u20131797) | Foreign affairs", "text": "The British agreed to abandon their forts around the Great Lakes, and the United States modified the boundary with Canada."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1789\u20131797) | Domestic issues | National Bank", "text": "Hamilton created controversy among Cabinet members by advocating the establishment of the First Bank of the United States."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1789\u20131797)", "text": "Washington read a speech in the Senate Chamber, asking \"that Almighty Being who rules over the universe, who presides in the councils of nations\u2014and whose providential aids can supply every human defect, consecrate the liberties and happiness of the people of the United States\"."}, {"section_header": "Retirement (1797\u20131799) | Final days and death", "text": "People worldwide admired Washington and were saddened by his death, and memorial processions were held in major cities of the United States."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Memorials | Places and monuments", "text": "D.C. The state of Washington is the only state to be named after a president."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1789\u20131797)", "text": "Great Britain refused to relinquish its forts in the American West, and Barbary pirates preyed on American merchant ships in the Mediterranean at a time when the United States did not even have a navy."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Washington suffered frequently from severe tooth decay and ultimately lost all his teeth but one."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy", "text": "Washington's legacy endures as one of the most influential in American history, since he served as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, a hero of the Revolution, and the first president of the United States."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "He had several sets of false teeth made which he wore during his presidency\u2014none of which were made of wood, contrary to common lore."}], "text": "George Washington was the 1st president of the United States and did not have wooden teeth.", "total_likes": 5, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "George Washington"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "He was the second of two sons of Michele Giuseppe Francesco Antonio Benso, 4th Marquess of Cavour and Count of Isolabella and Leri, Lord of Corveglia, Dusino, Mondonio, Ottiglio and Ponticelli, Co-Lord of Castagnole, Cellarengo and Menabi, Cereaglio, Chieri, San Salvatore Monferrato, Santena and Valfenera, 1st Baron of the French Empire (1781\u20131850) and his wife (1805) Ad\u00e9la\u00efde (Ad\u00e8le) Suzanne, Marchioness of Sellon (1780\u20131846), herself of French origin."}], "id": "X0ydKQ2ScNtm1x4yMwZa", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "Camillo and his older brother Gustavo were initially educated at home."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "Camillo Benso was born in Turin during Napoleonic rule, into a family that had gained a fair amount of land during the French occupation."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "In 1865, the Collegio dei Nobili, the oldest high school in Turin (founded 1568), and among the oldest and most prominent ones in Italy, was renamed the Liceo Ginnasio statale \"Camillo Benso di Cavour\" (Liceo classico Cavour)."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "His godparents were Napoleon's sister Pauline, and her husband, Prince Camillo Borghese, after whom Camillo was named."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso, Count of Cavour, Isolabella and Leri (10 August 1810 \u2013 6 June 1861), generally known as Cavour ( k\u0259-VOOR, Italian: [ka\u02c8vur]), was an Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Prime minister of Piedmont\u2013Sardinia", "text": "It was now up to Garibaldi to overthrow the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and bring southern Italy into Piedmont's control."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "He was the second of two sons of Michele Giuseppe Francesco Antonio Benso, 4th Marquess of Cavour and Count of Isolabella and Leri, Lord of Corveglia, Dusino, Mondonio, Ottiglio and Ponticelli, Co-Lord of Castagnole, Cellarengo and Menabi, Cereaglio, Chieri, San Salvatore Monferrato, Santena and Valfenera, 1st Baron of the French Empire (1781\u20131850) and his wife (1805) Ad\u00e9la\u00efde (Ad\u00e8le) Suzanne, Marchioness of Sellon (1780\u20131846), herself of French origin."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Prime minister of Piedmont\u2013Sardinia", "text": "Cavour and Napoleon met in July 1858 at Plombi\u00e8res-les-Bains, and the two agreed that Piedmont would attempt to provoke war with the Duchy of Modena, obliging Austria to enter, and France would then aid Piedmont."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Prime minister of Piedmont\u2013Sardinia", "text": "General La Marmora succeeded to Cavour's post and insisted on following the treaty terms, even sending a letter to Tuscany asking that they restore their Grand Duke. (Bettino Ricasoli, virtual dictator of Tuscany at the time, wrote about this appeal to his brother, saying"}], "text": "Camillo Benso had two brothers.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1992."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "In 1992, he was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame."}], "id": "X3QWIMw3RaB5MnG9mg53", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Angered when they rebuffed his recommendation to draft future Hall of Famer Derek Jeter in favor of Phil Nevin, he quit shortly after."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1992."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "In 1992, he was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "During his playing days, Newhouser's teammates nicknamed him \"Prince Hal\" because of the way he carried himself."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Harold Newhouser (May 20, 1921 \u2013 November 10, 1998), nicknamed \"Prince Hal\", was an American professional baseball player."}], "text": "Hal Hewhouser was never a Hall of Famer.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Hal Newhouser"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Poem", "text": "The Lady of Shalott lives in an island castle in a river which flows to Camelot, but the local farmers know little about her."}, {"section_header": "Poem", "text": "Tennyson focused on the Lady's \"isolation in the tower and her decision to participate in the living world, two subjects not even mentioned in Donna di Scalotta.\" The first four stanzas of the 1842 poem describe a pastoral setting."}], "id": "X9CK81gWAyk9qppLmZqm", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"The Lady of Shalott\" is a lyrical ballad by the English poet Alfred Tennyson."}, {"section_header": "Poem", "text": "The Lady of Shalott lives in an island castle in a river which flows to Camelot, but the local farmers know little about her."}, {"section_header": "Poem", "text": "Tennyson focused on the Lady's \"isolation in the tower and her decision to participate in the living world, two subjects not even mentioned in Donna di Scalotta.\" The first four stanzas of the 1842 poem describe a pastoral setting."}, {"section_header": "Themes", "text": "\"Critics such as Hatfield have suggested that \"The Lady of Shalott\" is a representation of how Tennyson viewed society; the distance at which other people are in the lady's eyes is symbolic of the distance he feels from society."}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Music", "text": "Lead vocalist Kimberly Perry holds a book of poems by Tennyson as she lies in a boat, floating down a river like the Lady of Shalott."}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Music", "text": "Israeli progressive rock group Atmosphera recorded a 16-minute epic named \"Lady of Shalott\" about the ballad."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Tennyson wrote two versions of the poem, one published in 1833, of 20 stanzas, the other in 1842, of 19 stanzas."}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Art", "text": "Two aspects, in particular, of \"The Lady of Shalott\" intrigued these artists: the idea of the lady trapped in her tower and the dying girl floating down the river towards Camelot.:173"}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Literature", "text": "In Jasper Fforde's novel One of our Thursdays Is Missing (2011), the Lady of Shalott possesses a mirror that allows characters in the Book World to see into the real world (\"the Outland\")."}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Literature", "text": "In Diana Wynne Jones' novel Hexwood (1993) one of the main characters, Ann Stavely, compares herself to the Lady of Shalott in that she uses a mirror to look outside her window."}], "text": "The Lady of Shalott is a lyrical ballad by the English poet Alfred Tennyson focusing on the occupant feeling isolated in an island castle in a river.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Lady of Shalott"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Characters", "text": "He is a lifelong friend of Thea, who gives her financial support, which she in her turn repays."}], "id": "XD1vcZvAa62PzbaJ4cEA", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The book tells the story of a talented artist born in a small town in Colorado who discovers and develops her singing voice."}, {"section_header": "Plot introduction", "text": "Set in the 1890s in Moonstone, a fictional town in Colorado, The Song of the Lark is the self-portrait of an artist in the making."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Song of the Lark is the third novel by American author Willa Cather, written in 1915."}, {"section_header": "Allusions to history and real places", "text": "Although Moonstone is a fictional small town at the end of a rail line in Colorado, most other cities and towns are real, like Denver, Chicago in the fast growing 1890s, Evanston, Illinois a suburb of Chicago, and Dresden in Germany."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Doctor Howard Archie: the young town doctor in Moonstone."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part V: Doctor Archie's Venture", "text": "She tells Archie about this. In New York she tells Fred that she will leave and will not accept his financial help."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "After studying in Chicago, she becomes a renowned opera singer in Dresden and New York City."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "He is a lifelong friend of Thea, who gives her financial support, which she in her turn repays."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part I: Friends of Childhood", "text": "After Christmas, Wunsch tells Thea about a Spanish opera singer who could sing an alto part of Christoph Willibald Gluck."}, {"section_header": "Literary significance and criticism", "text": "The novel was inspired by the story of soprano Olive Fremstad."}], "text": "The 1915 novel Song of the Lark tells the story of a small town girl from Colorado who becomes an opera singer after the town doctor provides her financial support.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Song of the Lark"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Poem", "text": "She leaves her tower, finds a boat upon which she writes her name, and floats down the river to Camelot."}, {"section_header": "Poem", "text": "She dies before arriving at the palace."}], "id": "XKQWWyUO3pdEajpOLtnd", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Cultural influence | Art", "text": "In 1888, he painted the Lady setting out for Camelot in her boat; this work is now in the Tate Gallery."}, {"section_header": "Poem", "text": "The Lady of Shalott lives in an island castle in a river which flows to Camelot, but the local farmers know little about her."}, {"section_header": "Poem", "text": "The remaining seven stanzas describe the effect on the lady of seeing Lancelot; she stops weaving and looks out of her window toward Camelot, bringing about the curse."}, {"section_header": "Poem", "text": "Instead, she looks into a mirror, which reflects the busy road and the people of Camelot who pass by her island."}, {"section_header": "Poem", "text": "She leaves her tower, finds a boat upon which she writes her name, and floats down the river to Camelot."}, {"section_header": "Poem", "text": "Among the knights and ladies who see her is Lancelot, who thinks she is lovely."}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Art", "text": "Two aspects, in particular, of \"The Lady of Shalott\" intrigued these artists: the idea of the lady trapped in her tower and the dying girl floating down the river towards Camelot.:173"}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Television", "text": "\"The Lady of Shalott\" does not appear in the original book by Edith Wharton."}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Literature", "text": "Tennyson's poem is used for narration and as a narrative device in the short story \"Camelot Garden\" (2008), by manga author Kaori Yuki."}, {"section_header": "Cultural influence | Art", "text": "In 1894, Waterhouse painted the Lady at the climactic moment when she turns to look at Lancelot in the window in The Lady of Shalott Looking at Lancelot; this work is now in the City Art Gallery in Leeds."}, {"section_header": "Poem", "text": "She dies before arriving at the palace."}], "text": "The lady in \"The Lady of Shallot\" is dead when she reaches Camelot.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Lady of Shalott"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "The film was directed by Daniel Nearing, written by Nearing and Rudy Thauberger, and stars Andre Truss, Keisha Dyson and Gerrold Johnson."}], "id": "XKcXkjJDzMTmJjpDtxJE", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "In 2008 Winesburg, Ohio, a filmed adaptation of the novel, was produced by Jennifer Granville."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Stage", "text": "The adaptation, written by Christopher Sergel, starred Ben Piazza as George Willard, James Whitmore as Tom Willard, Sandra Church as Helen White, and Leon Ames as Dr. Reefy."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "In 2010, Chicago Heights, a contemporary adaptation of the modular novel, premiered in competition at the Busan International Film Festival and appeared in multiple additional festivals."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "On 3 Aug. 1959, The New York Times announced a film adaptation to be produced by Mirisch Company for release by United Artists, Christopher Sergel to write the screenplay and Jeffrey Hayden to direct."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "A companion documentary, Lost in Winesburg, directed by Tommy Britt, examined the legacy of Anderson's book by documenting present day small town Ohio and the attempt to adapt Anderson's book for the screen by the local community and Ohio University students, alumni, staff and faculty."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "Noted film critic Roger Ebert said \"it is a beautiful book, and has inspired this beautiful film,\" and later listed Chicago Heights among the Best Art Films of 2010."}, {"section_header": "Literary and cultural connections | In film", "text": "Daniel Nearing's 2009 independent film Chicago Heights was based on Winesburg, Ohio."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "It was screened at the Athens International Film and Video Festival."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "The film was directed by Daniel Nearing, written by Nearing and Rudy Thauberger, and stars Andre Truss, Keisha Dyson and Gerrold Johnson."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Stage", "text": "A loose musical adaptation of Winesburg, Ohio written by Kevin Kuhlke with music by Heaven Phillips premiered in 2003 as Winesburg: Small Town Life at the Perseverance Theatre in Juneau, Alaska."}], "text": "There was a 1950s film adaptation of Winesburg, Ohio staring James Stuart.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Winesburg, Ohio"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Farfetch is an online luxury fashion retail platform that sells products from over 700 boutiques and brands from around the world."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The company was founded in 2007 by the Portuguese entrepreneur Jos\u00e9 Neves with its headquarters in London and main branches in Porto,  Guimar\u00e3es, Braga, Lisbon, New York, Los Angeles, Tokyo, Shanghai, Hong Kong, S\u00e3o Paulo and Dubai."}], "id": "XNQ7qX1ObVDpsjeTQe7s", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Management", "text": "Farfetch is led by Jos\u00e9 Neves, the founder of the business.."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "In August of that year, Farfetch served its millionth online customer."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Farfetch has offices in 11 cities and employs over 3,000 staff."}, {"section_header": "Current operations", "text": "In February 2019, Farfetch agreed to merge its Chinese business with JD.com."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Farfetch developed the proprietary business units Farfetch Black & White and Store of the Future in 2015.In May 2016, Farfetch secured a Series F round of investment of US $110 million, led by new investors Temasek, IDG Capital Partners and Eurazeo with existing investor Vitruvian Partners participating."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "In June 2017, it was announced that JD.com Inc. had bought a stake in Farfetch for $397 million."}, {"section_header": "Current operations", "text": "As of September 2014, \"annual sales of merchandise through the Farfetch site\u2026surpassed \u00a3167 million."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "In March 2015, Farfetch gained a further US$86 million from an investment group led by DST."}, {"section_header": "Current operations", "text": "In December 2018, Farfetch acquired online sneaker platform, Stadium Goods, for $250 million."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "This boutique is run independently from Farfetch by a newly-appointed CEO Holli Rogers who joined the business in July 2015."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Farfetch is an online luxury fashion retail platform that sells products from over 700 boutiques and brands from around the world."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The company was founded in 2007 by the Portuguese entrepreneur Jos\u00e9 Neves with its headquarters in London and main branches in Porto,  Guimar\u00e3es, Braga, Lisbon, New York, Los Angeles, Tokyo, Shanghai, Hong Kong, S\u00e3o Paulo and Dubai."}], "text": "Farfetch is a perfume line from Belgium.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Farfetch"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atom, ions, molecules) from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration."}], "id": "XRxhiDmaaXurCJG0Vzg6", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Random walk (random motion)", "text": "One common misconception is that individual atoms, ions or molecules move randomly, which they do not."}, {"section_header": "Basic models of diffusion | Jumps on the surface and in solids", "text": "Some of the places are free. The concentration of the free places is                         z"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atom, ions, molecules) from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration."}, {"section_header": "Diffusion in the context of different disciplines", "text": "However, in each case the object (for example, atom, idea) undergoing diffusion is \"spreading out\" from a point or location at which there is a higher concentration of that object."}, {"section_header": "Basic models of diffusion | Jumps on the surface and in solids", "text": "i                                     {\\displaystyle c_{i}}    (including free places) is constant, the density of adsorption places b."}, {"section_header": "Diffusion in physics | The theory of diffusion in gases based on Boltzmann's equation", "text": "For example, in the Earth's gravitational field, the heavier molecules should go down, or in electric field the charged molecules should move, until this effect is not equilibrated by the sum of other terms."}, {"section_header": "Basic models of diffusion | Jumps on the surface and in solids", "text": "The surface is a lattice of the adsorption places."}, {"section_header": "Random walk (random motion) | Separation of diffusion from convection in gases", "text": "Therefore, some often cited examples of diffusion are wrong: If cologne is sprayed in one place, it can soon be smelled in the entire room, but a simple calculation shows that this can't be due to diffusion."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The central idea of diffusion, however, is common to all of these: an object (for example, atom, idea, etc.) undergoing diffusion spreads out from a point or location at which there is a higher concentration of that object."}, {"section_header": "Basic models of diffusion | Jumps on the surface and in solids", "text": "Each reagent molecule fills a place on the surface."}], "text": "An example of diffusion is atoms moving from a spot of elevated congregation to a lesser place of congregation.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Diffusion"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality."}], "id": "XSZrvNEEHhdmjP3zbOSW", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | From Queen's House to palace", "text": "After the destruction of the Palace of Westminster by fire in 1834, William considered converting the palace into the new Houses of Parliament."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality."}, {"section_header": "History | First houses on the site | Buckingham House", "text": "The house which forms the architectural core of the palace was built for the first Duke of Buckingham and Normanby in 1703 to the design of William Winde."}, {"section_header": "History | Site", "text": "William gave the site to Geoffrey de Mandeville, who bequeathed it to the monks of Westminster Abbey."}, {"section_header": "History | Site", "text": "In 1531, Henry VIII acquired the Hospital of St James, which became St James's Palace, from Eton College, and in 1536 he took the Manor of Ebury from Westminster Abbey."}, {"section_header": "History | First houses on the site | Buckingham House", "text": "Buckingham House was eventually sold by Buckingham's illegitimate son, Sir Charles Sheffield, in 1761 to George III for \u00a321,000."}, {"section_header": "History | From Queen's House to palace", "text": "While St James's Palace remained the official and ceremonial royal residence, the name \"Buckingham-palace\" was used from at least 1791.After his accession to the throne in 1820, King George IV continued the renovation with the idea in mind of a small, comfortable home."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Buckingham Palace (UK: ) is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the monarch of the United Kingdom."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Buckingham Palace became the London residence of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837."}, {"section_header": "Modern history | 21st century: Royal use and public access", "text": "The forecourt of Buckingham Palace is used for the Changing of the Guard, a major ceremony and tourist attraction ("}], "text": "Buckingham Palace is in Westminster.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Buckingham Palace"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is an epic about the American home front during World War II that was adapted and produced by David O. Selznick from the 1943 novel Since You Went Away: Letters to a Soldier from His Wife by Margaret Buell Wilder."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Anne's beloved husband Tim Hilton has volunteered for U.S. Army service in World War II."}], "id": "XSzwg5KVAtJL2p4yntrv", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Jane is determined to do more for the war effort and begins volunteering as a nurse's aide at the nearby military hospital, where returning veterans with physical and mental injuries are sent to recover."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is an epic about the American home front during World War II that was adapted and produced by David O. Selznick from the 1943 novel Since You Went Away: Letters to a Soldier from His Wife by Margaret Buell Wilder."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film is set in a mid-sized American town, where people with loved ones in the Armed Forces try to cope with their changed circumstances and make their own contributions to the war effort."}, {"section_header": "Accolades", "text": "The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:  2006: AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers \u2013 Nominated"}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Robert Walker is uncommonly appealing as the young soldier whom she tragically adores, and Shirley Temple, now grown to \"teen-age freshness\", is pert as the young sister."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Tony returns on leave and talks to Anne about his feelings for her, but she believes that he only keeps her as a romantic ideal because she is married to his friend Tim and therefore unattainable."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Anne has just returned from seeing her husband off to Camp Claiborne, and she and her daughters must adjust to Tim's absence and make other sacrifices for the war effort, including food rationing; planting a victory garden; giving up the services of their loyal maid Fidelia who nevertheless offers to continue working part-time for the Hiltons while foregoing wages; and taking in a boarder, the curmudgeonly retired Colonel Smollett."}, {"section_header": "Behind the scenes", "text": "The farewell scene between Jones and Walker at the railway station was parodied in the 1980 film Airplane!"}, {"section_header": "Behind the scenes", "text": "They divorced not long after the film was completed, and Jones later married Selznick after this affair ended his marriage to Irene Mayer Selznick."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Since You Went Away is a 1944 American drama film directed by John Cromwell for Selznick International Pictures and distributed by United Artists."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Anne's beloved husband Tim Hilton has volunteered for U.S. Army service in World War II."}], "text": "This film is about a soldier returning to America after the Vietnam War.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Since You Went Away"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The war, considered a Cold War-era proxy war by some, lasted 19 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973, and included the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War, which ended with all three countries becoming communist in 1975."}], "id": "XZoG9vKUW6V5cEMdiMSH", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Johnson's escalation, 1963\u20131969 | American ground war", "text": "As one observer noted \"we were not in Vietnam for 10 years, but for one year 10 times.\" As a result, training programs were shortened."}, {"section_header": "Vietnamization, 1969\u20131972 | Collapsing U.S. morale", "text": "Open refusal to engage in patrols or carry out orders and disobedience began to emerge during this period, with one notable case of an entire company refusing orders to engage or carry out operations."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The war, considered a Cold War-era proxy war by some, lasted 19 years, with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973, and included the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War, which ended with all three countries becoming communist in 1975."}, {"section_header": "Johnson's escalation, 1963\u20131969 | American ground war", "text": "Meanwhile, the one-year tour of duty of American soldiers deprived units of experienced leadership."}, {"section_header": "Vietnamization, 1969\u20131972 | Easter Offensive and Paris Peace Accords, 1972", "text": "There was a sixty-day period for the total withdrawal of U.S. forces. \" This article\", noted Peter Church, \"proved\u2026 to be the only one of the Paris Agreements which was fully carried out."}, {"section_header": "Involvement of other countries | Pro-Saigon | South Korea", "text": "Approximately 320,000 South Korean soldiers were sent to Vietnam, each serving a one-year tour of duty."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | Effect on the United States | Cost of the war", "text": "As of 2013, the U.S. government is paying Vietnam veterans and their families or survivors more than $22 billion a year in war-related claims."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | Effect on the United States | Views on the war", "text": "When surveyed in 2000, one third of Americans believed that the war was a noble cause."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | Effects of U.S. chemical defoliation", "text": "There is substantial evidence that the birth defects carry on for three generations or more."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | Effect on the United States | Views on the war", "text": "The Vietnam War POW/MIA issue, concerning the fate of U.S. service personnel listed as missing in action, persisted for many years after the war's conclusion."}], "text": "The Vietnam War carried on for 19 years.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Vietnam War"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Hellenistic and Roman period", "text": "Monuments to foreign kings were erected, notably those of the Attalid kings of Pergamon Attalos II (in front of the NW corner of the Parthenon), and Eumenes II, in front of the Propylaia."}], "id": "XieJxn56YJYAOUIoJz7w", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Acropolis of Athens is an ancient citadel located on a rocky outcrop above the city of Athens and contains the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historic significance, the most famous being the Parthenon."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "The Votive Statues of the Athenian Acropolis."}, {"section_header": "History | Byzantine, Latin and Ottoman period", "text": "The dominant feature during the Ottoman period was a mosque inside the Parthenon, complete with a minaret."}, {"section_header": "History | Byzantine, Latin and Ottoman period", "text": "The Acropolis was besieged thrice during the Greek War of Independence (two sieges from the Greeks in 1821\u20131822 and one from the Ottomans in 1826\u20131827."}, {"section_header": "Cultural significance", "text": "There, a new robe of woven wool (peplos) was placed on either the statue of Athena Polias in the Erechtheum (during the annual Lesser Panathenaea) or on the statue of Athena Parthenos in the Parthenon (during the Great Panathenaea, held every four years).Within the later tradition of Western Civilization and classical revival, the Acropolis, from at least the mid-18th century on, has often been invoked as a key symbol of the Greek legacy and of the glories of Classical Greece."}, {"section_header": "History | Byzantine, Latin and Ottoman period", "text": "The Parthenon, which was being used as a gunpowder magazine, was hit by artillery shot and damaged severely."}, {"section_header": "History | The Periclean building program", "text": "According to Pausanias, a wooden statue or xoanon of the goddess and a statue of Artemis made by Praxiteles during the 4th century BC were both in the sanctuary."}, {"section_header": "Archaeological remains | Site plan", "text": "Old Temple of Athena Erechtheum Statue of Athena Promachos"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The word  acropolis is from the Greek words \u1f04\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd (akron, \"highest point, extremity\") and \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 (polis, \"city\")."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as \"The Acropolis\" without qualification."}, {"section_header": "History | Hellenistic and Roman period", "text": "Monuments to foreign kings were erected, notably those of the Attalid kings of Pergamon Attalos II (in front of the NW corner of the Parthenon), and Eumenes II, in front of the Propylaia."}], "text": "Statues of people or gods who are not Greek were not allowed to be displayed inside the Acropolis of Athens.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Acropolis of Athens"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Suez Canal (Arabic: \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u200e qan\u0101t as-suw\u0113s) is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez."}], "id": "Xjt36PTTTqFcr6i3UxQm", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Precursors | Canals dug by Necho, Darius I and Ptolemy", "text": "It may be that by Darius's time a natural waterway passage which had existed between the Heroopolite Gulf and the Red Sea in the vicinity of the Egyptian town of Shaluf (alt."}, {"section_header": "Environmental impact", "text": "This provided less natural dilution of Mediterranean salinity and ended the higher levels of natural turbidity, additionally making conditions more like those in the Red Sea."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Suez Canal (Arabic: \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u200e qan\u0101t as-suw\u0113s) is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez."}, {"section_header": "Precursors | Napoleon's discovery of an ancient canal", "text": "But the plan was abandoned because it wrongly concluded that the waterway would require locks to operate."}, {"section_header": "Precursors | Conception by Venice", "text": "Venetian leaders, driven to desperation, contemplated digging a waterway between the Red Sea and the Nile\u2014anticipating the Suez Canal by almost 400 years\u2014to bring the luxury trade flooding to their doors again."}, {"section_header": "Precursors | Napoleon's discovery of an ancient canal", "text": "During the French campaign in Egypt and Syria in late 1798, Napoleon showed an interest in finding the remnants of an ancient waterway passage."}, {"section_header": "Environmental impact", "text": "While providing for increased human development, the project reduced the inflow of freshwater and ended all natural nutrient-rich silt entering the eastern Mediterranean at the Nile Delta."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2012, 17,225 vessels traversed the canal (an average of 47 per day).The original canal featured a single-lane waterway with passing locations in the Ballah Bypass and the Great Bitter Lake."}, {"section_header": "Precursors | Receding Red Sea and the dwindling Nile", "text": "Two hundred years after the construction of Ptolemy's canal, Cleopatra seems to have had no west\u2013east waterway passage, because the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, which fed Ptolemy's west\u2013east canal, had by that time dwindled, being choked with silt."}, {"section_header": "Suez Canal Economic Zone", "text": "The Suez Canal Economic Zone, sometimes shortened to the Suez Canal Zone, describes the set of locations neighbouring the canal where customs rates have been reduced to zero in order to attract investment."}], "text": "Suez Canal is a natural waterway.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Suez Canal"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dog Day Afternoon is a 1975 American biographical neo-noir crime drama film directed by Sidney Lumet, written by Frank Pierson, and produced by Martin Bregman and Martin Elfand."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "The real-life Wojtowicz was paid $7,500 ($38,900 today) plus 1% of the film's net profit for the rights to his story, from which he gave to Eden enough to pay for her sexual reassignment surgery."}], "id": "XlIwI9I75Y9q3OO5gzsk", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "The film is based on the story of John Wojtowicz."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "Wojtowicz wrote a letter to The New York Times in 1975 claiming that the events of the film were \"only 30% true."}, {"section_header": "Response | Critical reception", "text": "with\". P.F. Kluge, coauthor of the Life magazine article that inspired the film, believed the filmmakers \"stayed with the surface of a lively journalistic story\" and that the film had a \"strong, fast-paced story\" without \"reflection\" or \"a contemplative view of life\"."}, {"section_header": "Response | Critical reception", "text": "Roger Ebert called Sonny \"one of the most interesting modern movie characters\" and gave the movie three-and-a-half stars out of four."}, {"section_header": "Response | Critical reception", "text": "He would later add this film to his list of The Great Movies."}, {"section_header": "Accolades", "text": "In 2012, the Motion Picture Editors Guild listed the film as the 20th-best edited film of all time based on a survey of its membership."}, {"section_header": "Accolades", "text": "It was nominated for AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies in 1998 and 2007."}, {"section_header": "Response", "text": "Although Dog Day Afternoon was released nationally in 1975, it is based on events that took place in Brooklyn three years earlier, in August 1972."}, {"section_header": "Accolades", "text": "Attica!\" placed at #86 on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "The real-life Wojtowicz was paid $7,500 ($38,900 today) plus 1% of the film's net profit for the rights to his story, from which he gave to Eden enough to pay for her sexual reassignment surgery."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dog Day Afternoon is a 1975 American biographical neo-noir crime drama film directed by Sidney Lumet, written by Frank Pierson, and produced by Martin Bregman and Martin Elfand."}], "text": "The movie is a based off of a true story.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Dog Day Afternoon"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "The book is narrated by 15 different characters over 59 chapters."}], "id": "XvGtYRwjPoTRIuADWql4", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "As I Lay Dying is a 1930 Southern Gothic novel by American author William Faulkner."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "The book is narrated by 15 different characters over 59 chapters."}, {"section_header": "Background and literary techniques", "text": "Throughout the novel, Faulkner presents 15 different points of view, each chapter narrated by one character, including Addie, who expresses her thoughts after she has already died."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Darl is the most articulate character in the book; he narrates 19 of the 59 chapters."}, {"section_header": "Significance", "text": "As I Lay Dying derived its name from this novel."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The title derives from Book XI of Homer's Odyssey (William Marris's 1925 translation) , wherein Agamemnon tells Odysseus: \"As I lay dying, the woman with the dog's eyes would not close my eyes as I descended into Hades.\" The novel utilizes stream of consciousness writing technique, multiple narrators, and varying chapter lengths."}, {"section_header": "Background and literary techniques", "text": "In 59 chapters titled only by their narrators' names, the characters are developed gradually through each other's perceptions and opinions, with Darl's predominating."}, {"section_header": "Background and literary techniques", "text": "Faulkner said that he wrote the novel from midnight to 4:00 a.m. over the course of six weeks and that he did not change a word of it."}, {"section_header": "Significance", "text": "As I Lay Dying is consistently ranked among the best novels of 20th-century literature."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Peabody \u2013 Peabody is the Bundrens' doctor; he narrates two chapters of the book."}], "text": "As I Lay Dying is a 1930 Southern Gothic novel by American author William Faulkner which is narrated by 15 different characters over 59 chapters.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "As I Lay Dying"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Christ the Redeemer (Portuguese: Cristo Redentor, standard Brazilian Portuguese: [\u02c8k\u027eistu \u0281eden\u02c8to\u0281], local pronunciation: [\u02c8k\u027ei\u0255t\u016d\u033b xe\u031eden\u02c8to\u0266]) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot."}], "id": "Y44GkVF9m04lRp53udZK", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History", "text": "Local engineer Heitor da Silva Costa designed the statue."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Christ the Redeemer (Portuguese: Cristo Redentor, standard Brazilian Portuguese: [\u02c8k\u027eistu \u0281eden\u02c8to\u0281], local pronunciation: [\u02c8k\u027ei\u0255t\u016d\u033b xe\u031eden\u02c8to\u0266]) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ the Redeemer in Rio Verde, Goi\u00e1s, Brazil Christ in the Mount in Pitangui, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Cristo del Otero in Palencia , Spain built in 1930 (21 m) Cristo Rey (statue, Mexico) located on the Cerro del Cubilete in Guanajuato, Mexico, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Rey in Tenancingo, M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico (30 m) Christ Blessing in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia (30 m) Christ of Havana in Havana, Cuba, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of the Abyss in various underwater locations"}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of V\u0169ng T\u00e0u in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of V\u0169ng T\u00e0u in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ the Redeemer of the Andes (Argentina/Chile) Christ the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Ibiza, Spain, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Blanco in Cusco, Peru"}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms, a symbol of peace, was chosen."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "The King Lebanon Another imitation statue of Christ the Redeemer is at Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India.(Shrish Patil) imitation at Kovalam, near Trivandrum, Kerala, India."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The lightning rods located in the statue's head and arms were also repaired, and new lighting fixtures were installed at the foot of the statue."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ the Redeemer of Malacca is on the Portuguese Settlement Square in Melaka, Malaysia (20' tall) Cristo Rey in Colombia (26 m) Cristo Rey by Urbici Soler in Sunland Park, New Mexico - (8.83 M) Cristo Redentor ("}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Cristo de la Concordia in Cochabamba, Bolivia (34 m) Cristo de las Noas in Torre\u00f3n, Mexico (22 m) Cristo del Pac\u00edfico in Lima, Peru, erected in 2011 (37 m) Patung Yesus Kristus in Mansinam Island, West Papua, Indonesia (30 m) Cristo Redentore (Christ the Redeemer) of Maratea, Italy (21 m) Cristo Rei (Christ the King) in Almada, Portugal (28 m) Cristo Rei of Dili in Dili, Timor-Leste (27 m) Cristo Rei, Madeira on Madeira island, completed in 1927 (15 m) Cristo Rei in Lubango, Angola (14 m) Statue of Cristo Luz in Balne\u00e1rio Cambori\u00fa, Santa Catarina, Brazil"}], "text": "Heitor da Silva Costa depicted Christ the Redeemer which is located in Brazil.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Christ the Redeemer (statue)"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Nick and Nora have no children but they own a female Schnauzer named Asta. (In the film adaptation, Asta is a male wire-haired fox terrier.) Charles is drawn, mostly against his will, into investigating a murder."}], "id": "Y6otxz9pYw4jlwPnbsV5", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The main characters are a former private detective, Nick Charles and Nora, his clever young wife."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Nick, son of a Greek immigrant, has given up his career since marrying Nora, a wealthy socialite"}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "As they attempt to solve the case, Nick and Nora share a great deal of banter and witty dialogue, along with copious amounts of alcohol."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Nick and Nora have no children but they own a female Schnauzer named Asta. (In the film adaptation, Asta is a male wire-haired fox terrier.) Charles is drawn, mostly against his will, into investigating a murder."}], "text": "Nick and Nora have a dog.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "The Thin Man"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Description | Exoskeleton", "text": "Arthropod exoskeletons are made of cuticle, a non-cellular material secreted by the epidermis."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "An arthropod (, from Greek \u1f04\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd arthron, \"joint\" and \u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 pous, \"foot\" (gen. \u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c2)) is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages."}], "id": "YD6AvDEYIysWtTfoQloK", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Description | Exoskeleton", "text": "Two recent hypotheses about the evolution of biomineralization in arthropods and other groups of animals propose that it provides tougher defensive armor, and that it allows animals to grow larger and stronger by providing more rigid skeletons; and in either case a mineral-organic composite exoskeleton is cheaper to build than an all-organic one of comparable strength."}, {"section_header": "Description | Exoskeleton", "text": "Arthropod exoskeletons are made of cuticle, a non-cellular material secreted by the epidermis."}, {"section_header": "Description | Exoskeleton", "text": "The exoskeletons of most aquatic crustaceans are biomineralized with calcium carbonate extracted from the water."}, {"section_header": "Description | Exoskeleton", "text": "Although all arthropods use muscles attached to the inside of the exoskeleton to flex their limbs, some still use hydraulic pressure to extend them, a system inherited from their pre-arthropod ancestors; for example, all spiders extend their legs hydraulically and can generate pressures up to eight times their resting level."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "An arthropod (, from Greek \u1f04\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd arthron, \"joint\" and \u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 pous, \"foot\" (gen. \u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c2)) is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages."}, {"section_header": "Description | Moulting", "text": "Arthropods therefore replace their exoskeletons by undergoing ecdysis (moulting), or shedding the old exoskeleton after growing a new one that is not yet hardened."}, {"section_header": "Interaction with humans", "text": "The intentional cultivation of arthropods and other small animals for human food, referred to as minilivestock, is now emerging in animal husbandry as an ecologically sound concept."}, {"section_header": "Evolutionary history | Fossil record", "text": "It has been proposed that the Ediacaran animals Parvancorina and Spriggina, from around 555 million years ago, were arthropods."}, {"section_header": "Description | Diversity", "text": "A study in 1992 estimated that there were 500,000 species of animals and plants in Costa Rica alone, of which 365,000 were arthropods."}, {"section_header": "Description | Moulting", "text": "After moulting, i.e. shedding their exoskeleton, the juvenile arthropods continue in their life cycle until they either pupate or moult again."}], "text": "An arthropod is an animal with no exoskeleton.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Arthropoda"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Norway remained neutral until April 1940 when the country was invaded and occupied by Germany until the end of Second World War."}], "id": "YED90U6mHsxW6BPrSBhE", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | First and Second World Wars", "text": "Throughout the First World War, Norway was in principle a neutral country."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Norway remained neutral until April 1940 when the country was invaded and occupied by Germany until the end of Second World War."}, {"section_header": "History | Civil war and peak of power", "text": "In 1397, under Margaret I, the Kalmar Union was created between the three Scandinavian countries."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Norway was neutral during the First World War."}, {"section_header": "History | Kalmar Union", "text": "Thus at an all-Scandinavian meeting held at Kalmar, Erik of Pomerania was crowned king of all three Scandinavian countries."}, {"section_header": "History | First and Second World Wars", "text": "Norway also proclaimed its neutrality during the Second World War, but despite this, it was invaded by German forces on 9 April 1940."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Languages", "text": "All three languages are to a degree mutually intelligible and can be, and commonly are, employed in communication among inhabitants of the Scandinavian countries."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Climate", "text": "hence Norway's description as the \"Land of the Midnight sun\"), and the rest of the country experiences up to 20 hours of daylight per day."}, {"section_header": "History | Civil war and peak of power", "text": "From the 1040s to 1130, the country was at peace."}, {"section_header": "Politics and government | Foreign relations", "text": "Norway maintains embassies in 82 countries."}], "text": "The country of Norway is a Scandinavian country that was neutral up to the Vietnam War.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Norway"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "George Herbert Walker Bush (June 12, 1924 \u2013 November 30, 2018) was an American politician, diplomat, and businessman who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993."}], "id": "YGP5MTMK1cUb4LW8kJTK", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life and education (1924\u20131948)", "text": "George Herbert Walker Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts on June 12, 1924."}, {"section_header": "Business career (1948\u20131963)", "text": "With support from Mallon and Bush's uncle, George Herbert Walker Jr., Bush and John Overbey launched the Bush-Overbey Oil Development Company in 1951."}, {"section_header": "Early life and education (1924\u20131948)", "text": "His paternal grandfather, Samuel P. Bush, worked as an executive for a railroad parts company in Columbus, Ohio, and his maternal grandfather, George Herbert Walker, led"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "George Herbert Walker Bush (June 12, 1924 \u2013 November 30, 2018) was an American politician, diplomat, and businessman who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993."}, {"section_header": "Early life and education (1924\u20131948)", "text": "He was the second son of Prescott Bush and Dorothy (Walker) Bush."}, {"section_header": "Vice presidency (1981\u20131989) | 1988 presidential election", "text": "With help from Governor John H. Sununu and an effective campaign attacking Dole for raising taxes, Bush overcame an initial polling deficit and won New Hampshire with 39 percent of the vote."}, {"section_header": "Post-presidency (1993\u20132018) | Appearances", "text": "Portions of his letters and his diary were later published as The China Diary of George H. W. Bush and All The Best, George Bush."}, {"section_header": "Post-presidency (1993\u20132018) | Final years", "text": "Neither George H.W. nor George W. Bush endorsed the eventual Republican nominee, Donald Trump; all three Bushes emerged as frequent critics of Trump's policies and speaking style, while Trump frequently criticized George W. Bush's presidency."}, {"section_header": "Post-presidency (1993\u20132018) | Appearances", "text": "Through previous administrations, the elder Bush had ubiquitously been known as \"George Bush\" or \"President Bush\", but following his son's election the need to distinguish between them has made retronymic forms such as \"George H. W. Bush\" and \"George Bush Sr.\" and colloquialisms such as \"Bush 41\" and \"Bush the Elder\" more common."}, {"section_header": "Post-presidency (1993\u20132018) | Appearances", "text": "In his retirement, Bush generally avoided publicly expressing his opinion on political issues, instead using the public spotlight to support various charities."}], "text": "George Herbert Walker Bush was preceded by 39 U.S presidents.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "George H. W. Bush"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "The United States is the third most populous nation in the world, after China and India."}, {"section_header": "Geography, climate, and environment", "text": "The United States is the world's third- or fourth-largest nation by total area (land and water), ranking behind Russia and Canada and nearly equal to China."}], "id": "YIzgScQURPd5zdI84FfP", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Geography, climate, and environment", "text": "Measured by only land area, the United States is third in size behind Russia and China, just ahead of Canada."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "The United States is the third most populous nation in the world, after China and India."}, {"section_header": "Geography, climate, and environment", "text": "The United States, with its large size and geographic variety, includes most climate types."}, {"section_header": "Geography, climate, and environment", "text": "The United States is the world's third- or fourth-largest nation by total area (land and water), ranking behind Russia and Canada and nearly equal to China."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "Estimates for the year 2018 show that 53 metropolitan areas have populations greater than one million."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "Its population growth rate is positive at 0.7%, higher than that of many developed nations."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "About 82% of Americans live in urban areas (including suburbs); about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "In 2018 the median age of the United States population was 38.1 years."}, {"section_header": "Geography, climate, and environment", "text": "The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted, and how the total size of the United States is measured."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Health", "text": "Approximately one-third of the adult population is obese and an additional third is overweight."}], "text": "The United States is the third of many things like area size and population.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "United States"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Professional career | Baseball legacy", "text": "When the Baseball Hall of Fame held its first election in 1936, Wagner tied for second in the voting with Babe Ruth, trailing Cobb."}], "id": "YJKVjvAPZwlSMqWkUrrG", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Hall of Fame Network: \"Honus Wagner as Mona Lisa\","}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1936, the Baseball Hall of Fame inducted Wagner as one of the first five members."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Baseball legacy", "text": "When the Baseball Hall of Fame held its first election in 1936, Wagner tied for second in the voting with Babe Ruth, trailing Cobb."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | 1903 and 1909 World Series", "text": "The following spring, he refused to send his portrait to a \"Hall of Fame\" for batting champions, citing his play in the World Series."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | T206 Baseball card", "text": "Starting from January 1909, the ATC sought authorization from baseball players for inclusion in the T206 series, which featured 524 major league players, 76 of whom were later inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Louisville Colonels", "text": "I'm sitting on the bench the first day I reported, and along about the third inning an opposing batter smacks a line drive down the third-base line that looked like at least a sure double."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Baseball legacy", "text": "Visitors receive replicas of the famous card."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "In September 1905, Wagner signed a contract to produce the first bat with a player's signature, the Louisville Slugger, becoming the first sportsperson to endorse a commercial product; the Honus Wagner was to become a best-seller for years."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Wagner's older brother, Albert \"Butts\" Wagner, who had a brief major league career himself, is often credited with getting Honus his first tryout."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He received the second-highest vote total, behind Ty Cobb's 222 and tied with Babe Ruth at 215."}], "text": "Honus Wagner is an inductee to the first Baseball Hall of Fame class and was 2nd in ballots received.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Honus Wagner"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was the third of five sons of King Henry II of England and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine and seemed unlikely to become king, but all of his brothers except  the youngest, John, predeceased their father."}], "id": "YJszNN1ucZ9Rzw5GSQka", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Childhood", "text": "Richard was born on 8 September 1157, probably at Beaumont Palace, in Oxford, England, son of King Henry II of England and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Modern reception", "text": "opponent\". Victorian England was divided on Richard: many admired him as a crusader and man of God, erecting an heroic statue to him outside the Houses of Parliament."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | In the Holy Land", "text": "Guy was the widower of his father's cousin Sibylla of Jerusalem and was trying to retain the kingship of Jerusalem, despite his wife's death during the Siege of Acre the previous year."}, {"section_header": "Life after the Third Crusade | War against Philip of France", "text": "A naturally defensible position was identified perched high above the River Seine, an important transport route, in the manor of Andeli."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was the third of five sons of King Henry II of England and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine and seemed unlikely to become king, but all of his brothers except  the youngest, John, predeceased their father."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | Coronation and anti-Jewish violence", "text": "Many Jewish homes were destroyed by arsonists, and several Jews were forcibly converted."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Final years of Henry II's reign", "text": "Richard the Lionheart's victory at Taillebourg deterred many barons from thinking of rebelling and forced them to declare their loyalty to him."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Childhood", "text": "Richard is often depicted as having been the favourite son of his mother."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | Marriage", "text": "The marriage was celebrated with great pomp and splendour, many feasts and entertainments, and public parades and celebrations followed commemorating the event."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | In the Holy Land", "text": "Richard, being ill with scurvy, left for England on October 9, 1192."}], "text": "Richard I of England had many titles and was the only son if the previous king.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Richard I of England"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Knights of Labor (K of L), officially Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, was an American labor federation active in the late 19th century, especially the 1880s."}], "id": "YPIqp8HtFIcjKeQvVhrw", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Remnants of the Knights of Labor continued in existence until 1949, when the group's last 50-member local dropped its affiliation."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Knights of Labor (K of L), officially Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, was an American labor federation active in the late 19th century, especially the 1880s."}, {"section_header": "Decline", "text": "In 1886, right after the peak of the Knights of Labor, they started to lose more members to the American Federation of Labor."}, {"section_header": "Origins", "text": "During the 1880s, the Knights of Labor played a huge role in independent and third-party movements."}, {"section_header": "Origins", "text": "About 50 African-American sugar-cane laborers organized by the Knights went on strike and were murdered by strikebreakers in the 1887 Thibodaux massacre in Louisiana."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "By 1886, 20% of all workers were affiliated, nearly 800,000 members."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "In Chicago, James and Emily Talmadge, printers and supporters of the Knights of Labor, published the songbook \"Labor Songs Dedicated to the Knights of Labor\" (1885)."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Though often overlooked, the Knights of Labor contributed to the tradition of labor protest songs in America."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The Knights frequently included music in their regular meetings, and encouraged local members to write and perform their work."}, {"section_header": "Origins", "text": "The only woman to hold office in the Knights of Labor, Leonora Barry, worked as an investigator."}], "text": "Knights of Labor was an American labor federation active in the late 19th century, especially the 1880s until 1949, when the group's last 50-member local dropped its affiliation.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Knights of Labor"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "King Solomon \"Sol\" White (June 12, 1868 \u2013 August 26, 1955) was an American professional baseball infielder, manager and executive, and one of the pioneers of the Negro leagues."}], "id": "YRNucBvQMehGjcLOez7z", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Managerial career", "text": "He brought along Rube Foster and a number of American black players, but the team lost five of its first six games, and White and most of his players were released."}, {"section_header": "Managerial career", "text": "The Giants were at first paid on a profit-sharing \"cooperative plan,\" but in 1903 White reorganized the team and put all the players on salary."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "An active sportswriter for many years, he wrote the first definitive history of black baseball in 1907."}, {"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "In the off-season the Ohio State League renamed itself the Tri-State League and banned black players, including White."}, {"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "Without a doubt this record will prove valuable in years to come.\" This second book on black baseball by Sol White never appeared."}, {"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "\"One of the Globes players got his finger smashed and since they all knew Sol, the captain pushed him into the game."}, {"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "A small, 128-page, soft-covered pamphlet, History of Colored Base Ball was sold at Philadelphia Giants games in the spring of 1907.The first chapter, \"Colored Base Ball,\" begins with the organization in 1885 of the first professional colored baseball team, discusses the brusque removal of all black players from predominantly white teams during the next four years, and then traces the growing strength of \"colored base ball\" into the early years of the 20th century."}, {"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "White's History of Colored Base Ball was the first book devoted to black professional baseball, and it would remain the only one for more than 60 years, until Robert W. Peterson published Only the Ball Was White in 1970."}, {"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "The next year, he joined the York Colored Monarchs of the Eastern Interstate League, a white-owned team that signed up most of the 1889 Cuban Giants."}, {"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "Sol White's career as a baseball writer would continue with a series of articles on \"colored baseball\" in the Cleveland Advocate, a black newspaper, in 1919."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "King Solomon \"Sol\" White (June 12, 1868 \u2013 August 26, 1955) was an American professional baseball infielder, manager and executive, and one of the pioneers of the Negro leagues."}], "text": "Sol White and the first black player to be signed to the MLB.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Sol White"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life and training", "text": "John Paul (he added \"Jones\" in later life to hide from law enforcement) was born on the estate of Arbigland near Kirkbean in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright on the southwest coast of Scotland."}], "id": "YTeCMG9DKOQIBQKKBa50", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Led Zeppelin bassist/keyboardist John Paul Jones took his stage name from the title of this film."}, {"section_header": "Early life and training", "text": "The local governor encouraged John Paul to leave the area and change his name while on bail."}, {"section_header": "Early life and training", "text": "There is a long-held tradition in the state of North Carolina that John Paul adopted the name \"Jones\" in honor of Willie Jones of Halifax, North Carolina."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "\"Jones, John Paul\". Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography."}, {"section_header": "Early life and training", "text": "During his second voyage in 1770, John Paul had one of his crew flogged after trying to start a mutiny about early payment of wages, leading to accusations that his discipline was \"unnecessarily cruel\"."}, {"section_header": "Early life and training", "text": "Leaving Scotland, John Paul commanded a London-registered vessel named Betsy, a West Indiaman mounting 22 guns, engaging in commercial speculation in Tobago for about 18 months."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "-8160-2107-4. Sherburne, John H. The Life and Character of John Paul Jones."}, {"section_header": "Early life and training", "text": "About this time, John Paul assumed the surname of Jones (in addition to his original surname)."}, {"section_header": "Early life and training", "text": "Willie Jones found John Paul and took him to his brother Allen's house."}, {"section_header": "Early life and training", "text": "John Paul (he added \"Jones\" in later life to hide from law enforcement) was born on the estate of Arbigland near Kirkbean in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright on the southwest coast of Scotland."}], "text": "John Paul Jones just tacked on the third bit of his name so the cops wouldn't find him.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "John Paul Jones"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Having sold 100 million records to date, Cher is one of the world's best-selling music artists."}], "id": "YWk1jI5QeZFVRgb6Uix8", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and career | 1998\u20131999: Death of Sonny Bono, fourth musical comeback", "text": "The album's title track reached number one in more than 23 countries and sold over 10 million copies worldwide."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Having sold 100 million records to date, Cher is one of the world's best-selling music artists."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "By the end of 1967, they had sold 40 million records worldwide and had become, according to Time magazine, rock's \"it\" couple."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1965\u20131967: Sonny and Cher's rise to pop stardom", "text": "By the end of 1967, they had sold 40 million records worldwide and had become, according to Time magazine's Ginia Bellafante, rock's \"it\" couple."}, {"section_header": "Achievements", "text": "She has been a teenage pop star, a television hostess, a fashion magazine model, a rock star, a pop singer, a Broadway actress, an Academy Award-winning movie star, a disco sensation, and the subject of a mountain of press coverage.\" As a solo artist, Cher has sold 100 million records worldwide (in addition to 40 million as Sonny & Cher), making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1998\u20131999: Death of Sonny Bono, fourth musical comeback", "text": "It also topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for four weeks, selling over 1.8 million units in the US up until December 1999."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1962\u20131965: Solo career breakthrough", "text": "So we just turned our record over."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 2000\u20132009: Touring success, retirement, Vegas residency", "text": "After leaving Warner UK in 2002, Cher signed a worldwide deal with the US division of Warner Bros. Records in September 2003."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 2010\u20132017: Burlesque, return to music and touring", "text": "The tour's first leg, which included 49 sold-out shows in North America, grossed $54.9 million."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1998\u20131999: Death of Sonny Bono, fourth musical comeback", "text": "\" Believe was certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA and went on to be certified gold or platinum in 39 countries, selling 10 million copies worldwide."}], "text": "Cher has sold over 100 million records worldwide.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Cher"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jesse Joseph Haines (July 22, 1893 \u2013 August 5, 1978), nicknamed \"Pop\", was a right-handed pitcher in for the Cincinnati Reds and St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB)."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "As his career went on, Haines became known as \"Pop\" because of the influence he exerted on younger teammates."}], "id": "YcjkDX70l9GRizorx6ib", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later life", "text": "After the committee selected Haines, Frisch commented that Haines was \"a worthy, worthy man... a great competitor, a fine fellow off and on the field.\" Sabermetrician Bill James has listed Haines as one of ten examples of Hall of Fame inductees who do not deserve the honor."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "They had one child. Haines became a fixture in the Cardinals starting rotation in 1920."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Though he had a kind personality off the field, Haines was known as a fiery competitor during games."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jesse Joseph Haines (July 22, 1893 \u2013 August 5, 1978), nicknamed \"Pop\", was a right-handed pitcher in for the Cincinnati Reds and St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB)."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "Haines began to pitch fewer games in 1932."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Haines pitched on three World Series championship teams."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Haines wanted to play baseball for the local team in Phillipsburg."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "Haines worked on the coaching staff of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1938."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "During his minor league days, Haines married Carrie M. Weidner."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "As his career went on, Haines became known as \"Pop\" because of the influence he exerted on younger teammates."}], "text": "Haines earned the nickname Daddy on the field due to his strong and commanding demeanor.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Jesse Haines"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | 2017: International expansion and collaborations", "text": "That same month, Guinness World Records revealed that BTS had earned a spot in their 2018 edition for \"having the world's most Twitter engagements for a music group\"."}], "id": "YeKAWeU9aqqQuVB8Mq2a", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | 2020: Map of the Soul: 7 and upcoming album", "text": "It garnered 756,000 concurrent viewers in 107 countries and territories, setting the record for the largest audience for a paid virtual concert."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "BTS (Korean: \ubc29\ud0c4\uc18c\ub144\ub2e8; RR: Bangtan Sonyeondan), also known as the Bangtan Boys, is a seven-member South Korean boy band who began formation in 2010 and debuted in 2013."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2014\u20132015: Moderate success and first concert tour", "text": "The album was supported by the singles \"Boy in Luv\" (Korean: \uc0c1\ub0a8\uc790; RR: Sang-namja) and \"Just One Day\" (Korean: \ud558\ub8e8\ub9cc; RR: Haruman), which peaked at number 45 and number 149 in Korea, respectively."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2014\u20132015: Moderate success and first concert tour", "text": "That July, BTS held their first concert in the United States in West Hollywood for free to an audience of 200 fans."}, {"section_header": "Name", "text": "The group's name, BTS, stands for the Korean expression Bangtan Sonyeondan (Korean: \ubc29\ud0c4\uc18c\ub144\ub2e8; Hanja: \u9632\u5f48\u5c11\u5e74\u5718), literally meaning \"Bulletproof Boy Scouts\"."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2014\u20132015: Moderate success and first concert tour", "text": "During production of the album, BTS recorded their single \"Danger\" in a makeshift studio in a garage in Los Angeles."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2019: Map of the Soul: Persona, stadium world tour and BTS World", "text": "Their concerts at Rose Bowl had broken the record for highest-grossing single engagement in the venue's Boxscore history, surpassing Taylor Swift's and U2's previous dates there."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2014\u20132015: Moderate success and first concert tour", "text": "It was supported by two singles: \"Danger\" and \"War of Hormone\" (Korean: \ud638\ub974\ubaac \uc804\uc7c1; RR: Horeumon Jeonjaeng), which peaked at number 58 and number 173 in Korea, respectively."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2020: Map of the Soul: 7 and upcoming album", "text": "According to album distributor Dreamus, the stock pre-orders of the album reached a record-breaking 4.02 million, surpassing their previous record of 2.68 million with Map of the Soul: Persona. \" Black Swan\" debuted at number 57 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 46 on the UK Official Singles Chart."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2014\u20132015: Moderate success and first concert tour", "text": "I: BTS Begins, in March to a crowd of 6,500 fans."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2017: International expansion and collaborations", "text": "That same month, Guinness World Records revealed that BTS had earned a spot in their 2018 edition for \"having the world's most Twitter engagements for a music group\"."}], "text": "The Bangtan Boys are the record holders for the largest number of female fans attending a single concert.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "BTS (band)"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 7, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Culture | Cuisine", "text": "One of Iran's most popular desserts is the falude, consisting of vermicelli in a rose water syrup, which has its roots in the fourth century BC."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Cuisine", "text": "Iranian cuisine includes a wide range of main dishes, including various types of kebab, pilaf, stew (khoresh), soup and \u0101sh, and omelette."}], "id": "YifKkRyhTGdjRMOv9z1p", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Culture | Cuisine", "text": "There is also the popular saffron ice cream, known as bastani sonnati (\"traditional ice cream\"), which is sometimes accompanied with carrot juice."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Cuisine", "text": "Iranian cuisine includes a wide range of main dishes, including various types of kebab, pilaf, stew (khoresh), soup and \u0101sh, and omelette."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Ethnic groups", "text": "As with the spoken languages, the ethnic group composition also remains a point of debate, mainly regarding the largest and second largest ethnic groups, the Persians and Azerbaijanis, due to the lack of Iranian state censuses based on ethnicity."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Ethnic groups", "text": "However, many estimates regarding the number of these two groups differ significantly from the mentioned census; some place the number of ethnic Azerbaijanis in Iran between 21.6\u201330% of the total population, with the majority holding it on 25%.cd"}, {"section_header": "Culture | Cuisine", "text": "One of Iran's most popular desserts is the falude, consisting of vermicelli in a rose water syrup, which has its roots in the fourth century BC."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Ethnic groups", "text": "Qashqai and Turkmens), and non-Iranian, non-Turkic groups (incl."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Ethnic groups", "text": "Peoples of other ethno-linguistic groups make up the remaining 21%, with Azerbaijanis constituting 16%, Arabs 2%, Turkmens and other Turkic tribes 2%, and others (such as Armenians, Talysh, Georgians, Circassians, Assyrians) 1%.The Library of Congress issued slightly different estimates: 65% Persians (including Mazenderanis, Gilaks, and the Talysh), 16% Azerbaijanis, 7% Kurds, 6% Lurs, 2% Baloch, 1% Turkic tribal groups (incl."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Ethnic groups", "text": "It determined that Persian is the first language of at least 65% of the country's population, and is the second language for most of the remaining 35%.Other nongovernmental estimates regarding the groups other than Persians and Azerbaijanis are roughly congruent with the World Factbook and the Library of Congress."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Ethnic groups", "text": "The CIA's World Factbook has estimated that around 79% of the population of Iran are a diverse Indo-European ethno-linguistic group that comprise speakers of various Iranian languages, with Persians (including Mazenderanis and Gilaks) constituting 61% of the population, Kurds 10%, Lurs 6%, and Balochs 2%."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Historically a multi-ethnic country, Iran remains a pluralistic society comprising numerous ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups,"}], "text": "Kebab, pilaf, soups and falude and saffron ice cream for dessert are a few staples within the ethnic groups.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Iran"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "In 2002, six-year-old Mason Evans Jr. and his older sister Samantha live with their divorced mother, Olivia, in a small town in Texas."}], "id": "Yjq094r6zxYs6zRg2s2p", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Boyhood premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival and was released theatrically on July 11, 2014."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical reception", "text": "Director Christopher Nolan named Boyhood as his favorite film of 2014, calling it \"extraordinary\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical reception", "text": "Peter Travers of Rolling Stone also named Boyhood the best movie of the year, calling it the year's \"biggest emotional powerhouse\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical reception", "text": "A. O. Scott, also writing for The New York Times, called Boyhood the best film of 2014, saying that he could not think of any film that had affected him the way Boyhood had in his 15 years as a professional film critic."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Home media", "text": "For people who like the movie, I think there will be a lot of cool little treasures."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Boyhood is a 2014 American coming-of-age drama film written and directed by Richard Linklater, and starring Patricia Arquette, Ellar Coltrane, Lorelei Linklater, and Ethan Hawke."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Year-end lists", "text": "Both Metacritic and Rotten Tomatoes listed Boyhood as the best-reviewed film of 2014.Boyhood appeared on more critics' annual \"best-of\" lists in 2014 than any other film, including the most first-place votes."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Box office", "text": "Boyhood premiered theatrically on July 11, 2014, in a limited release in four theaters in North America and grossed $387,618, with an average of $77,524 per theater, ranking number 19 at the box office."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical reception", "text": "So what does it mean when \u201cordinary\u201d in 2014 still passes as the white experience?"}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming and writing", "text": "According to Hawke, the discussion about the possibility of additional Star Wars films is \"the only honest-to-god improvised moment in the movie\"."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "In 2002, six-year-old Mason Evans Jr. and his older sister Samantha live with their divorced mother, Olivia, in a small town in Texas."}], "text": "The 2014 movie Boyhood is set in rural Virginia.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Boyhood (film)"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Other interests | Philanthropy", "text": "She supports and promotes Get A-Head Charitable Trust, which aims to improve the quality of life for people with head and neck diseases."}], "id": "Ypar1RT3C7p00WwkHxai", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Public image | Physical appearance", "text": "Now it doesn't mean anything."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 2018\u2013present: Return to film, Dancing Queen, upcoming projects", "text": "Proceeds from the single were donated to UNICEF following the COVID-19 pandemic."}, {"section_header": "Public image | Physical appearance", "text": "Alexander Fury of The Independent lauded Cher as \"the ultimate fashion icon\" and traced her influence among female celebrities such as Beyonc\u00e9, Jennifer Lopez, and Kim Kardashian, stating that \"[t]hey all graduated from the Cher school of never sharing the stage, with anyone, or anything ... They're trying to share the spotlight, to have Cher's success.\" Cher has attracted media attention for her physical appearance\u2014particularly her youthful looks and her tattoos."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Cher (; born Cherilyn Sarkisian; May 20, 1946) is an American singer, actress and television personality."}, {"section_header": "Other interests | Philanthropy", "text": "In 2016, after the discovery of lead contamination in the drinking water of Flint, Michigan, Cher donated more than 180,000 bottles of water to the city as part of a partnership with Icelandic Glacial."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1992\u20131997: Health and professional struggles, directing debut", "text": "Alongside Chrissie Hynde, Neneh Cherry, and Eric Clapton, she topped the UK Singles Chart in 1995 with the charity single \"Love Can Build a Bridge\"."}, {"section_header": "Other interests | Philanthropy", "text": "In 1996, she hosted the American Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR) Benefit alongside Elizabeth Taylor at the Cannes Film Festival."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "She became a television personality in the 1970s with her shows The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour, watched by over 30 million viewers weekly during its three-year run, and Cher."}, {"section_header": "Other interests | Philanthropy", "text": "Cher is a donor, fundraiser, and international spokesperson for Keep a Child Alive, an organization that seeks to accelerate action to combat the AIDS pandemic, including the provision of antiretroviral medicine to children and their families with HIV/AIDS."}, {"section_header": "Achievements", "text": "She had also been selected for the honour as a solo artist in 1983, but forfeited her opportunity by declining to schedule the mandatory personal appearance."}, {"section_header": "Other interests | Philanthropy", "text": "She supports and promotes Get A-Head Charitable Trust, which aims to improve the quality of life for people with head and neck diseases."}], "text": "Cher doesn't specifically donate to any charities that aid only persons with physical cranium disorders.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Cher"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Family and early life | Cincinnati law practice and marriage", "text": "Hayes also defended slaves who had escaped and been accused under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850."}], "id": "YqB5JKWpdpYCz1rOLro2", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Election of 1876 | Disputed electoral votes", "text": "Hayes appeared to have 166, with the 19 votes of Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina still in doubt."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1877\u20131881) | The South and the end of Reconstruction", "text": "Other paramilitary groups, such as the Red Shirts in the Carolinas, however, had intimidated freedmen and suppressed the vote."}, {"section_header": "Family and early life | Cincinnati law practice and marriage", "text": "Hayes also defended slaves who had escaped and been accused under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850."}, {"section_header": "Family and early life | Childhood and family history", "text": "Rutherford Birchard Hayes was born in Delaware, Ohio, on October 4, 1822, to Rutherford Hayes, Jr. and Sophia Birchard."}, {"section_header": "Election of 1876 | Disputed electoral votes", "text": "On April 3, Hayes ordered Secretary of War George W. McCrary to withdraw federal troops stationed at the South Carolina State House to their barracks."}, {"section_header": "Family and early life | Cincinnati law practice and marriage", "text": "As Cincinnati was just across the Ohio River from Kentucky, a slave state, it was a destination for escaping slaves and many such cases were tried in its courts."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1877\u20131881) | The South and the end of Reconstruction", "text": "Hayes had firmly supported Republican Reconstruction policies throughout his career, but the first major act of his presidency was an end to Reconstruction and the return of the South to \"home rule\"."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1877\u20131881) | The South and the end of Reconstruction", "text": "Hayes tried to reconcile the social mores of the South with the recently passed civil rights laws by distributing patronage among southern Democrats."}, {"section_header": "Legacy and honors", "text": "Hayes was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1890.Rutherford B. Hayes High School in Hayes's hometown of Delaware, Ohio, was named in his honor."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1877\u20131881) | The South and the end of Reconstruction", "text": "\" All his efforts were in vain; Hayes failed to persuade the South to accept legal racial equality or to convince Congress to appropriate funds to enforce the civil rights laws."}], "text": "Rutherford B. Hayes was the 20th president and a slave owner from South Carolina.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Rutherford B. Hayes"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Farfetch has offices in 11 cities and employs over 3,000 staff."}], "id": "YrT9AR6aKaVtJ8bhbiqh", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Farfetch is an online luxury fashion retail platform that sells products from over 700 boutiques and brands from around the world."}, {"section_header": "Current operations", "text": "Immediately following the purchase, Farfetch's shares plunged by over 40 percent."}, {"section_header": "Current operations", "text": "Farfetch achieves approximately 10 million site visits per month and ships to customers in almost 190 countries."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Farfetch was founded in 2007 by Jos\u00e9 Neves, a Portuguese entrepreneur who has been active in the world of fashion start-ups since the 1990s, when he launched the shoe design business SWEAR."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Farfetch has offices in 11 cities and employs over 3,000 staff."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Former investors also contributed to this Series E funding round, which took the total investment pot to over US$195 million."}, {"section_header": "Current operations", "text": "\" The business continues to grow, and in 2013, it retailed products from over 1500 global fashion brands, attracting 4.3 million weekly visitors to the site."}, {"section_header": "IPO", "text": "In September 2018, Farfetch (FTCH.N) listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), pricing shares above the estimated targeted range leading to a valuation of over $5.8 billion."}], "text": "Farfetch's employees are located in over 10 locations around the world.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Farfetch"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 7, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Professional career | Later career", "text": "In 1917, following another retirement, Wagner returned for his final, abbreviated season."}], "id": "YtSAxhJxL1AIcSrCJiPc", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Professional career | Later career", "text": "Wagner has been considered one of the very best all-around players to ever play baseball since the day he retired in 1917."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Later career", "text": "In 1917, following another retirement, Wagner returned for his final, abbreviated season."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Life after baseball", "text": "Wagner was not finished playing baseball after his retirement from major league baseball."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "Wagner was offered a $20,000 contract by the Chicago White Sox, but turned it down and continued to play with the Pirates."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Johannes Peter \"Honus\" Wagner (; February 24, 1874 \u2013 December 6, 1955), sometimes referred to as \"Hans\" Wagner, was an American baseball shortstop who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Baseball legacy", "text": "His assistant has to point out that they are not only retired, but long-dead ... Anson having played in the late 19th century."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | T206 Baseball card", "text": "While sources allege that Wagner, a nonsmoker, refused to allow production of his baseball card to continue, the more likely reason was sum the ATC was willing to pay Wagner."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Career before Major League Baseball", "text": "In 1896 Edward Barrow, from the Wheeling, West Virginia, team that Wagner was playing on, decided to take Honus with him to his next team, the Paterson Silk Sox (Atlantic League)."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | 1903 and 1909 World Series", "text": "The Rooters, led by Boston bartender Michael \"Nuf Ced\" McGreevy, even travelled to Pittsburgh to continue their heckling."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Life after baseball", "text": "During this time, he wore uniform number 14, but later changed it to his more famous 33, which was later the number retired for him. (His entire playing career was in the days before uniform numbers were worn.) His appearances at National League stadiums during his coaching years were always well received and Wagner remained a beloved ambassador of baseball."}], "text": "Honus continued to play baseball after his retirement in 1917.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Honus Wagner"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Bowie was born David Robert Jones on 8 January 1947 in Brixton, London."}], "id": "YtyejERcqxmRgF0aECXi", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Awards and recognition", "text": "In the United Kingdom, he was awarded 9 platinum, 11 gold, and 8 silver albums, and in the United States, 5 platinum and 9 gold."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Her paternal grandparents were Irish immigrants who had settled in Manchester."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1972\u20131974: Ziggy Stardust", "text": "The Ziggy Stardust Tour continued to the United States."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1999\u20132012: Neoclassicist era", "text": "Bowie and Iman's daughter was born on 15 August."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Family", "text": "\" Their son Duncan, born on 30 May 1971, was at first known as Zowie."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Family", "text": "They had one daughter, Alexandria \"Lexi\" Zahra Jones, born in August 2000."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Bowie was born David Robert Jones on 8 January 1947 in Brixton, London."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1989\u20131991: Tin Machine", "text": "In October 1990, a decade after his divorce from Angie, Bowie and Somali-born supermodel Iman were introduced by a mutual friend."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1974\u20131976: \"Plastic soul\" and the Thin White Duke", "text": "\"Stay\". The core band that coalesced to record this album and tour\u2014rhythm guitarist Carlos Alomar, bassist George Murray, and drummer Dennis Davis\u2014continued as a stable unit for the remainder of the 1970s."}, {"section_header": "Legacy and influence | Stardust biopic", "text": "It was announced on 31 January 2019 that musician and actor Johnny Flynn would be playing Bowie in an upcoming biopic titled Stardust which will be set around Bowie's first trip to the United States in 1971."}], "text": "David Bowie was born in Manchester, United Kingdom.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "David Bowie"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Borodin was a promoter of education in Russia and founded the School of Medicine for Women in Saint Petersburg, where he taught until 1885."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Family and education", "text": "Eventually, he established medical courses for women (1872)."}], "id": "YtzAlxc1LarbWHkznGVH", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and profession | Family and education", "text": "He began taking lessons in composition from Mily Balakirev during 1862."}, {"section_header": "Subsequent references", "text": "The Borodin Quartet was named in his honour."}, {"section_header": "Subsequent references", "text": "In his book Burning in Water, Drowning in Flame (1974) Charles Bukowski wrote a poem about the life of Borodin entitled \"The Life of Borodin\"."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Musical avocation | Opera and orchestral works", "text": "Borodin met Mily Balakirev during 1862."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Career as a chemist", "text": "Between 1859 and 1862 Borodin had a postdoctoral position in Heidelberg."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Musical avocation | Opera and orchestral works", "text": "Borodin left the opera (and a few other works) incomplete at his death."}, {"section_header": "Musical legacy", "text": "In 1954, Borodin was posthumously awarded a Tony Award for this show."}, {"section_header": "Subsequent references", "text": "The asteroid previously known by its provisional designation 1990 ES3 was assigned the permanent name (6780) The asteroid previously known by its provisional designation 1990 ES3 was assigned the permanent name (6780) Borodin, in honor of Alexander Borodin. (6780) Borodin is a main-belt asteroid with an estimated diameter of 4 km and an orbital period of 3.37 years."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Family and education", "text": "Despite this, Alexander was never publicly recognized by his mother, who was referred to by young Borodin as his \"aunt\"."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Family and education", "text": "Music remained a secondary vocation for Borodin besides his main career as a chemist and physician."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Borodin was a promoter of education in Russia and founded the School of Medicine for Women in Saint Petersburg, where he taught until 1885."}, {"section_header": "Life and profession | Family and education", "text": "Eventually, he established medical courses for women (1872)."}], "text": "Alexsandr Borodin believed that a woman's place was in the kitchen, taking care of her man.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Aleksandr Borodin"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Johansson began a relationship with Canadian actor Ryan Reynolds in 2007; they became engaged in May 2008, married in September 2008, separated in December 2010 and divorced in July 2011.In November 2012, Johansson started dating Frenchman Romain Dauriac, the owner of an advertising agency; they became engaged the following September."}], "id": "Yu50WH4en8rRoaqm6tdd", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "She was married to Canadian actor Ryan Reynolds from 2008 to 2011, and to French businessman Romain Dauriac, with whom she has a child, from 2014 to 2017."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Johansson began a relationship with Canadian actor Ryan Reynolds in 2007; they became engaged in May 2008, married in September 2008, separated in December 2010 and divorced in July 2011.In November 2012, Johansson started dating Frenchman Romain Dauriac, the owner of an advertising agency; they became engaged the following September."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Johansson and Dauriac married that October in Philipsburg, Montana."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Johansson said the photos had been sent to her then-husband, Reynolds, three years before the incident."}, {"section_header": "Public image", "text": "She was named GQ's Babe of the Year in 2010."}, {"section_header": "Music career", "text": "Johansson sang \"One Whole Hour\" for the 2011 soundtrack of the documentary film Wretches & Jabberers (2010)."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Films with Woody Allen (2005\u20132009)", "text": "Johansson played Nola, an aspiring actress who begins an affair with a married man (Jonathan Rhys Meyers) in Woody Allen's drama Match Point in 2005."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Marvel Cinematic Universe and stage roles (2010\u20132013)", "text": "Johansson played Black Widow in Jon Favreau's Iron Man 2 (2010), a part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU)."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Marvel Cinematic Universe and stage roles (2010\u20132013)", "text": "She made her debut in a 2010 revival of Arthur Miller's drama A View from the Bridge."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Marvel Cinematic Universe and stage roles (2010\u20132013)", "text": "She won the 2010 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play."}], "text": "Johansson married Reynolds in 2010.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Scarlett Johansson"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Playing career | Regular season", "text": "Ott had originally been a catcher, but McGraw concluded that Ott was too small to be a major league catcher and converted him into an outfielder."}], "id": "YvTVbJa0NRwe2QtWHSv2", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Playing career | Regular season", "text": "He used a batting style that was then considered unorthodox, lifting his forward (right) foot prior to impact."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Regular season", "text": "More recent players who used a similar style include Harold Baines and Kirby Puckett, as well as the Japanese home run king, Sadaharu"}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Regular season", "text": "Because of his power hitting, he was noted for reaching base via the base on balls (BB), or walk."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Regular season", "text": "There may be reason to believe that he was a better hitter than his record suggests because of differences in National League and American League ball specifications."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Regular season", "text": "He would never even approach that figure again, as baserunners quickly realized it was far too risky to run on balls hit in Ott's direction."}, {"section_header": "Managerial career", "text": "On the second day of the 1946 season, a day after hitting what would be his final career home run, he injured his knee while diving for a fly ball."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Regular season", "text": "He was a master at playing balls that bounced off the fences at the Polo Grounds, allowing him to garner 26 assists in 1929, his first full season as a full-time player."}, {"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "Ott was skeptical at first, so Williams bought Ott a train ticket to New York .Ott"}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The Mel Ott Little League began in 1959, named for Ott soon after his death."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Regular season", "text": "Ott was also a skilled fielder."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Regular season", "text": "Ott had originally been a catcher, but McGraw concluded that Ott was too small to be a major league catcher and converted him into an outfielder."}], "text": "Ott was used to receive the ball from pitcher but that position was denied to him due to his height.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Mel Ott"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception | Box office | Outside North America", "text": "Outside North America, On Stranger Tides is the sixth-highest-grossing film, the third-highest-grossing Disney film, the second-highest-grossing 2011 film and the highest-grossing film of the Pirates of the Caribbean series."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Box office", "text": "On Stranger Tides earned $241.1 million in the North America and $804.6 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $1.045 billion."}], "id": "Z0Cb2VvtBRvhrHLPWXjC", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception | Box office | Outside North America", "text": "During its opening day (Wednesday, May 18, 2011), On Stranger Tides made $18.5 million from 10 territories."}, {"section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "I'm a fan of the first one especially"}, {"section_header": "Reception | Box office | Outside North America", "text": "It is the highest-grossing Pirates film in at least 58 territories."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Box office | Outside North America", "text": "On its five-day opening weekend as a whole, it earned a then-record $260.4 million from 18,210 screens in more than 100 territories, in all which it reached first place at the box office."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "On Stranger Tides broke many box office records and was the third highest-grossing film of 2011."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Box office", "text": "On Stranger Tides earned $241.1 million in the North America and $804.6 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $1.045 billion."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Box office | Outside North America", "text": "Outside North America, On Stranger Tides is the sixth-highest-grossing film, the third-highest-grossing Disney film, the second-highest-grossing 2011 film and the highest-grossing film of the Pirates of the Caribbean series."}, {"section_header": "Release | Home media", "text": "It has also sold 1.12 million DVD units ($19.32 million)."}, {"section_header": "Release", "text": "For the film's release in the United States, On Stranger Tides received a PG-13 rating by the Motion Picture Association of America for \"intense sequences of action/adventure violence, some frightening images, sensuality and innuendo\"; marking it the first Walt Disney Pictures film to be rated PG-13 for sexual content."}, {"section_header": "Release | Home media", "text": "It sold 3.20 million Blu-ray units ($83.46 million) after 11 weeks."}], "text": "On Stranger Tides, grossed more millions in the United States than internationally, especially in 10 territories.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Crew", "text": "He left the showrunner spot after the eighth season for the potential Dwight Schrute spin-off, The Farm, which was eventually passed up by NBC."}], "id": "Z0r58kkQnwcJaNFJ9J8F", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception and legacy | Critical reviews and commentary", "text": "The American Office is that rarest of anomalies: a remake of a classic show that both does right by its source and carves out its own strong identity."}, {"section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "Most of them wanted \"Mr. Blue Sky\", but that option turned out to be invalid as it was already used in the drama series LAX (2004\u20132005)."}, {"section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "Plans were made for Mackenzie Crook, Martin Freeman, and Lucy Davis, from the British series, to appear in the third season, but those plans were scrapped due to scheduling conflicts."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "The show is known for its relatively large cast size, with many of its actors and actresses known particularly for their improvisational work."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Office is an American mockumentary sitcom television series that depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania, branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company."}, {"section_header": "Product placement", "text": "The show reportedly approached the travel review website about using their name on the show and TripAdvisor set up a review page for the fictional B&B, which itself received hundreds of reviews."}, {"section_header": "Production | Crew", "text": "Greg Daniels served as the senior series showrunner for the first four seasons of the series and developed the British Office series for American television."}, {"section_header": "Season synopses | Season 1", "text": "Rumors spread throughout the office that Dunder Mifflin's corporate headquarters is planning to downsize an entire branch, leading to general anxiety, but Michael chooses to deny or downplay the realities of the situation in order to maintain employee morale."}, {"section_header": "Reception and legacy | Critical reviews and commentary", "text": "\" Tom Shales of The Washington Post said it was \"not the mishmash that [the Americanized version of Coupling] turned out to be, but again the quality of the original show causes the remake to look dim, like when the copying machine is just about to give out.\" The second season was better received."}, {"section_header": "Reception and legacy | Critical reviews and commentary", "text": "The Office co-creator Ricky Gervais wrote in his blog, referring to \"Search Committee,\" particularly Warren Buffett's guest appearance, \"If you're going to jump a shark, jump a big one,\" and compared the episode to the Chris Martin episode of Gervais' other series, Extras (although he later said on his website, \"I fucking didn't [diss The Office], that's for sure\")."}, {"section_header": "Production | Crew", "text": "He left the showrunner spot after the eighth season for the potential Dwight Schrute spin-off, The Farm, which was eventually passed up by NBC."}], "text": "A spin-off was planned for US television show The Office, but it didn't work out.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "The Office (US)"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Private life", "text": "Churchill reportedly proposed to her in 1900; Barrymore mentions no such thing in her autobiography, though she includes a photograph of herself and Churchill on the lawn at Blenheim Palace in 1899."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Men everywhere were smitten with Ethel, most notably Winston Churchill, who asked her to marry him."}], "id": "Z1Ui0AP7Ge9yYhwZWh18", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Private life", "text": "Barrymore's marriage to Colt was precarious from the start, with Barrymore filing divorce papers as early in the marriage as 1911, much to Colt's surprise, and later recanted by Barrymore as a misunderstanding by the press."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "She was about to return to the States with Gillette's troupe when Henry Irving and Ellen Terry offered her the role of Annette in The Bells."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "When the tour concluded in Boston in June, she had out-drawn two of the most prominent actresses of her day, Mrs. Patrick Campbell and Minnie Maddern Fiske."}, {"section_header": "Private life", "text": "A devout Catholic, Ethel Barrymore never remarried."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "The Ethel Barrymore Theatre in New York City is named for her."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ethel Barrymore (born Ethel Mae Blythe; August 15, 1879 \u2013 June 18, 1959) was an American actress and a member of the Barrymore family of actors."}, {"section_header": "1920\u20131930s", "text": "In 1928, the Shuberts opened the Ethel Barrymore Theatre, which operates under that name to the present day."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Barrymore was born Ethel Mae Blythe in Philadelphia, the second child of the actors Maurice Barrymore (whose real name was Herbert Blythe) and Georgiana Drew."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "Ethel Barrymore died of cardiovascular disease on June 18, 1959, at her home in Hollywood, after having lived for many years with a heart condition."}, {"section_header": "Film and broadcasting career | Television", "text": "In 1956, she hosted 14 episodes of the TV series Ethel Barrymore Theatre, produced by the DuMont Television Network and presented on the DuMont flagship station WABD just as the network was folding."}, {"section_header": "Private life", "text": "Churchill reportedly proposed to her in 1900; Barrymore mentions no such thing in her autobiography, though she includes a photograph of herself and Churchill on the lawn at Blenheim Palace in 1899."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Men everywhere were smitten with Ethel, most notably Winston Churchill, who asked her to marry him."}], "text": "Ethel Barrymore received an offer of marriage from a prominent English politician.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Ethel Barrymore"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pitt and Jolie have six children together, three of whom were adopted internationally."}], "id": "Z6GWkPqY87P17j9A3QGz", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "William Bradley Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an American actor and film producer."}, {"section_header": "Career | 1994\u20131998: Breakthrough", "text": "According to the Dallas Observer, \"Brad Pitt [...] is a large part of the problem [in the film]."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Children", "text": "The proceeds from the sale were donated to charities serving African children."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Children", "text": "The couple sold the first pictures of Shiloh through the distributor Getty Images; the North American rights were purchased by People for over $4.1 million, while Hello!"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "As a public figure, Pitt has been cited as one of the most influential and powerful people in the American entertainment industry."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2004\u20132013", "text": "Pitt played Lieutenant Aldo Raine, an American resistance fighter battling Nazis in German-occupied France."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2004\u20132013", "text": "The performance earned Pitt his first Screen Actors Guild Award nomination, as well as a fourth Golden Globe and second Academy Award nomination, all in the category for Best Actor."}, {"section_header": "Humanitarian and political causes", "text": "The foundation made initial donations of $1 million each to Global Action for Children and Doctors Without Borders, followed by an October 2006 donation of $100,000 to the Daniel Pearl Foundation, an organization created in memory of the late American journalist Daniel Pearl."}, {"section_header": "Career | 1994\u20131998: Breakthrough", "text": ", Pitt received his first Golden Globe Award nomination, in the Best Actor category."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2004\u20132013", "text": "Moneyball received six Academy Award nominations including Best Picture and Best Actor for Pitt."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pitt and Jolie have six children together, three of whom were adopted internationally."}], "text": "American actor Brad Pitt has sixteen children.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Brad Pitt"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was also the 1848 Democratic presidential nominee and a leading spokesman for the Doctrine of Popular Sovereignty, which held that the people in each territory should decide whether to permit slavery."}], "id": "ZF0ugykjqTcI7cFd2Toh", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life | Descendants", "text": "Cass's great-great grandson, Republican Thomas Cass Ballenger, represented North Carolina's 10th Congressional District from 1986 to 2005."}, {"section_header": "Commemoration", "text": "D.C. It stands in the National Statuary Hall room. (The other statue is of President Gerald Ford, the only U.S. president to come from Michigan.) The Liberty ship SS Lewis Cass"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was also the 1848 Democratic presidential nominee and a leading spokesman for the Doctrine of Popular Sovereignty, which held that the people in each territory should decide whether to permit slavery."}, {"section_header": "Commemoration", "text": "Cass Technical High School in Detroit, Cass High School in Bartow County, Georgia, Lewis Cass High School in Walton, Indiana, and Lewis Cass Elementary in Livonia, Michigan were named in honor of Lewis Cass."}, {"section_header": "Commemoration", "text": "Lewis Cass is the namesake of Cass Street in Green Bay, Wisconsin."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Van Buren led the Free Soil Party's presidential ticket and appealed to many anti-slavery Democrats, possibly contributing to the victory of Whig nominee Zachary Taylor."}, {"section_header": "Publications", "text": "Cass, Lewis (1840). France, its King, Court and Government."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Bell, William Gardner (1992). \" Lewis Cass\"."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "United States Congress. \" Lewis Cass (id: C000233)\"."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Lewis Cass and the Politics of Moderation, Kent State University Press."}], "text": "Lewis Cass was a Republican nominee for president.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Lewis Cass"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 7, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "War crimes", "text": "War crimes were committed by both sides during the conflict and included rape, massacres of civilians, bombings of civilian targets, terrorism, the widespread use of torture, and the murder of prisoners of war."}, {"section_header": "War crimes", "text": "Additional common crimes included theft, arson, and the destruction of property not warranted by military necessity."}], "id": "ZHqaNOwLPSTTfp9fbhCw", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Vietnamization, 1969\u20131972 | Easter Offensive and Paris Peace Accords, 1972", "text": "President Thieu demanded changes to the peace accord upon its discovery, and when North Vietnam went public with the agreement's details, the Nixon administration claimed they were attempting to embarrass the president."}, {"section_header": "Johnson's escalation, 1963\u20131969 | American ground war", "text": "In November 1965, the U.S. engaged in its first major battle with the PAVN, the Battle of Ia Drang."}, {"section_header": "Women | American nurses", "text": "They faced a plethora of challenges, one of which was the relatively small number of female soldiers."}, {"section_header": "Vietnamization, 1969\u20131972 | Easter Offensive and Paris Peace Accords, 1972", "text": "Nixon pressured Thieu to accept the terms of the agreement, threatening to conclude a bilateral peace deal and cut off American aid while promising an air-response in case of invasion."}, {"section_header": "Kennedy's escalation, 1961\u20131963 | Ousting and assassination of Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m", "text": "Indeed, there was no longer a 'regime' in the sense of a relatively stable political alliance and functioning bureaucracy."}, {"section_header": "Vietnamization, 1969\u20131972 | Easter Offensive and Paris Peace Accords, 1972", "text": "L\u00ea \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ecd and Henry Kissinger, along with the PRG Foreign Minister Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ecb B\u00ecnh and a reluctant President Thi\u1ec7u, signed the Paris Peace Accords on 27 January 1973."}, {"section_header": "Women | Vietnamese soldiers", "text": "They also fought in the Battle of Hue."}, {"section_header": "Vietnamization, 1969\u20131972 | Easter Offensive and Paris Peace Accords, 1972", "text": "This officially ended direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, created a ceasefire between North Vietnam/PRG and South Vietnam, guaranteed the territorial integrity of Vietnam under the Geneva Conference of 1954, called for elections or a political settlement between the PRG and South Vietnam, allowed 200,000 communist troops to remain in the south, and agreed to a POW exchange."}, {"section_header": "Johnson's escalation, 1963\u20131969 | The 1964 Offensive", "text": "In December 1964, ARVN forces had suffered heavy losses at the Battle of B\u00ecnh Gi\u00e3, in a battle that both sides viewed as a watershed."}, {"section_header": "Transition period", "text": "At the 1954 Geneva peace conference, Vietnam was temporarily partitioned at the 17th parallel."}, {"section_header": "War crimes", "text": "War crimes were committed by both sides during the conflict and included rape, massacres of civilians, bombings of civilian targets, terrorism, the widespread use of torture, and the murder of prisoners of war."}, {"section_header": "War crimes", "text": "Additional common crimes included theft, arson, and the destruction of property not warranted by military necessity."}], "text": "The Vietnam War was a relatively peaceful battle.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Vietnam War"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception", "text": "In the July 24, 2005, issue of The New York Times Book Review, the critic and fiction writer Walter Kirn suggests that the novel's plot is \"sinister high hokum\", but writes admiringly of the prose, describing the author as \"a whiz with the joystick, a master-level gamer who changes screens and situations every few pages\"."}], "id": "ZItkDhtwFdFzgJfjl1RY", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "No Country for Old Men is a 2005 novel by American author Cormac McCarthy, who had originally written the story as a screenplay."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "When comparing the lack of \"moral argument\" in Blood Meridian to the heightened morality present in No Country for Old Men, he considered stating that the \"apocalyptic moral judgments\" made in No Country for Old Men represented \"a sort of falling away on McCarthy's part\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The book was adapted into the 2007 movie No Country for Old Men, which won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture."}, {"section_header": "Film adaptation", "text": "The novel has received a significant amount of critical attention, for example, Lynnea Chapman King, Rick Wallach and Jim Welsh's edited collection No Country for Old Men: From Novel to Film or Raymond Malewitz's \"Anything Can Be an Instrument: Misuse Value and Rugged Consumerism in Cormac McCarthy's No Country for Old Men.\" In 2007, Joel and Ethan Coen adapted the book into a film, also titled No Country for Old Men, which was met with critical acclaim and box office success."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "In contrast, literary critic Harold Bloom does not count himself among the admirers of No Country for Old Men, stating that it lacked the quality of McCarthy's best works, particularly Blood Meridian, and compared it to William Faulkner's A Fable."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "In the July 24, 2005, issue of The New York Times Book Review, the critic and fiction writer Walter Kirn suggests that the novel's plot is \"sinister high hokum\", but writes admiringly of the prose, describing the author as \"a whiz with the joystick, a master-level gamer who changes screens and situations every few pages\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "William J. Cobb, in a review published in the Houston Chronicle (July 15, 2005), characterizes McCarthy as \"our greatest living writer\" and describes the book as \"a heated story that brands the reader's mind as if seared by a knife heated upon campfire flames\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Owing to the novel's origins as a screenplay, the novel has a simple writing style different from other Cormac McCarthy novels."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "At the end of the book, Bell describes two dreams he experienced after his father died."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Now in his late 50s, Bell has spent most of his life attempting to make up for the incident when he was a 21-year-old soldier."}], "text": "A reviewer of the book version of No Country for Old Men complemented the author by means of an impressively obtuse metaphor comparing their ability to write and a person that's good at video games.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "No Country for Old Men"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "During his long diplomatic and political career, Adams also served as an ambassador, and as a member of the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives representing Massachusetts."}], "id": "ZRxnPLxn2YoV40bPSfg6", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "Adams House, one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses at Harvard University, is named for John Adams, John Quincy Adams, and other members of the Adams family associated with Harvard."}, {"section_header": "Secretary of State (1817\u20131825)", "text": "The agreement represented a turning point in United Kingdom\u2013United States relations, as the U.S. turned its attention to its southern and western borders and British fears over American expansionism waned."}, {"section_header": "Early life, education, and early career", "text": "John Quincy Adams was born on July 11, 1767, to John and Abigail Adams (n\u00e9e Smith) in a part of Braintree, Massachusetts that is now Quincy."}, {"section_header": "1824 presidential election", "text": "Immediately upon becoming Secretary of State, Adams emerged as one of Monroe's most likely successors, as the last three presidents had all served in the role at some point before taking office."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "Adams County, Iowa, and Adams County, Wisconsin, were each named for either John Adams or John Quincy Adams."}, {"section_header": "Early life, education, and early career", "text": "He was named for his mother's maternal grandfather, Colonel John Quincy, after whom Quincy, Massachusetts, is named."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Personality", "text": "It has been suggested that John Quincy Adams had the highest I.Q. of any U.S. president."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "John Quincy Adams Birthplace is now part of Adams National Historical Park and open to the public."}, {"section_header": "1824 presidential election", "text": "Most of Jackson's support came from slave-holding states, but he also won New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and some electoral votes from the Northwest."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "John Quincy Adams ( (listen); July 11, 1767 \u2013 February 23, 1848) was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, and diarist who served as the sixth president of the United States, from 1825 to 1829."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "During his long diplomatic and political career, Adams also served as an ambassador, and as a member of the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives representing Massachusetts."}], "text": "John Quincy Adams was a state representative for Pennsylvania at one point.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "John Quincy Adams"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions", "text": "As of 2017, it has been translated into more than 300 languages and dialects, including Sardinian, the constructed international languages of Esperanto and Klingon, and the Congolese language Alur, as well as being printed in Braille for blind readers."}], "id": "ZXK55GPeRCbCe5tjnNOp", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions", "text": "Many of them are titled Prince From a Star, while others carry the book title that is a direct translation of The Little Prince."}, {"section_header": "Tone and writing style", "text": "Although Saint-Exup\u00e9ry was a master of the French language, he was never able to achieve anything more than haltingly poor English."}, {"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions", "text": "It was the first book translated into that language since the New Testament."}, {"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions", "text": "As of 2017, it has been translated into more than 300 languages and dialects, including Sardinian, the constructed international languages of Esperanto and Klingon, and the Congolese language Alur, as well as being printed in Braille for blind readers."}, {"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions", "text": "Le Petit Prince is often used as a beginner's book for French-language students, and several bilingual and trilingual translations have been published."}, {"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions | Bavarian editions", "text": "The Little Prince has an adaptation for the inhabitants of Bavaria, Austria and South Tirol, covering for a large variety of the Bavarian language."}, {"section_header": "Background | Post-publication", "text": "He would remain immensely proud of The Little Prince, and almost always kept a personal copy with him which he often read to others during the war."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It has been translated into 301 languages and dialects."}, {"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions", "text": "In 2005, the book was also translated into Toba Qom, an indigenous language of northern Argentina, as So Shiyaxauolec Nta'a."}, {"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions", "text": "His meditative view of sunsets at the Bevin House were incorporated in the book, where the prince visits a small planet with 43 daily sunsets, a planet where all that is needed to watch a sunset \"is move your chair a few steps.\" As of April 2017, The Little Prince became the world's most translated non-religious book (into 300 languages) together with Italian novel The Adventures of Pinocchio."}], "text": "The Little Prince was never translated into other languages.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "The Little Prince"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Physical descriptions", "text": "Supposedly if he killed Magaye, it would appear to be out of jealousy because Magaye was so handsome and \"Shaka himself was ugly, with a protruding forehead\"."}], "id": "ZYTlWvL82Ia5Xk5YMPKm", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Physical descriptions", "text": "He was tall and his skin tone was dark brown."}, {"section_header": "Physical descriptions", "text": "Supposedly if he killed Magaye, it would appear to be out of jealousy because Magaye was so handsome and \"Shaka himself was ugly, with a protruding forehead\"."}, {"section_header": "In Zulu culture", "text": "Other Zulu sources are sometimes critical of Shaka, and numerous negative images abound in Zulu oral history."}, {"section_header": "In Zulu culture", "text": "The figure of Shaka still sparks interest among not only the contemporary Zulu but many worldwide who have encountered the tribe and its history."}, {"section_header": "In Zulu culture", "text": "The figure of Shaka thus remains an ambiguous one in African oral tradition, defying simplistic depictions of the Zulu king as a heroic, protean nation builder on one hand, or a depraved monster on the other."}, {"section_header": "In Zulu culture", "text": "Oral sources record that in this period of devastation, a singular Zulu, a man named Gala, eventually stood up to Shaka and objected to these measures, pointing out that Nandi was not the first person to die in Zululand."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Shaka kaSenzangakhona (c.\u2009July 1787 \u2013 September 22,1828), also known as Shaka Zulu (Zulu pronunciation: [\u02c8\u0283a\u02d0\u0260a]), was the King of the Zulu Kingdom from 1816 to 1828."}, {"section_header": "Popular culture", "text": "Shaka Zulu, an SABC TV miniseries about Shaka, which starred Henry Cele in the title role."}, {"section_header": "In Zulu culture", "text": "This ambiguity continues to lend the image of Shaka its continued power and influence, almost two centuries after his death."}, {"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "The Zulu tribe soon developed a warrior outlook, which Shaka turned to his advantage."}], "text": "Shaka Zulu was tall, dark but not handsome.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Shaka"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Historical controversies | Length", "text": "Chinese media dispute their report: \"The 25,000 li of the Red Army's Long March are a historic fact and not open to doubt.\" However, even at the time that Edgar Snow's account was written, there were estimates that the distance traveled was closer to 18,000 li (9,375 km)."}, {"section_header": "Historical controversies", "text": "Some critics and researchers call the earlier accounts myths, but find that they are difficult to prove or disprove because the Chinese government prevents independent historians from exploring the topic."}], "id": "ZYoUHMDDrY9JzZyJiDvj", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "The Long March | Aftermath", "text": "The Chinese government produced a movie in 2006, My Long March, relating personal experiences of a fictional participant in the Long March."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | Conflict with ethnic warlords", "text": "The Chinese government sought to exercise full control over frontier areas against the warlords."}, {"section_header": "Use as propaganda", "text": "Commentators in the West more often focus on aspects of the Long March rarely portrayed by Chinese propaganda, such as the Red Army recruiting local people through kidnapping and blackmail."}, {"section_header": "Historical controversies | Length", "text": "Chinese media dispute their report: \"The 25,000 li of the Red Army's Long March are a historic fact and not open to doubt.\" However, even at the time that Edgar Snow's account was written, there were estimates that the distance traveled was closer to 18,000 li (9,375 km)."}, {"section_header": "Background | The Jiangxi Soviet", "text": "Zhou's support was not enough, and Mao was demoted to being a figurehead in the Soviet government, until he regained his position later, during the Long March."}, {"section_header": "Historical controversies", "text": "Some critics and researchers call the earlier accounts myths, but find that they are difficult to prove or disprove because the Chinese government prevents independent historians from exploring the topic."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | Determining the direction of the Red Army", "text": "Another dispute of the direction of the Red Army occurred soon after, once the Red Army reached Liping, in the mountains of southeast Guizhou."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | Conflict with ethnic warlords", "text": "Communist forces on the Long March clashed against Kham rebels in the 1934 Khamba Rebellion, who were fleeing from Tibetan government forces."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | Aftermath", "text": "It has announced to some 200 million people in eleven provinces that the road of the Red Army is their only road to liberation."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | Escape from Jiangxi", "text": "Several prominent members of the Chinese Soviet who remained behind were captured and executed by the Kuomintang after the fall of Ruijin in November 1934, including Qu Qiubai and the youngest brother of Mao Zedong, Mao Zetan."}], "text": "The Long March probably wasn't nearly as long as Mao said it was, but the Chinese government forbids people from disputing that.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Long March"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "All of these installments focus on fictional accounts of people possessed by Pazuzu, the main antagonist of the series, and the efforts of religious authorities to counter this possession."}], "id": "ZZCdNIvBBnbUY0C33hyE", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Films | The Exorcist III (1990)", "text": "Though the characters of Karras and Kinderman were acquainted during the murder investigation in The Exorcist and Kinderman expressed fondness for Karras, in Exorcist III Blatty has Kinderman remembering Karras as his \"best friend\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "All of these installments focus on fictional accounts of people possessed by Pazuzu, the main antagonist of the series, and the efforts of religious authorities to counter this possession."}, {"section_header": "Parodies and pastiches", "text": "It appeared in the U.S. one year later."}, {"section_header": "Films | The Exorcist (1973)", "text": "The book, inspired by the 1949 exorcism of Roland Doe, deals with the demonic possession of a 12-year-old girl and her mother's attempts to win back her child through an exorcism conducted by two priests."}, {"section_header": "Parodies and pastiches | Other references", "text": "In the Gravity Falls episode \"The Inconveniencing\" , Mabel twisting her head 180 degrees while being possessed by a ghost is a reference to a scene in the movie"}, {"section_header": "Films | The Exorcist III (1990)", "text": "Completely ignoring the events of Exorcist II, this book and film presented a continuation of Karras' story."}, {"section_header": "Parodies and pastiches | Other references", "text": "The episode has been announced as one of the scariest lockdowns since Bobby Mackeys."}, {"section_header": "Films | Related films | Possessed (2000)", "text": "A made-for-television film, Possessed (based on the book of the same name by Thomas B. Allen), was broadcast on Showtime on October 22, 2000, directed by Steven E. de Souza and written by de Souza and Michael Lazarou."}, {"section_header": "Films | Dominion: Prequel to the Exorcist (2005)", "text": "Upon completion the studio rejected Schrader's version as being too slow, and hired another director to retool the movie."}, {"section_header": "Films | Related films | The Ninth Configuration (1980)", "text": "Released in 1980, it was based on Blatty's novel of the same name."}], "text": "The Exorcist focuses on people being possessed by a girl named Karra.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Exorcist"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Plumed Serpent is a 1926 political novel by D. H. Lawrence; Lawrence conceived the idea for the novel while visiting Mexico in 1923, and its themes reflect his experiences there."}], "id": "ZabAsXYXkgnONN3yRJGb", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Background and publication history", "text": "Lawrence began writing The Plumed Serpent in May 1923."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Leavis and Burgess have compared The Plumed Serpent to Kangaroo"}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "L. D. Clark described The Plumed Serpent as \"perplexing\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "The poet Richard Aldington described The Plumed Serpent as \"curious and original\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "\" The novelist William S. Burroughs was influenced by The Plumed Serpent."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "He has argued that Lawrence was writing as a political theorist in The Plumed Serpent, which he described as a \"Fascist fiction\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Maddox compared The Plumed Serpent to Kangaroo, describing both novels as successors to Aaron's Rod."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Juliette Feyel compared The Plumed Serpent to Kangaroo, describing them as Lawrence's \"most explicitly political novels\"."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Note: this description of the plot is based on the version of the book published as The Plumed Serpent, not the version published as Quetzalcoatl."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "She wrote that The Plumed Serpent \"has been charged with protofascism\", adding that it \"states its racialised theses quite clearly at times."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Plumed Serpent is a 1926 political novel by D. H. Lawrence; Lawrence conceived the idea for the novel while visiting Mexico in 1923, and its themes reflect his experiences there."}], "text": "The Plumed Serpent is a film about snake charmers.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "The Plumed Serpent"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the sequel to The Avengers (2012) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and the 19th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU)."}], "id": "ZcHYWdlET4wWdYzqY6gL", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Avengers: Infinity War held its world premiere on April 23, 2018, in Los Angeles, and was released in the United States on April 27, as part of Phase Three of the MCU."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "\"Avengers: Infinity War ably juggles a dizzying array of MCU heroes in the fight against their gravest threat yet, and the result is a thrilling, emotionally resonant blockbuster that (mostly) realizes its gargantuan ambitions."}, {"section_header": "Cast", "text": "Red Skull was created through CGI and portrayed with stand-ins on set."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2016, Marvel shortened the title to Avengers: Infinity War."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Likewise, Zacharek said, \"There's no pacing in Avengers: Infinity War."}, {"section_header": "Marketing", "text": "In January 2018, Marvel Comics published a two-issue prequel comic titled Avengers: Infinity War Prelude, which serves as a bridge between Captain America: Civil War and Avengers: Infinity War."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "criticized the film's reliance on other films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, saying, \"Considered on its own, as a single, nearly 2-hour-40-minute movie, Avengers: Infinity War makes very little sense\", but conceded that it \"was never meant to be viewed or judged in isolation\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers: Infinity War \u2013 Part 1."}, {"section_header": "Release | Theatrical", "text": "Avengers: Infinity War was originally scheduled to be released on May 4, 2018 in the United States."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Box office | Other territories", "text": "Avengers: Infinity War remained number one in its 54 markets in its second weekend."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the sequel to The Avengers (2012) and Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and the 19th film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU)."}], "text": "Avengers: Infinity War is the nineteenth movie in the MCU.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Avengers: Infinity War"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Random walk (random motion)", "text": "One common misconception is that individual atoms, ions or molecules move randomly, which they do not."}], "id": "ZffVsrGTJ4ZmpuJE0KSE", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Random walk (random motion)", "text": "As such, the movement of a single atom, ion, or molecule within a mixture just appears random when viewed in isolation."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atom, ions, molecules) from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration."}, {"section_header": "Diffusion in the context of different disciplines", "text": "Biologists often use the terms \"net movement\"  or \"net diffusion\" to describe the movement of ions or molecules by diffusion."}, {"section_header": "Basic models of diffusion | Einstein's mobility and Teorell formula", "text": "In 1935, he studied the diffusion of ions through a membrane."}, {"section_header": "History of diffusion in physics", "text": "Presently, it is universally recognized that atomic defects are necessary to mediate diffusion in crystals."}, {"section_header": "History of diffusion in physics", "text": "He studied self-diffusion of radioactive isotopes of lead in the liquid and solid lead."}, {"section_header": "History of diffusion in physics", "text": "In modern science, the first systematic experimental study of diffusion was performed by Thomas Graham."}, {"section_header": "History of diffusion in physics", "text": "Nevertheless, diffusion in solids was not systematically studied until the second part of the 19th century."}, {"section_header": "Random walk (random motion)", "text": "One common misconception is that individual atoms, ions or molecules move randomly, which they do not."}, {"section_header": "Diffusion in the context of different disciplines", "text": "In other words, there is a net movement of oxygen molecules down the concentration gradient."}], "text": "In the study of diffusion, something that is often believed true that is really false is that atoms have unpredictable movement patterns.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Diffusion"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life and career", "text": "He could not read music during these early lessons, attributing this difficulty to poor eyesight, but \"faked\" his way through well enough that this deficiency went mostly unnoticed."}, {"section_header": "Early life and career", "text": "Please go there. Stop wasting my time and yours.\" Later, Brubeck was nearly expelled when one of his professors discovered that he could not read music on sight."}], "id": "ZjWh5kXOqNo4M0V2ooF8", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Recognition", "text": "\"As a little girl I grew up on the sounds of Dave Brubeck because my dad was your biggest fan\", said Rice."}, {"section_header": "Early life and career", "text": "Dave Brubeck was born in the San Francisco Bay Area city of Concord, California, and grew up in a city located in the Mother Lode called Ione, California."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "David Warren Brubeck (; December 6, 1920 \u2013 December 5, 2012) was an American jazz pianist and composer, considered one of the foremost exponents of cool jazz."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "The US Library of Congress conducted a conversation with Brubeck in April 2008: Jazz Conversation: Pianist, Composer Dave Brubeck."}, {"section_header": "Early life and career", "text": "Please go there. Stop wasting my time and yours.\" Later, Brubeck was nearly expelled when one of his professors discovered that he could not read music on sight."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Dave Brubeck married jazz lyricist Iola Whitlock in September 1942; the couple were married for 70 years up until his death."}, {"section_header": "Early life and career", "text": "He could not read music during these early lessons, attributing this difficulty to poor eyesight, but \"faked\" his way through well enough that this deficiency went mostly unnoticed."}, {"section_header": "Dave Brubeck Quartet", "text": "He achieved his vision of an all-jazz format radio station along with his friend and neighbor John E. Metts, one of the first African Americans in senior radio management."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "There's a sort of American honesty to it.\" Robert Christgau dubbed Brubeck the \"jazz hero of the rock and roll generation\"."}, {"section_header": "Dave Brubeck Quartet", "text": "Brubeck merely plays himself, with the film featuring close-ups of his piano fingerings."}], "text": "American Jazz pianist Dave Brubeck grew up unable to read music.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Dave Brubeck"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception", "text": "The film opened at the newly built Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles on November 7, 1963."}], "id": "ZjrOW9bX2hMiK96NeI86", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Widescreen process", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World to be as close as possible to the original 197-minute version envisioned by Kramer."}, {"section_header": "Production | Background", "text": "and then It's a Mad World, with Rose and Kramer adding additional Mads to the title as time progressed."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a 1963 American comedy film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer with a screenplay by William Rose and Tania Rose from a story by Tania Rose."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Who's Coming to Dinner. His first attempt at directing a comedy film paid off immensely as It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World became a critical and commercial success in 1963 and was nominated for six Academy Awards, winning for Best Sound Editing, and two Golden Globe Awards."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": ", Mad, Mad, Mad World featured at number 40 in the American Film Institute's list 100 Years ... 100 Laughs."}, {"section_header": "Influence", "text": "Films having a comedic search for money with an ensemble cast modeled after It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World include Scavenger Hunt (1979), Million Dollar Mystery (1987) and Rat Race. (2001) There are similar Bollywood movies like Journey Bombay to Goa: Laughter Unlimited (2007), Dhamaal (2007) and Total Dhamaal (2019)."}, {"section_header": "Home media", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World aficionados Mark Evanier, Michael Schlesinger, and Paul Scrabo, a new documentary on the film's visual and sound effects, an excerpt from a 1974 talk show hosted by Stanley Kramer featuring Sid Caesar, Buddy Hackett, and Jonathan Winters, a press interview from 1963 featuring Kramer and cast members, excerpts about the film's influence taken from the 2000 American Film Institute program 100 Years ... 100 Laughs, a two-part 1963 episode of Canadian TV program Telescope that follows the film's press junket and premiere, a segment from the 2012 special"}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Years later, Kramer announced a possible Mad World sequel, which was to be titled"}, {"section_header": "Cast | Cast notes", "text": "During the production of Mad World, Hope was arguing with the studio about the future projects that he was due in his contract, and they ultimately refused to allow him to appear."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "The film opened at the newly built Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles on November 7, 1963."}], "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World premiered in New York City.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Edwin Donald \"Duke\" Snider (September 19, 1926 \u2013 February 27, 2011), nicknamed \"The Silver Fox\" and \"The Duke of Flatbush\", was an American professional baseball player."}], "id": "Zkw97TqqZPPitwN5sa3K", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "MLB highlights", "text": "Some of Snider's MLB achievements:  NL"}, {"section_header": "MLB highlights", "text": "All-Star (1950\u201356, 1963) All-Star (1950\u201356, 1963) NL MVP runner-up (1955) NL home run leader (1956) NL RBI leader (1955) NL leader in fielding average as center fielder (1951, 1952, 1955) World Series champion team (1955, 1959) Los Angeles Dodgers: career leader in home runs (389), RBI (1,271), strikeouts (1,123), and extra-base hits (814) Los Angeles Dodgers: single-season record holder for most intentional walks (26 in 1956) Only player to hit four home runs (or more) in two different World Series (1952, 1955) One of two players (besides Gil Hodges) with over 1,000 RBI during the 1950s"}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "Snider earned a tryout with the Brooklyn Dodgers during their spring training in 1947."}, {"section_header": "Books", "text": "Snider, Duke; Gilbert, Bill (1988)."}, {"section_header": "Books", "text": "The Duke Snider Story. Julian Messner, Inc."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "Snider wore number 11 during the first half of the season, then switched back to 4 after Neal was traded."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "He had no triples for the first and only time in his career."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Primarily a center fielder, he spent most of his Major League Baseball (MLB) career playing for the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers (1947\u20131962), later playing one season each for the New York Mets (1963) and San Francisco Giants (1964)."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Born in Los Angeles, Snider was nicknamed \"Duke\" by his father at age 5."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Edwin Donald \"Duke\" Snider (September 19, 1926 \u2013 February 27, 2011), nicknamed \"The Silver Fox\" and \"The Duke of Flatbush\", was an American professional baseball player."}], "text": "Duke Snider was named \"Golden Bear\" during his career in the MLB.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Duke Snider"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Publication history", "text": "The Scarlet Letter was first published in the spring of 1850 by Ticknor & Fields, beginning Hawthorne's most lucrative period."}], "id": "Znm8BLV2NM1vhF3JAYeO", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Scarlet Letter: A Romance is a work of historical fiction by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne, published in 1850."}, {"section_header": "Publication history", "text": "The Scarlet Letter was first published in the spring of 1850 by Ticknor & Fields, beginning Hawthorne's most lucrative period."}, {"section_header": "Symbols", "text": "It is mentioned she \"was the scarlet letter in another form; the scarlet letter endowed in life\u201d (84)."}, {"section_header": "Symbols", "text": "The following are symbols that are embedded in The Scarlet Letter: The Scarlet Letter A: In the beginning of the novel Hester's letter A is a representation of her sin and adultery."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Hester, shocked by Dimmesdale's deterioration, decides to obtain a release from her vow of silence to her husband."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Following her release from prison, Hester settles in a cottage at the edge of town and earns a meager living with her needlework, which is of extraordinary quality."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Scarlet Letter was one of the first mass-produced books in America."}, {"section_header": "Publication history", "text": "The Scarlet Letter was also one of the first mass-produced books in America."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "After several years, Hester returns to her cottage and resumes wearing the scarlet letter."}, {"section_header": "Major theme | Other themes", "text": "For Hester, the Scarlet Letter is a physical manifestation of her sin and reminder of her painful solitude."}], "text": "The Scarlet Letter was release in 1850.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Scarlet Letter"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dwight David \"Ike\" Eisenhower ( EYE-z\u0259n-how-\u0259r; October 14, 1890 \u2013 March 28, 1969), GCB, OM was an American army general who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961."}], "id": "ZpsNp54t1UHFmvldoSky", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Presidency (1953\u20131961) | End of presidency", "text": "Upon completion of his presidential term, his commission was reactivated by Congress and Eisenhower again was commissioned a five-star general in the United States Army."}, {"section_header": "Legacy and memory", "text": "This second General of the Army rank is not the same as the post-Civil War era version because of its purpose and five stars."}, {"section_header": "Legacy and memory | Tributes and memorials", "text": "In 1999 the United States Congress created the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission, to create an enduring national memorial in Washington, D.C.."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "During World War II, he became a five-star general in the Army and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe."}, {"section_header": "Legacy and memory", "text": "Along with Omar Bradley, they were the only five men to achieve the rank since the August 5, 1888 death of Philip Sheridan, and the only five men to hold the rank of five-star general."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1953\u20131961) | End of presidency", "text": "while in a civilian office, Eisenhower had resigned his permanent commission as General of the Army before entering the office of President of the United States."}, {"section_header": "World War I | In service of generals", "text": "Major Dwight D. Eisenhower graduated from the Army Industrial College (Washington, DC) in 1933 and later served on the faculty (it was later expanded to become the Industrial College of the Armed Services and is now known as the Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy).His primary duty was planning for the next war, which proved most difficult in the midst of the Great Depression."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dwight David \"Ike\" Eisenhower ( EYE-z\u0259n-how-\u0259r; October 14, 1890 \u2013 March 28, 1969), GCB, OM was an American army general who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "John served in the United States Army, retired as a brigadier general, became an author and served as U.S. Ambassador to Belgium from 1969 to 1971."}, {"section_header": "Legacy and memory | Tributes and memorials", "text": "The Interstate Highway System is officially known as the \"Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways\" in his honor."}], "text": "Dwight D. Eisenhower was a five star general of the Army and the 35th president of the United States.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Dwight D. Eisenhower"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Professional career | Life after baseball", "text": "Wagner was not finished playing baseball after his retirement from major league baseball."}], "id": "ZqZtnrWwDg5bvVSIi2Gk", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Professional career | Life after baseball", "text": "He died on December 6, 1955 at the age of 81, and he is buried at Jefferson Memorial Cemetery in the South Hills area of Pittsburgh."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Film legacy", "text": "Wagner, along with his famous baseball card, was one of the earliest athletes to make the crossover into pop culture film."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Baseball legacy", "text": "His assistant has to point out that they are not only retired, but long-dead ... Anson having played in the late 19th century."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Career before Major League Baseball", "text": "Albert suggested Honus in 1895 when his Inter-State League team was in need of help."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Johannes Peter \"Honus\" Wagner (; February 24, 1874 \u2013 December 6, 1955), sometimes referred to as \"Hans\" Wagner, was an American baseball shortstop who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Louisville Colonels", "text": "By his second season, Wagner was already one of the best hitters in the National League although he came up short a percentage point from finishing the season at .300."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Wagner dropped out of school at age 12 to help his father and brothers in the coal mines."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Career before Major League Baseball", "text": "In 1896 Edward Barrow, from the Wheeling, West Virginia, team that Wagner was playing on, decided to take Honus with him to his next team, the Paterson Silk Sox (Atlantic League)."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Life after baseball", "text": "Wagner was not finished playing baseball after his retirement from major league baseball."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Career before Major League Baseball", "text": "Honus' brother Albert \"Butts\" Wagner was considered the ballplayer of the family."}], "text": "Honus Wagner quit baseball altogether once he got out of the major leagues, going on to have a short film career, and then die at age 81 in 1955.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Honus Wagner"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Crisis of 1830", "text": "New Brunswick authorities arrested some residents, others fled to the woods, and local Americans sent letters to the Maine authorities in Augusta."}, {"section_header": "Crisis of 1830", "text": "Acting on advice from Penobscot County, Maine, officials, they called a meeting to select representatives preparatory to incorporating Madawaska as a town."}], "id": "ZuHy2mVUm7mnE8UeV68w", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Crisis of 1830", "text": "In preparation for a United States census in 1830, the Maine Legislature sent John Deane and Edward James to the disputed area to document the numbers of inhabitants and to assess the extent of what they considered to be British trespass."}, {"section_header": "Crisis of 1830", "text": "A local resident from the east bank of the Saint John river alerted local representatives of the New Brunswick militia, who entered the hall during one of these meetings and threatened to arrest any resident attempting to organize."}, {"section_header": "Crisis of 1830", "text": "The British government accepted this decision, but Maine rejected it and the new treaty failed to pass the United States Senate."}, {"section_header": "Crisis of 1830", "text": "Acting on advice from Penobscot County, Maine, officials, they called a meeting to select representatives preparatory to incorporating Madawaska as a town."}, {"section_header": "Disputed border", "text": "The journal entries of the newly appointed Governor of New Brunswick record the destruction and comments that survival of New Brunswick depended on the vast forests to the west in the area disputed with the United States."}, {"section_header": "Crisis of 1830", "text": "A century later, Canadian Hugh LL."}, {"section_header": "Disputed border", "text": "Massachusetts land agent George Coffin recorded in his journal during one such journey during autumn 1825, returning from the Upper Saint John and Madawaska area to Fredericton, New Brunswick, that a thunderstorm had ignited a forest fire."}, {"section_header": "Crisis of 1830", "text": "The American refusal to accept his decision would ultimately cost the United States 900 square miles (2,300 km2) of territory."}, {"section_header": "Crisis of 1830", "text": "The United States received 7,908 square miles (20,480 km2) and Britain received 4,119 square miles (10,670 km2)."}, {"section_header": "Crisis of 1830", "text": "During that summer, several residents of the west bank of the Saint John at Madawaska filed requests for inclusion of their land in Maine."}, {"section_header": "Crisis of 1830", "text": "New Brunswick authorities arrested some residents, others fled to the woods, and local Americans sent letters to the Maine authorities in Augusta."}], "text": "During the Crisis of 1830, some Canadians hid in the forest when the British started arresting people attempting to have the United States incorporate their area.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Aroostook War"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Image and legacy | Claims of Satanic references", "text": "The protests were not restricted to the US, with Christian organisations preventing Iron Maiden from performing in Chile in 1992.Contrary to the accusations, the band have always denied the notion that they are Satanists, with lead vocalist, Bruce Dickinson, doing so on-stage in the Live After Death concert video."}], "id": "ZuR3mNcJG5SbDwuy9lDL", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Success (1981\u20131985)", "text": "The Beast on the Road's US leg proved controversial when an American conservative political lobbying group claimed that Iron Maiden were Satanic because of the new album's title track, to the point where a group of Christian activists destroyed Iron Maiden records as a protest against the band."}, {"section_header": "Image and legacy | Claims of Satanic references", "text": "The protests were not restricted to the US, with Christian organisations preventing Iron Maiden from performing in Chile in 1992.Contrary to the accusations, the band have always denied the notion that they are Satanists, with lead vocalist, Bruce Dickinson, doing so on-stage in the Live After Death concert video."}, {"section_header": "History | Dance of Death and A Matter of Life and Death (2003\u20132007)", "text": "Following their Give Me Ed... 'Til I'm Dead Tour in the summer of 2003, Iron Maiden released Dance of Death, their thirteenth studio album, which was met by worldwide critical and commercial success."}, {"section_header": "History | Return of Dickinson and Smith, Brave New World (1999\u20132002)", "text": "The world tour that followed consisted of well over 100 dates and culminated on 19 January 2001 in a show at the Rock in Rio festival in Brazil, where Iron Maiden played to an audience of around 250,000."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Iron Maiden. Iron Maiden. Vision On. ISBN 978-1-846-09445-3."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Iron Maiden: Iron Maiden: Running Free. Hal Leonard Corp. ISBN 978-0-946-39184-4."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "The Iron Maidens Bushell, Gary (1985)."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Prato, Greg (2015). Iron Maiden: '"}, {"section_header": "History | The Final Frontier and Maiden England World Tour (2010\u20132014)", "text": "Following announcements that the band had begun composition of new material and booked studio time in early 2010 with Kevin Shirley producing, The Final Frontier was announced on 4 March."}, {"section_header": "History | The Final Frontier and Maiden England World Tour (2010\u20132014)", "text": "It was the band's first win following two previous Grammy nominations (\"Fear of the Dark\" in 1994 and \"The Wicker Man\" in 2001).On 15 March, a new compilation to accompany 2009's"}], "text": "Iron Maiden touts that they proudly follow a Satanic lifestyle.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Iron Maiden"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Red Hot Chili Peppers were formed in Los Angeles by Kiedis, Flea, guitarist Hillel Slovak, and drummer Jack Irons."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1998, following Navarro's dismissal, Frusciante returned to Red Hot Chili Peppers."}], "id": "ZwSGfIBPZR3GIByeUGyF", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 1998\u20132001: Return of Frusciante and Californication", "text": "With no guitarist, the Red Hot Chili Peppers were on the verge of breaking up."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Red Hot Chili Peppers were formed in Los Angeles by Kiedis, Flea, guitarist Hillel Slovak, and drummer Jack Irons."}, {"section_header": "Musical style", "text": "However, he changed this style when Red Hot Chili Peppers formed."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1998, following Navarro's dismissal, Frusciante returned to Red Hot Chili Peppers."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After the Stadium Arcadium tour, Red Hot Chili Peppers went on an extended hiatus."}, {"section_header": "History | 1983\u20131984: Early history", "text": "The band released their debut album, The Red Hot Chili Peppers, in August 1984."}, {"section_header": "History | 2010\u20132014: I'm with You", "text": "I'm with You, the tenth Red Hot Chili Peppers album, was released in the US in August 2011."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "His replacement, Dave Navarro, played on the sixth Red Hot Chili Peppers album, One Hot Minute (1995)."}, {"section_header": "History | 1983\u20131984: Early history", "text": "Red Hot Chili Peppers were formed in Los Angeles by singer Anthony Kiedis, guitarist Hillel Slovak, bassist Flea, and drummer Jack Irons, classmates at Fairfax High School."}, {"section_header": "History | 1983\u20131984: Early history", "text": "The band changed its name to Red Hot Chili Peppers, playing several shows at LA venues."}], "text": "Red Hot Chili Peppers has had many guitarist including Pat Smear of Nirvana.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Red Hot Chili Peppers"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 7, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early years", "text": "She was named after a ship on which her parents had traveled."}], "id": "ZwqfDgoys2UEFkivtLJf", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "There, she took voice lessons and built a career in the opera, which was short-lived due to her difficulty in reaching high notes."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "Perhaps her most memorable performance was in the title role of the long-running stage comedy Auntie Mame (based on a Patrick Dennis novel) as well as the 1958 film version, in which she played an eccentric aunt whose orphaned nephew comes to live with her."}, {"section_header": "Early years", "text": "She attended Catholic schools, including Rosemont College in Rosemont, Pennsylvania and Marymount College in Tarrytown, New York, then attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City."}, {"section_header": "Early years", "text": "She was named after a ship on which her parents had traveled."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "Russell had rheumatoid arthritis, and the UCSF Arthritis Research Center currently bears her name."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "One critic wrote: \"Rosalind Russell as the 'other woman' in the story gives an intelligent and deft handling to her scenes with Young.\" She quickly rose to fame, and by 1935, was seen as a replacement for actress Myrna Loy, as she took many roles for which Loy was initially set."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "Rosalind Russell has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, in the 1700 block of Vine Street."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "In addition to her acting career, Russell also wrote the story (under the name C.A. McKnight) for the film The Unguarded Moment (1956), a story of sexual harassment starring Esther Williams."}, {"section_header": "Early years", "text": "Catherine Rosalind Russell was one of seven children born in Waterbury, Connecticut, to James Edward, a lawyer, and Clara A. Russell (n\u00e9e McKnight), a teacher."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "Her screen test was directed by Harold S. Bucquet, and she later recalled that she was hired because of a closeup he took of her."}], "text": "Rosalind Russell took her stage name from the farm where her grandmother lived near Rosemont.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 8, "wikipedia_page": "Rosalind Russell"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His mother was also of German ethnicity, and was herself the daughter of prominent brewer George Gillig."}], "id": "ZxXyZHp9CDMpK319JMRn", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Ruppert grew up in the Jacob Ruppert Sr. House on Fifth Avenue."}, {"section_header": "Career | Political and business career", "text": "Upon his father's death in 1915, Ruppert inherited the Jacob Ruppert Brewing Company and became the company's president."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Ruppert was born in New York City, the son of brewer Jacob Ruppert Sr., and his wife, the former Anna Gillig."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Jacob Jr. attended the Columbia Grammar School."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy | Legacy", "text": "Ruppert's father, Jacob Sr., left behind an estate of $6,382,758 ($119,155,573 in current dollar terms) when he died in 1915, which Ruppert increased to $40 million by the time of his death in 1939."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jacob Ruppert Jr. (August 5, 1867 \u2013 January 13, 1939) was an American brewer, businessman, National Guard colonel and politician who served for four terms representing New York in the United States House of Representatives from 1899 to 1907."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy | Legacy", "text": "An apocryphal story says that Ruppert is responsible for the Yankees' famous pinstriped uniforms; according to this account, Ruppert chose pinstripes to make the often-portly Ruth appear less obese, but the uniform was in fact introduced in 1912.A beer was named after Ruppert, as were Ruppert Stadium in Newark, New Jersey."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy | Legacy", "text": "Ruppert Park in Manhattan, is part of the Ruppert Yorkville Towers housing complex was built on the site the brewery in Yorkville, Manhattan."}, {"section_header": "Career | Baseball", "text": "Ruppert bought the Newark Bears who played at Ruppert Stadium in Newark, New Jersey, and begin building the Yankees' farm system."}, {"section_header": "Career | Baseball", "text": "Ruppert and Ruth had public disagreements about Ruth's contracts."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His mother was also of German ethnicity, and was herself the daughter of prominent brewer George Gillig."}], "text": "Jacob Ruppert was Scottish descant.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Jacob Ruppert"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Presidency (1953\u20131961) | Interstate Highway System", "text": "It was believed that large cities would be targets in a possible war, so the highways were designed to facilitate their evacuation and ease military maneuvers."}], "id": "ZzJovGLD2M0NRh1RQs1M", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "After World War II | President at Columbia University and NATO Supreme Commander", "text": "He informed them that his main purpose was \"to promote the basic concepts of education in a democracy\"."}, {"section_header": "After World War II | President at Columbia University and NATO Supreme Commander", "text": "At home, Eisenhower was more effective in making the case for NATO in Congress than the Truman administration had been."}, {"section_header": "After World War II | Presidential campaign of 1952", "text": "The campaign strategy was dubbed \"K1C2\" and was intended to focus on attacking the Truman and Roosevelt administrations on three issues: the Korean War, Communism, and corruption."}, {"section_header": "World War II | Supreme Allied commander and Operation Overlord", "text": "My decision to attack at this time and place was based on the best information available."}, {"section_header": "After World War II | Presidential campaign of 1952", "text": "In defeating Taft for the nomination, it became necessary for Eisenhower to appease the right wing Old Guard of the Republican Party; his selection of Richard Nixon as the Vice-President on the ticket was designed in part for that purpose."}, {"section_header": "World War II", "text": "After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Eisenhower was assigned to the General Staff in Washington, where he served until June 1942 with responsibility for creating the major war plans to defeat Japan and Germany."}, {"section_header": "After World War II | President at Columbia University and NATO Supreme Commander", "text": "Eisenhower's \"vision of a great cultural center where business, professional and governmental leaders could meet from time to time to discuss and reach conclusions concerning problems of a social and political nature\"."}, {"section_header": "World War II | Operations Torch and Avalanche", "text": "Once Mussolini, the Italian leader, had fallen in Italy, the Allies switched their attention to the mainland with Operation Avalanche."}, {"section_header": "World War I | In service of generals", "text": "The resulting antipathy between Eisenhower and MacArthur lasted the rest of their lives."}, {"section_header": "World War II | Supreme Allied commander and Operation Overlord", "text": "From then until the end of the war in Europe on May 8, 1945, Eisenhower, through SHAEF, commanded all Allied forces, and through his command of ETOUSA had administrative command of all U.S. forces on the Western Front north of the Alps."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1953\u20131961) | Interstate Highway System", "text": "It was believed that large cities would be targets in a possible war, so the highways were designed to facilitate their evacuation and ease military maneuvers."}], "text": "The main purpose behind the design of the grand grid of roads Eisenhower commissioned was to make escape from population centers and armed forces' movements in times of war easier and faster, in case of a mainland attack, probably because he lived through both World Wars I, II, and the Korean War.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Dwight D. Eisenhower"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War."}], "id": "ZzoWl4RYfbqQw625Rrbn", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reaction in the United States", "text": "Z. The use of these disguising letters led the business to immediately become known as the \"XYZ Affair."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War."}, {"section_header": "Reaction in the United States | Partisan responses", "text": "Federalists used the dispatches to question the loyalty of pro-French Democratic-Republicans; this attitude contributed to the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts, restricting the movements and actions of foreigners, and limiting speech critical of the government."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It led to the undeclared Quasi-War (1798\u20131800)."}, {"section_header": "Political reaction in France", "text": "Talleyrand was called to the Directory to account for his role in the affair."}, {"section_header": "Commission to France", "text": "Talleyrand, who had recently spent a few years in the United States, was openly concerned about the establishment of closer ties between the U.S. and Britain."}, {"section_header": "Political reaction in France", "text": "Gerry, in his private report on the affair to Adams in 1799, claimed credit for maintaining the peace, and for influencing significant changes in French policy that lessened the hostilities and eventually brought a peace treaty."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "In the wake of the 1789 French Revolution, relations between the new French Republic and U.S. federal government, originally friendly, became strained."}, {"section_header": "Political reaction in France", "text": "The warlike attitude of the United States and the start of the Quasi-War (a naval war between the two countries that was fought primarily in the Caribbean) convinced Talleyrand that he had miscalculated in his dealings with the commissioners."}, {"section_header": "Commission to France | Initial meetings", "text": "On October 17, Nicholas Hubbard, an Englishman working for a Dutch bank used by the Americans (and who came to be identified as \"W\" in the published papers), notified Pinckney that Baron Jean-Conrad Hottinguer, whom Hubbard described only as a man of honor, wished to meet with him."}], "text": "The XYZ Affair led to a clash between the US and Republican France.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "XYZ Affair"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "While in Plainview, Texas, he was accosted at gunpoint by a man who threatened his life if he played in that night's game."}], "id": "a353Qp1Y5Gre882SBg7I", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "After Stargell died, Joe Morgan said, \"When I played, there were 600 baseball players, and 599 of them loved Willie Stargell."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "While in Plainview, Texas, he was accosted at gunpoint by a man who threatened his life if he played in that night's game."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He might have quit baseball over the racial difficulties that he experienced, but he was encouraged by letters he received from friend and baseball scout Bob Zuk."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Wilver Dornell Stargell (March 6, 1940 \u2013 April 9, 2001), nicknamed \"Pops\" later in his career, was an American professional baseball left fielder and first baseman who spent all of his 21 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) (1962\u20131982) with the Pittsburgh Pirates."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "One of the most feared power hitters in baseball history, Stargell hit more home (296) in the 1970s decade than any major league player."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He attended Encinal High School, where his baseball teammates included future MLB players Tommy Harper and Curt Motton."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Stargell signed with the Pittsburgh Pirates organization and entered minor league baseball in 1959.Stargell played for farm teams in New Mexico, North Dakota, Iowa, Texas, North Carolina, and Ohio."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "In 1999, he ranked 81st on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was also nominated as a finalist for the MLB All-Century Team."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Stargell played and nothing came of the incident."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "\"The Willie Stargell Foundation was established to promote research and treatment for kidney disease."}], "text": "American baseball player Willie Stargell was threatened in order to quit playing.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Willie Stargell"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Illness and death", "text": "He was buried in Greenwood Cemetery in Waco."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Andrew Lewis Cooper (April 24, 1898 \u2013 June 3, 1941), nicknamed \"Lefty\", was an American left-handed pitcher in baseball's Negro Leagues."}], "id": "a7guB3yRyKgO4M3TvDMa", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Cooper was born in Waco, Texas, where he attended A. J. Moore High School."}, {"section_header": "Personal", "text": "Cooper had one son, Andy Cooper Jr."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "Nearing the end of his career, Cooper pitched 17 innings in a playoff game that year versus the Chicago American Giants."}, {"section_header": "Illness and death", "text": "He was buried in Greenwood Cemetery in Waco."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Andrew Lewis Cooper (April 24, 1898 \u2013 June 3, 1941), nicknamed \"Lefty\", was an American left-handed pitcher in baseball's Negro Leagues."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "Cooper gave up two runs in the first inning of the game, but he pitched 16 subsequent scoreless innings."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "In 2014, Cooper made the final ballot for election to the Texas Sports Hall of Fame."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "Despite the hitter-friendly dimensions of the park, Cooper excelled as a pitcher in Detroit."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "He became known for his durability as a pitcher."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In a 1937 playoff game, he pitched 17 innings."}], "text": "Andy Cooper was an American left-handed pitcher born and buried in Texas.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Andy Cooper"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Geography | Administrative divisions", "text": "Shiraz, with a population of around 1.8 million (2016 census), is Iran's sixth most populous city."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Administrative divisions", "text": "It is the capital of the province of Fars, and was also the capital of Iran under the reign of the Zand dynasty."}], "id": "aDG5HI4bYBMVNqIJ3kiC", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Geography | Administrative divisions", "text": "Tehran, with a population of around 8.8 million (2016 census), is the capital and largest city of Iran."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Administrative divisions", "text": "Shiraz, with a population of around 1.8 million (2016 census), is Iran's sixth most populous city."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Tehran is the capital and largest city, as well as the leading economic and cultural hub; it is also the most populous city in Western Asia, with more than 8.8 million residents, and up to 15 million including the metropolitan area."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Administrative divisions", "text": "It was the first capital of the Safavid Empire, and is now the capital of the province of East Azerbaijan."}, {"section_header": "Economy | Tourism", "text": "Alongside the capital, the most popular tourist destinations are Isfahan, Mashhad, and Shiraz."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Administrative divisions", "text": "The country's second most populous city, Mashhad, has a population of around 3.3 million (2016 census), and is capital of the province of Razavi Khorasan."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Administrative divisions", "text": "The fourth most populous city of Iran, Karaj, has a population of around 1.9 million (2016 census)."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Ethnic groups", "text": "In any case, the largest population of Azerbaijanis in the world live in Iran."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Administrative divisions", "text": "With a population of around 1.7 million (2016 census), Tabriz is the fifth most populous city of Iran, and had been the second most populous until the late 1960s."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Religion", "text": "Iran has the largest Jewish population in the Middle East outside of Israel."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Administrative divisions", "text": "It is the capital of the province of Fars, and was also the capital of Iran under the reign of the Zand dynasty."}], "text": "The city of Shiraz was the former capital of Iran but is now has the 6th largest population in the country.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Iran"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Crew", "text": "Kaling, Novak, and Lieberstein also served multiple roles on the series, as they played regular characters on the show, as well as wrote, directed, and produced episodes."}], "id": "aFnffcavoPNjRfVw2aPI", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception and legacy | Other broadcasts", "text": "Aside from NBC, The Office has gone into off-network syndication in the United States."}, {"section_header": "Production | Crew", "text": "Kaling, Novak, and Lieberstein also served multiple roles on the series, as they played regular characters on the show, as well as wrote, directed, and produced episodes."}, {"section_header": "Reception and legacy | Cultural impact", "text": "Scranton has become identified with the show outside the United States as well."}, {"section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "Some episodes of the series use a shortened version of the theme song."}, {"section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "Carell later stated that he had only seen about half of the original pilot episode of the British series before he auditioned."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development and writing", "text": "The pilot is a direct adaptation of the first episode of the original British series."}, {"section_header": "Production | Crew", "text": "Greg Daniels served as the senior series showrunner for the first four seasons of the series and developed the British Office series for American television."}, {"section_header": "Reception and legacy | Critical reviews and commentary", "text": "The first season of The Office was met with a mixed response from critics with some of them comparing it to the short-lived NBC series Coupling, which was also based on a British version."}, {"section_header": "Reception and legacy | Awards", "text": "Many cast and crew members have expressed anger that Carell did not receive an Emmy award for his performance in the series."}, {"section_header": "Production | Crew", "text": "Merchant later directed the episode \"Customer Survey\" while Gervais appeared in the episodes"}], "text": "The United States version of the television series The Office has had multiple episodes directed by cast members.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "The Office (US)"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Joseph Paul DiMaggio was born on November 25, 1914, in Martinez, California, the sixth of seven children born to Italian immigrants Giuseppe (1872\u20131949) and Rosalia (n\u00e9e Lucido; 1878\u20131951) DiMaggio, from Isola delle Femmine, Sicily."}], "id": "aHtei8SYDZMVIOfCoOvi", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Major league career | 1941 hitting streak", "text": "During the streak, DiMaggio played in seven doubleheaders."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "His brothers Vince (1912\u20131986) and Dom (1917\u20132009) also were major league center fielders."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "DiMaggio was playing semi-pro ball when older brother Vince, playing for the San Francisco Seals of the Pacific Coast League (PCL), talked his manager into letting DiMaggio fill in at shortstop."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "DiMaggio holds the record for most seasons with more home runs than strikeouts (minimum 20 home runs), a feat he accomplished seven times, and five times consecutively from 1937 to 1941."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Joseph Paul DiMaggio was born on November 25, 1914, in Martinez, California, the sixth of seven children born to Italian immigrants Giuseppe (1872\u20131949) and Rosalia (n\u00e9e Lucido; 1878\u20131951) DiMaggio, from Isola delle Femmine, Sicily."}, {"section_header": "Marriages | Marilyn Monroe", "text": "A violent fight between the couple occurred immediately after the skirt-blowing scene in The Seven Year Itch that was filmed on September 14, 1954, in front of Manhattan's Trans-Lux 52nd Street Theater."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "According to statements from Joe's brother Tom to biographer Maury Allen, Rosalia's father wrote to her with the advice that Giuseppe could earn a better living in California than in their native Isola delle Femmine, a northwestern Sicilian village in the province of Palermo."}, {"section_header": "Marriages | Marilyn Monroe", "text": "He never married again. According to DiMaggio's attorney Morris Engelberg, DiMaggio's last words were: \"I'll finally get to see Marilyn.\" However, Joe's brother Dominic challenged both Engelberg's version of Joe's final moments as well as his motives."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "Through 2011, he was one of seven major leaguers to have had at least four 30-homer, 100-RBI seasons in their first five years, along with Chuck Klein, Ted Williams, Ralph Kiner, Mark Teixeira, Albert Pujols, and Ryan Braun."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture | Art", "text": "LeRoy Neiman: Joe DiMaggio, New York Yankees (1969), Joe DiMaggio, San Francisco Seals (1989), and The DiMaggio Cut (1998) Bruce Stark: caricature of DiMaggio and Mickey Mantle sold at auction for $700 Mark Ulriksen: illustration of DiMaggio for the cover of the April 12, 1999"}], "text": "DiMaggio had seven brother and sisters.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Joe DiMaggio"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Signing and enforcement", "text": "The Treaty of Tordesillas was intended to solve the dispute that had been created following the return of Christopher Columbus and his crew, who had sailed for the Crown of Castile."}], "id": "aJzRonmj1OhDmkeAmsiR", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Modern claims", "text": "The Treaty of Tordesillas was  invoked by Chile in the 20th century to defend the principle of an Antarctic sector extending along a meridian to the South Pole, as well as the assertion that the treaty made Spanish (or Portuguese) all undiscovered land south to the Pole."}, {"section_header": "Antimeridian: Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza", "text": "Nevertheless, by 1542, King Charles V decided to colonize the Philippines, judging that Portugal would not protest because the archipelago had no spices."}, {"section_header": "Effect on other European powers", "text": "However, it quickly became obsolete in North America, and later in Asia and Africa, where it affected colonization."}, {"section_header": "Effect on other European powers", "text": "Thus, with sufficient backing, it became possible for any European state to colonize open territories, or those weakly held by Lisbon or Madrid."}, {"section_header": "Tordesillas meridian", "text": "The Treaty of Tordesillas only specified the line of demarcation in leagues from the Cape Verde Islands."}, {"section_header": "Signing and enforcement", "text": "As the Pope had not made changes, the Portuguese king opened direct negotiations with the Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, to move the line to the west and allow him to claim newly discovered lands east of the line."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Treaty of Tordesillas (Portuguese: Tratado de Tordesilhas"}, {"section_header": "Antimeridian: Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza", "text": "The Treaty of Saragossa did not modify or clarify the line of demarcation in the Treaty of Tordesillas, nor did it validate Spain's claim to equal hemispheres (180\u00b0 each), so the two lines divided the Earth into unequal hemispheres."}, {"section_header": "Antimeridian: Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza", "text": "But Portugal's discovery of the highly valued Moluccas in 1512 caused Spain to argue in 1518 that the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the Earth into two equal hemispheres."}, {"section_header": "Modern claims", "text": "The Treaty of Tordesillas was also invoked by Argentina in the 20th century as part of its claim to the Falkland Islands."}, {"section_header": "Signing and enforcement", "text": "The Treaty of Tordesillas was intended to solve the dispute that had been created following the return of Christopher Columbus and his crew, who had sailed for the Crown of Castile."}], "text": "The Treaty of Tordesillas was made for Cristobal Colon.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Treaty of Tordesillas"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early history | Construction", "text": "The main residence, as well as foundations of the house, were built largely by enslaved and free African-American laborers, as well as employed Europeans."}], "id": "aQV8zxSd5rD67kniVs9l", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Evolution of the White House | Early use, the 1814 fire, and rebuilding", "text": "Employees and slaves rescued a painting of George Washington, and in 1939, a Canadian man returned a jewelry box to President Franklin Roosevelt, claiming that his grandfather had taken it from Washington."}, {"section_header": "Evolution of the White House | Early use, the 1814 fire, and rebuilding", "text": "Though Latrobe proposed similar porticos before the fire in 1814, both porticos were built as designed by Hoban."}, {"section_header": "The White House since the Kennedy restoration | East Wing", "text": "The East Wing was built during World War II in order to hide the construction of an underground bunker to be used in emergencies."}, {"section_header": "Evolution of the White House | Early use, the 1814 fire, and rebuilding", "text": "The south portico was constructed in 1824 during the James Monroe administration; the north portico was built six years later."}, {"section_header": "The White House since the Kennedy restoration | Grounds", "text": "During the mid-to-late 19th century a series of ever larger greenhouses were built on the west side of the house, where the current West Wing is located."}, {"section_header": "Early history | Construction", "text": "The main residence, as well as foundations of the house, were built largely by enslaved and free African-American laborers, as well as employed Europeans."}, {"section_header": "Early history | Architectural description", "text": "The central three bays are behind a prostyle portico (this was a later addition to the house, built circa 1830) serving, thanks to the carriage ramp, as a porte cochere."}, {"section_header": "Early history | 1789\u20131800", "text": "July 1790 Residence Act designated the capital be permanently located in the new Federal District, and temporarily in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for ten years while the permanent capital was built."}, {"section_header": "Early history | Design influences", "text": "Construction on the French house was initially started before 1789, interrupted by the French Revolution for twenty years and then finally built 1812\u20131817 (based on Salat's pre-1789 design)."}, {"section_header": "Evolution of the White House | Truman reconstruction", "text": "Decades of poor maintenance, the construction of a fourth story attic during the Coolidge administration, and the addition of a second-floor balcony over the south portico for Harry S. Truman took a great toll on the brick and sandstone structure built around a timber frame."}], "text": "The White House was built by slaves.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "White House"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "John Andrew Smoltz (born May 15, 1967), nicknamed \"Smoltzie\" and \"Marmaduke,\" is an American former baseball pitcher who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1988 to 2009, all but the last year with the Atlanta Braves."}], "id": "aWxHEWAeBTHqy0bJMjjW", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Major leagues | Return to the rotation (2005\u20132008)", "text": "was a year of reunions and milestones for Smoltz."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "In 2018, Smoltz qualified for the U.S."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Smoltz is a Christian. Smoltz is a good friend of pro golfer Tiger Woods, the two often play golf together."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | Early years (1988\u20131997)", "text": "But Smoltz and the Braves won the franchise's only World Series in Atlanta, thanks in great part to Maddux and Glavine, who had begun to overshadow Smoltz."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | Early years (1988\u20131997)", "text": "Smoltz began the 1991 season with a 2\u201311 record."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | Early years (1988\u20131997)", "text": "was the one year Smoltz had shaky postseason numbers."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | Early years (1988\u20131997)", "text": "Smoltz also received a Silver Slugger Award for his batting."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | Boston Red Sox (2009)", "text": "On August 17, the Red Sox released Smoltz."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | St. Louis Cardinals (2009)", "text": "Smoltz finished 1\u20133 with an ERA of 4.26 with the Cardinals."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Smoltz has stated that he once had a plus 4 handicap."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "John Andrew Smoltz (born May 15, 1967), nicknamed \"Smoltzie\" and \"Marmaduke,\" is an American former baseball pitcher who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1988 to 2009, all but the last year with the Atlanta Braves."}], "text": "Smoltz was sometimes referred to as \"Smolen\" or \"John John\".", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "John Smoltz"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Her well known works also include the development of the first immunosuppressive drug, azathioprine, used to fight rejection in organ transplants, and the first successful antiviral drug, acyclovir (ACV), used in the treatment of herpes infection."}], "id": "adDQ4XUmYe1wp9vkAVzy", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gertrude \"Trudy\" Belle Elion (January 23, 1918 \u2013 February 21, 1999) was an American biochemist and pharmacologist, who shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with George H. Hitchings and Sir James Black for their use of innovative methods of rational drug design for the development of new drugs."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Her well known works also include the development of the first immunosuppressive drug, azathioprine, used to fight rejection in organ transplants, and the first successful antiviral drug, acyclovir (ACV), used in the treatment of herpes infection."}, {"section_header": "Career and research", "text": "Most of Elion's early work came from the use and development of purine derivatives."}, {"section_header": "Career and research", "text": "The drugs they developed are used to treat a variety of maladies, such as leukemia, malaria, lupus, hepatitis, arthritis, gout, organ transplant rejection (azathioprine), as well as herpes (acyclovir, which was the first selective and effective drug of its kind)."}, {"section_header": "Selected works by Gertrude B. Elion", "text": "Journal of the American Chemical Society."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "This new method focused on understanding the target of the drug rather than simply using trial-and-error."}, {"section_header": "Career and research", "text": "She played a significant role in the development of AZT, one of the first drugs used to treat HIV and AIDS."}, {"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Hitchings was using a new way of developing drugs, by intentionally imitating natural compounds instead of through trial and error."}, {"section_header": "Career and research", "text": "She also was crucial in the development of Nelarabine, which she worked on until her death in 1999.Rather than relying on trial-and-error, Elion and Hitchings discovered new drugs using rational drug design, which used the differences in biochemistry and metabolism between normal human cells and pathogens (disease-causing agents such as cancer cells, protozoa, bacteria, and viruses) to design drugs that could kill or inhibit the reproduction of particular pathogens without harming human cells."}, {"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Gertrude synthesized anti-metabolites of purines, and in 1950, she developed the anti-cancer drugs tioguanine and mercaptopurine."}], "text": "American biochemist Gertrude \"Trudy\" Belle Elio came up with a drug that is used to fight herpes.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Gertrude B. Elion"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Music career | 1968\u20131971: Space Oddity to Hunky Dory", "text": "After a disastrous opening gig at the London Roundhouse, they reverted to a configuration presenting Bowie as a solo artist."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1968\u20131971: Space Oddity to Hunky Dory", "text": "In January 1968, Kemp choreographed a dance scene for a BBC play, The Pistol Shot, in the Theatre 625 series, and used Bowie with a dancer, Hermione Farthingale; the pair began dating, and moved into a London flat together."}], "id": "anoRhhcLPnx8CDBKCR08", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Music career | 1989\u20131991: Tin Machine", "text": "Tin Machine began work on a second album, but Bowie put the venture on hold and made a return to solo work."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1968\u20131971: Space Oddity to Hunky Dory", "text": "In January 1968, Kemp choreographed a dance scene for a BBC play, The Pistol Shot, in the Theatre 625 series, and used Bowie with a dancer, Hermione Farthingale; the pair began dating, and moved into a London flat together."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1968\u20131971: Space Oddity to Hunky Dory", "text": "Having established himself as a solo artist with \"Space Oddity\", Bowie began to sense a lacking: \"a full-time band for gigs and recording\u2014people he could relate to personally\"."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1980\u20131988: New Romantic and pop era", "text": "Stevie Ray Vaughan was guest guitarist playing solo on \"Let's Dance\", although the video depicts Bowie miming this part."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1962\u20131967: Early career to debut album", "text": "Bowie formed his first band, the Konrads, in 1962 at the age of 15."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1980\u20131988: New Romantic and pop era", "text": "\"Dancing in the Street\" quickly went to number one on release."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1968\u20131971: Space Oddity to Hunky Dory", "text": "Bowie met dancer Lindsay Kemp in 1967 and enrolled in his dance class at the London Dance Centre."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1968\u20131971: Space Oddity to Hunky Dory", "text": "Playing acoustic guitar, Farthingale formed a group with Bowie and guitarist John Hutchinson named Feathers; between September 1968 and early 1969 the trio gave a small number of concerts combining folk, Merseybeat, poetry, and mime."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 2000s and posthumous notes", "text": "In the 2008 film August, directed by Austin Chick, he played a supporting role as Ogilvie, a \"ruthless venture capitalist."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1968\u20131971: Space Oddity to Hunky Dory", "text": "After a disastrous opening gig at the London Roundhouse, they reverted to a configuration presenting Bowie as a solo artist."}], "text": "David Bowie is a Londoner who ventured out to form a full-time band in which he began playing guitar and danced alongside women before he went solo.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "David Bowie"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Primarily a center fielder, he spent most of his Major League Baseball (MLB) career playing for the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers (1947\u20131962), later playing one season each for the New York Mets (1963) and San Francisco Giants (1964)."}], "id": "ans2XD1wudFiNJeI5RxQ", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "He appeared in three different positions for the Giants, playing 26 games in right field and 18 in left field for a combined total of 288.2 innings."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "Snider's career numbers declined when the team moved to Los Angeles in 1958."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "Defensively, he posted a .985 fielding percentage playing at all three outfield positions."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "He played in 39 more games that season and became a friend of Jackie Robinson before he was sent to the St. Paul team in early July."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Primarily a center fielder, he spent most of his Major League Baseball (MLB) career playing for the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers (1947\u20131962), later playing one season each for the New York Mets (1963) and San Francisco Giants (1964)."}, {"section_header": "MLB highlights", "text": "All-Star (1950\u201356, 1963) All-Star (1950\u201356, 1963) NL MVP runner-up (1955) NL home run leader (1956) NL RBI leader (1955) NL leader in fielding average as center fielder (1951, 1952, 1955) World Series champion team (1955, 1959) Los Angeles Dodgers: career leader in home runs (389), RBI (1,271), strikeouts (1,123), and extra-base hits (814) Los Angeles Dodgers: single-season record holder for most intentional walks (26 in 1956) Only player to hit four home runs (or more) in two different World Series (1952, 1955) One of two players (besides Gil Hodges) with over 1,000 RBI during the 1950s"}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "He had no triples for the first and only time in his career."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "Snider earned a tryout with the Brooklyn Dodgers during their spring training in 1947."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "After one season, Snider asked to be traded to a contending team."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "Snider wore number 11 during the first half of the season, then switched back to 4 after Neal was traded."}], "text": "Duke Snider played for three different teams during his career.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Duke Snider"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Count of Monte Cristo (French: Le Comte de Monte-Cristo) is an adventure novel by French author Alexandre Dumas (p\u00e8re) completed in 1844."}], "id": "as4Q9e8T7SvmtTZDowWi", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is one of the author's more popular works, along with The Three Musketeers."}, {"section_header": "Publication | English translations", "text": "Most English editions of the novel follow the anonymous translation."}, {"section_header": "Publication | English translations", "text": "The first appearance of The Count of Monte Cristo in English was the first part of a serialization by W. Francis Ainsworth in volume VII of Ainsworth's Magazine published in 1845, although this was an abridged summary of the first part of the novel only and was entitled The Prisoner of If."}, {"section_header": "Publication | Japanese translations", "text": "The novel is popular in Japan, and has spawned numerous adaptations, the most notable of which are the novels Meiji Gankutsu-ou by Taijirou Murasame and Shin Gankutsu-ou by Kaitar\u014d Hasegawa."}, {"section_header": "Selected notable adaptations | Sequels (books)", "text": "This novel was divided in the English translation into two books: The Wife of Monte Cristo and The Son of Monte Cristo)."}, {"section_header": "Publication | Chinese translations", "text": "The novel had been a personal favorite of Jiang Qing, and the 1978 translation became one of the first mass-popularized foreign novels in Mainland China after end of the Cultural Revolution."}, {"section_header": "Publication | English translations", "text": "In June 2017, Manga Classics, an imprint of UDON Entertainment, published The Count of Monte Cristo as a faithfully adapted Manga edition of the classic novel."}, {"section_header": "Reception and legacy", "text": "George Saintsbury stated: \"Monte Cristo is said to have been at its first appearance, and for some time subsequently, the most popular book in Europe."}, {"section_header": "Selected notable adaptations | Plays and musicals", "text": "Two English adaptations of the novel were published in 1868."}, {"section_header": "Selected notable adaptations | Sequels (books)", "text": "Published in English by T.B. Peterson and Brothers in 1886 (no translator credited) 1884: Monte-Cristo's Daughter sequel to Alexander Dumas' great novel, the \"Count of Monte-Cristo,\" and Conclusion of \"Edmond Dant\u00e8s\", Edmund Flagg."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Count of Monte Cristo (French: Le Comte de Monte-Cristo) is an adventure novel by French author Alexandre Dumas (p\u00e8re) completed in 1844."}], "text": "The English novel The Count of Monte Cristo is the author's most popular pieces.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Count of Monte Cristo"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "James Maitland Stewart was born on May 20, 1908, in Indiana, Pennsylvania, the eldest child and only son born to Elizabeth Ruth (n\u00e9e Jackson; 1875\u20131953) and Alexander Maitland Stewart (1872\u20131962)."}], "id": "azDFgpX3D3kJK2GzZCHn", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life | Friendships, interests, and character", "text": "An award for Boy Scouts, \"The James M. Stewart Good Citizenship Award\" has been presented since 2003."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "James Maitland Stewart (May 20, 1908 \u2013 July 2, 1997) was an American actor and military officer."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Honors", "text": "Stewart donated his papers and memorabilia to the library after becoming friends with the curator of its arts and communications collections, James D'Arc."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Stewart also made his first onstage appearance at Mercersburg, as Buquet in the play The Wolves in 1928."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Honors", "text": "In 1997, Princeton University, Stewart's alma mater, honored him with the dedication of the James M. Stewart Theater along with a retrospective of his films."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later film career (1960\u20131970)", "text": "In 1965, Stewart was given his first honorary award for his career, the Cecil B. DeMille Award."}, {"section_header": "Career | Career renewal: Westerns and suspense films (1950\u20131959)", "text": "James Neilson replaced Mann, and the film opened in 1957 to become a box office flop."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "James Maitland Stewart was born on May 20, 1908, in Indiana, Pennsylvania, the eldest child and only son born to Elizabeth Ruth (n\u00e9e Jackson; 1875\u20131953) and Alexander Maitland Stewart (1872\u20131962)."}, {"section_header": "Career | Military service (1941\u20131968)", "text": "Stewart also appeared in a First Motion Picture Unit short film, Winning Your Wings, to help recruit airmen."}, {"section_header": "Career | Career renewal: Westerns and suspense films (1950\u20131959)", "text": "The first of these was the Universal production Winchester '73 (1950), which Stewart agreed to do in exchange for being cast in a screen adaptation of Harvey."}], "text": "James Stewart was the first kid from his parents.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "James Stewart"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career summary", "text": "Establishing her professional career in the mid-1960s at the forefront of California's emerging folk rock and country rock movements \u2013 genres which defined post-1960s rock music \u2013 Ronstadt joined forces with Bobby Kimmel and Kenny Edwards and became the lead singer of a folk-rock trio, the Stone Poneys."}], "id": "b3sIUnP2qHXDHKsM0Vxa", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Highest-paid woman in rock", "text": "you wind up falling on your face.\" By the end of 1978, Ronstadt had solidified her role as one of rock and pop's most successful solo female acts, and owing to her consistent platinum album success, and her ability as the first woman to sell out concerts in arenas and stadiums hosting tens of thousands of fans, Ronstadt became the \"highest paid woman in rock\"."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Highest-paid woman in rock", "text": "Us Weekly reported in 1978 that Ronstadt, Joni Mitchell, Stevie Nicks, and Carly Simon had become \"The Queens of Rock\" and \"Rock is no longer exclusively male."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Highest-paid woman in rock", "text": "By 1979, Ronstadt had collected eight gold, six platinum, and four multi-platinum certifications for her albums, an unprecedented feat at the time."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Highest-paid woman in rock", "text": "In 1979, Ronstadt went on an international tour, playing in arenas across Australia to Japan, including the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne, and the Budokan in Tokyo."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Highest-paid woman in rock", "text": "By the end of the decade, Ronstadt had outsold her female competition; no other female artist to date had five straight platinum LPs \u2013 Hasten Down the Wind and Heart Like a Wheel among them."}, {"section_header": "Career summary", "text": "Establishing her professional career in the mid-1960s at the forefront of California's emerging folk rock and country rock movements \u2013 genres which defined post-1960s rock music \u2013 Ronstadt joined forces with Bobby Kimmel and Kenny Edwards and became the lead singer of a folk-rock trio, the Stone Poneys."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Highest-paid woman in rock", "text": "She had six platinum-certified albums, three of which were number 1 on the Billboard album chart, and numerous charted pop singles."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Highest-paid woman in rock", "text": "In 1978 alone, she made over $12 million (equivalent to $44,000,000 in 2016 dollars) and in the same year her albums sales were reported to be 17 million \u2013 grossing over $60 million (equivalent to a gross of over $220,000,000, in 2016 dollars).As"}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Highest-paid woman in rock", "text": "Rolling Stone dubbed her \"Rock's Venus\", her record sales continued to multiply and set records themselves."}, {"section_header": "Career overview | Solo career | Highest-paid woman in rock", "text": "Her 1976 Greatest Hits album would sell consistently for the next 25 years and in 2001 was certified by the RIAA for seven-times platinum (over seven million U.S. copies sold)."}], "text": "Ronstadt was the highest paid woman in rock during her professional career in the 1960s.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Linda Ronstadt"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Auguste Bartholdi and its metal framework was built by Gustave Eiffel."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The statue was built in France, shipped overseas in crates, and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe's Island."}], "id": "b427F0GZYccpZgaGkRYH", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Design and construction process | Dedication", "text": "President Cleveland headed the procession, then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America."}, {"section_header": "Access and attributes | Inscriptions, plaques, and dedications", "text": "They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The statue was built in France, shipped overseas in crates, and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe's Island."}, {"section_header": "After dedication | Lighthouse Board and War Department (1886\u20131933)", "text": "One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled: I saw the Statue of Liberty."}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Construction in France", "text": "By 1882, the statue was complete up to the waist, an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Auguste Bartholdi and its metal framework was built by Gustave Eiffel."}, {"section_header": "After dedication | Lighthouse Board and War Department (1886\u20131933)", "text": "Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty."}, {"section_header": "After dedication | Closures and reopenings (2001\u2013present)", "text": "In Reagan's dedication speech, he stated, \"We are the keepers of the flame of liberty; we hold it high for the world to see.\" Immediately following the September 11 attacks, the statue and Liberty Island were closed to the public."}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Origin", "text": "There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal, the Colossus of Rhodes: an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun, Helios."}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Design, style, and symbolism", "text": "The erected statue does stride over a broken chain, half-hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground."}], "text": "The Statue of Liberty was built by a Greek sculptor who wanted to immigrate to America after seeing his completed work.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Statue of Liberty"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The title comes from a painting of the same name by Jules Breton in 1884 and part of the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago."}], "id": "b5X75hzSV3yFheOkqxmp", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Characters", "text": "He plays the mandolin. His full name is Juan Tellamantez."}, {"section_header": "Plot introduction", "text": "When her instructor hears her voice, he realizes that this is her true artistic gift."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part II: The Song of the Lark", "text": "He then parts with Thea, explaining that her voice is her true artistic gift, not her playing."}, {"section_header": "Literary significance and criticism", "text": "This novel is one of the first of the Revolt Novels, a term coined by Carl Von Doren in his article in The Nation titled \"Revolt from the Village\"."}, {"section_header": "Literary significance and criticism", "text": "The novel was inspired by the story of soprano Olive Fremstad."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The title comes from a painting of the same name by Jules Breton in 1884 and part of the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago."}, {"section_header": "Plot introduction", "text": "Set in the 1890s in Moonstone, a fictional town in Colorado, The Song of the Lark is the self-portrait of an artist in the making."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part I: Friends of Childhood", "text": "Before Christmas, Thea plays the piano at a concert, but the town paper praises her rival Lily which upsets Thea, as she wanted to sing rather than perform an instrumental piece."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The book tells the story of a talented artist born in a small town in Colorado who discovers and develops her singing voice."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Song of the Lark is the third novel by American author Willa Cather, written in 1915."}], "text": "The name of the novel came from a piece from an artist.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Song of the Lark"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Possible sequel", "text": "Director Weir, asked in 2005 if he would make a sequel, stated he thought it \"most unlikely\", and after disclaiming internet rumors to the contrary, stated \"I think that while it did well"}], "id": "b61dYOuza5XMi3WmNgQS", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "McGregor, Tom (2003). The Making of Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "\"The Far Side of the World (Master and Commander)\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World is a 2003 American epic period war-drama film co-written, produced and directed by Peter Weir, set in the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "The film combines elements from 13 different novels of Patrick O'Brian, but the basic plot mostly comes from The Far Side of the World."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Aubrey hastily pursues the privateer, dashing Maturin's expectation of more time to explore."}, {"section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "The two arrangements of this cue contained in the CD differ significantly from the one heard in the movie."}, {"section_header": "Release | Awards and honors", "text": "A few highlights are listed here."}, {"section_header": "Release | Critical response", "text": "\"Master and Commander\" stays afloat to the finish, but that's all that can be said."}, {"section_header": "Release | Critical response", "text": "Their interaction takes on a preening quality, reminiscent of the interaction of the \"Star Trek\" characters four or five movies down the line."}, {"section_header": "Release | Critical response", "text": "Once that happens, the story involving the French ship loses much of its interest and all of its danger, and the movie starts taking on water."}, {"section_header": "Possible sequel", "text": "Director Weir, asked in 2005 if he would make a sequel, stated he thought it \"most unlikely\", and after disclaiming internet rumors to the contrary, stated \"I think that while it did well"}], "text": "The director of Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, says he would like to make a few more movies in the series, but he plans on taking some time to get it right.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Public image | As a gay icon", "text": "Cher's role as a lesbian in the film Silkwood, as well as her transition to dance music and social activism, have further contributed to her becoming a gay icon."}], "id": "bEseUWJ3sbkqYT9JMqGf", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Public image | As a gay icon", "text": "Cher is considered a gay icon, and has often been imitated by drag queens."}, {"section_header": "Public image | As a gay icon", "text": "Cher's role as a lesbian in the film Silkwood, as well as her transition to dance music and social activism, have further contributed to her becoming a gay icon."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Films, videos, and stage", "text": "She wears her vulnerability on her sleeve.\" Jeff Yarbrough of The Advocate wrote that Cher was \"one of the first superstars to 'play gay' with compassion and without a hint of stereotyping\", as she portrays a lesbian in the 1983 film Silkwood."}, {"section_header": "Public image | As a gay icon", "text": "According to Salon magazine's Thomas Rogers, \"[d]rag queens imitate women like Judy Garland, Dolly Parton and Cher because they overcame insult and hardship on their path to success, and because their narratives mirror the pain that many gay men suffer on their way out of the closet.\" According to Maclean's magazine's Elio Iannacci, Cher was \"one of the first to bring drag to the masses\", as she hired two drag queens to perform with her at her Las Vegas residency in 1979."}, {"section_header": "Public image | As a gay icon", "text": "The NBC sitcom Will & Grace acknowledged Cher's status by making her the idol of gay character Jack McFarland."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 2018\u2013present: Return to film, Dancing Queen, upcoming projects", "text": "It's her song now. It's her song now. \"On March 4, 2018, Cher headlined the 40th Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras."}, {"section_header": "Other interests | Philanthropy", "text": "She was the keynote speaker for the 1997 national Parents, Families, & Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) convention, and has since become one of the LGBT community's most vocal advocates."}, {"section_header": "Public image | As a gay icon", "text": "Cher guest-starred as herself twice on the show, in 2000\u2014making"}, {"section_header": "Public image | As a gay icon", "text": "Cher thrives on a version of nakedness and honesty that is rarely celebrated in the public eye.\" Monica Heisey of The Guardian called Cher's Twitter account \"a jewel in the bizarro crown of the internet\", and stated, \"While many celebrities use Twitter for carefully crafted self-promotion, Cher just lets it all hang out.\" The reverence held for Cher by members of the LGBT community has been attributed to her career accomplishments, her sense of style, and her longevity."}, {"section_header": "Other interests | Philanthropy", "text": "In May 1998, she received the GLAAD Vanguard Award for having \"made a significant difference in promoting equal rights for lesbians and gay men\"."}], "text": "Cher played a lesbian in a film and this is one of the reasons she is considered a gay icon.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Cher"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "\"In the light dying, we'll rage and fight, go kickin' and screamin', into that good night.\" The poem was featured as a voiceover by Iain Glen in a 2018 television advert for the Ford Motor Company."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "The advert was subsequently banned by the Advertising Standards Authority for encouraging driving as a way to release anger."}], "id": "bIODbQml5b0vDdvklmZ8", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It has no title other than its first line, \"Do not go gentle into that good night\", a line that appears as a refrain throughout the poem along with its other refrain, \"Rage, rage against the dying of the light\"."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "See scheme below. \"Do not go gentle into that good night\" was used as the text for the 1954"}, {"section_header": "Form", "text": "The rhyme-and-refrain pattern of Do not go gentle into that good night can be schematized as A1bA2 abA1 abA2 abA1 abA2"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"Do not go gentle into that good night\" is a poem in the form of a villanelle, and the most famous work of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas (1914\u20131953)."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "In the same movie, leading actors Matthew McConaughey and Anne Hathaway are sent into hypersleep with the final words \"Do not go gentle into that good night."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "\"In the light dying, we'll rage and fight, go kickin' and screamin', into that good night.\" The poem was featured as a voiceover by Iain Glen in a 2018 television advert for the Ford Motor Company."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "In the track \"Rage\" by Chumbawamba on the album Anarchy, released in 1994."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "After subduing the heroes and beginning to cloak the world in darkness, the villain MaloMyotismon muses, \"The dying of the light, and nothing to rage against it!\" The black metal band Anaal Nathrakh has a song called \"Rage, rage against the dying of the light\" from the 2004 album Domine Non Es Dignus."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "released a song entitled \"Rage Against the Dying of the Light\" on their album Harmlessness."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "In a 2007 episode of Doctor Who, \"The Shakespeare Code\", The Doctor, played by David Tennant, quotes the third line of this poem, \"Rage, rage against the dying of the light\", to William Shakespeare, played by Dean Lennox Kelly."}, {"section_header": "Notable use in popular culture", "text": "The advert was subsequently banned by the Advertising Standards Authority for encouraging driving as a way to release anger."}], "text": "Nobody has ever drawn the conclusion, in an official state-sanctioned capacity, that \"Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night\" could be used to spur people into road rage.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Properties and reactions | Nuclear reactions", "text": "A hydrogen nucleus is a single proton, so simultaneous nuclear interactions, which would occur within a heavier nucleus, don't need to be considered for the detection experiment."}], "id": "bM5yTJqryeAYMzY4uAyH", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Properties and reactions | Nuclear reactions", "text": "Neutrinos can interact with a nucleus, changing it to another nucleus."}, {"section_header": "Properties and reactions | Nuclear reactions", "text": "A hydrogen nucleus is a single proton, so simultaneous nuclear interactions, which would occur within a heavier nucleus, don't need to be considered for the detection experiment."}, {"section_header": "Properties and reactions | Nuclear reactions", "text": "In general the interaction probability increases with the number of neutrons and protons within a nucleus."}, {"section_header": "Properties and reactions | Nuclear reactions", "text": "In this case, the energy levels and spin states within the target nucleus have to be taken into account to estimate the probability for an interaction."}, {"section_header": "Properties and reactions | Nuclear reactions", "text": "Within a cubic metre of water placed right outside a nuclear reactor, only relatively few such interactions can be recorded, but the setup is now used for measuring the reactor's plutonium production rate."}, {"section_header": "Properties and reactions | Induced fission", "text": "Very much like neutrons do in nuclear reactors, neutrinos can induce fission reactions within heavy nuclei."}, {"section_header": "Properties and reactions | Nuclear reactions", "text": "For this reason, in early experiments a special reaction channel was chosen to facilitate the identification: the interaction of an antineutrino with one of the hydrogen nuclei in the water molecules."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The majority of neutrinos which are detected about the Earth are from nuclear reactions inside the Sun."}, {"section_header": "Scientific interest", "text": "Another important use of the neutrino is in the observation of supernovae, the explosions that end the lives of highly massive stars."}, {"section_header": "Research | Neutrinoless double-beta decay searches", "text": "Another hypothesis concerns \"neutrinoless double-beta decay\", which, if it exists, would violate lepton number conservation."}], "text": "There is no nuclear reaction when neutrinos are in contact with another nucleus.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Neutrino"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Release and reception | Critical response", "text": "Among the few who took a more negative view of the film, historian Lawrence James called it \"pure hagiography\" while anthropologist Akhil Gupta said it \"suffers from tepid direction and a superficial and misleading interpretation of history."}, {"section_header": "Release and reception | Critical response", "text": "Reviews were broadly positive not only domestically (in India) but also internationally."}], "id": "bMdM9F0XWFgFJvAxQrPj", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Release and reception | Box office", "text": "Due to the running time, it could only be shown three times a day."}, {"section_header": "Release and reception | Critical response", "text": "Among the few who took a more negative view of the film, historian Lawrence James called it \"pure hagiography\" while anthropologist Akhil Gupta said it \"suffers from tepid direction and a superficial and misleading interpretation of history."}, {"section_header": "Release and reception | Box office", "text": "Goldcrest Films invested \u00a35,076,000 in the film and received \u00a311,461,000 in return, earning them a profit of \u00a36,385,000."}, {"section_header": "Release and reception | Critical response", "text": "Parts of the book also discuss the film negatively."}, {"section_header": "Release and reception | Critical response", "text": "In the commentary, both Sir Christopher Lee, who portrayed the older Muhammed Ali Jinnah, and director Jamil Dehlavi criticised the film Gandhi for its portrayal of Jinnah, arguing it to be demonising and historically inaccurate."}, {"section_header": "Release and reception | Critical response", "text": "In Time, Richard Schickel wrote that in portraying Gandhi's \"spiritual presence... Kingsley is nothing short of astonishing."}, {"section_header": "Release and reception | Critical response", "text": "Patrick French negatively reviewed the film, writing in The Telegraph: An important origin of one myth about Gandhi was Richard Attenborough\u2019s 1982 film."}, {"section_header": "Release and reception | Critical response", "text": "Reviews were broadly positive not only domestically (in India) but also internationally."}], "text": "The movie's run was negatively received due to its aggrandized portrayal of Ghandi and its superficiality.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Gandhi (film)"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "The word arthropod comes from the Greek \u1f04\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u00e1rthron, \"joint\", and \u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 pous (gen. podos (\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c2)), i.e. \"foot\" or \"leg\", which together mean \"jointed leg\"."}], "id": "bSBmCFE9eTxeLHrrPGOV", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "An arthropod (, from Greek \u1f04\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd arthron, \"joint\" and \u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 pous, \"foot\" (gen. \u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c2)) is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "The word arthropod comes from the Greek \u1f04\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u00e1rthron, \"joint\", and \u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 pous (gen. podos (\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c2)), i.e. \"foot\" or \"leg\", which together mean \"jointed leg\"."}, {"section_header": "Description", "text": "Arthropods are invertebrates with segmented bodies and jointed limbs."}, {"section_header": "Description | Segmentation", "text": "Working out the evolutionary stages by which all these different combinations could have appeared is so difficult that it has long been known as \"the arthropod head problem\"."}, {"section_header": "Description | Respiration and circulation", "text": "As with other invertebrates, the respiratory pigments of those arthropods that have them are generally dissolved in the blood and rarely enclosed in corpuscles as they are in vertebrates."}, {"section_header": "Description | Segmentation", "text": "In 1960, R. E. Snodgrass even hoped it would not be solved, as he found trying to work out solutions to be fun."}, {"section_header": "Description | Senses", "text": "Chemical sensors provide equivalents of taste and smell, often by means of setae."}, {"section_header": "Interaction with humans", "text": "The intentional cultivation of arthropods and other small animals for human food, referred to as minilivestock, is now emerging in animal husbandry as an ecologically sound concept."}, {"section_header": "Evolutionary history | Fossil record", "text": "Arthropods were well pre-adapted to colonize land, because their existing jointed exoskeletons provided protection against desiccation, support against gravity and a means of locomotion that was not dependent on water."}, {"section_header": "Description | Exoskeleton", "text": "Some terrestrial crustaceans have developed means of storing the mineral, since on land they cannot rely on a steady supply of dissolved calcium carbonate."}], "text": "An arthropod is an invertebrate animal that is derived from the Latin work meaning foot.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Arthropoda"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Behind the scenes", "text": "Jones and Walker played young sweethearts in Since You Went Away, but in real life, they were married at the time and going through a bitter break-up due to Jones' ongoing affair with producer Selznick."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Since You Went Away is a 1944 American drama film directed by John Cromwell for Selznick International Pictures and distributed by United Artists."}], "id": "bT1MCIabU1L2u90mQ9XF", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Though famously sentimental in places, Since You Went Away is somber at times about the effects of war on ordinary people."}, {"section_header": "Home media", "text": "Since You Went Away was released to DVD by MGM Home Video on October 19, 2004 in a Region 1"}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "According to Bosley Crowther, Since You Went Away, Selznick's first screen production in four years, features a script with an \"excess of exhausting emotional detail\"; Crowther was impressed with the performances, but had issues with the film as a whole: As the mother and center of the family, Claudette Colbert gives an excellent show of gallantly self-contained emotion, and Jennifer Jones is surpassingly sweet as a well-bred American daughter in the first bloom of womanhood and love."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Since You Went Away is a 1944 American drama film directed by John Cromwell for Selznick International Pictures and distributed by United Artists."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Two hours and fifty-one minutes is a lot of time to harp upon one well-known theme -lonesomeness and anxiety."}, {"section_header": "Behind the scenes", "text": "Jones and Walker played young sweethearts in Since You Went Away, but in real life, they were married at the time and going through a bitter break-up due to Jones' ongoing affair with producer Selznick."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is an epic about the American home front during World War II that was adapted and produced by David O. Selznick from the 1943 novel Since You Went Away: Letters to a Soldier from His Wife by Margaret Buell Wilder."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film is set in a mid-sized American town, where people with loved ones in the Armed Forces try to cope with their changed circumstances and make their own contributions to the war effort."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "When the Hiltons travel by train in a failed attempt to see Tim one last time before he ships out, they encounter or travel with many other people whose lives have been affected by the war, and they end up not getting to see Tim because their train is delayed to allow a defense supply train to go through first."}], "text": "The head of the production company for Since You Went Away was the father of one of the actors.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Since You Went Away"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War."}], "id": "bU6eQOwqXW0d7biNJHKc", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reaction in the United States", "text": "Z. The use of these disguising letters led the business to immediately become known as the \"XYZ Affair."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It led to the undeclared Quasi-War (1798\u20131800)."}, {"section_header": "Political reaction in France", "text": "Talleyrand was called to the Directory to account for his role in the affair."}, {"section_header": "Political reaction in France", "text": "Gerry, in his private report on the affair to Adams in 1799, claimed credit for maintaining the peace, and for influencing significant changes in French policy that lessened the hostilities and eventually brought a peace treaty."}, {"section_header": "Political reaction in France", "text": "The warlike attitude of the United States and the start of the Quasi-War (a naval war between the two countries that was fought primarily in the Caribbean) convinced Talleyrand that he had miscalculated in his dealings with the commissioners."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gerry, seeking to avoid all-out war, remained for several months after the other two commissioners left."}, {"section_header": "Commission to France", "text": "These leaders, and Talleyrand, viewed President Adams as hostile to their interests, but did not think that there was significant danger of war."}, {"section_header": "Commission to France | Later negotiations", "text": "The change in strategy alarmed a number of American residents of Paris, who reported the growing possibility of war."}, {"section_header": "Reaction in the United States", "text": "Despite those calls, Adams steadfastly refused to ask Congress for a formal war declaration."}], "text": "The XYZ Affair led to a war.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "XYZ Affair"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life | Relationships", "text": "She married Pitt, after two years of dating, on July 29, 2000, in a lavish Malibu wedding."}], "id": "bYX2EfBzFu1nGbFkiHoV", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Divorced from actor Brad Pitt, to whom she was married for five years, Aniston is separated from actor Justin Theroux, whom she married in 2015."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Relationships", "text": "She married Pitt, after two years of dating, on July 29, 2000, in a lavish Malibu wedding."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Relationships", "text": "The couple began dating in 1995, but ended their relationship after two and a half years in 1998.Aniston met Brad Pitt in 1998; their relationship was widely publicized in the press."}, {"section_header": "Other ventures", "text": "Along with Brad Pitt and Brad Grey, CEO of Paramount Pictures, Aniston founded the film production company Plan B Entertainment in 2002, although she and Grey withdrew in 2005."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Relationships", "text": "During their divorce proceedings, there was intense speculation in the media that Pitt had been unfaithful to Aniston with his Mr. & Mrs. Smith co-star Angelina Jolie, whom he started dating soon after the split."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Relationships", "text": "She said her relationship with Pitt, which she does not regret, was \"seven very intense years together\" and that \"it was a beautiful, complicated relationship\"."}, {"section_header": "Other ventures", "text": "Original plans called for the perfume to be named \"Lolavie by Jennifer Aniston\", but to avoid confusion with a similarly named perfume, the name was changed to simply \"Jennifer Aniston\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The daughter of actors John Aniston and Nancy Dow"}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Relationships", "text": "On January 7, 2005, they announced their separation, and finalized their divorce on October 2."}, {"section_header": "In the media | Public image", "text": "... We don't need to be married or mothers to be complete."}], "text": "Jennifer Aniston dated fellow actor Brad Pitt for 2 years before they getting married.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Jennifer Aniston"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Effect on other European powers", "text": "It was ignored by other European nations, and with the decline of Spanish and Portuguese power, the home countries were unable to hold many of their claims, much less expand them into poorly explored areas."}], "id": "bZsJMy5kcTa8hDG56sQN", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "[t\u027e\u0250\u02c8ta\u00f0u \u00f0\u0268 tu\u027e\u00f0e\u02c8zi\u028e\u0250\u0283]; Spanish: Tratado de Tordesillas [t\u027ea\u02c8ta\u00f0o \u00f0e to\u027e\u00f0e\u02c8si\u028eas]), signed at Tordesillas in Spain on June 7, 1494, and authenticated at Set\u00fabal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire (Crown of Castile), along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa."}, {"section_header": "Tordesillas meridian", "text": "The Treaty of Tordesillas only specified the line of demarcation in leagues from the Cape Verde Islands."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Treaty of Tordesillas (Portuguese: Tratado de Tordesilhas"}, {"section_header": "Antimeridian: Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza", "text": "The Treaty of Saragossa did not modify or clarify the line of demarcation in the Treaty of Tordesillas, nor did it validate Spain's claim to equal hemispheres (180\u00b0 each), so the two lines divided the Earth into unequal hemispheres."}, {"section_header": "Antimeridian: Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza", "text": "But Portugal's discovery of the highly valued Moluccas in 1512 caused Spain to argue in 1518 that the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the Earth into two equal hemispheres."}, {"section_header": "Modern claims", "text": "The Treaty of Tordesillas was also invoked by Argentina in the 20th century as part of its claim to the Falkland Islands."}, {"section_header": "Tordesillas meridian", "text": "Instead, the treaty stated that these matters were to be settled by a joint voyage which never occurred."}, {"section_header": "Treaty of Madrid", "text": "The attitude towards the treaty that other governments had was expressed in a statement attributed to France's King Francis I, \"Show me Adam's will!\" On January 13, 1750, King John V of Portugal and Ferdinand VI of Spain signed the Treaty of Madrid, in which both parties sought to establish the borders between Brazil and Spanish America, admitting that the Treaty of Tordesillas, as it had been envisioned in 1494 had been superseded, and was considered void."}, {"section_header": "Signing and enforcement", "text": "The Treaty of Tordesillas was intended to solve the dispute that had been created following the return of Christopher Columbus and his crew, who had sailed for the Crown of Castile."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The other side of the world was divided a few decades later by the Treaty of Zaragoza, signed on 22 April 1529, which specified the antimeridian to the line of demarcation specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas."}, {"section_header": "Effect on other European powers", "text": "It was ignored by other European nations, and with the decline of Spanish and Portuguese power, the home countries were unable to hold many of their claims, much less expand them into poorly explored areas."}], "text": "All of Europe respected the Treaty of Tordesillas.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Treaty of Tordesillas"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": ", Gerty Cori received the Nobel Prize in 1947 for the discovery of the mechanism by which glycogen\u2014a derivative of glucose\u2014is broken down in muscle tissue into lactic acid and then resynthesized in the body and stored as a source of energy (known as the Cori cycle)."}], "id": "bfbChd9UZOpQWO2jUphs", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Gerty Cori was born Gerty Theresa Radnitz into a Jewish family in Prague in 1896."}, {"section_header": "Working in the United States", "text": "In 1929, they proposed the theoretical cycle that later won them the Nobel Prize, the Cori cycle."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": ", Gerty Cori received the Nobel Prize in 1947 for the discovery of the mechanism by which glycogen\u2014a derivative of glucose\u2014is broken down in muscle tissue into lactic acid and then resynthesized in the body and stored as a source of energy (known as the Cori cycle)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gerty Theresa Cori (n\u00e9e Radnitz; August 15, 1896 \u2013 October 26, 1957) was an Austro-Hungarian-American biochemist who in 1947 was the third woman to win a Nobel Prize in science, and the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for her role in the discovery of glycogen metabolism."}, {"section_header": "Washington University", "text": "Months before she won the Nobel Prize, she was promoted to full professor, a post she held until her death in 1957.While working at Washington University, they discovered an intermediate compound in frog muscles that enabled the breakdown of glycogen, called glucose 1-phosphate, now known as the Cori ester."}, {"section_header": "Working in the United States", "text": "Gerty Cori published eleven articles as the sole author."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1957, Gerty Cori died after a ten-year struggle with myelosclerosis."}, {"section_header": "Final years", "text": "Just before winning the Nobel prize, while they were on a mountain climbing trip, the Coris learned that Gerty Cori was ill with myelosclerosis, a fatal disease of the bone marrow."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gerty Cori continued her early interest in medical research, collaborating in the laboratory with Carl."}, {"section_header": "Final years", "text": "Later, her son erected a cenotaph for Gerty and Carl Cori in Bellefontaine Cemetery in St. Louis, Missouri."}], "text": "Gerty Theresa Cori discovered the Cori cycle.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Gerty Theresa Cori"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pompeii (, Latin: [p\u0254m\u02c8pe\u02d0jji\u02d0]) was an ancient city located in what is now the comune of Pompei near Naples in the Campania region of Italy."}], "id": "bgkbAZEqE7At6eWOpt8V", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | The Roman period | AD 62\u201379", "text": "On that day in Pompeii, there were to be two sacrifices, as it was the anniversary of Augustus being named \"Father of the Nation\" and also a feast day to honour the guardian spirits of the city."}, {"section_header": "History | Modern archaeology", "text": "Preservation was haphazard and presents today's archaeologists with great difficulty."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pompeii (, Latin: [p\u0254m\u02c8pe\u02d0jji\u02d0]) was an ancient city located in what is now the comune of Pompei near Naples in the Campania region of Italy."}, {"section_header": "History | Eruption of Vesuvius", "text": "The eruption lasted for two days."}, {"section_header": "History | Eruption of Vesuvius", "text": "At some time in the night or early the next day, pyroclastic flows began near the volcano, consisting of high speed, dense, and very hot ash clouds, knocking down wholly or partly all structures in their path, incinerating or suffocating the remaining population and altering the landscape, including the coastline."}, {"section_header": "History | Rediscovery and excavations", "text": "Rei Publicae Pompeianorum [...] was found and the city was identified as Pompeii."}, {"section_header": "Roman city development", "text": "The nutrient-rich lands near Pompeii were extremely efficient at this and were often able to exceed these requirements by a steep margin, therefore providing the incentive for local wineries to establish themselves."}, {"section_header": "History | Early history", "text": "The city began to flourish and maritime trade started with the construction of a small port near the mouth of the river."}, {"section_header": "Roman city development", "text": "It is speculated that these historical vineyards are strikingly similar in structure to the modern day vineyards across Italy."}, {"section_header": "History | Conservation", "text": "A 2012 study recommended an improved strategy for interpretation and presentation of the site as a cost-effective method of improving its conservation and preservation in the short term."}], "text": "Pompeii is found in present day Greece near Athens.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Pompeii"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Richard I (8 September 1157 \u2013 6 April 1199) was King of England from 1189 until his death."}], "id": "bi2h0w2sTBt6bdBY3Px3", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "King and crusader | Coronation and anti-Jewish violence", "text": "Richard I was officially invested as Duke of Normandy on 20 July 1189 and crowned king in Westminster Abbey on 3 September 1189."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | In the Holy Land", "text": "Only days later, on 28 April 1192, Conrad was stabbed to death by Assassins before he could be crowned."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Richard I (8 September 1157 \u2013 6 April 1199) was King of England from 1189 until his death."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was born in England, where he spent his childhood; before becoming king, however, he lived most of his adult life in the Duchy of Aquitaine, in the southwest of France."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Final years of Henry II's reign", "text": "The following year, Richard attempted to take the throne of England for himself by joining Philip's expedition against his father."}, {"section_header": "Life after the Third Crusade | Death", "text": "Richard asked to have the crossbowman brought before him; called alternatively Pierre (or Peter) Basile, John Sabroz, Dudo, and Bertrand de Gourdon (from the town of Gourdon) by chroniclers"}, {"section_header": "Life after the Third Crusade | Death", "text": "He expected to be executed, but as a final act of mercy Richard forgave him, saying \"Live on, and by my bounty behold the light of day\", before he ordered the boy to be freed and sent away with 100 shillings."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | Marriage", "text": "Berengaria had almost as much difficulty in making the journey home as her husband did, and she did not see England until after his death."}, {"section_header": "Life after the Third Crusade | Death", "text": "It is unclear whether the pardon was upheld following his death."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | Marriage", "text": "Before leaving Cyprus on crusade, Richard married Berengaria, the first-born daughter of King Sancho VI of Navarre."}], "text": "Richard I of England was King till 3 years before his death.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Richard I of England"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "As he was born two months prematurely and thought unlikely to survive, he was baptised the same day by Thomas Secker, who was both Rector of St James's and Bishop of Oxford."}, {"section_header": "Titles, styles and arms | Titles and styles", "text": "31 March 1751 \u2013 20 April 1751: His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh 20 April 1751 \u2013 25 October 1760: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales 25 October 1760 \u2013 29 January 1820: His Majesty The KingIn Great Britain, George III used the official style \"George the Third, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, and so forth\"."}], "id": "bnWoQm1wyODg9JOkwimn", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Titles, styles and arms | Titles and styles", "text": "His style became \"George the Third, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith."}, {"section_header": "Titles, styles and arms | Titles and styles", "text": "31 March 1751 \u2013 20 April 1751: His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh 20 April 1751 \u2013 25 October 1760: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales 25 October 1760 \u2013 29 January 1820: His Majesty The KingIn Great Britain, George III used the official style \"George the Third, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, and so forth\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 \u2013 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death in 1820."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "George was born in London at Norfolk House in St James's Square."}, {"section_header": "Early reign", "text": "George, in his accession speech to Parliament, proclaimed: \"Born and educated in this country, I glory in the name of Britain.\" He inserted this phrase into the speech, written by Lord Hardwicke, to demonstrate his desire to distance himself from his German forebears, who were perceived as caring more for Hanover than for Britain."}, {"section_header": "Titles, styles and arms | Titles and styles", "text": "In 1801, when Great Britain united with Ireland, he dropped the title of king of France, which had been used for every English monarch since Edward III's claim to the French throne in the medieval period."}, {"section_header": "French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars", "text": "In 1800, the British and Irish Parliaments passed an Act of Union that took effect on 1 January 1801 and united Great Britain and Ireland into a single state, known as the \"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland\"."}, {"section_header": "American War of Independence", "text": "George III is often accused of obstinately trying to keep Great Britain at war with the revolutionaries in America, despite the opinions of his own ministers."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was a monarch of the House of Hanover, but unlike his two predecessors, he was born in Great Britain, spoke English as his first language, and never visited Hanover."}, {"section_header": "William Pitt | Slavery and the slave trade", "text": "During most of his reign, King George III opposed the abolitionist movement."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "As he was born two months prematurely and thought unlikely to survive, he was baptised the same day by Thomas Secker, who was both Rector of St James's and Bishop of Oxford."}], "text": "Born in London, several months early and close to death's door, George III was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland, who called himself Defender of Faith by the Grace of God.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "George III of the United Kingdom"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "The word arthropod comes from the Greek \u1f04\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u00e1rthron, \"joint\", and \u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 pous (gen. podos (\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c2)), i.e. \"foot\" or \"leg\", which together mean \"jointed leg\"."}], "id": "bvDXMC62zs2qUOG3dueV", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The term Arthropoda as originally proposed refers to a proposed grouping of Euarthropods and the phylum Onychophora."}, {"section_header": "Description | Segmentation", "text": "Originally it seems that each appendage-bearing segment had two separate pairs of appendages: an upper and a lower pair."}, {"section_header": "Evolutionary history | Evolutionary family tree", "text": "From 1952 to 1977, zoologist Sidnie Manton and others argued that arthropods are polyphyletic, in other words, that they do not share a common ancestor that was itself an arthropod."}, {"section_header": "Evolutionary history | Evolutionary family tree", "text": "Further analysis and discoveries in the 1990s reversed this view, and led to acceptance that arthropods are monophyletic, in other words they do share a common ancestor that was itself an arthropod."}, {"section_header": "Classification", "text": "One of the newer hypotheses is that the chelicerae have originated from the same pair of appendages that evolved into antennae in the ancestors of Mandibulata, which would place trilobites, which had antennae, closer to Mandibulata than Chelicerata."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "The word arthropod comes from the Greek \u1f04\u03c1\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u00e1rthron, \"joint\", and \u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 pous (gen. podos (\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c2)), i.e. \"foot\" or \"leg\", which together mean \"jointed leg\"."}], "text": "The word is Roman in origin.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Arthropoda"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | 1955\u20131978: Early life and acting in theater", "text": "He has English, French, German, Irish, and Scottish ancestry."}], "id": "bzo5krn087rbWWQCGRrj", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "He now holds both Italian and American citizenship."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "William James \"Willem\" Dafoe (born July 22, 1955) is an American actor."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1955\u20131978: Early life and acting in theater", "text": "In high school, he acquired the nickname Willem, which is the Dutch version of the name William."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Dafoe married Italian actress, director, and screenwriter Giada Colagrande on March 25, 2005, a year after the two had met in Rome at the premiere of one of her films."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 2010\u2013present: Continued acclaim and success", "text": "The Fault in Our Stars. Dafoe once again collaborated with Ferrara on the drama Pasolini, in which he played Italian filmmaker Pier Paolo Pasolini during his last days before his murder in 1975."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1990\u20131999: Balancing independent and blockbuster films", "text": "Roger Ebert praised Dafoe's \"gifted\" portrayal of LeTour and Owen Gleiberman opined that \"even when the film doesn't gel, one is held by Willem Dafoe's grimly compelling performance.\"Dafoe"}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Dafoe said in 2010, \"We were having lunch"}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1955\u20131978: Early life and acting in theater", "text": "Within a year Dafoe was part of the company."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1955\u20131978: Early life and acting in theater", "text": "Dafoe would continue with the Wooster Group into the 2000s."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1986\u20131989: Breakthrough, first Oscar nomination, and controversial roles", "text": "Dafoe did not receive a credit for his work on the film."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1955\u20131978: Early life and acting in theater", "text": "He has English, French, German, Irish, and Scottish ancestry."}], "text": "Willem Dafoe has Italian roots.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Willem Dafoe"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His father was born in Kenya and was of Gujarati Indian descent."}], "id": "c2g2otfQHfdkNMhS6r5p", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sir Ben Kingsley (born Krishna Pandit Bhanji; 31 December 1943) is an English actor."}, {"section_header": "Honours", "text": "Since then, Kingsley appears to have altered his stance; credits for his latest films refer to him as Ben Kingsley."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "At about this time, he changed his name to Ben Kingsley, fearing that a foreign name would hamper his career."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "Kingsley studied at De La Salle College in Salford, which later became home to the Ben Kingsley Theatre."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His mother was English; she was born out of wedlock, and \"was loath to speak of her background\"."}, {"section_header": "Career | Film and television", "text": "The film was a critical and financial success, and Kingsley won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "Kingsley played Mosca in Peter Hall's 1977 production of Ben Jonson's Volpone for the Royal National Theatre, and in Peter Brook's acclaimed production of A Midsummer Night's Dream."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Kingsley's maternal grandfather was believed by the family to have been of Russian- or German-Jewish descent, while his maternal grandmother was English and worked in the garment district of London's East End."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Kingsley is best known for his starring role as Mohandas Gandhi in the 1982 film Gandhi, for which he subsequently won the Academy Award for Best Actor at the 55th Academy Awards."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He was educated at Manchester Grammar School, where one of his classmates was actor Robert Powell."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His father was born in Kenya and was of Gujarati Indian descent."}], "text": "Ben Kingsley is an actor that is part English and French.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Ben Kingsley"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life | Childhood and education", "text": "It was Massini who encouraged him to write his first opera, originally titled Rocester, to a libretto by the journalist Antonio Piazza."}], "id": "c5xXVpRVUdXSWXViBo8H", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life | 1834\u20131842: First operas", "text": "List of compositions by Giuseppe Verdi"}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Nationalism in the operas", "text": "Pizzo claims that Verdi was part of this movement, for his operas were inspired by the love of country, the struggle for Italian independence, and speak to the sacrifice of patriots and exiles."}, {"section_header": "Life | 1834\u20131842: First operas", "text": "Verdi was to claim that he gradually began to work on the music for Nabucco, the libretto of which had originally been rejected by the composer Otto Nicolai: \" This verse today, tomorrow that, here a note, there a whole phrase, and little by little the opera was written\", he later recalled."}, {"section_header": "Life | 1834\u20131842: First operas", "text": "Following its failure, it is claimed Verdi vowed never to compose again, but in his Sketch he recounts how Merelli persuaded him to write a new opera."}, {"section_header": "Life | Politics", "text": "In 1848, the nationalist leader Giuseppe Mazzini (whom Verdi had met in London the previous year) requested Verdi (who complied) to write a patriotic hymn."}, {"section_header": "Music and form", "text": "See also List of compositions by Giuseppe Verdi and individual articles on the works."}, {"section_header": "Life | 1849\u20131853: Fame", "text": "After first (1850) seeking a libretto from Cammarano (which never appeared), Verdi later (1857) commissioned one from Antonio Somma, but this proved intractable, and no music was ever written."}, {"section_header": "Life | Childhood and education", "text": "It was Massini who encouraged him to write his first opera, originally titled Rocester, to a libretto by the journalist Antonio Piazza."}, {"section_header": "Life | 1853\u20131860: Consolidation", "text": "In the eleven years up to and including Traviata, Verdi had written sixteen operas."}, {"section_header": "Life | 1842\u20131849", "text": "We must all extend a fraternal hand, and Italy will yet become the first nation of the world... I am drunk with joy!"}], "text": "Giuseppe Verdi was inspired to write the music for his first major opera by a poem written about the reunification of Italy.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Giuseppe Verdi"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 14 seasons in the National League (NL), he pitched for the Boston Beaneaters, Pittsburgh Pirates, and St. Louis Cardinals."}], "id": "c7z4l80EF5PrqpJpL2tX", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career", "text": "When he changed teams to the Pittsburgh Pirates for 1906, whose offense had a combined batting average of .256 over the four years"}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He attended high school at Newark Academy, and played both on the high school baseball team and in semi-pro baseball leagues throughout Delaware."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "His ERA for those four years was 2.08."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Willis was with the team, Willis compiled a record of 88\u201346."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Victor Gazaway Willis (April 12, 1876 \u2013 August 3, 1947) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher during the 1890s and 1900s."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Prior to joining the major leagues, Willis played football and baseball for University of Delaware, then known as Delaware College, despite never attending the college."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Willis was on one World Series championship team, the 1909 Pirates."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Next season Willis pitched for a semipro team in his hometown Newark, Delaware."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "After the team ceased operations in June, he moved to the Lynchburg Hill Climbers of the Virginia State League."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Willis was born on April 12, 1876 in Cecil County, Maryland."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 14 seasons in the National League (NL), he pitched for the Boston Beaneaters, Pittsburgh Pirates, and St. Louis Cardinals."}], "text": "Victor Willis played catcher for four different teams.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Vic Willis"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later life | Final years and death", "text": "He returned to Concord that September, suffering from severe cirrhosis of the liver, knowing he would not recover."}, {"section_header": "Later life | Final years and death", "text": "Pierce's health began to decline again in mid-1869; he resumed heavy drinking despite his deteriorating physical condition."}], "id": "c8W7v5YJE4dj1WzyXbXo", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was a heavy drinker for much of his life, and he died of cirrhosis of the liver in 1869."}, {"section_header": "Later life | Final years and death", "text": "He returned to Concord that September, suffering from severe cirrhosis of the liver, knowing he would not recover."}, {"section_header": "Presidency | Bleeding Kansas", "text": "The Kansas\u2013 Nebraska Act was passed in May 1854 and ultimately defined the Pierce presidency."}, {"section_header": "Congressional career | U.S. House of Representatives", "text": "This passed the House in 1836."}, {"section_header": "Election of 1852", "text": "The next 34 ballots passed with no winner even close, and still no votes for Pierce."}, {"section_header": "Presidency | 1856 election", "text": "It also passed a tariff reduction bill he had long sought."}, {"section_header": "Later life | Post-presidency", "text": "Due to illness he declined, but sent a letter appealing to the people of Alabama to remain in the Union, and give the North time to repeal laws against southern interests and to find common ground."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "After Pierce died, he mostly passed from the American consciousness, except as one of a series of presidents whose disastrous tenures led to civil war."}, {"section_header": "Presidency | 1856 election", "text": "Pierce, whose support had been slowly declining as the ballots passed, directed his supporters to break for Douglas, withdrawing his name in a last-ditch effort to defeat Buchanan."}, {"section_header": "Presidency | 1856 election", "text": "In the final days of the Pierce administration, Congress passed bills to increase the pay of army officers and to build new naval vessels, also expanding the number of seamen enlisted."}, {"section_header": "Later life | Final years and death", "text": "Pierce's health began to decline again in mid-1869; he resumed heavy drinking despite his deteriorating physical condition."}], "text": "Pierce passed away due to liver complications.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Franklin Pierce"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "After the war | Political views", "text": "A consistent Democrat \u2013 \"I'm a Democrat first, last, and all the time\", he said \u2013 in January 1941 he praised FDR's support for Great Britain and in an address at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier on Memorial Day of that year he attacked isolationists and said that veterans understood that \"liberty and freedom are so very precious that you do not fight and win them once and stop."}], "id": "cBbEHIA5ZG3NzaQAyz8H", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "World War I | Medal of Honor action", "text": "His actions that day earned him the Medal of Honor."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Medal of Honor controversy", "text": "Corporal William Cutting, who was present with York during his Medal of Honor action, and Bernard Early, the noncommissioned officer under whom York was serving during his Medal of Honor actions, were among those who argued against the official version."}, {"section_header": "After the war | Legacy and film story", "text": "In 1941 the movie Sergeant York, directed by Howard Hawks with Gary Cooper in the title role, told about his life and Medal of Honor action."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Medal of Honor controversy", "text": "Of the 17 American soldiers who were involved in York's Medal of Honor action, six were killed."}, {"section_header": "World War I | Medal of Honor action", "text": "Their machine guns were up there on the heights overlooking us and well hidden, and we couldn't tell for certain where the terrible heavy fire was coming from ... And I'm telling you they were shooting straight."}, {"section_header": "World War I | Post-battle", "text": "In attempting to explain his actions during the 1919 investigation that resulted in the Medal of Honor, York told General Lindsey \"A higher power than man guided and watched over me and told me what to do.\" Lindsey replied \"York, you are right.\"Biographer"}, {"section_header": "World War I | Medal of Honor action", "text": "Under the command of Sergeant Bernard Early, four non-commissioned officers, including recently promoted Corporal York, and thirteen privates were ordered to infiltrate the German lines to take out the machine guns."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "York was immediately promoted to sergeant and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross; an investigation resulted in the upgrading of the award to the Medal of Honor."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He received the Medal of Honor for leading an attack on a German machine gun nest, taking at least one machine gun, killing at least 25 enemy soldiers and capturing 132."}, {"section_header": "World War I | Medal of Honor action", "text": "There were over thirty of them in continuous action, and all I could do was touch the Germans off just as fast as I could."}, {"section_header": "After the war | Political views", "text": "A consistent Democrat \u2013 \"I'm a Democrat first, last, and all the time\", he said \u2013 in January 1941 he praised FDR's support for Great Britain and in an address at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier on Memorial Day of that year he attacked isolationists and said that veterans understood that \"liberty and freedom are so very precious that you do not fight and win them once and stop."}], "text": "A very religious man who considered his actions leading up to a Medal of Honor the product of holy intervention, Sergeant York was a life-long Republican.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Sergeant York"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Modern history", "text": "In 1938, the north-west pavilion, designed by Nash as a conservatory, was converted into a swimming pool."}], "id": "cDHFC4U3bxBInSo1F9pb", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Home of the monarch | Court ceremonies | Other ceremonies and functions", "text": "Since the bombing of the palace chapel in World War II, royal christenings have sometimes taken place in the Music Room."}, {"section_header": "Modern history | 21st century: Royal use and public access", "text": "It occupies the site of the chapel destroyed by an air raid in World War II."}, {"section_header": "Modern history", "text": "During World War II, the palace was bombed nine times; the most serious and publicised incident destroyed the palace chapel in 1940."}, {"section_header": "Home of the monarch | Former ceremonial at the Palace | Court presentation of d\u00e9butantes", "text": "After World War II, the ceremony was replaced by less formal afternoon receptions, omitting the requirement court evening dress."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A German bomb destroyed the palace chapel during World War II; the Queen's Gallery was built on the site and opened to the public in 1962 to exhibit works of art from the Royal Collection."}, {"section_header": "History | From Queen's House to palace", "text": "Remodelling of the structure began in 1762."}, {"section_header": "Modern history", "text": "During World War I, the palace, then the home of King George V and Queen Mary, escaped unscathed."}, {"section_header": "Home of the monarch", "text": "Before Prince Albert's death, the palace was frequently the scene of musical entertainments, and the most celebrated contemporary musicians entertained at Buckingham Palace."}, {"section_header": "Home of the monarch | Garden and surroundings", "text": "It was last used for the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II."}, {"section_header": "Modern history | 21st century: Royal use and public access", "text": "The forecourt of Buckingham Palace is used for the Changing of the Guard, a major ceremony and tourist attraction ("}, {"section_header": "Modern history", "text": "In 1938, the north-west pavilion, designed by Nash as a conservatory, was converted into a swimming pool."}], "text": "England's Buckingham Palace used to have a greenhouse, but it was remodeled before World War II for another function.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Buckingham Palace"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later life | World War I", "text": "Dreyfus's prison sentence on Devil's Island had taken its toll on his health."}, {"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "On 5 January 1895, Dreyfus was summarily convicted in a secret court martial, publicly stripped of his army rank, and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island in French Guiana."}], "id": "cFuTpRX0FC10x2pjicyK", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later life | World War I", "text": "As a reserve officer, he re-entered the army as a major of artillery at the outbreak of World War I. Serving throughout the war, Dreyfus rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel."}, {"section_header": "Later life | World War I", "text": "Dreyfus's prison sentence on Devil's Island had taken its toll on his health."}, {"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "On 5 January 1895, Dreyfus was summarily convicted in a secret court martial, publicly stripped of his army rank, and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island in French Guiana."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alfred Dreyfus ( DRAY-f\u0259s, also US:  DRY-, French: [alf\u0281\u025bd d\u0281\u025bfys]; 9 October 1859 \u2013 12 July 1935) was a French artillery officer of Jewish ancestry whose trial and conviction in 1894 on charges of treason became one of the most controversial and polarizing political dramas in modern French history."}, {"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "I remain worthy of serving in the Army."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Alfred was 10 years old when the Franco-Prussian War broke out in the summer of 1870, and his family moved to Paris following the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine by Germany after the war."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Alfred Dreyfus's grandchildren donated over three thousand documents to the Mus\u00e9e d'art et d'histoire du juda\u00efsme (Museum of Jewish art and history), including personal letters, photographs of the trial, legal documents, writings by Dreyfus during his time in prison, personal family photographs, and his officer stripes that were ripped out as a symbol of treason."}, {"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "For two years, until July 1906, he lived in a state of house-arrest with one of his sisters at Carpentras, and later at Cologny."}, {"section_header": "Later life | World War I", "text": "He received de la L\u00e9gion d'honneur, at the rank of \"Officer,\" in November 1918.Dreyfus's son Pierre also served throughout the entire war as an artillery officer, receiving the Croix de guerre."}, {"section_header": "Later life | World War I", "text": "By then in his mid-50s, Dreyfus served mostly behind the lines of the Western Front, in part as commander of an artillery supply column."}], "text": "Alfred Dreyfus was convicted for treason and served out his sentence on Devil's Island until he entered the army during World War I.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Alfred Dreyfus"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Islington, London, England, that plays in the Premier League, the top flight of English football."}], "id": "cG8N8rN8wdsIJGCDefHT", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 1886\u20131919: Changing names", "text": "Woolwich Arsenal was the first southern member of The Football League, starting out in the Second Division and winning promotion to the First Division in 1904."}, {"section_header": "Arsenal Women", "text": "Arsenal Women is the women's football club affiliated to Arsenal."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Islington, London, England, that plays in the Premier League, the top flight of English football."}, {"section_header": "Supporters and rivalries", "text": "Like all major English football clubs, Arsenal have a number of domestic supporters' clubs, including the Arsenal Football Supporters' Club, which works closely with the club, and the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association, which maintains a more independent line."}, {"section_header": "History | 1886\u20131919: Changing names", "text": "Later that year, The Arsenal started dropping \"The\" in official documents, gradually shifting its name for the final time towards Arsenal, as it is generally known today."}, {"section_header": "Ownership and finances", "text": "They put Arsenal's footballing revenue at \u00a3331.3m (\u20ac435.5m), ranking Arsenal seventh among world football clubs."}, {"section_header": "Colours", "text": "The second was 2005\u201306, the last season that Arsenal played at Highbury, when the team wore commemorative redcurrant shirts similar to those worn in 1913, their first season in the stadium; the club reverted to their normal colours at the start of the next season."}, {"section_header": "History | 1886\u20131919: Changing names", "text": "They registered their new name, Woolwich Arsenal, with The Football League when the club ascended later that year."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Arsenal was the first club from the South of England to join The Football League, in 1893, and they reached the First Division in 1904."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In terms of revenue, Arsenal is the ninth highest-earning football club in the world, earned \u20ac487.6m in 2016\u201317 season."}], "text": "Arsenal Football Club started in Oxford.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Arsenal F.C."}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "After the Portuguese took control of the city in the 15th century AD, they rebuilt it, changing the name to Casa Branca ([kaz\u0250'b\u027e\u0250\u0303k\u0250]), meaning 'white house' in Portuguese."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "The present name, which is the Spanish version (pronounced [ka\u0320sa\u0320\u02c8\u03b2\u031ela\u0320\u014bka\u0320]), came when the Portuguese kingdom was integrated in personal union to the Spanish kingdom."}], "id": "cPHDqe50C3D45bWWBjg6", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "The original name of Casablanca was Anfa (Neo-Tifinagh: \u2d30\u2d4f\u2d3c\u2d30), in Berber language, by at least the seventh century BC."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "After the Portuguese took control of the city in the 15th century AD, they rebuilt it, changing the name to Casa Branca ([kaz\u0250'b\u027e\u0250\u0303k\u0250]), meaning 'white house' in Portuguese."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "The present name, which is the Spanish version (pronounced [ka\u0320sa\u0320\u02c8\u03b2\u031ela\u0320\u014bka\u0320]), came when the Portuguese kingdom was integrated in personal union to the Spanish kingdom."}, {"section_header": "History | Portuguese conquest and Spanish influence", "text": "Between 1580 and 1640, the Crown of Portugal was integrated to the Crown of Spain, so Casablanca and all other areas occupied by the Portuguese were under Spanish control, though maintaining an autonomous Portuguese administration."}, {"section_header": "History | Portuguese conquest and Spanish influence", "text": "As Portugal broke ties with Spain in 1640, Casablanca came under fully Portuguese control once again."}, {"section_header": "History | Portuguese conquest and Spanish influence", "text": "The Portuguese used the ruins of Anfa to build a military fortress in 1515."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "During the French protectorate in Morocco, the name remained Casablanca (pronounced [kazabl\u0251\u0303ka])."}, {"section_header": "History | Portuguese conquest and Spanish influence", "text": "The town that grew up around it was called Casa Branca, meaning \"white house\" in Portuguese."}, {"section_header": "History | Portuguese conquest and Spanish influence", "text": "The town was called ad-D\u0101r al-Bay\u1e0d\u0101\u02bc (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621), the Arabic translation of the Portuguese Casa Branca."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "The city is featured in The Mysterious Caravan (1975), volume 54 in the original Hardy Boys series."}], "text": "Casablanca was originally named by Portuguese settlers.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Casablanca"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Injuries shortened his career."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Later career", "text": "After the 1912 season, Walsh reportedly requested a full year off to rest his arm."}], "id": "cQP2fD1NV6hk2aEqxycg", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "MLB career | Later career", "text": "By 1916, Walsh's arm was dead."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Injuries shortened his career."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Later career", "text": "Walsh's playing time began dwindling in 1913."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "After the 1903 season, the Chicago White Sox purchased Walsh's contract for $750."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Later career", "text": "After the 1912 season, Walsh reportedly requested a full year off to rest his arm."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Later career", "text": "\"My arm would keep me awake till morning with a pain I had never known before\"."}, {"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "Walsh's son Ed Walsh Jr. played for the White Sox from 1928 to 1932."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Peak years", "text": "Interviewed for the book The Glory of Their Times, Hall of Famer Sam Crawford referred to Walsh's use of a pitch that was later outlawed: \"Big Ed Walsh."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Later career", "text": "\"I could feel the muscles grind and wrench during the game, and it seemed to me my arm would leap out of my socket when I shot the ball across the plate\", Walsh later recalled."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Later career", "text": "It has been claimed that he came into spring training in poorer physical shape than other members of the White Sox pitching staff, and his pride led him to try to keep up with the other pitchers in terms of pitch speed before getting into adequate shape, thereby causing damage to his pitching arm."}], "text": "Walsh's profession was diminished due to his arm injury.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Ed Walsh"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was apprenticed to a printer in Vermont and went to New York City in 1831 to seek his fortune."}, {"section_header": "First efforts at publishing", "text": "He took no honeymoon with his new wife, returning to work while his wife took up a teaching job in New York City."}], "id": "cWsfBRtY7I6KR2Ek3FnY", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "First efforts at publishing", "text": "Soon after his move to New York City, Greeley met Mary Young Cheney."}, {"section_header": "First efforts at publishing", "text": "Mary Cheney, a schoolteacher, moved to North Carolina to take a teaching job in 1835."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was apprenticed to a printer in Vermont and went to New York City in 1831 to seek his fortune."}, {"section_header": "First efforts at publishing", "text": "He took no honeymoon with his new wife, returning to work while his wife took up a teaching job in New York City."}, {"section_header": "First efforts at publishing", "text": "In late 1831, Greeley went to New York City to seek his fortune."}, {"section_header": "First efforts at publishing", "text": "They were married in Warrenton, North Carolina on July 5, 1836, and an announcement duly appeared in The New-Yorker eleven days later."}, {"section_header": "Notes and references | Bibliography", "text": "Horace Greeley: Founder of The New York Tribune."}, {"section_header": "First efforts at publishing", "text": "There were many young printers in New York who had likewise come to the metropolis, and he could only find short-term work."}, {"section_header": "Appraisal", "text": "There is a statue of Greeley in City Hall Park in New York, donated by the Tribune Association."}, {"section_header": "Presidential candidate", "text": "Greeley's wife Mary had returned ill from a trip to Europe in late June."}], "text": "Horace Greeley decided to find fame and fortune as an actor in New York City, where he met his wife, Mary, and moved to Vermont after the honeymoon to North Carolina.\n.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Horace Greeley"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 8, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "King Shaka kaSenzangakhona (c.\u2009July 1787 \u2013 22 September 1828), also known as Shaka Zulu (Zulu pronunciation: [\u02c8\u0283a\u02d0\u0260a]), was the King of the Zulu Kingdom from 1816 to 1828."}], "id": "cZmda2l4r4ofASHVYhyy", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "King Shaka kaSenzangakhona (c.\u2009July 1787 \u2013 22 September 1828), also known as Shaka Zulu (Zulu pronunciation: [\u02c8\u0283a\u02d0\u0260a]), was the King of the Zulu Kingdom from 1816 to 1828."}, {"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "In the mid-1820s Henry Francis Fynn provided medical treatment to the king after an assassination attempt by a rival tribe member hidden in a crowd (see account of Nathaniel Isaacs)."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Creator of a revolutionary warfare style", "text": "By the time of Shaka's assassination in 1828, it had made the Zulu kingdom the greatest power in southern Africa and a force to be reckoned with, even against Britain's modern army in 1879.Much controversy still surrounds the character, methods and activities of the Zulu king."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was one of the most influential monarchs of the Zulu Kingdom."}, {"section_header": "In Zulu culture", "text": "Taken aback by such candid talk, the Zulu king is supposed to have called off the destructive edicts, rewarding the blunt teller-of-truths with a gift of cattle."}, {"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "This would open the door for future British incursions into the Zulu kingdom that were not so peaceful."}, {"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "To show his gratitude, Shaka permitted European settlers to enter and operate in the Zulu kingdom."}, {"section_header": "Death and succession", "text": "He set up his main residence at Mmungungundlovo and established his authority over the Zulu kingdom."}, {"section_header": "In Zulu culture", "text": "The figure of Shaka thus remains an ambiguous one in African oral tradition, defying simplistic depictions of the Zulu king as a heroic, protean nation builder on one hand, or a depraved monster on the other."}, {"section_header": "Popular culture", "text": "Zulu king Shaka is referenced in Jamaican Patois semantics, syntax and idiom - the term \"Shakalaka\" is regularly chanted in reggae sound system culture, incorporating inspiration and invocation of Zula king Shaka's heritage."}], "text": "Shaka was king of the Zulu kingdom from 1820 to 1830.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 8, "wikipedia_page": "Shaka"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Diffusion in the context of different disciplines", "text": "The concept of diffusion is widely used in: physics (particle diffusion), chemistry, biology, sociology, economics, and finance (diffusion of people, ideas and of price values)."}], "id": "caVHjRA0SWVNVxcrWSMi", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Basic models of diffusion | Fluctuation-dissipation theorem", "text": "F is the random force applied to the particle."}, {"section_header": "Diffusion in physics | The theory of diffusion in gases based on Boltzmann's equation", "text": "i                                     {\\displaystyle F_{i}}    is the force applied to the molecules of the ith component and"}, {"section_header": "Diffusion in physics | The theory of diffusion in gases based on Boltzmann's equation", "text": "describes diffusion caused by the difference of the forces applied to molecules of different types."}, {"section_header": "Diffusion in the context of different disciplines", "text": "The concept of diffusion is widely used in: physics (particle diffusion), chemistry, biology, sociology, economics, and finance (diffusion of people, ideas and of price values)."}, {"section_header": "Basic models of diffusion | Einstein's mobility and Teorell formula", "text": "}   . The mobility-based approach was further applied by T. Teorell."}, {"section_header": "Diffusion in the context of different disciplines", "text": "The concept of diffusion is typically applied to any subject matter involving random walks in ensembles of individuals."}, {"section_header": "Basic models of diffusion | Diffusion in porous media", "text": "Upon applying the divergence of the flux, the porosity terms cancel out and the second equation above is formed."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The concept of diffusion is widely used in many fields, including physics (particle diffusion), chemistry, biology, sociology, economics, and finance (diffusion of people, ideas, and price values)."}, {"section_header": "History of diffusion in physics", "text": "Henry Eyring, with co-authors, applied his theory of absolute reaction rates to Frenkel's quasichemical model of diffusion."}, {"section_header": "Basic models of diffusion | Einstein's mobility and Teorell formula", "text": "The Einstein relation (kinetic theory) connects the diffusion coefficient and the mobility (the ratio of the particle's terminal drift velocity to an applied force) D"}], "text": "Diffusion only applies to chemistry.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Diffusion"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "uShaka Marine World, an aquatic theme park on the Durban beach front opened in 2004."}], "id": "cd9mSfXkPEnAEoHhTTbH", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "uShaka Marine World, an aquatic theme park on the Durban beach front opened in 2004."}, {"section_header": "Scholarship studies | Biographical sources", "text": "A 1998 study by historian Carolyn Hamilton summarizes much of the scholarship on Shaka towards the dawn of the 21st century in areas ranging from ideology, politics and culture, to the use of his name and image in a popular South African theme park, Shakaland."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The King Shaka International Airport at La Mercy, 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of the Durban city centre was opened on 1 May 2010 in preparation for the 2010 FIFA World Cup after a protracted debate over the naming of the airport."}, {"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "This would open the door for future British incursions into the Zulu kingdom that were not so peaceful."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Age-grade regimental system", "text": "Shaka organised various grades into regiments, and quartered them in special military kraals, with regiments having their own distinctive names and insignia."}, {"section_header": "In Zulu culture", "text": "Oral sources record that in this period of devastation, a singular Zulu, a man named Gala, eventually stood up to Shaka and objected to these measures, pointing out that Nandi was not the first person to die in Zululand."}, {"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "Zwide himself escaped with a handful of followers before falling foul of a chieftainess named Mjanji, ruler of a baBelu clan. (He died in mysterious circumstances soon afterwards.) Zwide's general Soshangane (of the Shangaan) moved north towards what is now Mozambique to inflict further damage on less resistant foes and take advantage of slaving opportunities, obliging Portuguese traders to give tribute."}], "text": "An aquatic themed park with the name \"uShaka\" opened in 2004.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Shaka"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Successor to Senzangakhona", "text": "Sigujana's reign was short, however, as Dingiswayo, anxious to confirm his authority, lent Shaka a regiment so that he was able to put Sigujana to death, launching a relatively bloodless coup that was substantially accepted by the Zulu."}, {"section_header": "Successor to Senzangakhona", "text": "When Senzangakhona (Shaka's father) died in 1816, Shaka's younger half-brother Sigujana assumed power as the legitimate heir to the Zulu chiefdom."}], "id": "cdCgpMd0qbsfy0xFXqUi", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "These peoples were never defeated in battle by the Zulu; they did not have to be."}, {"section_header": "In Zulu culture", "text": "The figure of Shaka thus remains an ambiguous one in African oral tradition, defying simplistic depictions of the Zulu king as a heroic, protean nation builder on one hand, or a depraved monster on the other."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was one of the most influential monarchs of the Zulu Kingdom."}, {"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "Because of his background as a soldier, Shaka taught the Zulus that the most effective way of becoming powerful quickly was by conquering and controlling other tribes."}, {"section_header": "Successor to Senzangakhona", "text": "Thus Shaka became Chief of the Zulu clan, although he remained a vassal of the Mthethwa empire until Dingiswayo's death in battle a year later at the hands of Zwide, powerful chief of the Ndwandwe (Nxumalo) nation."}, {"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "In a two-day running battle, the Zulu inflicted a resounding defeat on their opponents."}, {"section_header": "Successor to Senzangakhona", "text": "He reformed the remnants of the Mthethwa and other regional tribes and later defeated Zwide in the Zulu Civil War of 1819\u201320."}, {"section_header": "Scholarship studies | The Mfecane | History and legacy", "text": "The ripple effect caused by these mass migrations would become known (though only in the twentieth century) as the Mfecane (annihilation)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Shaka was born in the lunar month of uNtulikazi (July) in the year of 1787 near present-day Melmoth, KwaZulu-Natal Province, the son of the Zulu chief Senzangakhona."}, {"section_header": "In Zulu culture", "text": "The praise song is one of the most widely used poetic forms in Africa, applying not only to spirits but to men, animals, plants and even towns."}, {"section_header": "Successor to Senzangakhona", "text": "Sigujana's reign was short, however, as Dingiswayo, anxious to confirm his authority, lent Shaka a regiment so that he was able to put Sigujana to death, launching a relatively bloodless coup that was substantially accepted by the Zulu."}, {"section_header": "Successor to Senzangakhona", "text": "When Senzangakhona (Shaka's father) died in 1816, Shaka's younger half-brother Sigujana assumed power as the legitimate heir to the Zulu chiefdom."}], "text": "Shake defeated one of his uncles to become the Zulu chief.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Shaka"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the first film in the series not to be directed by Gore Verbinski, replaced by Rob Marshall."}], "id": "cfIonwkDamWGQpdAIX5u", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "The title was announced as Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film, the fourth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and a standalone sequel to At World's End (2007)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the first film in the series not to be directed by Gore Verbinski, replaced by Rob Marshall."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "Depp's faith in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides was somewhat shaken after the resignation, with Depp explaining that \"There's a fissure, a crack in my enthusiasm at the moment."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "He hoped Gore Verbinski would return to direct the fourth film, as his BioShock film adaptation had been put on hold."}, {"section_header": "Release | Promotion", "text": "At Disney California Adventure Park, the Pirates of the Caribbean segment of the World of Color show was extended to include visual clips and music from On Stranger Tides."}, {"section_header": "Release", "text": "The world premiere of On Stranger Tides was on May 7, 2011, at a premium ticket screening at Disneyland in Anaheim, California, home of the original Pirates of the Caribbean ride that inspired the film series."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Box office | Outside North America", "text": "Outside North America, On Stranger Tides is the sixth-highest-grossing film, the third-highest-grossing Disney film, the second-highest-grossing 2011 film and the highest-grossing film of the Pirates of the Caribbean series."}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "The British financial statements of the film revealed total expenditures of \u00a3240.7 million ($410.6 million) by 2013, with Disney receiving a rebate of $32.1 million from the British government, making Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides the most expensive film ever made to date."}, {"section_header": "Sequel", "text": "The fifth installment in the franchise, Pirates of the Caribbean"}], "text": "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides was produced by Gore Verbinski.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "After his firing by the Red Sox in September 1966, he coached for the California Angels (1967) and San Diego Padres (1978\u201379) and served in player development roles with the Padres and Oakland Athletics."}], "id": "cny7VxZLPIoLWyYrECOj", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "Then he moved to the American League (AL) as the third-base coach of the Boston Red Sox for five years (1960\u201364), before managing the Red Sox to lackluster records in 1965 and 1966; his 1965 Boston club lost 100 games."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "After his firing by the Red Sox in September 1966, he coached for the California Angels (1967) and San Diego Padres (1978\u201379) and served in player development roles with the Padres and Oakland Athletics."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "Facing Cincinnati Reds pitcher"}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "Herman missed the 1944 and 1945 seasons to serve in World War II, but returned to play in 1946 with the Dodgers and Boston Braves (after being traded mid-season)."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "Elliott won the 1947 NL Most Valuable Player award and led Boston to the 1948 National League pennant."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "Si Johnson, Herman chopped a pitch into the back of home plate, which then bounced up and hit Herman in the back of the head, knocking him out."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Later life", "text": "Herman moved to Palm Beach Gardens, Florida in 1968."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "After a sub-standard offensive year in 1940, Herman was traded to the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1941."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "A fixture in the Chicago lineup over the next decade, Herman was a consistent hitter and solid producer."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Baseball career", "text": "Herman was promptly named playing manager of the 1947 Pirates, but he was aghast at the cost\u2014Elliott\u2014the Pirates had paid for him."}], "text": "Billy Herman was fired from the Boston Red Sox.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Billy Herman"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "His entire 20-year playing career in Major League Baseball (MLB) was with the Detroit Tigers."}], "id": "cuYPP5mbiZuf0lDxaJa5", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Playing career | Early years", "text": "Trammell attended Kearny High School in San Diego, California and played American Legion Baseball."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Later years, injuries and retirement", "text": "After his retirement, Trammell coached for Detroit (1999, hitting coach), the San Diego Padres (2000\u20132002, first base coach), and managed the Tigers (2003\u20132005)."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | 1984", "text": "Finally, in the World Series, he hit .450 (9-for-20) against the San Diego Padres, including a pair of two-run home runs that accounted for all of the Tigers' scoring in a Game 4 victory."}, {"section_header": "Career highlights", "text": "Inducted into the San Diego Hall of Champions in 1998"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Trammell won a World Series championship in 1984 over his hometown San Diego Padres and an American League East division championship in 1987."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | 1985\u20131988", "text": "The following season, a fully healthy Trammell hit 21 homers and stole 25 bases, becoming only the second player in Detroit history to hit 20+ home runs and steal 20+ bases in the same season. (Kirk Gibson was the other, and Curtis Granderson has since joined the club.) Trammell also set a career-high with 75 RBI."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "His entire 20-year playing career in Major League Baseball (MLB) was with the Detroit Tigers."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | 1985\u20131988", "text": "In 1987, asked by manager Sparky Anderson to replace the departed Lance Parrish as cleanup hitter, Trammell responded with his best major league season, hitting a career-high 28 home runs to go with a career-high .343 batting average (ranking third in the AL)."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Later years, injuries and retirement", "text": "In his 20-year career, Trammell batted over .300 seven times, ending with a career average of .285 and 185 home runs with 1,003 RBI, 1,231 runs, 2,365 hits, 412 doubles, 55 triples, and 236 stolen bases in 2,293 games."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | 1985\u20131988", "text": "with 20+ home runs and 100+ RBI in a season in big league history."}], "text": "Allan Trammell went to high school in San Diego and played 20 years for the Tigers.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Alan Trammell"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 7, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life | Childhood and education", "text": "Verdi, the first child of Carlo Giuseppe Verdi (1785\u20131867) and Luigia Uttini (1787\u20131851), was born at their home in Le Roncole, a village near Busseto, then in the D\u00e9partement Taro and within the borders of  the First French Empire following the annexation of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza in 1808."}], "id": "cvwWTB5J6Y18dvZSaJWj", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life | 1834\u20131842: First operas", "text": "List of compositions by Giuseppe Verdi"}, {"section_header": "Life | Childhood and education", "text": "Verdi, the first child of Carlo Giuseppe Verdi (1785\u20131867) and Luigia Uttini (1787\u20131851), was born at their home in Le Roncole, a village near Busseto, then in the D\u00e9partement Taro and within the borders of  the First French Empire following the annexation of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza in 1808."}, {"section_header": "Music and form", "text": "See also List of compositions by Giuseppe Verdi and individual articles on the works."}, {"section_header": "Life | Childhood and education", "text": "By 1829\u201330, Verdi had established himself as a leader of the Philharmonic: \"none of us could rival him\" reported the secretary of the organisation, Giuseppe Demald\u00e8."}, {"section_header": "Life | Politics", "text": "In 1848, the nationalist leader Giuseppe Mazzini (whom Verdi had met in London the previous year) requested Verdi (who complied) to write a patriotic hymn."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials and cultural portrayals", "text": "The Giuseppe Verdi Monument, a 1906 marble memorial, sculpted by Pasquale Civiletti, is located in Verdi Square in Manhattan, New York City."}, {"section_header": "Life | 1849\u20131853: Fame", "text": "In January 1851, Verdi broke off relations with his parents, and in April they were  ordered to leave Sant'Agata; Verdi found new premises for them and helped them financially to settle into their new home."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (Italian: [d\u0292u\u02c8z\u025bppe \u02c8verdi]; 9 or 10 October 1813 \u2013 27 January 1901) was an Italian opera composer."}, {"section_header": "Life | Childhood and education", "text": "After learning to play the organ, he showed so much interest in music that his parents finally provided him with a spinet."}, {"section_header": "Life | 1849\u20131853: Fame", "text": "A growing estrangement between Verdi and his parents was perhaps also attributable to Strepponi (the suggestion that this situation was sparked by the birth of a child to Verdi and Strepponi which was given away as a foundling lacks any firm evidence)."}], "text": "Giuseppe Verdi was the first kid from his parents.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 9, "wikipedia_page": "Giuseppe Verdi"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Long Island Ducks", "text": "He never appeared with the team in the 2013 season."}], "id": "cw3qJvaTnKpY3No5Wv2O", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Long Island Ducks", "text": "On April 4, 2013, Guerrero signed with the Long Island Ducks of the Atlantic League."}, {"section_header": "Career | Long Island Ducks", "text": "He never appeared with the team in the 2013 season."}, {"section_header": "Career | Long Island Ducks", "text": "He informed the team that he had family issues to attend to and would not be joining them to start the season."}, {"section_header": "Career | Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim | 2009 season", "text": "On October 11, in the ninth inning, Guerrero delivered a two-run single, off Jonathan Papelbon of the Boston Red Sox, scoring Bobby Abreu and Chone Figgins."}, {"section_header": "Career | Montreal Expos", "text": "While Guerrero was playing injured, though, he still managed to hit for the cycle, on September 14, 2003."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In the first pitch of an at-bat, Guerrero hit 126 home runs and put 1,780 balls in play."}, {"section_header": "Career | Montreal Expos", "text": "Guerrero was criticized during his first full season, in 1997 (he had played only 9 games, in 1996), for being too aggressive at the plate."}, {"section_header": "Early years and family", "text": "One of nine children, Guerrero is the younger brother of ex-major leaguer Wilton Guerrero, who also played with the Montreal Expos (the two were teammates for several seasons)."}, {"section_header": "Career | Texas Rangers", "text": "He broke up a no-hitter by Shaun Marcum in the seventh inning of the Opening Day game against the Toronto Blue Jays on April 5, 2010."}, {"section_header": "Career | Montreal Expos", "text": "That night, Guerrero went 1 for 5 at the plate; his first big league hit, a single to center field, came against Atlanta Braves starting pitcher Steve Avery, in the top of the fourth inning, at Atlanta\u2013Fulton County Stadium."}], "text": "Guerrero played with the Long Island Ducks in 2013.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Vladimir Guerrero"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a 1963 American comedy film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer with a screenplay by William Rose and Tania Rose from a story by Tania Rose."}], "id": "d2GTBdBumJXNDBbch59q", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Widescreen process", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a 1963 American comedy film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer with a screenplay by William Rose and Tania Rose from a story by Tania Rose."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World to be as close as possible to the original 197-minute version envisioned by Kramer."}, {"section_header": "Production | Background", "text": "and then It's a Mad World, with Rose and Kramer adding additional Mads to the title as time progressed."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Who's Coming to Dinner. His first attempt at directing a comedy film paid off immensely as It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World became a critical and commercial success in 1963 and was nominated for six Academy Awards, winning for Best Sound Editing, and two Golden Globe Awards."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": ", Mad, Mad, Mad World featured at number 40 in the American Film Institute's list 100 Years ... 100 Laughs."}, {"section_header": "Influence", "text": "Films having a comedic search for money with an ensemble cast modeled after It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World include Scavenger Hunt (1979), Million Dollar Mystery (1987) and Rat Race. (2001) There are similar Bollywood movies like Journey Bombay to Goa: Laughter Unlimited (2007), Dhamaal (2007) and Total Dhamaal (2019)."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Years later, Kramer announced a possible Mad World sequel, which was to be titled"}, {"section_header": "Home media", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World aficionados Mark Evanier, Michael Schlesinger, and Paul Scrabo, a new documentary on the film's visual and sound effects, an excerpt from a 1974 talk show hosted by Stanley Kramer featuring Sid Caesar, Buddy Hackett, and Jonathan Winters, a press interview from 1963 featuring Kramer and cast members, excerpts about the film's influence taken from the 2000 American Film Institute program 100 Years ... 100 Laughs, a two-part 1963 episode of Canadian TV program Telescope that follows the film's press junket and premiere, a segment from the 2012 special"}, {"section_header": "Cast | Cast notes", "text": "During the production of Mad World, Hope was arguing with the studio about the future projects that he was due in his contract, and they ultimately refused to allow him to appear."}], "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a drama by Stanley Kubrick about the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Bay of Pigs.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It has been called the \"greatest of all American urban novels\"."}, {"section_header": "General reception", "text": "While it initially did not sell well (fewer than 500 copies) and encountered censorship, it is now considered one of the great American urban novels, which explores the gritty details of human nature, as well as how the process of industrialization affected the American people."}], "id": "d4G4wmfxXD6uQgrMf5Nv", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "General reception", "text": "Theodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie was not widely accepted after it was published, although it was not completely withdrawn by its publishers, as some sources say it was."}, {"section_header": "General reception", "text": "Sister Carrie evoked different responses from the critics, and although the book did not sell well among the general public, it often received positive reviews."}, {"section_header": "Publication history and response", "text": "Dreiser had difficulty finding a publisher for Sister Carrie."}, {"section_header": "General reception", "text": "Some of the reason for lack of sales came from a conflict between Dreiser and his publishers, who did little to promote the book."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It has been called the \"greatest of all American urban novels\"."}, {"section_header": "Publication history and response", "text": "In 2013, Black Balloon Publishing released Clementine Classics: Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser, a new version of Sister Carrie annotated by Tumblr literary critic Clementine the Hedgehog."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "By the time Drouet introduces Carrie to George Hurstwood, the manager of Fitzgerald and Moy's \u2013 a respectable bar that Drouet describes as a \"way-up, swell place\" \u2013 her material appearance has improved considerably."}, {"section_header": "Style and genre", "text": "Theodore Dreiser is considered one of America's greatest naturalists, significant because he wrote at the early stages of the naturalist movement."}, {"section_header": "Publication history and response", "text": "The book was not advertised and only 456 copies sold."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "A pictorial history of Sister Carrie from 1900\u20131981."}, {"section_header": "General reception", "text": "While it initially did not sell well (fewer than 500 copies) and encountered censorship, it is now considered one of the great American urban novels, which explores the gritty details of human nature, as well as how the process of industrialization affected the American people."}], "text": "Although Sister Carrie has been described as the greatest book of it's kind, it was not a top seller after it was published.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Sister Carrie"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Many of Evers' relatives, including his father, brothers, and uncles, played baseball."}], "id": "d4PPGMMG0uxrmnVkCeVG", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1902 through 1917 for the Chicago Cubs, Boston Braves, and Philadelphia Phillies."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Evers continued to play for the Braves and Phillies through 1917."}, {"section_header": "Career | Coaching and managing career", "text": "Evers and fellow coach Hank Gowdy played in one game in the 1929 season, coming into the bottom of the ninth inning on October 6, 1929."}, {"section_header": "Career | Boston Braves and Philadelphia Phillies", "text": "Not receiving another offer from an MLB team, Evers traveled to Paris as a member of the Knights of Columbus to promote baseball in France."}, {"section_header": "Career | Boston Braves and Philadelphia Phillies", "text": "He signed with the Boston Red Sox as a player-coach for the 1918 season, but was released without playing a game for them."}, {"section_header": "Career | Boston Braves and Philadelphia Phillies", "text": "Due to Evers' declining performance, the Braves placed Evers on waivers at mid-season, and he was claimed by the Philadelphia Phillies."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The Merkle play remains one of the most famous in baseball history."}, {"section_header": "Career | Boston Braves and Philadelphia Phillies", "text": "After a poor season in 1916, Evers began the 1917 season with a .193 batting average."}, {"section_header": "Career | Boston Braves and Philadelphia Phillies", "text": "Evers insisted he was a free agent, but the league assigned him to the Braves."}, {"section_header": "Career | Minor league career", "text": "Evers made his professional debut in minor league baseball for the Troy Trojans of the Class-B New York State League in 1902 as a shortstop."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Many of Evers' relatives, including his father, brothers, and uncles, played baseball."}], "text": "Johnny Evers, the only one in his family to play the sport, played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1902 through 1917 for the Chicago Cubs, Boston Braves, and Philadelphia Phillies.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Johnny Evers"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He also owned the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball from 1915 until his death in 1939."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jacob Ruppert Jr. (August 5, 1867 \u2013 January 13, 1939) was an American brewer, businessman, National Guard colonel and politician who served for four terms representing New York in the United States House of Representatives from 1899 to 1907."}], "id": "d5zGFoDr5vftcso21k3K", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Ruppert was born in New York City, the son of brewer Jacob Ruppert Sr., and his wife, the former Anna Gillig."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He also owned the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball from 1915 until his death in 1939."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jacob Ruppert Jr. (August 5, 1867 \u2013 January 13, 1939) was an American brewer, businessman, National Guard colonel and politician who served for four terms representing New York in the United States House of Representatives from 1899 to 1907."}, {"section_header": "Career | Political and business career", "text": "Ruppert also owned real estate, including Pass-a-Grille Key in Florida."}, {"section_header": "Career | Baseball", "text": "However, Frank J. Farrell and William S. Devery, owners of the New York Yankees, were looking to sell their franchise."}, {"section_header": "Career | Baseball", "text": "The Yankees were, at that time, a perennial also-ran in the American League (AL), posting winning records in only 4 of their 12 seasons \u2013 and only once since 1906 \u2013 since relocating to New York prior to the 1903 season from Baltimore, where the team had played as the Orioles during the AL's first two years of operation, 1901 and 1902."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Ruppert grew up in the Jacob Ruppert Sr. House on Fifth Avenue."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "In 1886, Ruppert enlisted in the Seventh Regiment, National Guard of New York, serving in the rank of private through 1889."}, {"section_header": "Career | Political and business career", "text": "Ruppert was also president of the Astoria Silk Works and the United States Brewers Association from 1911 through 1914."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy | Legacy", "text": "The plaque called Ruppert \"Gentleman, American, sportsman, through whose vision and courage this imposing edifice, destined to become the home of champions, was erected and dedicated to the American game of baseball."}], "text": "Jacob Ruppert was an American brewer that also owned the New York Yankees.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Jacob Ruppert"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot | Edmond Dant\u00e8s", "text": "Villefort, the deputy crown prosecutor in Marseille, destroys the letter from Elba when he discovers that it is addressed to his own father, Noirtier (who is a Bonapartist), since if this letter came into official hands, it would destroy his ambitions and reputation as a staunch Royalist."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Edmond Dant\u00e8s", "text": "To silence Dant\u00e8s, he condemns him without trial to life imprisonment."}], "id": "dAbORvuzVIJ2maZB2iRh", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot | Summary", "text": "A fellow prisoner, Abb\u00e9 Faria, correctly deduces that his jealous rival Fernand Mondego, envious crewmate Danglars, and double-dealing magistrate De Villefort turned him in."}, {"section_header": "Selected notable adaptations | Plays and musicals", "text": "The first, by Hailes Lacy, differs only slightly from Dumas' version with the main change being that Fernand Mondego is killed in a duel with the Count rather than committing suicide."}, {"section_header": "Plot | The Count of Monte Cristo", "text": "Benedetto is sentenced to the galleys with Caderousse, who had sold the diamond but killed both his wife and the buyer out of greed."}, {"section_header": "Plot | The Count of Monte Cristo", "text": "Benedetto takes up a life of crime as he grows into adolescence."}, {"section_header": "Plot | The Count of Monte Cristo", "text": "As a result, Fernand is investigated by his peers and disgraced."}, {"section_header": "Historical background | A chronology of The Count of Monte Cristo and Bonapartism", "text": "1846 : Louis Napoleon escapes from his prison."}, {"section_header": "Plot | The Count of Monte Cristo", "text": "Albert and Merc\u00e9d\u00e8s disown Fernand and leave his house."}, {"section_header": "Plot | The Count of Monte Cristo", "text": "While in prison awaiting trial, Andrea is visited by Bertuccio, who tells him the truth about his father."}, {"section_header": "Historical background | A chronology of The Count of Monte Cristo and Bonapartism", "text": "He is imprisoned for life and becomes known as the candidate for the imperial succession."}, {"section_header": "Plot | The Count of Monte Cristo", "text": "Fernand is confronted with Dant\u00e8s' true identity and shoots himself."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Edmond Dant\u00e8s", "text": "Villefort, the deputy crown prosecutor in Marseille, destroys the letter from Elba when he discovers that it is addressed to his own father, Noirtier (who is a Bonapartist), since if this letter came into official hands, it would destroy his ambitions and reputation as a staunch Royalist."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Edmond Dant\u00e8s", "text": "To silence Dant\u00e8s, he condemns him without trial to life imprisonment."}], "text": "In the Count of Monte Cristo, Fernand Mondego sentences Dantes to life in prison.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "The Count of Monte Cristo"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Background | The Jiangxi Soviet", "text": "After the establishment of the Jiangxi Soviet, Mao's status within the Party declined."}], "id": "dCZ2fs6C9QDQ4Uw5Vl7e", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Background | The Jiangxi Soviet", "text": "By 1930, the Communist Red Army had established the Chinese Soviet Republic in the provinces of Jiangxi and Fujian around the city of Ruijin, including industrial facilities."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The First Front Army of the Chinese Soviet Republic, led by an inexperienced military commission, was on the brink of annihilation by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's troops in their stronghold in Jiangxi province."}, {"section_header": "Background | The Jiangxi Soviet", "text": "After the establishment of the Jiangxi Soviet, Mao's status within the Party declined."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | Union of the three armies", "text": "Finally, in October 1935, Mao's army reached Shaanxi province and joined with local Communist forces there, led by Liu Zhidan, Gao Gang, and Xu Haidong, who had already established a Soviet base in northern Shaanxi."}, {"section_header": "Background | The Jiangxi Soviet", "text": "In 1930, Mao claimed a need to eliminate alleged KMT spies and Anti-Bolsheviks operating inside the Jiangxi Soviet and began an ideological campaign featuring torture and guilt by association, in order to eliminate his enemies."}, {"section_header": "Background | The Red Army in 1934", "text": "When several smaller units formed the Fourth Red Army under Zhang Guotao in the Sichuan\u2013Shaanxi border area, no standard nomenclature of the armies of the Communist Party existed; moreover, during the Chinese Civil War, central control of separate Communist-controlled enclaves within China was limited."}, {"section_header": "Use as propaganda", "text": "The message has been drilled into us so that we can accomplish any goal set before us by the party because nothing compares in difficulty with what they did."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | Aftermath", "text": "During these years, the Chinese Communist Party persevered and strengthened its influence."}, {"section_header": "Background | The Red Army in 1934", "text": "Although the literal translation of the Chinese Ch\u00e1ng Zh\u0113ng is \"Long March\", official publications of the People's Republic of China refer to it as \"The Long March of the Red Army\" (simplified Chinese: \u7ea2\u519b\u957f\u5f81; traditional Chinese: \u7d05\u8ecd\u9577\u5f81; pinyin: H\u00f3ngj\u016bn Ch\u00e1ngzh\u0113ng)."}, {"section_header": "Timeline", "text": "Zhou became the most powerful person in the Party; Mao became Zhou's assistant."}], "text": "In 1930 the Communist Army set up the Chinese Soviet Republic in several provinces which consolidated and swelled Mao's power in the Party.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Long March"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "BTS (Korean: \ubc29\ud0c4\uc18c\ub144\ub2e8; RR: Bangtan Sonyeondan), also known as the Bangtan Boys, is a seven-member South Korean boy band who began formation in 2010 and debuted in 2013."}], "id": "dFIZDcF5kWO7d4HlTYlV", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "BTS attracted one in every 13 foreign tourists that visited South Korea and were cited as one of the key acts boosting global music sales to $19 billion in 2018."}, {"section_header": "Impact and influence", "text": "Along with Ariana Grande and Drake, BTS were credited as a key act boosting global music sales to $19 billion in 2018."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "BTS (Korean: \ubc29\ud0c4\uc18c\ub144\ub2e8; RR: Bangtan Sonyeondan), also known as the Bangtan Boys, is a seven-member South Korean boy band who began formation in 2010 and debuted in 2013."}, {"section_header": "Impact and influence", "text": "BTS have been often regarded as \"the biggest boy band in the world\"."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2017: International expansion and collaborations", "text": "\"DNA\" also became the group's first entry on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 85, making BTS the first K-pop boy band to do so and the second Korean act with a Korean-language song."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2019: Map of the Soul: Persona, stadium world tour and BTS World", "text": "The group outgrossed legacy rock acts like the Rolling Stones, Metallica, and KISS, as well as fellow boy band the Backstreet Boys, making them the top-grossing touring group of 2019."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2018: Worldwide recognition", "text": "Philip Cosores from Uproxx described BTS' four nights at the Staples Center as an \"enormous, multi-sensory experience\" bringing an \"inclusive\" and \"multicultural experience\" where music is above any language barrier, while Crystal Bell from MTV said \"BTS have created an experience so captivating, so inclusive, and so visually stunning that it's cemented the boy band as one of the most vital acts in pop music today.\" That October, with more than a year remaining in their contract, BTS renewed their contract with Big Hit Entertainment through 2026.In early November 2018, a popular Japanese music show cancelled BTS' performance citing a T-shirt a member wore the year before."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2018: Worldwide recognition", "text": "For the final stop of the North American leg, the band performed at Citi Field in Queens, marking the first time a Korean act has performed at a U.S. stadium."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The band is the first Korean act to top the Billboard 200 with their studio album Love Yourself: Tear (2018) and have since hit the top of the U.S. charts with their albums"}, {"section_header": "Career | 2019: Map of the Soul: Persona, stadium world tour and BTS World", "text": "Map of the Soul: Persona was also the second best-selling global album  by a band only behind Arashi's 5x20"}], "text": "BTS (band) is a nine-member South Korean boy band cited as one of the key acts boosting global music sales to $19 billion in 2018.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "BTS (band)"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Death", "text": "He died of respiratory failure, pneumonia and throat cancer on June 3, 2001, in Boston, at age 86.His funeral was held in the First Baptist Church in America in College Hill, Providence, Rhode Island."}], "id": "dFqUsvBPUouWtP8pnvZL", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Death", "text": "Quinn spent his last years in Bristol, Rhode Island."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "He is buried in a family plot in Bristol, Rhode Island."}, {"section_header": "Tributes and legacy", "text": "Quinn bought the land during the filming of The Guns of Navarone in Rhodes; however, it was reclaimed by the Greek government in 1984 due to a change in property law."}, {"section_header": "Tributes and legacy", "text": "The present library sits on the site of his family's former home."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "He died of respiratory failure, pneumonia and throat cancer on June 3, 2001, in Boston, at age 86.His funeral was held in the First Baptist Church in America in College Hill, Providence, Rhode Island."}, {"section_header": "Tributes and legacy", "text": "There is an Anthony Quinn Bay and Beach in Rhodes, Greece, just 2.7 miles (4.3 km) south of the village of Faliraki (aka Falirakion or Falir\u00e1kion)."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "The video was filmed at the abandoned Islander Drive-In Theater in Key West, Florida."}, {"section_header": "Civil rights activism", "text": "In 1969, he visited with Native American student activists occupying Alcatraz Island in protest, promising to offer assistance."}, {"section_header": "Tributes and legacy", "text": "His widow, Katherine Benvin Quinn, established the Anthony Quinn Foundation which advocates the importance of arts in education."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "They had three children: Francesco Quinn (March 22, 1963 \u2013 August 5, 2011), Danny Quinn (born April 16, 1964), and Lorenzo Quinn (born May 7,"}], "text": "Quinn passed in his home in Rhode Island due to complications from an unknown allergy.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Anthony Quinn"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Definition and properties | Other forms", "text": "Proper acceleration, the acceleration of a body relative to a free-fall condition, is measured by an instrument called an accelerometer."}], "id": "dWSqIuKrKcRZjN882bWT", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In mechanics, acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity of an object with respect to time."}, {"section_header": "Special cases | Uniform acceleration", "text": "Uniform or constant acceleration is a type of motion in which the velocity of an object changes by an equal amount in every equal time period."}, {"section_header": "Definition and properties | Instantaneous acceleration", "text": "In the terms of calculus, instantaneous acceleration is the derivative of the velocity vector with respect to time:                                    a                  ="}, {"section_header": "Special cases | Circular motion", "text": "\u03b1                 {\\displaystyle \\alpha }   , i.e., the rate of change"}, {"section_header": "Special cases | Circular motion", "text": "The derivative of the location of a point on a curve with respect to time, i.e. its velocity, turns out to be always exactly tangential to the curve, respectively orthogonal to the radius in this point."}, {"section_header": "Definition and properties | Instantaneous acceleration", "text": "v v = v v = \u222b a                            d         t                 {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {v} =\\int \\mathbf {a} \\ dt}   As acceleration is defined as the derivative of velocity, v, with respect to time t and velocity is defined as the derivative of position, x, with respect to time"}, {"section_header": "Definition and properties | Average acceleration", "text": "An object's average acceleration over a period of time is its change in velocity (         \u0394                    v                  ) {\\displaystyle (\\Delta \\mathbf {v} )}"}, {"section_header": "Special cases | Uniform acceleration", "text": "a                          {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {a} }    is the uniform rate of acceleration."}, {"section_header": "Special cases | Uniform acceleration", "text": "is the velocity at time t                 {\\displaystyle t}   , and"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Both acceleration and deceleration are treated the same, they are both changes in velocity."}, {"section_header": "Definition and properties | Other forms", "text": "Proper acceleration, the acceleration of a body relative to a free-fall condition, is measured by an instrument called an accelerometer."}], "text": "Acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity of an object with respect to time and is measured by an altimeter.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Acceleration"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The story is set in New York City in December 1932, in the last days of Prohibition."}], "id": "dZpla2VOs0KeaVNNxGY4", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Thin Man television series aired on NBC from 1957\u201359, and starred  Peter Lawford and Phyllis Kirk .In 1999, Knopf published a collection of Hammett's early works, including an early draft of The Thin Man."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Although Hammett lived until 1961, The Thin Man was his last published novel."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "During the course of this work, he wrote After the Thin Man and Another Thin Man, which, discovered amongst Hammett's papers in 2011, together with instructions by Hammett for incorporation of additional elements written by screenwriters Albert Hackett and Frances Goodrich, were edited by Hammett's biographer Richard Layman in collaboration with Hammett's granddaughter Julie M. Rivett and published as novellas in Return of the Thin Man in 2012."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Following the success of the movie version of The Thin Man in 1934, Hammett was commissioned to work on screenplays for sequels."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Thin Man (1934) is a detective novel by Dashiell Hammett, originally published in the December 1933 issue of Redbook."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Hammett never wrote a sequel but the book became the basis for a successful six-part film series, which also began in 1934 with The Thin Man and starred William Powell and Myrna Loy."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Lillian Hellman, in an introduction to a compilation of Hammett's five novels, contemplated several explanations for Hammett's retirement as a novelist,  I have been asked many times over the years why he did not write another novel after The Thin Man."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The story is set in New York City in December 1932, in the last days of Prohibition."}], "text": "The Thin Man takes place in NYC.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "The Thin Man"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "There was not one Long March, but a series of marches, as various Communist armies in the south escaped to the north and west."}], "id": "dan3HCmQ3RKbSpvTcMaY", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "The Long March | Aftermath", "text": "Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Long March has been glorified as an example of the Communist Party's strength and resilience."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | Aftermath", "text": "While costly, the Long March gave the Communist Party of China (CCP) the isolation it needed, allowing its army to recuperate and rebuild in the north."}, {"section_header": "Historical controversies | Length", "text": "Over China, published not long after the end of the Long March in 1938."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | Union of the three armies", "text": "After an expedition of almost a year, the Second Red Army reached Bao'an (Shaanxi) on October 22, 1936, known in China as the \"union of the three armies\", and the end of the Long March."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | The Second Red Army", "text": "The Second Red Army began its own withdrawal west from Hubei in November 1935, led by He Long, who commanded the KMT Twentieth Army in 1923 before joining the Communist Party of China (CPC)."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | The Fourth Red Army", "text": "Zhang Guotao's Fourth Red Army took a different route than Mao, travelling south, then west, and finally north through China."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | Aftermath", "text": "Following the end of World War II, the resurgent Communist Eighth Route Army, later called the People's Liberation Army, returned to drive the Kuomintang out of Mainland China to the island of Taiwan."}, {"section_header": "Background | The Red Army in 1934", "text": "Although the literal translation of the Chinese Ch\u00e1ng Zh\u0113ng is \"Long March\", official publications of the People's Republic of China refer to it as \"The Long March of the Red Army\" (simplified Chinese: \u7ea2\u519b\u957f\u5f81; traditional Chinese: \u7d05\u8ecd\u9577\u5f81; pinyin: H\u00f3ngj\u016bn Ch\u00e1ngzh\u0113ng)."}, {"section_header": "Background | The Red Army in 1934", "text": "The Long March most commonly refers to the transfer of the main group of the First (or Central) Red Army, which included the leaders of the Communist Party of China, from Yudu in the province of Jiangxi to Yan'an in Shaanxi."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | Conflict with ethnic warlords", "text": "300 \"Khampa bandits\" were enlisted into the Kuomintang's Consolatory Commission military in Sichuan, where they were part of the effort of the central government of China to penetrate and destabilize the local Han warlords such as Liu Wenhui."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "There was not one Long March, but a series of marches, as various Communist armies in the south escaped to the north and west."}], "text": "The Long March consisted of multiple long marches in China.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Long March"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Background", "text": "All My Sons is based upon a true story, which Arthur Miller's then-mother-in-law pointed out in an Ohio newspaper."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Miller wrote All My Sons as a final attempt at writing a commercially successful play; he vowed to \"find some other line of work\" if the play did not find an audience."}], "id": "dcfyxZsigFv3F6EtOInY", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "All My Sons is a three-act play written in 1946 by Arthur Miller."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "All My Sons is based upon a true story, which Arthur Miller's then-mother-in-law pointed out in an Ohio newspaper."}, {"section_header": "Arthur Miller quotation on All My Sons", "text": "In his Collected Plays, Miller commented on his feelings on watching an audience's reaction to a performance of his first successful play:  The success of a play, especially one's first success, is somewhat like pushing against a door which suddenly opens from the other side."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis | Timeline", "text": "The precise date of events in the play are unclear."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Miller wrote All My Sons after his first play The Man"}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Miller wrote All My Sons as a final attempt at writing a commercially successful play; he vowed to \"find some other line of work\" if the play did not find an audience."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Miller sent a copy of the play to Elia Kazan who directed the original stage version of All My Sons."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Henrik Ibsen's influence on Miller is evidenced from the Ibsen play The Wild Duck, from where Miller took the idea of two partners in a business where one is forced to take moral and legal responsibility for the other."}, {"section_header": "Revivals", "text": "Miller's daughter, Rebecca Miller, asked McBurney to direct the play."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "This version is more faithful to Arthur Miller's original play than the 1948 film version."}], "text": "The play All My Sons is a play based on true events and was written by Arthur Miller after his previous play failed.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "All My Sons"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "His entire 20-year playing career in Major League Baseball (MLB) was with the Detroit Tigers."}], "id": "ddtBlsIh8A4TeMVDbAIG", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Detroit Tigers", "text": "Alan Trammell was named the manager of a struggling Tigers team on October 9, 2002."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alan Stuart Trammell (born February 21, 1958) is an American former professional baseball shortstop, manager and coach."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early years", "text": "Trammell attended Kearny High School in San Diego, California and played American Legion Baseball."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "His entire 20-year playing career in Major League Baseball (MLB) was with the Detroit Tigers."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Jersey number retirement", "text": "Alan Trammell's jersey number 3 was retired by the Tigers in a ceremony on August 26, 2018."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | 1985\u20131988", "text": "After the season finale, Whitaker gave him second base, on which he had written: To Alan Trammell, 1987 Most Valuable Player, from your friend Lou Whitaker."}, {"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Detroit Tigers", "text": "Trammell was showered with a lengthy standing ovation from Detroit baseball fans upon taking the field."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Hall of Fame consideration and induction", "text": "In 2001, Trammell was rated as the ninth-best shortstop of all time in \"The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract\", placing him higher than fourteen Hall of Fame shortstops."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early years", "text": "Having hit .258 in both 1981 and 1982, Trammell won the 1983 MLB Comeback Player of the Year Award in the American League."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2018."}], "text": "Alan Trammell played baseball for 22 years for the Tigers.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Alan Trammell"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Long March began the ascent to power of Mao Zedong, whose leadership during the retreat gained him the support of the members of the party."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "There was not one Long March, but a series of marches, as various Communist armies in the south escaped to the north and west."}], "id": "debiMsazVxFMmtY6VGed", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Timeline", "text": "1931: Unofficial founding of the Jiangxi\u2013Fujian Soviet by Mao Zedong and"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Long March began the ascent to power of Mao Zedong, whose leadership during the retreat gained him the support of the members of the party."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | Escape from Jiangxi", "text": "Several prominent members of the Chinese Soviet who remained behind were captured and executed by the Kuomintang after the fall of Ruijin in November 1934, including Qu Qiubai and the youngest brother of Mao Zedong, Mao Zetan."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "There was not one Long March, but a series of marches, as various Communist armies in the south escaped to the north and west."}, {"section_header": "Background | The Jiangxi Soviet", "text": "In December, of 1931 Zhou replaced Mao Zedong as Secretary of the First Front Army and political commissar of the Red Army."}, {"section_header": "Use as propaganda", "text": "Chinese television presented \"a feast of Long March-themed entertainment, including a 20-part drama series, documentaries, and even a song-and-dance extravaganza\"."}, {"section_header": "The Long March | Aftermath", "text": "Mao wrote in 1935: The Long March is a manifesto."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The bitter struggles of the Long March, which was completed by only about one-tenth of the force that left Jiangxi, would come to represent a significant episode in the history of the Communist Party of China, and would seal the personal prestige of Mao Zedong and his supporters as the new leaders of the party in the following decades."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Communists, under the eventual command of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, escaped in a circling retreat to the west and north, which reportedly traversed over 9,000 kilometers (5600 miles) over 370 days."}, {"section_header": "Background | Civil War", "text": "Unsuccessful urban insurrections (in Nanchang, Wuhan and Guangzhou) and the suppression of the Communist Party in Shanghai and other cities drove many party supporters to rural strongholds such as the Jiangxi Soviet, which was organized by Mao Zedong."}], "text": "The Long March involved Mao Zedong and was a series of marches.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Long March"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2000, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Life of Emile Zola is a 1937 American biographical film about 19th-century French author \u00c9mile Zola, starring Paul Muni and directed by William Dieterle, a German \u00e9migr\u00e9."}], "id": "dgFqTwV3z9QPIgkXoCvE", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Produced during the Great Depression and after the Nazi Party had taken power in Germany, the film failed to explore the key issue of anti-Semitic injustice in France in the late 19th century, when Zola became involved in the Dreyfus affair and worked to gain the officer's release."}, {"section_header": "21st century controversy about collaboration", "text": "The studios were under social pressure during the Great Depression to produce movies that helped the United States weather this crisis."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Life of Emile Zola is a 1937 American biographical film about 19th-century French author \u00c9mile Zola, starring Paul Muni and directed by William Dieterle, a German \u00e9migr\u00e9."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Zola is found guilty and sentenced to a year in prison and a 3000 Franc fine."}, {"section_header": "Reception and interpretation", "text": "\" The Life of Emile Zola topped Film Daily's year-end poll of 531 critics as the best film of 1937.Certain scenes were interpreted at the time as \"indirect attacks on Nazi Germany.\" As David Denby writes about the movie in 2013, \"At the end, in an outpouring of the progressive rhetoric that was typical of the thirties, Zola makes a grandiloquent speech on behalf of justice and truth and against nationalist war frenzy.\" But the film was curiously silent about the issue at its core: that Dreyfus was Jewish and being persecuted under French anti-Semitism."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Zola is reluctant to give up a comfortable life, but she brings forth new evidence to pique his curiosity."}, {"section_header": "21st century controversy about collaboration", "text": "In his book titled The Collaboration: Hollywood's Pact with Hitler, Urwand said that Hollywood producers made a kind of pact in order to avoid antagonizing Adolf Hitler and aided the Nazis by not producing films that accurately portrayed their repression in Europe."}, {"section_header": "21st century controversy about collaboration", "text": "In this same period, when Urwand says the producers allowed Gyssling to review and comment on films, Doherty refers to the broader cultural issues the studios were facing."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Set in the mid through late 19th century, the film depicts Zola's early friendship with Post-Impressionist painter Paul C\u00e9zanne, and his rise to fame through his prolific writing."}, {"section_header": "21st century controversy about collaboration", "text": "He believes they demonstrated timidity and were sometimes overcautious, appearing to be fearful of their place in American society."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2000, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\"."}], "text": "Produced during the Great Depression, The Life of Emile Zola is an award-winning American film set in France and archived as symbolic and compelling.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Life of Emile Zola"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Cavour was a freemason of the Italian Symbolic Rite."}], "id": "duiuFEqQEH8DmbvsY9n6", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "Camillo Benso was born in Turin during Napoleonic rule, into a family that had gained a fair amount of land during the French occupation."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "In 1865, the Collegio dei Nobili, the oldest high school in Turin (founded 1568), and among the oldest and most prominent ones in Italy, was renamed the Liceo Ginnasio statale \"Camillo Benso di Cavour\" (Liceo classico Cavour)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso, Count of Cavour, Isolabella and Leri (10 August 1810 \u2013 6 June 1861), generally known as Cavour ( k\u0259-VOOR, Italian: [ka\u02c8vur]), was an Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "He was the second of two sons of Michele Giuseppe Francesco Antonio Benso, 4th Marquess of Cavour and Count of Isolabella and Leri, Lord of Corveglia, Dusino, Mondonio, Ottiglio and Ponticelli, Co-Lord of Castagnole, Cellarengo and Menabi, Cereaglio, Chieri, San Salvatore Monferrato, Santena and Valfenera, 1st Baron of the French Empire (1781\u20131850) and his wife (1805) Ad\u00e9la\u00efde (Ad\u00e8le) Suzanne, Marchioness of Sellon (1780\u20131846), herself of French origin."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Cavour was a freemason of the Italian Symbolic Rite."}], "text": "Benso participated in freemasonry.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The plot follows the interweaving paths of the three central characters (Llewelyn Moss, Anton Chigurh, and Ed Tom Bell) set in motion by events related to a drug deal gone bad near the Mexican\u2013American border in remote Terrell County in south-west Texas."}], "id": "dxfwSUyKg6ne8AGq5huV", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "No Country for Old Men is a 2005 novel by American author Cormac McCarthy, who had originally written the story as a screenplay."}, {"section_header": "Film adaptation", "text": "The novel has received a significant amount of critical attention, for example, Lynnea Chapman King, Rick Wallach and Jim Welsh's edited collection No Country for Old Men: From Novel to Film or Raymond Malewitz's \"Anything Can Be an Instrument: Misuse Value and Rugged Consumerism in Cormac McCarthy's No Country for Old Men.\" In 2007, Joel and Ethan Coen adapted the book into a film, also titled No Country for Old Men, which was met with critical acclaim and box office success."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "When comparing the lack of \"moral argument\" in Blood Meridian to the heightened morality present in No Country for Old Men, he considered stating that the \"apocalyptic moral judgments\" made in No Country for Old Men represented \"a sort of falling away on McCarthy's part\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The book was adapted into the 2007 movie No Country for Old Men, which won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "In contrast, literary critic Harold Bloom does not count himself among the admirers of No Country for Old Men, stating that it lacked the quality of McCarthy's best works, particularly Blood Meridian, and compared it to William Faulkner's A Fable."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The story occurs in the vicinity of the Mexico\u2013United States border in 1980 and concerns an illegal drug deal gone awry in the Texas desert back country."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The plot follows the interweaving paths of the three central characters (Llewelyn Moss, Anton Chigurh, and Ed Tom Bell) set in motion by events related to a drug deal gone bad near the Mexican\u2013American border in remote Terrell County in south-west Texas."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Owing to the novel's origins as a screenplay, the novel has a simple writing style different from other Cormac McCarthy novels."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "After escaping from his pursuers, Moss sends his wife, Carla Jean, to her mother in Odessa, Texas, while he leaves his home with the money."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "The early critical reception of the novel was mixed."}], "text": "The 2005 novel No Country for Old men is set in Texas.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "No Country for Old Men"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Family and early life | Childhood and family history", "text": "His earliest immigrant ancestor came to Connecticut from Scotland in 1625."}], "id": "dy2bIl8WxXSkyZBaeaDz", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Family and early life | Childhood and family history", "text": "Rutherford Birchard Hayes was born in Delaware, Ohio, on October 4, 1822, to Rutherford Hayes, Jr. and Sophia Birchard."}, {"section_header": "Legacy and honors", "text": "Hayes was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1890.Rutherford B. Hayes High School in Hayes's hometown of Delaware, Ohio, was named in his honor."}, {"section_header": "Later life and death", "text": "One such student, W. E. B. Du Bois, received a scholarship in 1892."}, {"section_header": "Family and early life | Childhood and family history", "text": "His first cousin, Mary Jane Mead, was the mother of sculptor Larkin Goldsmith Mead and architect William Rutherford Mead."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 \u2013 January 17, 1893) was the 19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881, after serving in the U.S. House of Representatives and as governor of Ohio."}, {"section_header": "Post-war politics | Private life and return to politics", "text": "He agreed to be nominated for his old House seat in 1872 but was not disappointed when he lost the election to Henry B. Banning, a fellow Kenyon College alumnus."}, {"section_header": "Family and early life | Cincinnati law practice and marriage", "text": "Over the next five years, Lucy gave birth to three sons: Birchard Austin (1853), Webb Cook (1856), and Rutherford Platt (1858)."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1877\u20131881) | Civil service reform", "text": "Chester A. Arthur, the Collector of the Port of New York, and his subordinates Alonzo B. Cornell and George H. Sharpe, all Conkling supporters, refused to obey the order."}, {"section_header": "Family and early life | Childhood and family history", "text": "Hayes's great-grandfather Ezekiel Hayes was a militia captain in Connecticut in the American Revolutionary War, but Ezekiel's son (Hayes's grandfather, also named Rutherford) left his Branford home during the war for the relative peace of Vermont."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1877\u20131881) | Currency debate", "text": "William B. Allison, a Republican from Iowa, offered an amendment in the Senate limiting the coinage to two to four million dollars per month, and the resulting Bland\u2013Allison Act passed both houses of Congress in 1878."}, {"section_header": "Family and early life | Childhood and family history", "text": "His earliest immigrant ancestor came to Connecticut from Scotland in 1625."}], "text": "Rutherford B. Hayes had Irish roots.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Rutherford B. Hayes"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History", "text": "The Qin dynasty incorporated the Hong Kong area into China for the first time in 214 BCE, after conquering the indigenous Baiyue."}], "id": "dyoMvvbiFUBrPk2617kE", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History", "text": "Political debates after the transfer of sovereignty have centred around the region's democratic development and the central government's adherence to the \"one country, two systems\" principle."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory's first institution of higher education."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Music", "text": "The Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra, composed of classical Chinese instruments, is the leading Chinese ensemble and plays a significant role in promoting traditional music in the community."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Hong Kong became the first of the Four Asian Tiger economies to industrialise during the 1950s."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after the Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island at the end of the First Opium War in 1842."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The Qin dynasty incorporated the Hong Kong area into China for the first time in 214 BCE, after conquering the indigenous Baiyue."}, {"section_header": "Education", "text": "The University of Hong Kong was founded as the city's first institute of higher education during the early colonial period in 1911."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "The name of the territory, first romanised as \"He-Ong-Kong\" in 1780, originally referred to a small inlet located between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Sport and recreation", "text": "The first modern competition was organised in 1976, and overseas teams began competing in the first international race in 1993.The Hong Kong Jockey Club, the territory's largest taxpayer, has a monopoly on gambling and provides over seven per cent of government revenue."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Administrative divisions", "text": "These advise the government on local issues such as public facility provisioning, community programme maintenance, cultural promotion, and environmental policy."}], "text": "The first community builders of the land around Hong Kong came to the site around 250 BC.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Hong Kong"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life after the Third Crusade | Death", "text": "Richard died on 6 April 1199 in the arms of his mother, and thus \"ended his earthly day.\" Because of the nature of Richard's death, it was later referred to as \"the Lion by the Ant was slain\"."}], "id": "dzEVrNiKQ5OR4uGQ5LBc", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Final years of Henry II's reign", "text": "However, Richard and his army succeeded in holding back the invading armies, and they executed any prisoners."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Childhood", "text": "Richard is often depicted as having been the favourite son of his mother."}, {"section_header": "Life after the Third Crusade | Captivity, ransom and return", "text": "Henry VI needed money to raise an army and assert his rights over southern Italy and continued to hold Richard for ransom."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Childhood", "text": "Richard and his mother embarked on a tour of Aquitaine in 1171 in an attempt to pacify the locals."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Revolt against Henry II", "text": "Richard went to Poitou and raised the barons who were loyal to himself and his mother in rebellion against his father."}, {"section_header": "Life after the Third Crusade | Captivity, ransom and return", "text": "Richard's mother, Eleanor, worked to raise the ransom."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Final years of Henry II's reign", "text": "But Richard objected. He felt that Aquitaine was his and that John was unfit to take over the land once belonging to his mother."}, {"section_header": "Life after the Third Crusade | Captivity, ransom and return", "text": "At the same time, John, Richard's brother, and King Philip of France offered 80,000 marks for Henry VI to hold Richard prisoner until Michaelmas 1194."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | Crusade plans", "text": "To raise still more revenue he sold the right to hold official positions, lands, and other privileges to those interested in them."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Final years of Henry II's reign", "text": "He sent her to Aquitaine and demanded that Richard give up his lands to his mother, who would once again rule over those lands."}, {"section_header": "Life after the Third Crusade | Death", "text": "Richard died on 6 April 1199 in the arms of his mother, and thus \"ended his earthly day.\" Because of the nature of Richard's death, it was later referred to as \"the Lion by the Ant was slain\"."}], "text": "Richard passed with his mother holding him.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Richard I of England"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "With the strong morality he portrayed both on and off the screen, Stewart epitomized the \"American ideal\" in twentieth-century United States."}], "id": "dzTLRR6eUcimexTdpUHN", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "James Maitland Stewart (May 20, 1908 \u2013 July 2, 1997) was an American actor and military officer."}, {"section_header": "Career | Theater and early film roles, 1932\u20141937", "text": "Returning to New York, he then landed a small part in Spring in Autumn and a role in All Good Americans, where he was required to throw a banjo out of the window."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Friendships, interests, and character", "text": "He was known as a loner who did not have intimate relationships with many people."}, {"section_header": "Acting style and screen persona", "text": "He was also known for his pauses that had the ability to hold the audience's attention."}, {"section_header": "Career | Leading man (1938\u20131941)", "text": "So well-known had his slow drawl become that comedians began impersonating him."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Romantic relationships, marriage and family", "text": "A former model, Hatrick was divorced with two children."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The studio did not see leading man material in Stewart, but after three years of supporting roles and being loaned out to other studios, he had his big breakthrough in Frank Capra's ensemble comedy"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1949, he married former model Gloria Hatrick McLean."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "A number of Stewart's films have become classics of American cinema, with twelve of his films having been inducted into the United States National Film Registry as of 2019, and five \u2014Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), The Philadelphia Story (1940), It's a Wonderful Life (1946), Rear Window (1954), and Vertigo (1958)\u2014 being featured on the American Film Institute's list of the 100 greatest American films of all time."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He attended the Wilson Model School for primary school and junior high school."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "With the strong morality he portrayed both on and off the screen, Stewart epitomized the \"American ideal\" in twentieth-century United States."}], "text": "James Stewart was known for being an American role model.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "James Stewart"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Controversies | Opinion about mixed African-Arab peoples", "text": "They became the backbone of all his major expeditions and were referred to as \"his dear pets\" by sceptical young officers on the Emin Pasha Expedition, who resented their leader for favouring the Wangwana above themselves."}, {"section_header": "Controversies | General opinion about African people", "text": "In Through the Dark Continent, Stanley wrote that \"the savage only respects force, power, boldness, and decision\"."}], "id": "e2BAC6cFtXouzj6rhBCG", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sir Henry Morton Stanley (born John Rowlands; 28 January 1841 \u2013  10 May 1904) was a Welsh-American journalist, explorer, soldier, colonial administrator, author and politician who was famous for his exploration of central Africa and his search for missionary and explorer David Livingstone, whom he later claimed to have greeted with the now-famous line: \"Dr Livingstone, I presume?"}, {"section_header": "Later years", "text": "He became Sir Henry Morton Stanley when he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the 1899 Birthday Honours, in recognition of his service to the British Empire in Africa."}, {"section_header": "Later years", "text": "His grave is in the churchyard of St Michael and All Angels' Church in Pirbright, Surrey, marked by a large piece of granite inscribed with the words \"Henry Morton Stanley, Bula Matari, 1841\u20131904, Africa\"."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "She abandoned him as a very young baby and cut off all communication."}, {"section_header": "New country, new name", "text": "Because Stanley got so many basic facts wrong about his 'adoptive' family, Jeal concludes that it is very unlikely that he ever met rich Henry Hope Stanley, and that an ordinary grocer, James Speake, was Rowlands' true benefactor until his (Speake's) sudden death in October 1859.Stanley reluctantly joined in the American Civil War, first enrolling in the Confederate States Army's 6th Arkansas Infantry Regiment and fighting in the Battle of Shiloh in 1862."}, {"section_header": "Emin Pasha Relief Expedition", "text": "Sleeping sickness had been endemic in these regions for generations and then flared into epidemics as colonial trade increased trade throughout Africa during the ensuing decades."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He was knighted in 1899. Henry Stanley was born in 1841 as John Rowlands in Denbigh, Denbighshire, Wales."}, {"section_header": "Claiming the Congo for the Belgian king | Stanley as Leopold's agent", "text": "Stanley, much more familiar with the rigours of the African climate and the complexities of local politics than Leopold (who never in his whole life set foot in the Congo), persuaded his patron that the first step should be the construction of a wagon trail around the Congo rapids and a chain of trading stations on the river."}, {"section_header": "Works depicting Stanley", "text": "In 2020, Polish independent developer Vulpesoft announced video game about Henry Stanley and Dr. David Livingstone meeting: \"Dr Livingstone, I Presume?\"."}, {"section_header": "New country, new name", "text": "He disembarked at New Orleans and, according to his own declarations, became friends by accident with Henry Hope Stanley, a wealthy trader."}, {"section_header": "Controversies | Opinion about mixed African-Arab peoples", "text": "They became the backbone of all his major expeditions and were referred to as \"his dear pets\" by sceptical young officers on the Emin Pasha Expedition, who resented their leader for favouring the Wangwana above themselves."}, {"section_header": "Controversies | General opinion about African people", "text": "In Through the Dark Continent, Stanley wrote that \"the savage only respects force, power, boldness, and decision\"."}], "text": "Henry Morton Stanley had a very colonial and deeply patronizing opinion of race.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Henry Morton Stanley"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Francisco V\u00e1zquez de Coronado y Luj\u00e1n (Spanish pronunciation: [f\u027ean\u02c8\u03b8isko \u02c8\u03b2a\u03b8ke\u03b8 \u00f0e ko\u027eo\u02c8na\u00f0o]; 1510 \u2013 22 September 1554) was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who led a large expedition from Mexico to present-day Kansas through parts of the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542."}], "id": "e3f9A7JLvLeOzyVHtzts", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "His expedition marked the first European sightings of the Grand Canyon and the Colorado River, among other landmarks."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Francisco V\u00e1zquez de Coronado y Luj\u00e1n (Spanish pronunciation: [f\u027ean\u02c8\u03b8isko \u02c8\u03b2a\u03b8ke\u03b8 \u00f0e ko\u027eo\u02c8na\u00f0o]; 1510 \u2013 22 September 1554) was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who led a large expedition from Mexico to present-day Kansas through parts of the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542."}, {"section_header": "Expedition | Expedition | Exploration of the Colorado River", "text": "Members of C\u00e1rdenas's party eventually reached the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, where they could see the Colorado River thousands of feet below, becoming the first Europeans to do so."}, {"section_header": "Expedition | Expedition | Exploration of the Colorado River", "text": "After this, the main body of the expedition began its journey to the next populated center of pueblos, along another large river to the east, the Rio Grande in New Mexico."}, {"section_header": "Expedition | Expedition | Exploration of the Colorado River", "text": "and then the Colorado River. In this exploration, he hauled some supplies for V\u00e1zquez de Coronado, but eventually, he buried them with a note in a bottle."}, {"section_header": "Expedition | Expedition | Exploration of the Colorado River", "text": "While at Hawikuh, V\u00e1zquez de Coronado sent another scouting expedition overland to find the Colorado River, led by Don Garcia L\u00f3pez de C\u00e1rdenas."}, {"section_header": "Expedition | Expedition | Exploration of the Colorado River", "text": "After trying and failing to climb down into the canyon to reach the river, the expedition reported that they would not be able to use the Colorado River to link up with Hernando de Alarc\u00f3n's fleet."}, {"section_header": "Expedition | Expedition end", "text": "However, thirty-nine years later when the Spanish again visited the Southwestern United States, they found little evidence that V\u00e1zquez de Coronado had any lasting cultural influences on the Indians except for their surprise at seeing several light-skinned and light-haired Puebloans."}, {"section_header": "Expedition | Expedition | Exploration of the Colorado River", "text": "The supplies were retrieved, and the note stated that Alarc\u00f3n's men had rowed up the river as far as they could, searching in vain for the V\u00e1zquez de Coronado expedition."}, {"section_header": "Expedition | Expedition | Exploration of the Colorado River", "text": "Three leaders affiliated with the V\u00e1zquez de Coronado expedition were able to reach the Colorado River."}], "text": "Francisco Vasquez de Coronado was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who led a large expedition from Mexico to present-day Kansas through parts of the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542 in which his expedition marked the first European sightings of the Grand Canyon and the Colorado River, among other landmarks.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Francisco Vasquez de Coronado"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Good Earth is a novel by Pearl S. Buck published in 1931 that dramatizes family life in a Chinese village in the early 20th century."}], "id": "eAYvf9A9xYjiNvKrx3Sx", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Characters | Wang Lung and O-Lan's children", "text": "During the story, her feet are bound."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "He is the protagonist of the story and suffers hardships as he accumulates wealth and the outward signs of success."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Wang Lung finally appreciates her place in his life as he mourns her passing."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Buck, who grew up in China as the daughter of missionaries, wrote the book while living in China and drew on her first-hand observation of Chinese village life."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The story begins on Wang Lung's wedding day and follows the rise and fall of his fortunes."}, {"section_header": "Chronology", "text": "The novel is set in a timeless China and provides no explicit dates."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "O-Lan finds a cache of jewels elsewhere in house and takes them for herself."}, {"section_header": "Political influence", "text": "Some scholars have seen The Good Earth as creating sympathy for China in the oncoming war with Japan."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Extended family line", "text": "He takes advantage of the tradition that requires younger generations to care for their elders but completely disregards any moral obligation on himself."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Wang Lung's concubines and servants", "text": "Wang Lung has him buried just outside the entrance to the family graveyard, and orders that his own grave should be placed within the perimeter but as close to Ching as possible."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Good Earth is a novel by Pearl S. Buck published in 1931 that dramatizes family life in a Chinese village in the early 20th century."}], "text": "The story takes place in China.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Good Earth"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "The choice was Ben Kingsley, who is partly of Indian heritage (his father was Gujarati and his birth name is Krishna Bhanji)."}], "id": "eCQyAL2hRt6ua077zAe0", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "During pre-production, there was much speculation as to who would play the role of Gandhi."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "Attenborough reluctantly approached Lean with his own Gandhi project in the late 1960s, and Lean agreed to direct the film and offered Attenborough the lead role."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gandhi is a 1982 epic historical drama film based on the life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, the leader of India's nonviolent non-cooperative independence movement against the United Kingdom's rule of the country during the 20th century."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It stars Ben Kingsley in the title role."}, {"section_header": "Release and reception | Critical response", "text": ", Jack Kroll stated that \"There are very few movies that absolutely must be seen."}, {"section_header": "Release and reception | Critical response", "text": "Singh, a long term critic of Gandhi, also went on to co-author Gandhi Under Cross Examination with Timothy Watson."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The screenplay of Gandhi is available as a published book."}, {"section_header": "Release and reception | Critical response", "text": "Sir Richard Attenborough's Gandhi is one of them."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "David Lean and Sam Spiegel had planned to make a film about Gandhi after completing The Bridge on the River Kwai, reportedly with Alec Guinness as Gandhi."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Gandhi exclaims, \"Oh, God!\", and then falls dead."}, {"section_header": "Production | Casting", "text": "The choice was Ben Kingsley, who is partly of Indian heritage (his father was Gujarati and his birth name is Krishna Bhanji)."}], "text": "In the movie, Gandhi, a non-Indian man played the the lead role of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Gandhi (film)"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gaylord Jackson Perry (born September 15, 1938) is an American former professional baseball player."}], "id": "eH2V54moMjAFqMPLDoO0", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "His nephew, Chris, is a professional golfer who has won a tournament on the PGA Tour."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gaylord Jackson Perry (born September 15, 1938) is an American former professional baseball player."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Gaylord attended Williamston High School, where he played football, basketball and baseball."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "In basketball, Gaylord and Jim helped Williamston to reach the state finals in Gaylord's freshman year."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He would turn down dozens of college basketball scholarship offers."}, {"section_header": "Pitching statistics", "text": "In 1999, The Sporting News placed Perry at number 97 on its list of \"The Sporting News list of Baseball's 100 Greatest Players.\" Perry is one of six pitchers to win the Cy Young Award in both the American and National League (Pedro Mart\u00ednez, Roger Clemens, Randy Johnson, Roy Halladay, and Max Scherzer being the others)."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The current mascot of the Campbell Fighting Camels and Lady Camels is Gaylord the Camel, named in honor of Gaylord Perry."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Gaylord was the son of Evan and Ruby Perry, who were farmers."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | San Francisco Giants (1962\u20131971)", "text": "While Marichal was NL Player of the Month in May, Perry was so named in June (5-0, 0.90 ERA, 31 SO)."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Perry has three daughters. Perry had one son, Gaylord Jackson"}], "text": "American basketball player Gaylord Perry has a nephew who is a professional golfer.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Gaylord Perry"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1936, the Baseball Hall of Fame inducted Wagner as one of the first five members."}], "id": "eHQErMCCDzL0mDHAHBwN", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Hall of Fame Network: \"Honus Wagner as Mona Lisa\","}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1936, the Baseball Hall of Fame inducted Wagner as one of the first five members."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | T206 Baseball card", "text": "Starting from January 1909, the ATC sought authorization from baseball players for inclusion in the T206 series, which featured 524 major league players, 76 of whom were later inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Most baseball historians consider Wagner to be the greatest shortstop ever and one of the greatest players ever."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Film legacy", "text": "Wagner, along with his famous baseball card, was one of the earliest athletes to make the crossover into pop culture film."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ty Cobb himself called Wagner \"maybe the greatest star ever to take the diamond.\" Honus Wagner is also the featured player of one of the rarest and the most valuable baseball cards in existence."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Baseball legacy", "text": "When the Baseball Hall of Fame held its first election in 1936, Wagner tied for second in the voting with Babe Ruth, trailing Cobb."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Later career", "text": "Wagner has been considered one of the very best all-around players to ever play baseball since the day he retired in 1917."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "In 1901, the American League began to sign National League players, creating a bidding war, which depleted the league of many talented players."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Later career", "text": "Baseball historian and statistician Bill James named Honus Wagner as the second best player of all time after Babe Ruth, rating him as the best major league player in 1900 and each year from 1902 to 1908."}], "text": "American baseball player Honus Wagner was one of the earliest players to be in the Hall of Fame.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Honus Wagner"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Melvin Thomas Ott (March 2, 1909 \u2013 November 21, 1958), nicknamed \"Master Melvin\", was an American professional baseball right fielder, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Giants, from 1926 through 1947."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Though unusually slight in stature for a power hitter, at 5 feet 9 inches (1.75 m), 170 pounds (77 kg), Ott led the National League in home runs a then record six times."}], "id": "eK9xgmmQIvLIUtjXqyYG", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Playing career | Regular season", "text": "Because of his power hitting, he was noted for reaching base via the base on balls (BB), or walk."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Post-season", "text": "In Game 1, he had four hits, including a two-run home run in the first inning."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Regular season", "text": "There may be reason to believe that he was a better hitter than his record suggests because of differences in National League and American League ball specifications."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He already showed considerable power at a young age, and was getting paid for it."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The Mel Ott Little League began in 1959, named for Ott soon after his death."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Regular season", "text": "He would never even approach that figure again, as baserunners quickly realized it was far too risky to run on balls hit in Ott's direction."}, {"section_header": "Managerial career", "text": "On the second day of the 1946 season, a day after hitting what would be his final career home run, he injured his knee while diving for a fly ball."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Regular season", "text": "Sportswriters often jokingly referred to him as the master of the \"Chinese home run\" as such short homers were called at the time; Ott would often respond by noting that if it was so easy to inflate his homer totals by hitting over that fence, all other hitters in the league would be doing it."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Regular season", "text": "He was a master at playing balls that bounced off the fences at the Polo Grounds, allowing him to garner 26 assists in 1929, his first full season as a full-time player."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Since 1959, the National League has honored the league's annual home run champion with the Mel Ott Award."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Melvin Thomas Ott (March 2, 1909 \u2013 November 21, 1958), nicknamed \"Master Melvin\", was an American professional baseball right fielder, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Giants, from 1926 through 1947."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Though unusually slight in stature for a power hitter, at 5 feet 9 inches (1.75 m), 170 pounds (77 kg), Ott led the National League in home runs a then record six times."}], "text": "Mel Ott  was called \"Master Melvin\" because of his expertise in snatching balls from the sky and heaving them to his fellow athletes in order to prevent an opposing paid gentleman from passing by them untouched, or slamming balls with his bat as a power hitter.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Mel Ott"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jean-Conrad Hottinguer (X), Pierre Bellamy (Y), and Lucien Hauteval (Z) in documents released by the Adams administration."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The diplomats, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry, were approached through informal channels by agents of the French foreign minister, Talleyrand, who demanded bribes and a loan before formal negotiations could begin."}], "id": "eOiZeyVRIn896Cmi4uBt", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War."}, {"section_header": "Reaction in the United States", "text": "Z. The use of these disguising letters led the business to immediately become known as the \"XYZ Affair."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The diplomats, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry, were approached through informal channels by agents of the French foreign minister, Talleyrand, who demanded bribes and a loan before formal negotiations could begin."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The name derives from the substitution of the letters X, Y and Z for the names of French diplomats"}, {"section_header": "Commission to France", "text": "In part based on advice imparted to French diplomats by Jefferson, Talleyrand decided to adopt a measured, slow pace to the negotiations."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Although it was widely known that diplomats from other nations had paid bribes to deal with Talleyrand at the time, the Americans were offended by the demands, and eventually left France without ever engaging in formal negotiations."}, {"section_header": "Reaction in the United States", "text": "The commission's apparent failure was duly reported to Congress, although Adams kept secret the mistreatment (lack of recognition and demand for a bribe) of the diplomats, seeking to minimize a warlike reaction."}, {"section_header": "Commission to France | Initial meetings", "text": "Pinckney relayed these demands to the other commissioners, and Hottinguer repeated them to the entire commission, which curtly refused the demands, even though it was widely known that diplomats from other nations had paid bribes to deal with Talleyrand."}, {"section_header": "Commission to France | Initial meetings", "text": "The commissioners offered to send one of their number back to the United States for instructions, if the French would suspend their seizures of American shipping; the French negotiators refused."}, {"section_header": "Commission to France", "text": "Francis Dana was chosen instead of Gerry, but he declined to serve, and Adams, who considered Gerry one of the \"two most impartial men in America\" (he himself being the other), submitted his name to the United States Senate in Dana's stead without consulting his cabinet."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jean-Conrad Hottinguer (X), Pierre Bellamy (Y), and Lucien Hauteval (Z) in documents released by the Adams administration."}], "text": "The XYZ Affair involved French diplomats and one of those diplomats had to be bribed.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "XYZ Affair"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and career | Ravel; rising fame; First World War", "text": "The continual noise of the guns damaged his hearing, and led to deafness in his later years."}], "id": "eTHnB362T8RZ6kagVYak", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and career | Inter-war years", "text": "During the 1930s Vaughan Williams came to be regarded as a leading figure in British music, particularly after the deaths of Elgar, Delius and Holst in 1934."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ralph Vaughan Williams  ( (listen); 12 October 1872 \u2013 26 August 1958) was an English composer."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Ravel; rising fame; First World War", "text": "Vaughan Williams spent three months in Paris in the winter of 1907\u20131908, working with him four or five times each week."}, {"section_header": "Music | Chamber and instrumental", "text": "Vaughan Williams, like most leading British 20th-century composers, was not drawn to the solo piano and wrote little for it."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Early career", "text": "He held the position at St Barnabas, in the inner London district of South Lambeth, from 1895 to 1899 for a salary of \u00a350 a year."}, {"section_header": "Honours and legacy", "text": "In 1994 a group of enthusiasts founded the Ralph Vaughan Williams Society, with the composer's widow as its president and Roy Douglas and Michael Kennedy as vice presidents."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Inter-war years", "text": "In 1921 he succeeded Allen as conductor of the Bach Choir, London."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Royal College of Music and Trinity College, Cambridge", "text": "Nevertheless, a university education was expected of him, and in 1892 he temporarily left the RCM and entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he spent three years, studying music and history."}, {"section_header": "Music | Symphonies | Sea, London and Pastoral Symphonies (1910\u20131922)", "text": "A Sea Symphony (1910), the only one of the series to include a part for full choir, differs from most earlier choral symphonies in that the choir sings in all the movements."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Early years", "text": "The children were under the care of a nurse, Sara Wager, who instilled in them not only polite manners and good behaviour but also liberal social and philosophical opinions."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Ravel; rising fame; First World War", "text": "The continual noise of the guns damaged his hearing, and led to deafness in his later years."}], "text": "Ralph Vaughan Williams injured his inner ears after he spent a year leading a choir that practiced under a bell tower.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Ralph Vaughan Williams"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life and career", "text": "Intending to work with his father on their ranch, Brubeck entered the College of the Pacific in Stockton, California (now the University of the Pacific), studying veterinary science."}], "id": "eU2DO6sG6bCv7u88NLWL", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "A birthday party concert had been planned for him with family and famous guests."}, {"section_header": "Early life and career", "text": "He volunteered to play piano at a Red Cross show and was such a hit that he was spared from combat service and ordered to form a band."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "David Warren Brubeck (; December 6, 1920 \u2013 December 5, 2012) was an American jazz pianist and composer, considered one of the foremost exponents of cool jazz."}, {"section_header": "Dave Brubeck Quartet", "text": "Brubeck merely plays himself, with the film featuring close-ups of his piano fingerings."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "His music was used in the 1985 film Ordeal by Innocence."}, {"section_header": "Recognition", "text": "At the ceremony Brubeck played a brief recital for the audience at the State Department."}, {"section_header": "Early life and career", "text": "He changed to music on the urging of the head of zoology, Dr. Arnold, who told him \"Brubeck,"}, {"section_header": "Recognition", "text": "Now I am going to play a cold piano with cold hands\", Brubeck stated."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "Corea played \"Strange Meadow Lark\", from Brubeck's album Time Out."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "He felt uncomfortable, for example, that Time had featured him on the cover before it did so for Duke Ellington, saying, \"It just bothered me.\" The New York Times noted he had continued to play well into his old age, performing in 2011 and in 2010 only a month after getting a pacemaker, with Times music writer Nate Chinen commenting that Brubeck had replaced \"the old hammer-and-anvil attack with something almost airy\" and that his playing at the Blue Note Jazz Club in New York City was \"the picture of judicious clarity\"."}, {"section_header": "Early life and career", "text": "Intending to work with his father on their ranch, Brubeck entered the College of the Pacific in Stockton, California (now the University of the Pacific), studying veterinary science."}], "text": "David Brubeck did not plan to play music for a career.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Dave Brubeck"}
{"category": "NOCAT", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Death and legacy", "text": "He was buried in the cathedral of Perugia, where his body remained until Pope Leo XIII had it transferred to the Lateran in December 1891.Innocent"}], "id": "eXpV125F0a9ZKaVVcrtJ", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Francis of Assisi", "text": "The Cardinal, who was the confessor of Pope Innocent III, was immediately sympathetic to Francis and agreed to represent Francis to the pope."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Reassertion of papal power", "text": "As pope, Innocent III began with a very wide sense of his responsibility and of his authority."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Crusades and suppression of heresy", "text": "Pope Innocent III spent a majority of his tenure as Pope (1198\u20131216) preparing for a great crusade on the Holy Land."}, {"section_header": "General sources", "text": "Moore, John C. \" Pope Innocent III, Sardinia, and the Papal State."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Involvement in Imperial elections", "text": "At the same time, Innocent encouraged the cities in Tuscany to form a league called the League of San Genesio against German imperial interests in Italy, and they placed themselves under Innocent's protection."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pope Innocent III (Latin: Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 \u2013 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei"}, {"section_header": "General sources", "text": "Moore, John C. Pope Innocent III (1160/61-1216): To Root Up and to Plant."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Feudal power over Europe", "text": "At the request of England's King John, Pope Innocent III declared the Magna Carta annulled, resulting in a rebellion by the English Barons who rejected the disenfranchisement."}, {"section_header": "General sources", "text": "Bolton, Brenda, Innocent III."}, {"section_header": "General sources", "text": ", 2 vol. , 2 vol. Tillman, Helen, Pope Innocent III, New York, 1980. (in French) Th\u00e9ry-Astruc, Julien, \"Introduction\", in Innocent III et le Midi (Cahiers de Fanjeaux, 50), Toulouse, Privat, 2015,"}, {"section_header": "Biography | Death and legacy", "text": "He was buried in the cathedral of Perugia, where his body remained until Pope Leo XIII had it transferred to the Lateran in December 1891.Innocent"}], "text": "Pope Innocent III burial place is the castle of Windmere.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Pope Innocent III"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Shaka kaSenzangakhona (c.\u2009July 1787 \u2013 September 22,1828), also known as Shaka Zulu (Zulu pronunciation: [\u02c8\u0283a\u02d0\u0260a]), was the King of the Zulu Kingdom from 1816 to 1828."}], "id": "eYFM2XjknZeYN6PPJEeH", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "In Zulu culture", "text": "The figure of Shaka thus remains an ambiguous one in African oral tradition, defying simplistic depictions of the Zulu king as a heroic, protean nation builder on one hand, or a depraved monster on the other."}, {"section_header": "In Zulu culture", "text": "Other Zulu sources are sometimes critical of Shaka, and numerous negative images abound in Zulu oral history."}, {"section_header": "In Zulu culture", "text": "The figure of Shaka still sparks interest among not only the contemporary Zulu but many worldwide who have encountered the tribe and its history."}, {"section_header": "Successor to Senzangakhona", "text": "Thus Shaka became Chief of the Zulu clan, although he remained a vassal of the Mthethwa empire until Dingiswayo's death in battle a year later at the hands of Zwide, powerful chief of the Ndwandwe (Nxumalo) nation."}, {"section_header": "In Zulu culture", "text": "Oral sources record that in this period of devastation, a singular Zulu, a man named Gala, eventually stood up to Shaka and objected to these measures, pointing out that Nandi was not the first person to die in Zululand."}, {"section_header": "In Zulu culture", "text": "Certain aspects of traditional Zulu culture still revere the dead monarch, as the typical praise song below attests."}, {"section_header": "In Zulu culture", "text": "Taken aback by such candid talk, the Zulu king is supposed to have called off the destructive edicts, rewarding the blunt teller-of-truths with a gift of cattle."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Shaka kaSenzangakhona (c.\u2009July 1787 \u2013 September 22,1828), also known as Shaka Zulu (Zulu pronunciation: [\u02c8\u0283a\u02d0\u0260a]), was the King of the Zulu Kingdom from 1816 to 1828."}, {"section_header": "In Zulu culture", "text": "This ambiguity continues to lend the image of Shaka its continued power and influence, almost two centuries after his death."}, {"section_header": "Popular culture", "text": "Shaka Zulu, an SABC TV miniseries about Shaka, which starred Henry Cele in the title role."}], "text": "Shaka Zulu was the emperor of the Zulu nation.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Shaka"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was a wealthy town, enjoying many fine public buildings and luxurious private houses with lavish decorations, furnishings and works of art which were the main attractions for the early excavators."}], "id": "edGEhY7oeVV1yV1ntXKI", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Tourism", "text": "Pompeii is a driving force behind the economy of the nearby town of Pompei."}, {"section_header": "History | Rediscovery and excavations", "text": "In 1689, Francesco Picchetti saw a wall inscription mentioning decurio Pompeiis (\"town councillor of Pompeii\"), but he associated it with a villa of Pompey."}, {"section_header": "History | Conservation", "text": "Weathering, erosion, light exposure, water damage, poor methods of excavation and reconstruction, introduced plants and animals, tourism, vandalism and theft have all damaged the site in some way."}, {"section_header": "History | The Samnite period", "text": "The new rulers gradually imposed their architecture and enlarged the town."}, {"section_header": "History | Early history", "text": "The earliest settlement was focused in regions VII and VIII of the town (the old town) as identified from stratigraphy below the Samnite and Roman buildings, as well as from the different and irregular street plan."}, {"section_header": "History | Eruption of Vesuvius", "text": "At some time in the night or early the next day, pyroclastic flows began near the volcano, consisting of high speed, dense, and very hot ash clouds, knocking down wholly or partly all structures in their path, incinerating or suffocating the remaining population and altering the landscape, including the coastline."}, {"section_header": "History | Eruption of Vesuvius", "text": "towns heat was the main cause of death of people, previously believed to have died by ash suffocation."}, {"section_header": "History | The Roman period", "text": "Pompeii was one of the towns of Campania that rebelled against Rome in the Social Wars  and in 89 BC it was besieged by Sulla, who targeted the strategically vulnerable Porta Ercolano with his artillery as can still be seen by the impact craters of thousands of"}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Expansion of the city from an early nucleus (the old town) accelerated already from 450 BC under the Greeks after the battle of Cumae."}, {"section_header": "History | Rediscovery and excavations", "text": "Parts of the Via dell'Abbondanza were also exposed in west\u2013east direction and for the first time an impression of the size and appearance of the ancient town could be appreciated."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was a wealthy town, enjoying many fine public buildings and luxurious private houses with lavish decorations, furnishings and works of art which were the main attractions for the early excavators."}], "text": "Pompeii was a very poor town.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Pompeii"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Effect on other European powers", "text": "The treaty was important in dividing Latin America, as well as establishing Spain in the western Pacific."}], "id": "epdS8AMGb8H192fxhiTu", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Signing and enforcement", "text": "It was superseded by the 1750 Treaty of Madrid which granted Portugal control of the lands it occupied in South America."}, {"section_header": "Tordesillas meridian", "text": "Because its demarcation line was midway between Cape Saint Roque (northeast cape of South America) and the mouth of the Amazon River (its estuary is marked"}, {"section_header": "Signing and enforcement", "text": "The Portuguese were unlikely to go to war over the islands encountered by Columbus, but the explicit mention of India was a major issue."}, {"section_header": "Modern claims", "text": "The Treaty of Tordesillas was  invoked by Chile in the 20th century to defend the principle of an Antarctic sector extending along a meridian to the South Pole, as well as the assertion that the treaty made Spanish (or Portuguese) all undiscovered land south to the Pole."}, {"section_header": "Effect on other European powers", "text": "The treaty was important in dividing Latin America, as well as establishing Spain in the western Pacific."}, {"section_header": "Treaty of Madrid", "text": "The attitude towards the treaty that other governments had was expressed in a statement attributed to France's King Francis I, \"Show me Adam's will!\" On January 13, 1750, King John V of Portugal and Ferdinand VI of Spain signed the Treaty of Madrid, in which both parties sought to establish the borders between Brazil and Spanish America, admitting that the Treaty of Tordesillas, as it had been envisioned in 1494 had been superseded, and was considered void."}, {"section_header": "Tordesillas meridian", "text": "The Treaty of Tordesillas only specified the line of demarcation in leagues from the Cape Verde Islands."}, {"section_header": "Signing and enforcement", "text": "Castile gained lands including most of the Americas, which in 1494 had little proven wealth."}, {"section_header": "Effect on other European powers", "text": "However, it quickly became obsolete in North America, and later in Asia and Africa, where it affected colonization."}, {"section_header": "Antimeridian: Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza", "text": "This north\u2013south chain occupies two degrees of latitude bisected by the equator at about 127\u00b024\u2032E, with Ternate, Tidore, Moti, and Makian north of the equator and Bacan south of it."}], "text": "The Treaty of Tordesillas did not play a major role to separate South America.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Treaty of Tordesillas"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Joseph Michael Medwick (November 24, 1911 \u2013 March 21, 1975), nicknamed \"Ducky\", was an American Major League Baseball player."}], "id": "eqklTwKZXX9IX72RrFpd", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "He had fallen short of the required Hall of Fame vote threshold on numerous ballots, and received no votes for the first seven years after his retirement, which is sometimes attributed to his strained relationship with teammates and the press."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Upon being asked by the Pope what his vocation was, Medwick replied, \"Your Holiness, I'm Joe Medwick."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "When asked about the incident after the game, Medwick replied, \"I knew why they threw them."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "University of Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne made arrangements for Medwick to play football there, however Medwick decided to forgo college and enter professional baseball."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "When Medwick strode forward, the ball hit him in the temple and rendered him unconscious."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The son of Hungarian immigrants, Medwick was born and raised in Carteret, New Jersey."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Medwick remains the only known player to be thrown out of a game for his own personal safety."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Medwick helped lead the Dodgers to a pennant in 1941, but had lost much of his dominance."}, {"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "\" Medwick died in 1975 of a heart attack in St. Petersburg, Florida."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Medwick entered professional baseball with the Scottdale Scotties of the Middle Atlantic League in 1930."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Joseph Michael Medwick (November 24, 1911 \u2013 March 21, 1975), nicknamed \"Ducky\", was an American Major League Baseball player."}], "text": "Medwick was sometimes referred to as \"Lucky\".", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Joe Medwick"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was also the 36th Governor of New York, the Republican nominee in the 1916 presidential election, and the 44th United States Secretary of State."}], "id": "esZ4MxT53MQqM47ubvjQ", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legal and academic career", "text": "Seeking to remove Hughes from the investigation, Republican leaders nominated him as the party's candidate for Mayor of New York City, but Hughes refused the nomination."}, {"section_header": "Governor of New York", "text": "To enforce those laws, Hughes reorganized the New York State Department of Labor."}, {"section_header": "Governor of New York", "text": "Despite his busyness as New York governor, Hughes found time to get involved in religious matters."}, {"section_header": "Governor of New York", "text": "Seeking a strong candidate to defeat newspaper mogul William Randolph Hearst in the 1906 New York gubernatorial election, President Theodore Roosevelt convinced New York Republican leaders to nominate Hughes for governor."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Born to a Welsh immigrant preacher and his wife in Glens Falls, New York, Hughes pursued a legal career in New York City."}, {"section_header": "Early life and family", "text": "The Hughes family moved to Oswego, New York in 1866, but relocated soon after to Newark, New Jersey and then to Brooklyn."}, {"section_header": "Legal and academic career", "text": "He was made a partner in the firm in 1888, and the firm changed its name to Carter, Hughes & Cravath (it later became known as Hughes Hubbard & Reed)."}, {"section_header": "Presidential candidate", "text": "After the election, Hughes turned down offers from larger organizations and returned to his small law firm, now known as Hughes, Rounds, Schurman & Dwight."}, {"section_header": "Early life and family", "text": "After graduating from Brown, Hughes spent a year working as a teacher in Delhi, New York."}, {"section_header": "Governor of New York", "text": "Taft won the Republican presidential nomination and asked Hughes to serve as his running mate, but Hughes declined the offer."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was also the 36th Governor of New York, the Republican nominee in the 1916 presidential election, and the 44th United States Secretary of State."}], "text": "Hughes was known for his speech as mayor of New York.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Charles Evans Hughes"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "When the paper closed in 1830, the young man went west to join his family, living near Erie, Pennsylvania."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He remained there only briefly, going from town to town seeking newspaper employment, and was hired by the Erie Gazette."}], "id": "etQZepgprWML1kquIiEe", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Even as his father struggled to make a living as a hired hand, Horace Greeley read everything he could\u2014the Greeleys had a neighbor who let Horace use his library."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "When the paper closed in 1830, the young man went west to join his family, living near Erie, Pennsylvania."}, {"section_header": "Editor of the Tribune | Early years (1841\u20131848)", "text": "Greeley, in addition to promoting Fourierism in the Tribune, was associated with two such settlements, both of which eventually failed, though the town that eventually developed on the site of the one in Pennsylvania was after his death renamed Greeley."}, {"section_header": "Notes and references | Bibliography", "text": "University of Pennsylvania Press."}, {"section_header": "Editor of the Tribune | Grant years", "text": "The new town of Greeley, Colorado Territory was named after him."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He remained there only briefly, going from town to town seeking newspaper employment, and was hired by the Erie Gazette."}, {"section_header": "Editor of the Tribune | Early years (1841\u20131848)", "text": "She lived with the Greeley family for several years, and when she moved to Italy, he made her a foreign correspondent."}, {"section_header": "Editor of the Tribune | Influence (1849\u20131860)", "text": "Marx collaborated with Friedrich Engels on his work for the Tribune, which continued for over a decade, covering 500 articles."}, {"section_header": "Notes and references | Bibliography", "text": "Horace Greeley: Printer, Editor, Crusader."}, {"section_header": "Notes and references | Bibliography", "text": "Horace Greeley: Nineteenth-Century Reformer."}], "text": "Horace Greeley lived in the town of Pennsylvania for more than a decade.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Horace Greeley"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Richard probably spoke both French and Occitan."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was born in England, where he spent his childhood; before becoming king, however, he lived most of his adult life in the Duchy of Aquitaine, in the southwest of France."}], "id": "f4Cq1gzanCtdKL4tle4C", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "King and crusader | In the Holy Land", "text": "Humphrey was loyal to Guy and spoke Arabic fluently, so Richard used him as a translator and negotiator."}, {"section_header": "Life after the Third Crusade | Captivity, ransom and return", "text": "Disguised as a Knight Templar, Richard sailed from Corfu with four attendants, but his ship was wrecked near Aquileia, forcing Richard and his party into a dangerous land route through central Europe."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Rather than regarding his kingdom as a responsibility requiring his presence as ruler, he has been perceived as preferring to use it merely as a source of revenue to support his armies."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Heraldry", "text": "In his earlier Great Seal of 1189, he had used either one lion rampant or two lions rampants combatants, which arms he may have adopted from his father."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Revolt against Henry II", "text": "The terms the three brothers accepted were less generous than those they had been offered earlier in the conflict (when Richard was offered four castles in Aquitaine and half of the income from the duchy): Richard was given control of two castles in Poitou and half the income of Aquitaine; Henry the Young King was given two castles in Normandy; and Geoffrey was permitted half of Brittany."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Childhood", "text": "During his captivity, English prejudice against foreigners was used in a calculated way by his brother John to help destroy the authority of Richard's chancellor, William Longchamp, who was a Norman."}, {"section_header": "Life after the Third Crusade | War against Philip of France", "text": "At the Battle of Gisors (sometimes called Courcelles) in 1198, Richard took Dieu et mon Droit\u2014\"God and my Right\"\u2014as his motto (still used by the British monarchy today), echoing his earlier boast to Emperor Henry that his rank acknowledged no superior but God."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Childhood", "text": "Although he was born in Oxford and brought up in England up to his eighth year, it is not known to what extent he used or understood English; he was an educated man who composed poetry and wrote in Limousin (lenga d'\u00f2c) and also in French."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Final years of Henry II's reign", "text": "He is referred to as \"this our lion\" (hic leo noster) as early as 1187 in the Topographia Hibernica of Giraldus Cambrensis, while the byname \"lionheart\" (le quor de lion) is first recorded in Ambroise's L'Estoire de la Guerre Sainte in the context of the Accon campaign of 1191.Henry seemed unwilling to entrust any of his sons with resources that could be used against him."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | Conquest of Cyprus", "text": "Richard named Richard de Camville and Robert of Thornham as governors."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Richard probably spoke both French and Occitan."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was born in England, where he spent his childhood; before becoming king, however, he lived most of his adult life in the Duchy of Aquitaine, in the southwest of France."}], "text": "Richard I most likely used four languages.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Richard I of England"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Battles of Saratoga (September 19 and October 7, 1777) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign, giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War."}], "id": "f4ys9ybTeErG6vohxVVh", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "First Saratoga: Battle of Freeman's Farm (September 19) | Battle", "text": "The battle then went through phases alternating between intense fighting and breaks in the action."}, {"section_header": "First Saratoga: Battle of Freeman's Farm (September 19) | Battle", "text": "Learning that Morgan was in trouble, Gates ordered out two more regiments (1st and 3rd New Hampshire) to support him, with additional regiments (2nd New York, 4th New York, the 1st Canadian, and Connecticut militia) from the brigade of Enoch Poor to follow."}, {"section_header": "Second Saratoga: Battle of Bemis Heights (October 7) | British foray", "text": "When American scouts brought news of Burgoyne's movement to Gates, he ordered Morgan's riflemen out to the far left, with Poor's men (1st, 2nd, and 3rd New Hampshire) on the left; the 2nd and 4th New York Regiments on the right, and Learned's 1st New York, 1st Canadian, 2nd, 8th and 9th Massachusetts Regiments, plus militia companies, in the center."}, {"section_header": "Second Saratoga: Battle of Bemis Heights (October 7) | British foray", "text": "A force of 1,200 New York militia under Brigadier General Abraham Ten Broeck was held in reserve behind Learned's line."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He fought two small battles to break out which took place 18 days apart on the same ground, 9 miles (14 km) south of Saratoga, New York."}, {"section_header": "Interlude", "text": "If Clinton left New York on September 22, \"about ten days\" after he wrote the letter, he still could not hope to arrive in the vicinity of Saratoga before the end of the month."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Skirmishing continued in the days following the battle, while Burgoyne waited in the hope that reinforcements would arrive from New York City."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "The northern pincer was to proceed southward from Montreal, and the three forces were to meet in the vicinity of Albany, New York, severing New England from the other colonies."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "The western pincer under the command of Barry St. Leger was to progress from Ontario through western New York, following the Mohawk River, and the southern pincer was to progress up the Hudson River valley from New York City."}, {"section_header": "Surrender", "text": "He withdrew his men 10\u201315 miles north, near present-day Schuylerville, New York."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Battles of Saratoga (September 19 and October 7, 1777) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign, giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War."}], "text": "Battles of Saratoga was a fight in Saratoga, New York between the Union and the Confederates.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Battles of Saratoga"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Detroit Tigers", "text": "During Trammell's three years as manager, the Tigers compiled a record of 186\u2013300.During the 2003 season, Detroit nearly matched the modern MLB record of 120 losses, set by the expansion New York Mets (40\u2013120) in 1962."}, {"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Detroit Tigers", "text": "The team lost 119 games in his first season in 2003, an American League record, before posting a 72\u201390 record in 2004."}], "id": "fFyMZd1uwkX7o10h00WU", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Return to Detroit Tigers", "text": "During the 2015 season, Trammell served as interim first-base coach when Omar Vizquel temporarily left the team on bereavement leave."}, {"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Detroit Tigers", "text": "The team lost 119 games in his first season in 2003, an American League record, before posting a 72\u201390 record in 2004."}, {"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Detroit Tigers", "text": "Alan Trammell was named the manager of a struggling Tigers team on October 9, 2002."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "His entire 20-year playing career in Major League Baseball (MLB) was with the Detroit Tigers."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early years", "text": "While playing for the Tigers' farm team in Montgomery of the Southern League, Trammell played his first game with teammate Lou Whitaker before the two infielders were promoted, making their major league debut at Fenway Park together, during the second game of a double-header on September 9, 1977, the first of nineteen seasons together."}, {"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Detroit Tigers", "text": "During Trammell's three years as manager, the Tigers compiled a record of 186\u2013300.During the 2003 season, Detroit nearly matched the modern MLB record of 120 losses, set by the expansion New York Mets (40\u2013120) in 1962."}, {"section_header": "Managerial and coaching career | Detroit Tigers", "text": "On October 3, 2005, the Tigers released Trammell after three seasons in which the organization failed to post a winning record."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Later years, injuries and retirement", "text": "During the following season, he played in 29 games before breaking his right ankle and missing the remainder of the 1992 season."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early years", "text": "Trammell and Whitaker made a cameo appearance on the television show Magnum, P.I., starring Tom Selleck, during the 1983 season."}, {"section_header": "Career highlights", "text": "Had a 20-game hit streak during the 1984 season."}], "text": "Not only did Trammell play his entire career with the Tigers, he also coached the team during the 2004 season.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Alan Trammell"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Government and politics | President", "text": "After the Supreme Leader, the Constitution defines the President of Iran as the highest state authority."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Military", "text": "The government of Iran supports the military activities of its allies in Syria, Iraq, and Lebanon (Hezbollah) with military and financial aid."}], "id": "fGEkPLlgLejk6X44B3pE", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Government and politics | Military", "text": "Iran and Syria are close strategic allies, and Iran has provided significant support for the Syrian Government in the Syrian Civil War."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Supreme Leader", "text": "The budget bill for every year, as well as withdrawing money from the National Development Fund of Iran, require Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei's approval and permission."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Military", "text": "The government of Iran supports the military activities of its allies in Syria, Iraq, and Lebanon (Hezbollah) with military and financial aid."}, {"section_header": "History | Medieval period", "text": "In 750, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads, notably by the support from the \"mawali\" (converted Iranians)."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Legislature", "text": "Others are elected by the Parliament, from among the jurists nominated by the Head of the Judiciary."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Languages", "text": "Others include speakers of a number of other Iranian languages within the greater Indo-European family, and languages belonging to some other ethnicities living in Iran."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Cinema and animation", "text": "After him, several others like Russi Khan, Ardeshir Khan, and Ali Vakili tried to establish new movie theaters in Tehran."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Literature", "text": "In spite of originating from the region of Persis (better known as Persia) in southwestern Iran, the Persian language was used and developed further through Persianate societies in Asia Minor, Central Asia, and South Asia, leaving massive influences on Ottoman and Mughal literatures, among others."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Cinema and animation", "text": "With the screening of the films Qeysar and The Cow, directed by Masoud Kimiai and Dariush Mehrjui respectively in 1969, alternative films set out to establish their status in the film industry and Bahram Beyzai's Downpour and Nasser Taghvai's Tranquility in the Presence of Others followed soon."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Ethnic groups", "text": "Peoples of other ethno-linguistic groups make up the remaining 21%, with Azerbaijanis constituting 16%, Arabs 2%, Turkmens and other Turkic tribes 2%, and others (such as Armenians, Talysh, Georgians, Circassians, Assyrians) 1%.The Library of Congress issued slightly different estimates: 65% Persians (including Mazenderanis, Gilaks, and the Talysh), 16% Azerbaijanis, 7% Kurds, 6% Lurs, 2% Baloch, 1% Turkic tribal groups (incl."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | President", "text": "After the Supreme Leader, the Constitution defines the President of Iran as the highest state authority."}], "text": "Iran supports other countries' militarizes with money.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Iran"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The name derives from the substitution of the letters X, Y and Z for the names of French diplomats"}], "id": "fPk0ZzRiHoszDYI6Zh9D", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reaction in the United States", "text": "Z. The use of these disguising letters led the business to immediately become known as the \"XYZ Affair."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The name derives from the substitution of the letters X, Y and Z for the names of French diplomats"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War."}, {"section_header": "Reaction in the United States", "text": "On March 20, Adams turned them over, with the names of some of the French actors redacted and replaced by the letters W, X, Y, and"}, {"section_header": "Political reaction in France", "text": "Talleyrand was called to the Directory to account for his role in the affair."}, {"section_header": "Political reaction in France", "text": "He denied all association with the informal negotiators, and enlisted the assistance of Gerry in exposing the agents whose names had been redacted, a charade Gerry agreed to participate in."}, {"section_header": "Political reaction in France", "text": "Gerry, in his private report on the affair to Adams in 1799, claimed credit for maintaining the peace, and for influencing significant changes in French policy that lessened the hostilities and eventually brought a peace treaty."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "His exchanges with Talleyrand laid groundwork for the eventual end to diplomatic and military hostilities."}, {"section_header": "Commission to France | Initial meetings", "text": "What followed were a series of meetings that took place outside formal diplomatic channels."}, {"section_header": "Reaction in the United States", "text": "While the American diplomats were in Europe, President Adams considered his options in the event of the commission's failure."}], "text": "The letters in the The XYZ Affair refer to code names for diplomats.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "XYZ Affair"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life and ancestry", "text": "The York family is mainly of English ancestry, with Scots-Irish ancestry as well."}], "id": "fVqPLCDDBOBhek8h1Vkf", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Discovery of 'lost' battlefield", "text": "There are battlefield guides available at the Sergeant York Historic Trail."}, {"section_header": "World War I | Post-battle", "text": "York was promptly promoted to sergeant and received the Distinguished Service Cross."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alvin Cullum York (December 13, 1887 \u2013 September 2, 1964), also known as Sergeant York"}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Monuments and memorials", "text": "The riderless horse in the 2004 funeral procession of President Ronald Reagan was named Sergeant York."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "York was immediately promoted to sergeant and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross; an investigation resulted in the upgrading of the award to the Medal of Honor."}, {"section_header": "After the war | Legacy and film story", "text": "On York's behalf, Skeyhill wrote an \"autobiography\" in the first person and was credited as the editor of Sergeant York: His Own Life Story and War Diary."}, {"section_header": "After the war | Legacy and film story", "text": "In 1941 the movie Sergeant York, directed by Howard Hawks with Gary Cooper in the title role, told about his life and Medal of Honor action."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Monuments and memorials", "text": "The U.S. Army ROTC's Sergeant York Award is presented to cadets who excel in the program and devote additional time and effort to maintaining and expanding it."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Discovery of 'lost' battlefield", "text": "In October 2006, United States Army Colonel Douglas Mastriano, head of the Sergeant York Discovery Expedition (SYDE), conducted research to locate the York battle site."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "I exploits, Sergeant York, was that year's highest-grossing film; Gary Cooper won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of York, and the film was credited with enhancing American morale as the US mobilized for action in World War II."}, {"section_header": "Early life and ancestry", "text": "The York family is mainly of English ancestry, with Scots-Irish ancestry as well."}], "text": "Sergeant York had Italian roots.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Sergeant York"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "She was the first Israeli woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize."}], "id": "ffXb8c0hprJ5W7xqB4oj", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2009, Yonath received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas A. Steitz for her studies on the structure and function of the ribosome, becoming the first Israeli woman to win the Nobel Prize out of ten Israeli Nobel laureates, the first woman from the Middle East to win a Nobel prize in the sciences, and the first woman in 45 years to win the Nobel Prize for Chemistry."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ada E. Yonath (Hebrew: \u05e2\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea\u200e, pronounced [\u02c8ada jo\u02c8nat]) (born 22 June 1939) is an Israeli crystallographer best known for her pioneering work on the structure of the ribosome."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "She was the first Israeli woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "In 2009, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (co-recipient with Thomas Steitz and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan)."}, {"section_header": "Scientific career", "text": "Nobel Prize winner William N. Lipscomb, Jr. of Harvard University where she was inspired to pursue very large structures."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "Yonath is a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences; the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities; the European Academy of Sciences and Art and the European Molecular Biology Organization."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "In 2002, Harvey Prize In 2004, Massry Prize"}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "In 2006, Rothschild Prize in Life Sciences."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "Her awards and honors include the following:  In 2002, Israel Prize"}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "In 2006, Wolf Prize in Chemistry along with George Feher."}], "text": "Ada Yonath was the original female from her nation to win the Nobel Prize.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Ada Yonath"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Name", "text": "The name Golden Horde, a partial calque of Russian \u0417\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044f \u041e\u0440\u0434\u0430 (Zolot\u00e1ja Ord\u00e1), itself supposedly a partial calque of Turkic Altan Orda, is said to have been inspired by the golden color of the tents the Mongols lived in during wartime, or an actual golden tent used by Batu Khan or by Uzbek Khan, or to have been bestowed by the Slavic tributaries to describe the great wealth of the khan."}], "id": "fhCAzPPsauwFuhNMiWtH", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Golden Age | Berke\u2013Hulagu war (1262\u20131266)", "text": "He was well loved by the people and called the \"sun of Russia\"."}, {"section_header": "Islamization | \u00d6z Beg Khan (1313\u20131341)", "text": "The title of grand duke went to Aleksandr Mikhailovich."}, {"section_header": "Golden Age | Dual khanship (1281\u20131299)", "text": "Mikhail Yaroslavich was summoned to appear before Nogai in Sarai, and Daniel of Moscow declined to come."}, {"section_header": "Golden Age | Batu Khan (1242\u20131256)", "text": "In 1248, G\u00fcy\u00fck demanded Batu come eastward to meet him, a move that some contemporaries regarded as a pretext for Batu's arrest."}, {"section_header": "Islamization | \u00d6z Beg Khan (1313\u20131341)", "text": "Ivan I Kalita was granted the title of grand prince and given the right to collect taxes from other Rus' potentates."}, {"section_header": "Golden Age | Mengu-Timur (1266\u20131280)", "text": "From Prince Yaroslav to the people of Riga, to the great and the young, and to all: your way is clear through my lands; and who comes to fight, with them I do as I know; but for the merchant the way is clear."}, {"section_header": "Name", "text": "The name Golden Horde, a partial calque of Russian \u0417\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044f \u041e\u0440\u0434\u0430 (Zolot\u00e1ja Ord\u00e1), itself supposedly a partial calque of Turkic Altan Orda, is said to have been inspired by the golden color of the tents the Mongols lived in during wartime, or an actual golden tent used by Batu Khan or by Uzbek Khan, or to have been bestowed by the Slavic tributaries to describe the great wealth of the khan."}, {"section_header": "Geography and society | Internal organization", "text": "Sarai was described by the famous traveller Ibn Battuta as \"one of the most beautiful cities ... full of people, with the beautiful bazaars and wide streets\", and having 13 congregational mosques along with \"plenty of lesser mosques\"."}, {"section_header": "Disintegration | Great Horde (1459\u20131502)", "text": "K\u00fcch\u00fck Muhammad was succeeded by his son Mahmud bin K\u00fcch\u00fck in 1459, from which point on the Golden Horde came to be known as the Great Horde."}, {"section_header": "Disintegration | Great Horde (1459\u20131502)", "text": "According to other sources, he was released from the Lithuanian prison in 1527.Records of Golden Horde existence reach however as far as end of 18th century"}], "text": "The title Golden Horde is said to have come from the color of the sun.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Golden Horde"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Tributaries", "text": "In most cases the Golden Horde did not implement direct control over the people they conquered."}], "id": "fjrX3pDbELmqVvVjqQmS", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Disintegration | Great Horde (1459\u20131502)", "text": "K\u00fcch\u00fck Muhammad was succeeded by his son Mahmud bin K\u00fcch\u00fck in 1459, from which point on the Golden Horde came to be known as the Great Horde."}, {"section_header": "Tributaries", "text": "In most cases the Golden Horde did not implement direct control over the people they conquered."}, {"section_header": "Disintegration | Great Horde (1459\u20131502)", "text": "Ahmed's sons were unable to maintain the Great Horde."}, {"section_header": "Disintegration | Great Horde (1459\u20131502)", "text": "In 1480, Ahmed organized a military campaign against Moscow, resulting in a face off between two opposing armies known as the Great Stand on the Ugra River."}, {"section_header": "Golden Age | Dual khanship (1281\u20131299)", "text": "The Golden Horde was thus ruled by two khans."}, {"section_header": "Disintegration | Great Horde (1459\u20131502)", "text": "The Crimean Khanate, which had become a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire in 1475, subjugated what remained of the Great Horde, sacking Sarai in 1502."}, {"section_header": "Disintegration | Nogai Horde (1440s)", "text": "By the 1440s, a descendant of Edigu by the name of Musa bin Waqqas was ruling at Saray-J\u00fck as an independent khan of the Nogai Horde."}, {"section_header": "Decline | Great troubles (1359\u20131381)", "text": "Meanwhile, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania attacked the western tributaries of the Golden Horde and conquered Kiev and Podolia after the Battle of Blue Waters in 1363."}, {"section_header": "Geography and society", "text": "The descendants of Batu ruled the Golden Horde from Sarai Batu and later Sarai Berke, controlling an area ranging from the Volga River and the Carpathian mountains to the mouth of the Danube River."}, {"section_header": "Disintegration | Great Horde (1459\u20131502)", "text": "According to other sources, he was released from the Lithuanian prison in 1527.Records of Golden Horde existence reach however as far as end of 18th century"}], "text": "The Golden Horde, later known as the Great Horde, directly ruled the people they conquered.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 8, "wikipedia_page": "Golden Horde"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In the later part of his life, George had recurrent, and eventually permanent, mental illness."}], "id": "fjwvCI2ydnYJaxApCjPC", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Titles, styles and arms | Titles and styles", "text": "His style became \"George the Third, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 \u2013 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death in 1820."}, {"section_header": "Titles, styles and arms | Titles and styles", "text": "In 1801, when Great Britain united with Ireland, he dropped the title of king of France, which had been used for every English monarch since Edward III's claim to the French throne in the medieval period."}, {"section_header": "French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars", "text": "In 1800, the British and Irish Parliaments passed an Act of Union that took effect on 1 January 1801 and united Great Britain and Ireland into a single state, known as the \"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland\"."}, {"section_header": "Titles, styles and arms | Titles and styles", "text": "31 March 1751 \u2013 20 April 1751: His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh 20 April 1751 \u2013 25 October 1760: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales 25 October 1760 \u2013 29 January 1820: His Majesty The KingIn Great Britain, George III used the official style \"George the Third, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, and so forth\"."}, {"section_header": "American War of Independence", "text": "George III is often accused of obstinately trying to keep Great Britain at war with the revolutionaries in America, despite the opinions of his own ministers."}, {"section_header": "Titles, styles and arms | Arms", "text": "They became: Quarterly, I and IV England; II Scotland; III Ireland; overall an escutcheon of Hanover surmounted by an electoral bonnet."}, {"section_header": "William Pitt | Slavery and the slave trade", "text": "During most of his reign, King George III opposed the abolitionist movement."}, {"section_header": "William Pitt", "text": "For George III, Pitt's appointment was a great victory."}, {"section_header": "William Pitt", "text": "During and after Pitt's ministry, George III was extremely popular in Britain."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In the later part of his life, George had recurrent, and eventually permanent, mental illness."}], "text": "King of Great Britain and King of Ireland George III became mad.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "George III of the United Kingdom"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Minor leagues", "text": "After serving in the U.S. Navy in 1945 and part of 1946, he came back to play for the Fort Worth Cats that year, and also for St. Paul in 1947."}], "id": "fklB5w1AEFK0ACGHV8BF", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Books", "text": "Snider, Duke; Gilbert, Bill (1988)."}, {"section_header": "Books", "text": "The Duke Snider Story. Julian Messner, Inc."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "Duke rebounded that year to hit .308 with 23 home runs and 88 RBI in 370 at bats while sharing fielding duties in right and center fields with Don Demeter and rookie Ron Fairly."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Born in Los Angeles, Snider was nicknamed \"Duke\" by his father at age 5."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Edwin Donald \"Duke\" Snider (September 19, 1926 \u2013 February 27, 2011), nicknamed \"The Silver Fox\" and \"The Duke of Flatbush\", was an American professional baseball player."}, {"section_header": "Books", "text": "The Duke Of Flatbush. Citadel."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | 1955 MVP balloting controversy", "text": "Snider did win the Sporting News National League Player of the Year Award for 1955, and the Sid Mercer Award, emblematic of his selection by the New York branch of the BBWAA as the National League's best player of 1955."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "He played in 39 more games that season and became a friend of Jackie Robinson before he was sent to the St. Paul team in early July."}, {"section_header": "Minor leagues", "text": "He played briefly for the Montreal Royals of the International League in 1944 (batting twice) and for the Newport News Dodgers in the Piedmont League in the same year."}, {"section_header": "Minor leagues", "text": "After serving in the U.S. Navy in 1945 and part of 1946, he came back to play for the Fort Worth Cats that year, and also for St. Paul in 1947."}], "text": "Duke Snider was a Sailor for a bit more than a year.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Duke Snider"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "Today only five copies are known to exist."}, {"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "Sol White is perhaps best known for writing History of Colored Base Ball, also known (on the title page) as Sol White's Official Base Ball Guide."}], "id": "fsLjbq3ng2CXsJtc7UA1", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "White's History of Colored Base Ball was the first book devoted to black professional baseball, and it would remain the only one for more than 60 years, until Robert W. Peterson published Only the Ball Was White in 1970."}, {"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "Sol White's career as a baseball writer would continue with a series of articles on \"colored baseball\" in the Cleveland Advocate, a black newspaper, in 1919."}, {"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "In addition to White's narrative of the history of black professional teams, the book featured chapters on \"Colored Baseball as a Profession,\" \"The Color Line,\" and \"Managers' Troubles,\" among others."}, {"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "Without a doubt this record will prove valuable in years to come.\" This second book on black baseball by Sol White never appeared."}, {"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "Rube Foster, one of White's former players, contributed a chapter on \"How to Pitch,\" and"}, {"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "Today only five copies are known to exist."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "White's mother, Judith, supported Sol and four siblings with her work as a \"washer woman."}, {"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "\"One of the Globes players got his finger smashed and since they all knew Sol, the captain pushed him into the game."}, {"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "This short book-within-a-book is history, but it can also be described as an almanac, a scorecard, an archive, a who's who of African-American baseball up to 1907."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "King Solomon \"Sol\" White (June 12, 1868 \u2013 August 26, 1955) was an American professional baseball infielder, manager and executive, and one of the pioneers of the Negro leagues."}, {"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "Sol White is perhaps best known for writing History of Colored Base Ball, also known (on the title page) as Sol White's Official Base Ball Guide."}], "text": "Sol White's book on African-American baseball is very rare today.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Sol White"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novel centres on the Ramsay family and their visits to the Isle of Skye in Scotland between 1910 and 1920."}], "id": "fvjiOOq9t7vrFZ0jOsK1", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Allusions to autobiography and actual geography", "text": "The house was used by the family as a family retreat during the summer for the next ten years."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part III: The Lighthouse", "text": "The trip almost does not happen, as the children are not ready, but they eventually set off."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part III: The Lighthouse", "text": "They are accompanied by the sailor Macalister and his son, who catches fish during the trip."}, {"section_header": "Allusions to autobiography and actual geography", "text": "Their brother Adrian was not allowed to go on an expedition to Godrevy Lighthouse, just as in the novel James looks forward to visiting the lighthouse and is disappointed when the trip is cancelled."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part III: The Lighthouse", "text": "In the final section, \"The Lighthouse\", some of the remaining Ramsays and other guests return to their summer home ten years after the events of Part I. Mr Ramsay finally plans on taking the long-delayed trip to the lighthouse with daughter Cam(illa) and son James (the remaining Ramsay children are virtually unmentioned in the final section)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novel centres on the Ramsay family and their visits to the Isle of Skye in Scotland between 1910 and 1920."}, {"section_header": "Allusions to autobiography and actual geography", "text": "Her visits with her parents and family to St Ives, Cornwall, where her father rented a house, were perhaps the happiest times of Woolf's life, but when she was thirteen"}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part III: The Lighthouse", "text": "While they set sail for the lighthouse, Lily attempts to finally complete the painting she has held in her mind since the start of the novel."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part III: The Lighthouse", "text": "Upon finishing the painting (just as the sailing party reaches the lighthouse) and seeing that it satisfies her, she realises that the execution of her vision is more important to her than the idea of leaving some sort of legacy in her work."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "To the Lighthouse is a 1927 novel by Virginia Woolf."}], "text": "To the Lighthouse revolves around the Homer family and their trips to Germany.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "To the Lighthouse"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career and research", "text": "She played a significant role in the development of AZT, one of the first drugs used to treat HIV and AIDS."}], "id": "fwSF7JENOXyl6gq23sc5", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Her work led to the creation of the AIDS drug AZT."}, {"section_header": "Career and research", "text": "She played a significant role in the development of AZT, one of the first drugs used to treat HIV and AIDS."}, {"section_header": "Selected works by Gertrude B. Elion", "text": "Elion's research contributed to the development of: \"Antagonists of Nucleic Acid Derivatives."}, {"section_header": "Career and research", "text": "During her time at Duke, she focused on mentoring medical and graduate students."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "She continued to make important scientific contributions after her retirement."}, {"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Her fifteen financial aid applications for graduate school were turned down due to gender bias, so she enrolled in a secretarial school, where she attended only six weeks before she found a job."}, {"section_header": "Selected works by Gertrude B. Elion", "text": "Elion, G. (1989). \" The Purine Path to Chemotherapy\"."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Elion never married or had children."}, {"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Elion was born in New York City on January 23, 1918, to parents Robert Elion, a Lithuanian Jewish immigrant and a dentist, and Bertha Cohen, a Polish immigrant."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Gertrude Elion died in North Carolina in 1999, aged 81."}], "text": "Elion contributed to the forming of AZT, a medication for AIDS.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Gertrude B. Elion"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "[a\u0271fite\u02c8a\u02d0tro \u02c8fla\u02d0vjo] or Colosseo [kolos\u02c8s\u025b\u02d0o]), is an oval amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Colosseum or Coliseum ( KOL-\u0259-SEE-\u0259m), also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium; Italian: Anfiteatro Flavio"}], "id": "fwSuoVEHIYxlCOt5gWOw", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Built of travertine limestone, tuff (volcanic rock), and brick-faced concrete, it was the largest amphitheatre ever built at the time and held 50,000 to 80,000 spectators."}, {"section_header": "History | Modern", "text": "However, much larger concerts have been held just outside, using the Colosseum as a backdrop."}, {"section_header": "History | Modern", "text": "The fa\u00e7ade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827, and the interior was repaired in 1831, 1846 and in the 1930s."}, {"section_header": "Physical description | Exterior", "text": "They originally supported a retractable awning, known as the velarium, that kept the sun and rain off spectators."}, {"section_header": "Physical description | Exterior", "text": "The amphitheatre was ringed by eighty entrances at ground level, 76 of which were used by ordinary spectators."}, {"section_header": "Physical description | Supporting buildings", "text": "The Ludus Magnus had its own miniature training arena, which was itself a popular attraction for Roman spectators."}, {"section_header": "History | Medieval", "text": "The interior of the amphitheater was extensively stripped of stone, which was reused elsewhere, or (in the case of the marble fa\u00e7ade) was burned to make quicklime."}, {"section_header": "Significance in Christianity", "text": "A Christian cross stands in the Colosseum, with a plaque, stating:  The amphitheater, one consecrated to triumphs, entertainments, and the impious worship of pagan gods, is now dedicated to the sufferings of the martyrs purified from impious superstitions."}, {"section_header": "Physical description | Exterior", "text": "Spectators were given tickets in the form of numbered pottery shards, which directed them to the appropriate section and row."}, {"section_header": "Physical description | Exterior", "text": "The north side of the perimeter wall is still standing; the distinctive triangular brick wedges at each end are modern additions, having been constructed in the early 19th century to shore up the wall."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "[a\u0271fite\u02c8a\u02d0tro \u02c8fla\u02d0vjo] or Colosseo [kolos\u02c8s\u025b\u02d0o]), is an oval amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Colosseum or Coliseum ( KOL-\u0259-SEE-\u0259m), also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium; Italian: Anfiteatro Flavio"}], "text": "The Colosseum is an triangular amphitheater that held 50,000 spectators.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Colosseum"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "User accounts | Twitter bots", "text": "A Twitter bot is a computer program that automatically posts on Twitter, they are programmed to tweet, retweet, and follow other accounts."}], "id": "gB7tplxnvMBWE15UIL4Z", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Character limits", "text": "In 2017, Twitter doubled their historical 140-character-limitation to 280."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Character limits", "text": "In 2016, Twitter announced that media such as photos, videos, and the person's handle, would not count against the already constrictive 140 character limit."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Character limits", "text": "Under the new limit, glyphs are counted as a variable number of characters, depending upon the script they are from: most European letters and punctuation forms count as one character, while each CJK glyph counts as two so that only 140 such glyphs can be used in a tweet."}, {"section_header": "History | Creation and initial reaction", "text": "\"we'd like to thank you in 140 characters or less."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Tweets were originally restricted to 140 characters, but was doubled to 280 for non-CJK languages in November 2017."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets", "text": "Individual tweets can be forwarded by other users to their own feed, a process known as a \"retweet\"."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Using SMS", "text": "The 140-character limit also increased the usage of URL shortening services such as bit.ly, goo.gl, tinyurl.com, tr.im, and other content-hosting services such as TwitPic, memozu.com and NotePub to accommodate multimedia content and text longer than 140 characters."}, {"section_header": "User accounts | Twitter bots", "text": "A Twitter bot is a computer program that automatically posts on Twitter, they are programmed to tweet, retweet, and follow other accounts."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Hashtags, usernames, retweets and replies", "text": "To repost a message from another Twitter user and share it with one's own followers, a user can click the retweet button within the Tweet."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Using SMS", "text": "The tweets were set to a largely constrictive 140-character limit for compatibility with SMS messaging, introducing the shorthand notation and slang commonly used in SMS messages."}], "text": "Twitter bot is a analog feed that is 140 characters that re-post tweets.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 8, "wikipedia_page": "Twitter"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Aftermath | Medal of Honor", "text": "64 of the awards were for actions taken during the battle itself, with the first recipient being awarded in December 1864."}], "id": "gC7S2gCJ0NCuOELgrYx5", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Aftermath | Medal of Honor", "text": "There were 72 Medals of Honor awarded for the Gettysburg Campaign."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | Medal of Honor", "text": "The last Medal of Honor was posthumously awarded to Lieutenant Alonzo Cushing in 2014."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | Medal of Honor", "text": "64 of the awards were for actions taken during the battle itself, with the first recipient being awarded in December 1864."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | Gettysburg Address", "text": "During this ceremony, President Abraham Lincoln honored the fallen and redefined the purpose of the war in his historic Gettysburg Address."}, {"section_header": "Background | Initial movements to battle", "text": "Stuart and his three best brigades were absent from the army during the crucial phase of the approach to Gettysburg and the first two days of battle."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | Casualties", "text": "The casualties for both sides during the entire campaign were 57,225.In addition to being the deadliest battle of the war, Gettysburg also had the highest number of generals killed in action."}, {"section_header": "Second day of battle | Attacks on the Union right flank", "text": "Avery was wounded early on, but the Confederates reached the crest of the hill and entered the Union breastworks, capturing one or two batteries."}, {"section_header": "First day of battle | Herr Ridge, McPherson Ridge and Seminary Ridge", "text": "About one quarter of Meade's army (22,000 men) and one third of Lee's army (27,000) were engaged."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "On November 19, President Lincoln used the dedication ceremony for the Gettysburg National Cemetery to honor the fallen Union soldiers and redefine the purpose of the war in his historic Gettysburg Address."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Film records survive of two Gettysburg reunions, held on the battlefield."}], "text": "During the Gettysburg Campaign there were seventy two Medals of Honor and the first one was awarded in 1866.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Battle of Gettysburg"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "Set during Christmas 1183 at Henry II of England's castle in Chinon, Anjou, Angevin Empire, the play opens with the arrival of Henry's wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, whom he has had imprisoned since 1173."}], "id": "gI3NuMgtzksEiysOVg1t", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Historicity", "text": "The Lion in Winter is fictional and none of the dialogue and actions are historical; there was not a Christmas Court at Chinon in 1183."}, {"section_header": "Dramatic adaptations | Pastiches and parodies", "text": "The Fox TV drama Empire is explicitly based on The Lion in Winter."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "He is impressive and handsome without being pretty."}, {"section_header": "Dramatic adaptations | Pastiches and parodies", "text": "A radio parody of The Lion in Winter entitled The Leopard in Autumn by Neil Anthony was originally broadcast in BBC Radio 4 in 2001 and 2002 and"}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Yet the play leaves open to question whether any of Henry's three sons should be thought to have been truly loved by either Henry or Eleanor and not merely used by King and Queen as pawns in their ceaseless scheming against one another."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Lion in Winter is a 1966 play by James Goldman, depicting the personal and political conflicts of Henry II of England, his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, their children and their guests during Christmas 1183."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "The story concerns the gamesmanship between Henry, Eleanor, their three surviving sons Richard, Geoffrey, and John, and their Christmas Court guest, the King of France, Philip II Augustus (French: Philippe Auguste), who was the son of Eleanor's ex-husband, Louis VII of France (by his third wife, Adelaide)."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "She has been a queen for nearly 46 years and is thoroughly capable of holding her own in a man's world."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Queen Eleanor (Female, 61) \u2013 Eleanor is the wife of Henry and a beautiful woman of hot temperament, and great authority and presence."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "Set during Christmas 1183 at Henry II of England's castle in Chinon, Anjou, Angevin Empire, the play opens with the arrival of Henry's wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, whom he has had imprisoned since 1173."}], "text": "The Lion in Winter opens with the queen returning to court after being held captive by her husband.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "The Lion in Winter"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a 1963 American comedy film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer with a screenplay by William Rose and Tania Rose from a story by Tania Rose."}], "id": "gKIz8Ay0g1m52nvCD06i", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Cast | Cast notes", "text": "During the production of Mad World, Hope was arguing with the studio about the future projects that he was due in his contract, and they ultimately refused to allow him to appear."}, {"section_header": "Production | Widescreen process", "text": "Ultra Panavision 70 was used to film"}, {"section_header": "Production | Widescreen process", "text": "The film was promoted as the first film made in \"one-projector\" Cinerama. (The original Cinerama process filmed scenes with three separate cameras."}, {"section_header": "Home media", "text": "A restoration effort was made by Harris in an attempt to bring the film back as close as possible to the original roadshow release."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "The consensus states \" It's long, frantic, and stuffed to the gills with comic actors and set pieces\u2014and that's exactly its charm.\" According to Paul Scrabo, Kramer began thinking about his success with Mad World during the 1970s, and considered bringing back many former cast members for a proposed film titled The Sheiks of Araby."}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "A communications mix-up resulted in the use of linen graphic sheets on the sign rather than paper, as planned."}, {"section_header": "Home media", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World aficionados Mark Evanier, Michael Schlesinger, and Paul Scrabo, a new documentary on the film's visual and sound effects, an excerpt from a 1974 talk show hosted by Stanley Kramer featuring Sid Caesar, Buddy Hackett, and Jonathan Winters, a press interview from 1963 featuring Kramer and cast members, excerpts about the film's influence taken from the 2000 American Film Institute program 100 Years ... 100 Laughs, a two-part 1963 episode of Canadian TV program Telescope that follows the film's press junket and premiere, a segment from the 2012 special"}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "The fire escape and ladder miniature used in the final chase sequence is on display at the Hollywood Museum in Hollywood."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "After the money is dug up, Culpeper identifies himself and talks the entire group into turning themselves in, promising a jury will be more lenient if they do."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": ", Mad, Mad, Mad World featured at number 40 in the American Film Institute's list 100 Years ... 100 Laughs."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a 1963 American comedy film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer with a screenplay by William Rose and Tania Rose from a story by Tania Rose."}], "text": "This is a dramatic film made to talk about the madness of the U.S. during the depression.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions."}], "id": "gKcdcx88tK2cTpDfNUf3", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Foreign relations", "text": "It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is a founding member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States (OAS), NATO, and other international organizations."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics", "text": "The United States is a federal republic of 50 states, a federal district, five territories and several uninhabited island possessions."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics", "text": "The Supreme Court, led by the chief justice of the United States, has nine members, who serve for life."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Education", "text": "The United Nations assigns the United States an Education Index of 0.97, tying it for 12th in the world."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "The United States has a very diverse population; 37 ancestry groups have more than one million members."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "The United States is the third most populous nation in the world, after China and India."}, {"section_header": "Infrastructure | Transportation", "text": "Of the world's 50 busiest passenger airports, 16 are in the United States, including the busiest, Hartsfield\u2013Jackson Atlanta International Airport."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Political divisions", "text": "The United States also observes tribal sovereignty of the American Indian nations to a limited degree, as it does with the states' sovereignty."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions."}], "text": "The United States is made up of 50 states and is a member of United Nations.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "United States"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Man Who Came to Dinner is a comedy in three acts by George S. Kaufman and Moss Hart."}], "id": "gL1fHbCpbCnIiWvKqAUL", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Influence of Alexander Woollcott", "text": "Woollcott was delighted with The Man Who Came to Dinner and was offered the role for its Broadway debut."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "The Man Who Came to Dinner was presented on Philip Morris Playhouse July 10, 1942."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "In 1949, The Man Who Came to Dinner was produced for CBS Radio for The Hotpoint Holiday Hour."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Man Who Came to Dinner is a comedy in three acts by George S. Kaufman and Moss Hart."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "Who Came to Dinner approved by the Hart and Kaufman estates which starred Simon Callow as Whiteside, Elizabeth McGovern as Maggie, with Conleth Hill as Bert Jefferson, Cheryl Campbell as Lorraine Sheldon, John Sessions as Banjo and Professor Metz, Colin Stinton as Mr. Stanley, and Malcolm Sinclair as Beverley Carlton."}, {"section_header": "Broadway revivals", "text": "In the movie, Monty Woolley's portrayal at times came across as mean for mean's sake."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Radio", "text": "For Christmas Day, 2000, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a Marcy Kahan adaptation of The Man"}, {"section_header": "Influence of Alexander Woollcott", "text": "At the time the play was written"}, {"section_header": "Influence of Alexander Woollcott", "text": "Woollcott did play Whiteside in the West Coast version of the play and was even joined by Harpo Marx, who portrayed his own referenced character, Banjo."}, {"section_header": "Broadway revivals", "text": "Drama Desk Award nominations went to Cook for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play and Nye for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play."}], "text": "The Man Who Came to Dinner had 3 gigs in the comedic play.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Man Who Came to Dinner"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Activism", "text": "The event raised $300,000 in college scholarship money for students who have survived cancer."}], "id": "gLPyKAe2rzioG3ZC54kD", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Red Hot Chili Peppers (commonly abbreviated as RHCP) are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983."}, {"section_header": "Musical style", "text": "The musical style of the Red Hot Chili Peppers has been characterized as funk rock, alternative rock, funk metal and rap rock, with influences from hard, psychedelic and punk rock."}, {"section_header": "Musical style", "text": "However, he changed this style when Red Hot Chili Peppers formed."}, {"section_header": "History | 1983\u20131984: Early history", "text": "The band released their debut album, The Red Hot Chili Peppers, in August 1984."}, {"section_header": "History | 1998\u20132001: Return of Frusciante and Californication", "text": "With no guitarist, the Red Hot Chili Peppers were on the verge of breaking up."}, {"section_header": "Activism", "text": "The event raised $300,000 in college scholarship money for students who have survived cancer."}, {"section_header": "History | 1983\u20131984: Early history", "text": "The band changed its name to Red Hot Chili Peppers, playing several shows at LA venues."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1998, following Navarro's dismissal, Frusciante returned to Red Hot Chili Peppers."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After the Stadium Arcadium tour, Red Hot Chili Peppers went on an extended hiatus."}, {"section_header": "History | 2010\u20132014: I'm with You", "text": "I'm with You, the tenth Red Hot Chili Peppers album, was released in the US in August 2011."}], "text": "In 2018, the American rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers raised $300,000 for students who are pursuing music careers.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Red Hot Chili Peppers"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Vichy France (French: R\u00e9gime de Vichy) is the common name of the French State (\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais) headed by Marshal Philippe P\u00e9tain during World War II."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "While Paris remained the de jure capital of France, the government chose to relocate to the town of Vichy, 360 km (220 mi) to the south in the zone libre, which thus became the de facto capital of the French State."}], "id": "gRhIRztNjADBzLCpm13i", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government | Conditions of armistice and 10 July 1940 vote of full powers | Vichy government", "text": "On 10 July 1940, the Parliament and the government gathered in the quiet spa town of Vichy, their provisional capital in central France. (Lyon, France's second-largest city, would have been a more logical choice but mayor \u00c9douard Herriot was too associated with the Third Republic."}, {"section_header": "Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government", "text": "The Armistice with France (Second Compi\u00e8gne) agreement was signed on 22 June 1940."}, {"section_header": "Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government | Conditions of armistice and 10 July 1940 vote of full powers", "text": "The armistice divided France into occupied and unoccupied zones: northern and western France, including the entire Atlantic coast, was occupied by Germany, and the remaining two-fifths of the country was under the control of the French government with the capital at Vichy under P\u00e9tain."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "While Paris remained the de jure capital of France, the government chose to relocate to the town of Vichy, 360 km (220 mi) to the south in the zone libre, which thus became the de facto capital of the French State."}, {"section_header": "Foreign relations | Colonial struggle with Free France | India and Oceania", "text": "They then served as bases for the Allied effort in the Pacific and contributed troops to the Free French Forces."}, {"section_header": "Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government | Conditions of armistice and 10 July 1940 vote of full powers | German custody", "text": "Attempts to negotiate the point with Germany proved unsuccessful, and the French decided not to press the issue to the point of refusing the Armistice."}, {"section_header": "Foreign relations | Colonial struggle with Free France | India and Oceania", "text": "Noum\u00e9a served as a headquarters of the United States Navy and Army in the South Pacific, and as a repair base for Allied vessels."}, {"section_header": "Historiographical debates and \"Vichy Syndrome\"", "text": "While the criminal behaviour of Vichy France was consistently acknowledged, this point of view denied any responsibility of the state of France, alleging that acts committed between 1940 and 1944 were unconstitutional acts devoid of legitimacy."}, {"section_header": "Foreign relations | Colonial struggle with Free France | India and Oceania", "text": "This allowed American forces to build an airbase and seaplane base on Wallis (Navy 207) that served the Allied Pacific operations."}, {"section_header": "Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government | Conditions of armistice and 10 July 1940 vote of full powers | Vichy government", "text": "One Senator and 26 Deputies were on the Massilia."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Vichy France (French: R\u00e9gime de Vichy) is the common name of the French State (\u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais) headed by Marshal Philippe P\u00e9tain during World War II."}], "text": "At one point, Vichy France served as the second capital of France.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Vichy France"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Physical characteristics", "text": "It lacks a definite surface, though it may have a solid core."}], "id": "gVBeM3EuPcJeo0kloPIZ", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Natural satellites | Planetary rings", "text": "One hypothesis is that the rings are remnants of a destroyed moon of Saturn."}, {"section_header": "Natural satellites", "text": "It is the only satellite with hydrocarbon lakes."}, {"section_header": "Natural satellites", "text": "Many of the other moons are small: 34 are less than 10 km in diameter and another 14 between 10 and 50 km in diameter."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It only has one-eighth the average density of Earth; however, with its larger volume, Saturn is over 95 times more massive."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics", "text": "It lacks a definite surface, though it may have a solid core."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics", "text": "The combination of the bulge and rotation rate means that the effective surface gravity along the equator, 8.96 m/s2, is 74% that at the poles and is lower than the surface gravity of Earth."}, {"section_header": "History of observation and exploration | Modern NASA and ESA probes | Voyager flybys", "text": "Surface features of various moons were seen for the first time."}, {"section_header": "History of observation and exploration | Modern NASA and ESA probes | Cassini\u2013Huygens spacecraft", "text": "Huygens descended onto the surface of Titan on 14 January 2005.Starting in early 2005, scientists used Cassini to track lightning on Saturn."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Saturn's magnetic field strength is around one-twentieth of Jupiter's."}, {"section_header": "Orbit and rotation", "text": "With an average orbital speed of 9.68 km/s, it takes Saturn 10,759 Earth days (or about \u200b29 1\u20442 years) to finish one revolution around the Sun."}], "text": "Saturn has many hydrocarbon pools on its surface.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Saturn"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "His playing time was gradually curtailed as he concentrated on management."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "An active sportswriter for many years, he wrote the first definitive history of black baseball in 1907."}], "id": "gYpBIm9Amr2I9FaQfsdc", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Managerial career", "text": "He brought along Rube Foster and a number of American black players, but the team lost five of its first six games, and White and most of his players were released."}, {"section_header": "Managerial career", "text": "He returned to baseball to serve as secretary for the Columbus Buckeyes of the Negro National League in 1921, and helped bring in his old player, John Henry Lloyd, as player-manager."}, {"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "By the time he was 16, he \"attracted the attention of managers of independent teams throughout the Ohio Valley and his services were in great demand.\" Originally a shortstop, White eventually \"developed into a great all-round player filling any position from catcher to right field.\" In 1887 he joined the Pittsburgh Keystones of the National Colored Base Ball League[1] as a left fielder and later second baseman."}, {"section_header": "Managerial career", "text": "In 1910 he was hired to manage the Brooklyn Royal Giants, but had trouble controlling some of the players, and left after the season."}, {"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "\" The book was also illustrated with 57 photographs of players, manager, and owners, many of them found nowhere else."}, {"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "In addition to White's narrative of the history of black professional teams, the book featured chapters on \"Colored Baseball as a Profession,\" \"The Color Line,\" and \"Managers' Troubles,\" among others."}, {"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "Sol always remembered that game for the captain and second baseman of the Marietta team was none other than Ban B. Johnson, in later years president of the American League and a leading sportsman of the West."}, {"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "In the off-season the Ohio State League renamed itself the Tri-State League and banned black players, including White."}, {"section_header": "Managerial career", "text": "The Giants were at first paid on a profit-sharing \"cooperative plan,\" but in 1903 White reorganized the team and put all the players on salary."}, {"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "In 1891 he played for the Big Gorhams of New York, a team that he later called \"without a doubt one of the strongest teams ever gotten together, white or black.\" The Gorhams briefly represented Norwalk, Connecticut, in the Connecticut State League."}, {"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "His playing time was gradually curtailed as he concentrated on management."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "An active sportswriter for many years, he wrote the first definitive history of black baseball in 1907."}], "text": "American baseball player was a black player in Pittsburgh who later managed teams.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Sol White"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The standard unit of kinetic energy is the joule, while the imperial unit of kinetic energy is the foot-pound."}], "id": "gZB6rpZWeszMtJRgNwHw", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History and etymology", "text": "mv2 was first developed by Gottfried Leibniz and Johann Bernoulli, who described kinetic energy as the living force, vis viva."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The standard unit of kinetic energy is the joule, while the imperial unit of kinetic energy is the foot-pound."}, {"section_header": "History and etymology", "text": "The dichotomy between kinetic energy and potential energy can be traced back to Aristotle's concepts of actuality and potentiality."}, {"section_header": "Kinetic energy in quantum mechanics", "text": "The density functional formalism of quantum mechanics requires knowledge of the electron density only, i.e., it formally does not require knowledge of the wavefunction."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In physics, the kinetic energy (KE) of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion."}, {"section_header": "History and etymology", "text": "The terms kinetic energy and work in their present scientific meanings date back to the mid-19th century."}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of rigid bodies", "text": "In SI units, mass is measured in kilograms, speed in metres per second, and the resulting kinetic energy is in joules."}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Fluid dynamics", "text": "m m v 2                                     {\\displaystyle E_{\\text{k}}={\\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}}   Dividing by V, the unit of volume: E"}, {"section_header": "Relativistic kinetic energy of rigid bodies", "text": "With m being an object's rest mass, v and v its velocity and speed, and c the speed of light in vacuum, we use the expression for linear momentum"}, {"section_header": "History and etymology", "text": "Early understandings of these ideas can be attributed to Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis, who in 1829 published the paper titled Du Calcul de l'Effet des Machines outlining the mathematics of kinetic energy."}], "text": "Kinetic energy (KE) has the standard unit of the watt and the idea can be traced back to Aristotle but the math was formalized by Leibniz and Johann Bernoulli.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Kinetic energy"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Suez Canal (Arabic: \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u200e qan\u0101t as-suw\u0113s) is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez."}], "id": "gb3XGhoNZdr86R8mqOiv", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is often considered to define the border between Africa and Asia."}, {"section_header": "Alternative routes | Northern Sea Route", "text": "In recent years, the shrinking Arctic sea ice has made the Northern Sea Route feasible for commercial cargo ships between Europe and East Asia during a six-to-eight-week window in the summer months, shortening the voyage by thousands of miles compared to that through the Suez Canal."}, {"section_header": "Precursors | Canals dug by Necho, Darius I and Ptolemy", "text": "Darius commemorated his achievement with a number of granite stelae that he set up on the Nile bank, including one near Kabret, and a further one a few miles north of Suez."}, {"section_header": "Layout and operation | Capacity", "text": "The canal allows passage of ships up to 20 m (66 ft) draft or 240,000 deadweight tons and up to a height of 68 m (223 ft) above water level and a maximum beam of 77.5 m (254 ft) under certain conditions."}, {"section_header": "Precursors | Napoleon's discovery of an ancient canal", "text": "During the French campaign in Egypt and Syria in late 1798, Napoleon showed an interest in finding the remnants of an ancient waterway passage."}, {"section_header": "History | UN presence", "text": "Despite the efforts of the United States, Israel, Egypt, and others to obtain an extension of the UN role in observing the peace between Israel and Egypt, as called for under the Egypt\u2013Israel Peace Treaty of 1979, the mandate could not be extended because of the veto by the Soviet Union in the UN Security Council, at the request of Syria."}, {"section_header": "Precursors | Second millennium BCE", "text": "So he first, and Darius afterwards, stopped making the canal, lest the sea should mix with the river water and spoil it."}, {"section_header": "History | Company rule after opening", "text": "It played an important role in increasing European colonization of Africa."}, {"section_header": "Suez Canal Economic Zone", "text": "The zone incorporates the three \"Qualifying Industrial Zones\" at Port Said, Ismailia and Suez, a 1996 American initiative to encourage economic ties between Israel and its neighbors."}, {"section_header": "History | Inauguration (17 November 1869)", "text": "The following boats had to anchor in the canal itself until the P\u00e9luse was hauled clear the next morning, making it difficult for them to join that night's celebration in Ismailia."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Suez Canal (Arabic: \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u200e qan\u0101t as-suw\u0113s) is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez."}], "text": "The Suez Canal in Syria makes up the border between the continents of Africa and Asia.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Suez Canal"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Elion was born in New York City on January 23, 1918, to parents Robert Elion, a Lithuanian Jewish immigrant and a dentist, and Bertha Cohen, a Polish immigrant."}], "id": "gheGoYeJ05l4qA9t75ud", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Her family lost their wealth after the Wall Street Crash of 1929."}, {"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Elion was born in New York City on January 23, 1918, to parents Robert Elion, a Lithuanian Jewish immigrant and a dentist, and Bertha Cohen, a Polish immigrant."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gertrude \"Trudy\" Belle Elion (January 23, 1918 \u2013 February 21, 1999) was an American biochemist and pharmacologist, who shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with George H. Hitchings and Sir James Black for their use of innovative methods of rational drug design for the development of new drugs."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Soon after graduating from Hunter College, Elion met Leonard Canter, an outstanding statistics student at City College of New York (CCNY)."}, {"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "She never obtained a formal Ph.D., but was later awarded an honorary Ph.D. from New York University Tandon School of Engineering (then Polytechnic University of New York) in 1989 and an honorary S.D. degree from Harvard University in 1998."}, {"section_header": "Selected works by Gertrude B. Elion", "text": "Elion, G. (1989). \" The Purine Path to Chemotherapy\"."}, {"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Eventually, she saved up enough money to attend New York University and she earned her M.Sc."}, {"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "She pursued graduate studies at night school at New York University Tandon School of Engineering (then Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute),"}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "Elion was the fifth female Nobel laureate in Medicine and the ninth in science in general, and one of only a handful of laureates without a doctoral degree."}, {"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "In 1944, she left to work as an assistant to George H. Hitchings at the Burroughs-Wellcome pharmaceutical company (now GlaxoSmithKline) in Tuckahoe, New York."}], "text": "Gertrude B. Elion was born in New York City on January 23, 1918 in which her family lost their wealth after the Wall Street Crash of 1929.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Gertrude B. Elion"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sir Henry Morton Stanley (born John Rowlands; 28 January 1841 \u2013  10 May 1904) was a Welsh-American journalist, explorer, soldier, colonial administrator, author and politician who was famous for his exploration of central Africa and his search for missionary and explorer David Livingstone, whom he later claimed to have greeted with the now-famous line: \"Dr Livingstone, I presume?"}], "id": "gibuBnh95beWweuaW35o", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Journalist", "text": "Following the Civil War, Stanley became a journalist in the days of frontier expansion in the American West."}, {"section_header": "Journalist", "text": "Stanley accompanied that force as a special correspondent of the New York Herald."}, {"section_header": "Emin Pasha Relief Expedition", "text": "James Sligo Jameson, heir to Irish whiskey manufacturer Jameson's, bought an 11-year-old girl and offered her to cannibals to document and sketch how she was cooked and eaten."}, {"section_header": "Journalist", "text": "He then organised an expedition to the Ottoman Empire that ended catastrophically when he was imprisoned."}, {"section_header": "Journalist", "text": "He eventually talked his way out of jail and received restitution for damaged expedition equipment."}, {"section_header": "Journalist", "text": "In 1867, the Emperor of Ethiopia, Tewodros II held a British envoy and others hostage, and a force was sent to achieve the release of the hostages."}, {"section_header": "Journalist", "text": "Stanley's report  on the Battle of Magdala in 1868 was the first to be published."}, {"section_header": "Journalist", "text": "Subsequently, he was assigned to report on Spain's Glorious Revolution in 1868."}, {"section_header": "Works depicting Stanley", "text": "In 2004, Welsh journalist Tim Butcher wrote his book Blood River: A Journey to Africa's Broken Heart."}, {"section_header": "Controversies | Overview", "text": "When he met the American journalist and traveller May Sheldon, he was attracted because she was a modern woman who insisted on serious conversation and not social chit-chat."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sir Henry Morton Stanley (born John Rowlands; 28 January 1841 \u2013  10 May 1904) was a Welsh-American journalist, explorer, soldier, colonial administrator, author and politician who was famous for his exploration of central Africa and his search for missionary and explorer David Livingstone, whom he later claimed to have greeted with the now-famous line: \"Dr Livingstone, I presume?"}], "text": "Stanley was an Irish journalist.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Henry Morton Stanley"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Novels | The Exorcist (1971)", "text": "The Exorcist is a 1971 novel by American writer William Peter Blatty."}], "id": "gimnOUj7BbxDj833RZ70", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Novels | The Exorcist (1971)", "text": "In September 2011, the novel was reprinted by Harper Collins to celebrate its fortieth anniversary, with slight revisions made by Blatty as well as interior title artwork by Jeremy Caniglia."}, {"section_header": "Novels | The Exorcist (1971)", "text": "The Exorcist is a 1971 novel by American writer William Peter Blatty."}, {"section_header": "Novels | The Exorcist (1971)", "text": "The novel was inspired by a 1949 case of demonic possession and exorcism that Blatty heard about while he was a student in the class of 1950 at Georgetown University."}, {"section_header": "Parodies and pastiches", "text": "In 1975, Britain released The Devil Within Her (also called I Don't Want to Be Born) with Joan Collins as an exotic dancer who gives birth to a demon-possessed child."}, {"section_header": "Films | The Exorcist (1973)", "text": "The Exorcist is a 1973 American supernatural horror film directed by William Friedkin, adapted by William Peter Blatty from his 1971 novel of the same name, and starring Ellen Burstyn, Linda Blair, Max von Sydow, and Jason Miller."}, {"section_header": "Novels | The Exorcist (1971)", "text": "The book details the demonic possession of twelve-year-old Regan MacNeil, the daughter of a famous actress, and the two priests who attempt to exorcise the demon."}, {"section_header": "Novels | The Exorcist (1971)", "text": "It was published by Harper & Row."}, {"section_header": "Novels | The Exorcist (1971)", "text": "As a result, the novel takes place in Washington D.C. near the campus of Georgetown University."}, {"section_header": "Unmade sequels and remakes", "text": "In November 2009, it was announced that Blatty planned to direct a miniseries of The Exorcist."}, {"section_header": "Films | Related films | The Ninth Configuration (1980)", "text": "Though it contrasts sharply with the tone of The Exorcist, Blatty regards Configuration as its true sequel."}], "text": "Blatty wrote it in 1971 and it was reprinted by Collins in 2010.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "The Exorcist"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The story begins on Wang Lung's wedding day and follows the rise and fall of his fortunes."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was the best-selling novel in the United States in both 1931 and 1932, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1932, and was influential in Buck's winning the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1938."}], "id": "glt0fsBFn63f3CcpTl0Y", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "However, the 1937 film, The Good Earth, which was based on the stage version, was more successful."}, {"section_header": "Political influence", "text": "Some scholars have seen The Good Earth as creating sympathy for China in the oncoming war with Japan."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Good Earth is a novel by Pearl S. Buck published in 1931 that dramatizes family life in a Chinese village in the early 20th century."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The story begins on Wang Lung's wedding day and follows the rise and fall of his fortunes."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Wang Lung's concubines and servants", "text": "Helps arrange the eldest son's and youngest daughter's marriages."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was the best-selling novel in the United States in both 1931 and 1932, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1932, and was influential in Buck's winning the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1938."}, {"section_header": "Political influence", "text": "If they had, Americans would have been fighting in Asia long before 1941.\"The Columbia University political scientist Andrew J. Nathan praised Hilary Spurling's book Pearl Buck in China: Journey to The Good Earth, saying that it should move readers to rediscover Buck's work as a source of insight into both revolutionary China and the United States' interactions with it."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "When a food riot erupts, Wang Lung is swept up in a mob that is looting a rich man's house and corners the man himself, who fears for his life and gives Wang Lung all his money in order to buy his safety."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the first book in her House of Earth trilogy, continued in Sons (1932) and A House Divided (1935)."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Following the marriage of Wang Lung and O-Lan, both work hard on their farm and slowly save enough money to buy one plot of land at a time from the Hwang family."}], "text": "The Good Earth is an award winning tale about a Asian man's marriage ceremony day.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Good Earth"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early history | 1789\u20131800", "text": "Washington never used the mansion because it was not completed until after the national capital was moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in December 1790.The"}, {"section_header": "Early history | 1789\u20131800", "text": "Following his April 1789 inauguration, President George Washington occupied two private houses in New York City as the executive mansion."}], "id": "gnZwitKOr0M2BLxeVtiJ", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "The White House since the Kennedy restoration", "text": "In 2013, President Barack Obama had a set of solar panels installed on the roof of the White House, making it the first time solar power would be used for the president's living quarters."}, {"section_header": "Public access and security | Historical accessibility", "text": "Lincoln put up with the annoyance rather than risk alienating some associate or friend of a powerful politician or opinion maker."}, {"section_header": "Early history | Design influences", "text": "The building Hoban designed is verifiably influenced by the upper floors of Leinster House, in Dublin, which later became the seat of the Oireachtas (the Irish parliament)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The term \"White House\" is often used as a metonym for the president and his advisers."}, {"section_header": "The White House since the Kennedy restoration | Layout and amenities", "text": "Today the group of buildings housing the presidency is known as the White House Complex."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States."}, {"section_header": "Early history | Naming conventions", "text": "Although the structure was not completed until some years after the presidency of George Washington, there is speculation that the name of the traditional residence of the president of the United States may have derived from Martha Washington's home, White House Plantation in Virginia, where the nation's first president had courted the first lady in the mid-18th century."}, {"section_header": "Early history | 1789\u20131800", "text": "On Saturday, November 1, 1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House."}, {"section_header": "The White House since the Kennedy restoration", "text": "Furniture, fixtures, and decorative arts could now be declared either historic or of artistic interest by the president."}, {"section_header": "The White House since the Kennedy restoration", "text": "A Carter-era innovation, a set of solar water heating panels that were mounted on the roof of the White House, was removed during Reagan's presidency."}, {"section_header": "Early history | 1789\u20131800", "text": "Washington never used the mansion because it was not completed until after the national capital was moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in December 1790.The"}, {"section_header": "Early history | 1789\u20131800", "text": "Following his April 1789 inauguration, President George Washington occupied two private houses in New York City as the executive mansion."}], "text": "The White House was not always the seat of power of the President.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "White House"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Bowie was born David Robert Jones on 8 January 1947 in Brixton, London."}], "id": "gunEH6XDwtTMNfgBxKfe", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Her paternal grandparents were Irish immigrants who had settled in Manchester."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1999\u20132012: Neoclassicist era", "text": "On 25 June 2000, Bowie made his second appearance at the Glastonbury Festival in England, playing 30 years after his first."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "At the mural of Bowie in his birthplace of Brixton, south London, which shows him in his Aladdin Sane character, fans laid flowers and sang his songs."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1974\u20131976: \"Plastic soul\" and the Thin White Duke", "text": "He later commented that the accompanying live album, David Live, ought to have been titled \"David Bowie Is Alive and"}, {"section_header": "Legacy and influence", "text": "On 8 January 2017, which would have been Bowie's 70th birthday, a charity concert in his birthplace of Brixton was hosted by the actor Gary Oldman, a close friend."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1968\u20131971: Space Oddity to Hunky Dory", "text": "A girlfriend recalled his \"scrawling notes on a cocktail napkin about a crazy rock star named Iggy or Ziggy\", and on his return to England he declared his intention to create a character \"who looks like he's landed from Mars\"."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Bowie was born David Robert Jones on 8 January 1947 in Brixton, London."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 2013\u20132016: Final years", "text": "An exhibition of Bowie artefacts, called David Bowie Is, was organised by the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, and shown there in 2013."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "David Robert Jones (8 January 1947 \u2013 10 January 2016), better known by his stage name David Bowie ( BOH-ee), was an English singer-songwriter and actor."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 2013\u20132016: Final years", "text": "In May 2015, \"Let's Dance\" was announced to be reissued as a yellow vinyl single on 16 July 2015 in conjunction with the David Bowie"}], "text": "David Bowie birthplace is Manchester, England.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "David Bowie"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The concept of diffusion is widely used in many fields, including physics (particle diffusion), chemistry, biology, sociology, economics, and finance (diffusion of people, ideas, and price values)."}], "id": "gwT1PPlrWtlB8zB8NE1j", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History of diffusion in physics", "text": "Another example is well known for many centuries, the diffusion of colors of stained glass or earthenware and Chinese ceramics."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The concept of diffusion is widely used in many fields, including physics (particle diffusion), chemistry, biology, sociology, economics, and finance (diffusion of people, ideas, and price values)."}, {"section_header": "Diffusion in the context of different disciplines", "text": "Therefore, the \"net\" movement of oxygen molecules (the difference between the number of molecules either entering or leaving the cell) is into the cell."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The term convection is used to describe the combination of both transport phenomena."}, {"section_header": "Diffusion in the context of different disciplines", "text": "Random walk of small particles in suspension in a fluid was discovered in 1827 by Robert Brown,he found that minute particle suspended in a liquid medium and just large enough to be visible under an optical microscope exhibit a rapid and continually irregular motion of particles known as Brownian movement."}, {"section_header": "History of diffusion in physics", "text": "In modern science, the first systematic experimental study of diffusion was performed by Thomas Graham."}, {"section_header": "Random walk (random motion) | Other types of diffusion", "text": "Momentum diffusion ex. the diffusion of the hydrodynamic velocity field"}, {"section_header": "Diffusion in physics | The theory of diffusion in gases based on Boltzmann's equation", "text": "For example, in the Earth's gravitational field, the heavier molecules should go down, or in electric field the charged molecules should move, until this effect is not equilibrated by the sum of other terms."}, {"section_header": "Random walk (random motion) | Other types of diffusion", "text": "Anisotropic diffusion, also known as the Perona\u2013Malik equation, enhances high gradients"}, {"section_header": "Random walk (random motion) | Other types of diffusion", "text": "Anomalous diffusion, in porous medium Atomic diffusion, in solids Bohm diffusion, spread of plasma across magnetic fields"}], "text": "Diffusion is known to be phenomena in many different fields of science.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Diffusion"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Pitching style", "text": "Perry had a reputation throughout his career for doctoring baseballs, and was inspected on the mound by umpires and monitored closely by opposing teams."}], "id": "h0blMoC7FxizSYLjie1b", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gaylord Jackson Perry (born September 15, 1938) is an American former professional baseball player."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Perry has three daughters. Perry had one son, Gaylord Jackson"}, {"section_header": "Pitching style", "text": "Perry had a reputation throughout his career for doctoring baseballs, and was inspected on the mound by umpires and monitored closely by opposing teams."}, {"section_header": "Pitching style", "text": "\"Perry used his reputation to psyche out the hitters as well."}, {"section_header": "Pitching style", "text": "Jackson returned from the dugout with a container of Gatorade, splashing Gatorade onto the field while yelling at the umpire that Perry should be allowed to use the Gatorade on the baseball."}, {"section_header": "Honors", "text": "The Sporting News ranked Perry 97th on their list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players."}, {"section_header": "Pitching style", "text": "Reggie Jackson was so upset after striking out against Perry one time that Jackson was ejected from the game."}, {"section_header": "Post-playing career", "text": "In 1999, The Sporting News ranked him 97th on their list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Gaylord attended Williamston High School, where he played football, basketball and baseball."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Atlanta Braves (1981)", "text": "During the strike-shortened 1981 season, Perry, the oldest player at the time in Major League baseball, started 23 games (150.2 innings) and had an 8\u20139 record."}], "text": "American baseball player Gaylord Jackson Perry had a reputation for trying to cheat.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Gaylord Perry"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Music career | The Rocky Horror Picture Show", "text": "The success of the musical led to the filming of The Rocky Horror Picture Show in which Meat Loaf played only Eddie, a decision he said made the movie not as good as the musical."}], "id": "h1ct9FdsI2jG1Bi1cDuT", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Music career | The Rocky Horror Picture Show", "text": "In late 1973, Meat Loaf was cast in the original L.A. Roxy cast of The Rocky Horror Show, playing the parts of Eddie and Dr. Everett Scott."}, {"section_header": "Music career | The Rocky Horror Picture Show", "text": "The success of the musical led to the filming of The Rocky Horror Picture Show in which Meat Loaf played only Eddie, a decision he said made the movie not as good as the musical."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "His most notable film roles include Eddie in The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975), and Robert \"Bob\" Paulson in Fight Club (1999)."}, {"section_header": "Music career | The Rocky Horror Picture Show", "text": "Two other cast members from More Than You Deserve were also part of this cast; Graham Jarvis (playing The Narrator) and Kim Milford (playing Rocky)."}, {"section_header": "Music career | The Rocky Horror Picture Show", "text": "Meat Loaf later returned occasionally to perform \"Hot Patootie \u2013 Bless My Soul\" for a special Rocky Horror reunion or convention, and rarely at his own live shows (one performance of which was released in the 1996 Live Around the World CD set)."}, {"section_header": "Music career | The Rocky Horror Picture Show", "text": "During his recording of the soundtrack for Rocky Horror, Meat Loaf recorded two more songs: \"Stand by Me\" (a Ben E. King cover), and \"Clap Your Hands\"."}, {"section_header": "Music career | The Rocky Horror Picture Show", "text": "He then convinced Lou Adler, the producer of Rocky Horror, to run the \"Paradise\" video as a trailer to the movie."}, {"section_header": "In media", "text": "the series' tribute episode to The Rocky Horror Picture Show."}, {"section_header": "Music career | The Rocky Horror Picture Show", "text": "Meat Loaf's final theatrical show in New York was Gower Champion's Rockabye Hamlet, a Hamlet musical."}, {"section_header": "Music career | The Rocky Horror Picture Show", "text": "Meat Loaf sang lead on five of the album's nine tracks."}], "text": "In the original theater play of Rocky Horror Picture Show Meat loaf played Dr. Scott as well as Eddie instead of just Eddie as in the film.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Meat Loaf"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Trial (original German title: Der Process, later Der Proce\u00df, Der Proze\u00df and Der Prozess) is a novel written by Franz Kafka between 1914 and 1915 and published posthumously in 1925."}], "id": "h3xpdDhzSIBkL7oEINRt", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Heavily influenced by Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment and The Brothers Karamazov, Kafka even went so far as to call Dostoyevsky a blood relative."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Trial (original German title: Der Process, later Der Proce\u00df, Der Proze\u00df and Der Prozess) is a novel written by Franz Kafka between 1914 and 1915 and published posthumously in 1925."}, {"section_header": "Interpretation | Relations to other texts by Kafka", "text": "There are many parallels between Kafka's The Trial and his other major novel, The Castle."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After Kafka's death in 1924 his friend and literary executor Max Brod edited the text for publication by Verlag Die Schmiede."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Like Kafka's other novels, The Trial was never completed, although it does include a chapter which appears to bring the story to an intentionally abrupt ending."}, {"section_header": "Interpretation", "text": "Kafka's novel The Castle shows similar tendencies as well."}, {"section_header": "Stage adaptations", "text": "His version of The Trial was first performed in 1970 in London and published in 1981."}, {"section_header": "Stage adaptations", "text": "The writer and director Steven Berkoff adapted several of Kafka's novels into plays and directed them for stage."}, {"section_header": "Stage adaptations", "text": "Directed by Fran\u00e7ois Girard, his version of The Trial was first performed in 2004 in Montreal and Ottawa, Canada, and published in 2005."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Willem and Franz \u2013 Officers who arrest K. one morning but refuse to disclose the crime he is said to have committed."}], "text": "The novel The Trial was published after Franz Kafka's death and was heavily influenced by Dostoyevsky.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Trial"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A stage, film and television star, she was known during her 60-year career as a consummate and versatile professional for her strong, realistic screen presence."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Barbara Stanwyck (born Ruby Catherine Stevens; July 16, 1907 \u2013 January 20, 1990) was an American actress, model and dancer."}], "id": "h4NQzdDVGJbJf7gIIxgA", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Stanwyck got her start on the stage in the chorus as a Ziegfeld girl in 1923 at age 16 and within a few years was acting in plays."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A stage, film and television star, she was known during her 60-year career as a consummate and versatile professional for her strong, realistic screen presence."}, {"section_header": "Film career", "text": "\" Film critic David Thomson described Stanwyck as \"giving one of the best American comedy performances\", and its reviewed as brilliantly versatile in \"her bravura double performance\" by The Guardian."}, {"section_header": "Ziegfeld girl and Broadway success", "text": "She became a picture star. She is Barbara Stanwyck."}, {"section_header": "Film career", "text": "\"Many of her roles involve strong characters, yet Stanwyck was known for her accessibility and kindness to the backstage crew on any film set."}, {"section_header": "Television career", "text": "The Barbara Stanwyck Show was not a ratings success, but it earned her an Emmy Award."}, {"section_header": "Film career", "text": "Pauline Kael, a longtime film critic for The New Yorker, admired the natural appearance of Stanwyck's acting style on screen, noting that she \"seems to have an intuitive understanding of the fluid physical movements that work best on camera\"."}, {"section_header": "Ziegfeld girl and Broadway success", "text": "As initially staged, the play was not a success."}, {"section_header": "Ziegfeld girl and Broadway success", "text": "At the suggestion of David Belasco, Ruby changed her name to Barbara Stanwyck by combining the first name from the play Barbara Frietchie with the last name of the actress in the play, Jane Stanwyck; both were found on a 1906 theater program."}, {"section_header": "Film career", "text": "In this update of the Snow White and Seven Dwarfs tale, she gives professor Gary Cooper a better understanding of \"modern English\" in the performance for which she received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Barbara Stanwyck (born Ruby Catherine Stevens; July 16, 1907 \u2013 January 20, 1990) was an American actress, model and dancer."}], "text": "Barbara Stanwyck was best known for her acting and stage performances.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Barbara Stanwyck"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Richie considered studying divinity to become a priest in the Episcopal Church, but he ultimately decided he was not \"priest material\" and decided to continue his musical career."}], "id": "h6WIGfqKOeAEq7jLrME6", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life | Health", "text": "Richie suffered prolonged throat problems and had surgery four times in four years before being told by conventional doctors that he could lose his singing career."}, {"section_header": "Career | Popularity in the Arab world", "text": "I love Lionel Richie,' they say."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "show An Audience with Lionel Richie."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "In accepting the award, Richie said: \"Forget about surviving 30 some odd years in the music business, Lionel Richie survived 27 years of Nicole Richie.\" On December 31, 2008, Richie performed in Times Square for the New Year's Eve celebration and ball drop."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Richie was born and raised in Tuskegee, Alabama, the son of Lionel Brockman Richie Sr. and Alberta R. Foster"}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "Richie was also awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music."}, {"section_header": "Career | Popularity in the Arab world", "text": "They can sing an entire Lionel Richie song."}, {"section_header": "Career | Popularity in the Arab world", "text": "Richie was against the war and has said he would like to perform in Baghdad someday."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Genealogy", "text": "On March 4, 2011, Richie appeared on NBC's Who"}, {"section_header": "Career | Commodores", "text": "Richie and Rogers maintained a strong friendship in later years."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Richie considered studying divinity to become a priest in the Episcopal Church, but he ultimately decided he was not \"priest material\" and decided to continue his musical career."}], "text": "Richie wanted to be a clergyman.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Lionel Richie"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reflection of light", "text": "When light reflects off of a material with higher refractive index than the medium in which is traveling, it undergoes a 180\u00b0 phase shift."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light", "text": "In fact, reflection of light may occur whenever light travels from a medium of a given refractive index into a medium with a different refractive index."}], "id": "h80eoJag9Jj45hKdIL2I", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reflection of light | Complex conjugate reflection", "text": "If one were to look into a complex conjugating mirror, it would be black because only the photons which left the pupil would reach the pupil."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light", "text": "In fact, reflection of light may occur whenever light travels from a medium of a given refractive index into a medium with a different refractive index."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light", "text": "When light reflects off of a material with higher refractive index than the medium in which is traveling, it undergoes a 180\u00b0 phase shift."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light | Laws of reflection | Mechanism", "text": "Light\u2013matter interaction in terms of photons is a topic of quantum electrodynamics, and is described in detail by Richard Feynman in his popular book QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light | Diffuse reflection", "text": "The exact form of the reflection depends on the structure of the material."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light | Multiple reflections", "text": "When light reflects off a mirror, one image appears."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light", "text": "Reflection of light is either specular (mirror-like) or diffuse (retaining the energy, but losing the image) depending on the nature of the interface."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light | Retroreflection", "text": "The image produced is the inverse of one produced by a single mirror."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light", "text": "Total internal reflection of light from a denser medium occurs if the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated."}], "text": "The reflection of photons are dependent on the medium at which the photons are traveling.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Reflection (physics)"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Council of Constance was a 15th-century ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church, held from 1414 to 1418 in the Bishopric of Constance in present-day Germany."}], "id": "h9HaF4H1wo6RoYlCtDRT", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Origin and background", "text": "The council's main purpose was to end the Papal schism which had resulted from the confusion following the Avignon Papacy."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Council of Constance was a 15th-century ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church, held from 1414 to 1418 in the Bishopric of Constance in present-day Germany."}, {"section_header": "Origin and background", "text": "That council was called by John XXIII and was held from 16 November 1414 to 22 April 1418 in Constance, Germany."}, {"section_header": "Origin and background", "text": "Pope Gregory XI's return to Rome in 1377, followed by his death (in 1378) and the controversial election of his successor, Pope Urban VI, resulted in the defection of a number of cardinals and the election of a rival pope based at Avignon in 1378."}, {"section_header": "Ending the Western Schism", "text": "Gregory XII then sent representatives to Constance, whom he granted full powers to summon, open, and preside over an Ecumenical Council; he also empowered them to present his resignation to the Papacy."}, {"section_header": "Ending the Western Schism", "text": "With the support of King Sigismund, enthroned before the high altar of the cathedral of Constance, the Council of Constance recommended that all three papal claimants abdicate, and that another be chosen."}, {"section_header": "Origin and background", "text": "Though the elected Antipope Alexander V and his successor, Antipope John XXIII (not to be confused with the 20th-century Pope John XXIII), gained widespread support, especially at the cost of the Avignon antipope, the schism remained, now involving not two but three claimants: Gregory XII at Rome, Benedict XIII at Avignon, and John XXIII."}, {"section_header": "Ending the Western Schism", "text": "Thereupon the commission by Gregory XII authorizing his proxy to resign the Papacy on his behalf was read and Malatesta, acting in the name of Gregory XII, pronounced the resignation of the papacy by Gregory XII and handed a written copy of the resignation to the assembly."}, {"section_header": "Ending the Western Schism", "text": "This would pave the way for the end of the Western Schism."}, {"section_header": "Constance", "text": "The four \"nations\" consisted of England, France, Italy, and Germany, with Poles, Hungarians, Danes, and Scandinavians"}], "text": "The council's main purpose  from 1414 to 1418 in the Bishopric of Constance in present-day Germany was to end the Papal schism which had resulted from the confusion following the Avignon Papacy", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Council of Constance"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Barbara Stanwyck (born Ruby Catherine Stevens; July 16, 1907 \u2013 January 20, 1990) was an American actress, model and dancer."}], "id": "hAYP2uYUn622aMIYVYES", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After she moved into television in the 1960s, she won three Emmy Awards \u2013 for The Barbara Stanwyck Show (1961), the western series"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Barbara Stanwyck (born Ruby Catherine Stevens; July 16, 1907 \u2013 January 20, 1990) was an American actress, model and dancer."}, {"section_header": "Television career", "text": "The Barbara Stanwyck Show was not a ratings success, but it earned her an Emmy Award."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Described as one of the ultimate portrayals of villainy, it is widely thought that Stanwyck should have won the Academy Award for Best Actress rather than being just nominated."}, {"section_header": "Ziegfeld girl and Broadway success", "text": "At the suggestion of David Belasco, Ruby changed her name to Barbara Stanwyck by combining the first name from the play Barbara Frietchie with the last name of the actress in the play, Jane Stanwyck; both were found on a 1906 theater program."}, {"section_header": "Television career", "text": "In 1983, Stanwyck earned her third Emmy for The Thorn Birds."}, {"section_header": "Ziegfeld girl and Broadway success", "text": "She became a picture star. She is Barbara Stanwyck."}, {"section_header": "Film career", "text": "Her insolent, self-possessed wife is one of the screen's \"definitive studies of villainy - and should (it is widely thought) have won the Oscar for Best Actress\", not just been nominated."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1937 she had the title role in Stella Dallas and received her first Academy Award nomination for best actress."}, {"section_header": "Television career", "text": "The western television series, The Big Valley, which was broadcast on ABC from 1965 to 1969, made her one of the most popular actresses on television, winning her another Emmy."}], "text": "Barbara Stanwyck was an American actress, model and dancer and won three Emmy Awards.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Barbara Stanwyck"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Composition", "text": "There is still no direct evidence about the composition of the inner core."}], "id": "hBCKq1y8Ji9evXHo3bHb", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Dynamics", "text": "In 1996, X. Song and P. Richards estimated this \"super-rotation\" of the inner core relative to the mantle as about one degree per year."}, {"section_header": "Structure | Causes of anisotropy", "text": "One phenomenon that could cause such partial alignment is slow flow (\"creep\") inside the inner core, from the equator towards the poles or vice-versa."}, {"section_header": "Age | Thermodynamic evidence", "text": "One of the ways to estimate the age of the inner core is by modeling the cooling of the Earth, constrained by a minimum value for the heat flux at the core\u2013mantle boundary (CMB)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Earth's inner core is the innermost geologic layer of the Earth."}, {"section_header": "Structure | Causes of anisotropy", "text": "Laboratory data and theoretical computations indicate that the propagation of pressure waves in the hcp crystals of \u03b5-iron are strongly anisotropic, too, with one \"fast\" axis and two equally \"slow\" ones."}, {"section_header": "Structure", "text": "It was even suggested that Earth's inner core might be a single crystal of iron."}, {"section_header": "Age | Paleomagnetic evidence", "text": "They speculated that the change could be due to the birth of Earth's solid inner core."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "There are no samples of the Earth's core available for direct measurement, as there are for the Earth's mantle."}, {"section_header": "Physical properties | Viscosity", "text": "Although seismic waves propagate through the core as if it was solid, the measurements cannot distinguish between a perfectly solid material from an extremely viscous one."}, {"section_header": "Discovery", "text": "She observed that the seismic waves reflect off the boundary of the inner core and can be detected by sensitive seismographs on the Earth's surface."}, {"section_header": "Composition", "text": "There is still no direct evidence about the composition of the inner core."}], "text": "No one knows the exact makeup of the Earth's inner core.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Inner core"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Terminals | Terminal 1", "text": "Featuring 16 gates, it was the operational base for the domestic routes of China Southern Airlines and a few other airlines such as XiamenAir and Chongqing Airlines, and was originally planned to handle domestic traffic excluding those to Hong Kong and Macau."}, {"section_header": "Terminals | Terminal 1", "text": "Terminal 1, with 60,000 m2 (650,000 sq ft) of space, opened on 1 January 1980, and replaced the smaller existing terminal, which had been in operation since 1958."}], "id": "hCXpdDC3I9mg2X9TWDL8", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Terminals | Terminal 1", "text": "Terminal 1 reopened for a second time on 27 June 2008, and became the operational base for all domestic flights operated by the HNA Group including those of Hainan Airlines, Grand China Air, Beijing Capital Airlines and Tianjin Airlines, while all HNA Group's international, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan flights remain in Terminal 2."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The first International flight to China and Beijing Capital International Airport was of Pakistan International Airlines from Islamabad."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Other airlines' domestic and international flights still operated in Terminal 2."}, {"section_header": "Ground transportation | Rail", "text": "Beijing Capital International Airport is served by the Capital Airport Express, a dedicated rail link operated as part of the Beijing Subway system."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The airport is owned and operated by the Beijing Capital International Airport Company Limited, a state-controlled company."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The airport's IATA Airport code, PEK, is based on the city's former romanized name, Peking."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Beijing Capital International Airport ("}, {"section_header": "Other facilities", "text": "Beijing Capital Airlines has its headquarters in the Capital Airlines Building (\u9996\u90fd\u822a\u7a7a\u5927\u53a6; Sh\u01d2ud\u016b H\u00e1ngk\u014dng D\u00e0sh\u00e0) at the airport."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "From September 2019, all Oneworld & SkyTeam flights from Beijing Capital International Airport were transferred to the new Beijing Daxing International Airport except Cathay Pacific and Cathay Dragon."}, {"section_header": "Terminals | Terminal 3 | Airbus A380", "text": "China Southern Airlines operates two flights to Guangzhou Baiyun Airport, Chongqing Jiangbei Airport, and Amsterdam Schiphol Airport starting from 2011, 2013, and 2015."}, {"section_header": "Terminals | Terminal 1", "text": "Featuring 16 gates, it was the operational base for the domestic routes of China Southern Airlines and a few other airlines such as XiamenAir and Chongqing Airlines, and was originally planned to handle domestic traffic excluding those to Hong Kong and Macau."}, {"section_header": "Terminals | Terminal 1", "text": "Terminal 1, with 60,000 m2 (650,000 sq ft) of space, opened on 1 January 1980, and replaced the smaller existing terminal, which had been in operation since 1958."}], "text": "Beijing Capital International Airport's Terminal Two was the base of operations for several Chinese airlines, including most in-country flights.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Beijing Capital International Airport"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and career", "text": "And on a trip to the United States in 1922, Darius Milhaud heard \"authentic\" jazz for the first time, on the streets of Harlem, which left a great impact on his musical outlook."}], "id": "hFv3xscMd8SztZelEzcK", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and career", "text": "Milhaud was born in Marseille, the son of Sophie (Allatini) and Gabriel Milhaud."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Milhaud is considered one of the key modernist composers."}, {"section_header": "Archival collections", "text": "There is a Darius Milhaud Collection at Mills College in California."}, {"section_header": "Life and career", "text": "Milhaud began as a violinist, later turning to composition instead."}, {"section_header": "Life and career", "text": "In 1925, Milhaud married his cousin, Madeleine (1902\u20132008), an actress and reciter."}, {"section_header": "Works", "text": "Darius Milhaud was very prolific and composed for a wide range of genres."}, {"section_header": "Life and career", "text": "The invasion of France by Nazi Germany forced the Milhauds to leave France in 1940 and emigrate to the United States (his Jewish background made it impossible for Milhaud to return to his native country until after its liberation)."}, {"section_header": "Life and career", "text": "In 1930 she gave birth to a son, the painter and sculptor Daniel Milhaud, who was the couple's only child."}, {"section_header": "Life and career", "text": "Milhaud told Bacharach, \"Don't be afraid of writing something people can remember and whistle."}, {"section_header": "Life and career", "text": "In a February 2010 interview with JazzWax, Brubeck said he attended Mills, a women's college (men were allowed in graduate programs), specifically to study with Milhaud, saying, \"Milhaud was an enormously gifted classical composer and teacher who loved jazz and incorporated it into his work."}, {"section_header": "Life and career", "text": "And on a trip to the United States in 1922, Darius Milhaud heard \"authentic\" jazz for the first time, on the streets of Harlem, which left a great impact on his musical outlook."}], "text": "Milhaud went to America after 1921.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Darius Milhaud"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He crossed the Danube twice and plundered the Balkans, but was unable to take Constantinople."}, {"section_header": "Campaigns against the Eastern Roman Empire", "text": "They encountered and destroyed a Roman army outside Constantinople but were stopped by the double walls of the Eastern capital."}], "id": "hGA5cSOetQn0WTC9jVEd", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He also attempted to conquer Roman Gaul (modern France), crossing the Rhine in 451 and marching as far as Aurelianum (Orl\u00e9ans) before being stopped in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He crossed the Danube twice and plundered the Balkans, but was unable to take Constantinople."}, {"section_header": "Campaigns against the Eastern Roman Empire", "text": "They encountered and destroyed a Roman army outside Constantinople but were stopped by the double walls of the Eastern capital."}, {"section_header": "Invasion of Italy and death | Death", "text": "After Attila left Italy and returned to his palace across the Danube, he planned to strike at Constantinople again and reclaim the tribute which Marcian had stopped."}, {"section_header": "Early life and background", "text": "The Roman Empire had been split in half since 395 and was ruled by two distinct governments, one based in Ravenna in the West, and the other in Constantinople in the East."}, {"section_header": "Campaigns against the Eastern Roman Empire", "text": "Theodosius used this opportunity to strengthen the walls of Constantinople, building the city's first sea wall, and to build up his border defenses along the Danube."}, {"section_header": "Early life and background", "text": "The Huns had become a great power by the time that Attila came of age during the reign of his uncle Ruga, to the point that Nestorius, the Patriarch of Constantinople, deplored the situation with these words: \"They have become both masters and slaves of the Romans\".:128"}, {"section_header": "Solitary kingship", "text": "Constantinople itself was saved by the Isaurian troops of magister militum per Orientem Zeno and protected by the intervention of prefect Constantinus, who organized the reconstruction of the walls that had been previously damaged by earthquakes and, in some places, to construct a new line of fortification in front of the old."}, {"section_header": "Solitary kingship", "text": "Callinicus, in his Life of Saint Hypatius, wrote:  The barbarian nation of the Huns, which was in Thrace, became so great that more than a hundred cities were captured and Constantinople almost came into danger and most men fled from it. ... And there were so many murders and blood-lettings that the dead could not be numbered."}], "text": "Attila conquered Constantinople.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Attila"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Known for his distinctive drawl and everyman screen persona, Stewart had a film career that spanned over 55 years from 1935 and 1991 and 80 films."}], "id": "hNwN86im8hYx5ts594QJ", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Later film career (1960\u20131970)", "text": "The complex film initially garnered mixed reviews but became a critical favorite over the ensuing decades."}, {"section_header": "Career | Postwar films (1946\u20131949)", "text": "His generation of actors was fading and a new wave of actors, including Marlon Brando, Montgomery Clift and James Dean, would soon remake Hollywood."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "James Maitland Stewart (May 20, 1908 \u2013 July 2, 1997) was an American actor and military officer."}, {"section_header": "Career | Postwar films (1946\u20131949)", "text": "Although It's a Wonderful Life was nominated for five Academy Awards, including Stewart's third Best Actor nomination, it received mixed reviews and was only a moderate success at the box office, failing to cover its production costs."}, {"section_header": "Career | Theater and early film roles, 1932\u20141937", "text": "\"Stewart 's last three film releases of 1936"}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Friendships, interests, and character", "text": "Stewart was also active in philanthropy over the years."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later film career (1960\u20131970)", "text": "He topped the list in 1955. Stewart opened the new decade with an appearance in the war film The Mountain Road (1960)."}, {"section_header": "Career | Postwar films (1946\u20131949)", "text": "He's not sexual as an actor. \"Stewart"}, {"section_header": "Acting style and screen persona", "text": "Belton explained that \"James Stewart is more James Stewart than Glenn Miller in The Glenn Miller Story (1954) or Charles Lindbergh in The Spirit of St. Louis (1957).\" Moreover, Jonathan Rosenbaum continued that Stewart's \"pre-existing life-size persona\" in Winchester '73 \"helped to shape and determine the impact of [his character] in [this film].\" On the other hand, Stewart has been described as a character actor who went through several distinct career phases."}, {"section_header": "Career | Career renewal: Westerns and suspense films (1950\u20131959)", "text": "Despite the commercial failure of The FBI Story, the film marked the close of the most commercially successful decade of Stewart's career."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Known for his distinctive drawl and everyman screen persona, Stewart had a film career that spanned over 55 years from 1935 and 1991 and 80 films."}], "text": "James Stewart was an actor with a career that lasted over five decades.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "James Stewart"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novel received negative reviews."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Commentators have characterised it as fascist and an attack on Christianity, and seen it as expressing Lawrence's fears about the decline of the white race and belief in women's submission to men."}], "id": "hS2GbnKwSFTWSTVYtZyZ", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception", "text": "He also noted that the novel sold well."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "He has argued that Lawrence was writing as a political theorist in The Plumed Serpent, which he described as a \"Fascist fiction\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "He also argued that it reflected \"Lawrence\u2019s familiarity with German thought and culture\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "The critics F. R. Leavis and Harold Bloom have seen The Plumed Serpent as inferior to Women in Love, as well as to Lawrence's The Rainbow (1915)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novel received negative reviews."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Plumed Serpent has been compared to works of Lawrence such as the novels Kangaroo (1923) and Lady Chatterley's Lover (1928) and the essays Sketches of Etruscan Places and other Italian essays (1932), as well as to the work of the poet T. S. Eliot."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "He observed that the novel had received a more negative response than any other work by Lawrence, finding it surprising that it had \"so many detractors.\" He disputed the characterisation of the work as racist and fascist, maintaining that Lawrence's views should not be confused with those of his characters Cipriano and Ram\u00f3n."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "The Mexican intellectual Enrique Krauze described The Plumed Serpent as \"the most fascist\" of Lawrence's writings, citing its \"deification of violence and masculine power\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Jad Smith wrote that The Plumed Serpent is often regarded as \"the height of Lawrence\u2019s interest in authoritarian politics\" and was a \"notorious instance of Lawrence\u2019s proto-fascist leanings\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "He argued that they did not represent a change in Lawrence's views, and stressed that Lawrence did not necessarily endorse fascist politics, despite the presence of \"proto-fascist ideologies\" in the novel and its racism."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Commentators have characterised it as fascist and an attack on Christianity, and seen it as expressing Lawrence's fears about the decline of the white race and belief in women's submission to men."}], "text": "The Plumed Serpent is a novel that was not well received and was thought to be fascist.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Plumed Serpent"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "This Side of Paradise  is the debut novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald, published in 1920."}], "id": "hTi0NKl7u91rILuNRDEY", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Publication", "text": "This Side of Paradise was published on March 26, 1920, with a first printing of 3,000 copies."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "The 24th episode of the first season of Star Trek is called \"This Side of Paradise\" as well."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "However, the surrounding text is from \"This Side of Paradise\" and was likely used as filler for the shot."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "This Side of Paradise  is the debut novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald, published in 1920."}, {"section_header": "Legacy and analysis", "text": "The first three women in the book allow Amory to dream in a narcissistic way: Beatrice."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Alternative band Glass Animals subtly referenced the novel on their 2016 album How to Be a Human Being, with a track titled \"The Other Side Of Paradise."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "In \"The Tale of the Bookish Babysitter\" (Season 3 Episode 6 of the series \"Are You Afraid of the Dark\" ), an excerpt from \"This Side of Paradise\" is briefly visible."}, {"section_header": "Major characters", "text": "Isabelle Borg\u00e9 \u2014 Amory Blaine's first love is based on the Chicago debutante Ginevra King, Fitzgerald's first love."}, {"section_header": "Critical reception", "text": "It is the only adequate study that we have had of the contemporary American in adolescence and young manhood.\" H.L. Mencken wrote This Side of Paradise was the \"best American novel that I have seen of late."}, {"section_header": "Major characters", "text": "Thomas Parke D'Invilliers\u2014one of Blaine's close friends (also the fictitious author of the poem at the start of The Great Gatsby) was based on the poet John Peale Bishop, Fitzgerald's friend and classmate."}], "text": "This Side of Paradise is the first book of the author.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "This Side of Paradise"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War."}], "id": "hTnVe44imtWCVna3SFUO", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reaction in the United States", "text": "Z. The use of these disguising letters led the business to immediately become known as the \"XYZ Affair."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War."}, {"section_header": "Political reaction in France", "text": "Talleyrand was called to the Directory to account for his role in the affair."}, {"section_header": "Commission to France", "text": "Talleyrand, who had recently spent a few years in the United States, was openly concerned about the establishment of closer ties between the U.S. and Britain."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "In the wake of the 1789 French Revolution, relations between the new French Republic and U.S. federal government, originally friendly, became strained."}, {"section_header": "Reaction in the United States | Partisan responses", "text": "Federalists used the dispatches to question the loyalty of pro-French Democratic-Republicans; this attitude contributed to the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts, restricting the movements and actions of foreigners, and limiting speech critical of the government."}, {"section_header": "Political reaction in France", "text": "Gerry, in his private report on the affair to Adams in 1799, claimed credit for maintaining the peace, and for influencing significant changes in French policy that lessened the hostilities and eventually brought a peace treaty."}, {"section_header": "Political reaction in France", "text": "The warlike attitude of the United States and the start of the Quasi-War (a naval war between the two countries that was fought primarily in the Caribbean) convinced Talleyrand that he had miscalculated in his dealings with the commissioners."}, {"section_header": "Commission to France | Initial meetings", "text": "On October 17, Nicholas Hubbard, an Englishman working for a Dutch bank used by the Americans (and who came to be identified as \"W\" in the published papers), notified Pinckney that Baron Jean-Conrad Hottinguer, whom Hubbard described only as a man of honor, wished to meet with him."}, {"section_header": "Commission to France | Initial meetings", "text": "A week later (notably after the signing of the Treaty of Campo Formio, which ended the five-year War of the First Coalition between France and most of the other European powers), Hottinguer and Bellamy again met with the commission, and repeated their original demands, accompanied by threats of potential war, since France was at least momentarily at peace in Europe."}], "text": "The XYZ Affair was a dispute between the US and Germany.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "XYZ Affair"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of V\u0169ng T\u00e0u in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of V\u0169ng T\u00e0u in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ the Redeemer of the Andes (Argentina/Chile) Christ the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Ibiza, Spain, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Blanco in Cusco, Peru"}], "id": "hWCYF77mSpiwgx74tFd2", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of V\u0169ng T\u00e0u in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of V\u0169ng T\u00e0u in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ the Redeemer of the Andes (Argentina/Chile) Christ the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Ibiza, Spain, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Blanco in Cusco, Peru"}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Statue of Jesus Christ on the top of Sagrat Cor, Barcelona, Spain"}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The original pale stone is no longer available in sufficient quantity, and replacement stones are increasingly darker in hue."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ the Redeemer in Rio Verde, Goi\u00e1s, Brazil Christ in the Mount in Pitangui, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms, a symbol of peace, was chosen."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Christ the Redeemer (Portuguese: Cristo Redentor, standard Brazilian Portuguese: [\u02c8k\u027eistu \u0281eden\u02c8to\u0281], local pronunciation: [\u02c8k\u027ei\u0255t\u016d\u033b xe\u031eden\u02c8to\u0266]) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Tas-Salvatur, Malta (12 m) Statue of Jesus Christ, Monte Urgull, Donostia-San Sebastian,"}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The designs considered for the \"Statue of the Christ\" included a representation of the Christian cross, a statue of Jesus with a globe in his hands, and a pedestal symbolizing the world."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Cristo del Otero in Palencia , Spain built in 1930 (21 m) Cristo Rey (statue, Mexico) located on the Cerro del Cubilete in Guanajuato, Mexico, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Rey in Tenancingo, M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico (30 m) Christ Blessing in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia (30 m) Christ of Havana in Havana, Cuba, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of the Abyss in various underwater locations"}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "The King Lebanon Another imitation statue of Christ the Redeemer is at Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India.(Shrish Patil) imitation at Kovalam, near Trivandrum, Kerala, India."}], "text": "Christ the Redeemer , if it was brought to life, would not give the largest hugs of any existant stone fascimiles of Jesus.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Christ the Redeemer (statue)"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Victor Gazaway Willis (April 12, 1876 \u2013 August 3, 1947) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher during the 1890s and 1900s."}], "id": "he9I2IQStdiNlBT8CsgO", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 513 career games, Willis pitched 3,996 innings and posted a win\u2013loss record of 249\u2013205, with 388 complete games, 50 shutouts, and a 2.63 earned run average (ERA)."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Willis was with the team, Willis compiled a record of 88\u201346."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Willis was born on April 12, 1876 in Cecil County, Maryland."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Willis was on one World Series championship team, the 1909 Pirates."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "After the season ended, Willis was purchased by the Boston Beaneaters for Fred Lake and $1,000."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Next season Willis pitched for a semipro team in his hometown Newark, Delaware."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "Willis died in 1947 and is interred in St. John Cemetery in Newark, Delaware."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "After retirement, Willis purchased and operated the Washington House, a hotel in his hometown of Newark, Delaware."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Willis began his professional baseball career in 1895 with the Harrisburg Senators of the Pennsylvania State League."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The Beaneaters acquired Willis to fill the void left by Jack Stivetts, who was near retirement due to an arm injury."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Victor Gazaway Willis (April 12, 1876 \u2013 August 3, 1947) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher during the 1890s and 1900s."}], "text": "Willis passed away in 1955.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Vic Willis"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Since independence | Mudawana", "text": "About 40,000 women attended, calling for a ban on polygamy and the introduction of divorce law (divorce being a purely religious procedure at that time)."}], "id": "hkwDsGs4j5eql2TtCOwp", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Economy", "text": "One of the most important Casablancan exports is phosphate."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Casablanca is Morocco's chief port and one of the largest financial centers in Africa."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Music", "text": "al-Haja al-Hamdawiya, one of the most iconic figures in aita music, was born in Casablanca."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Judaism in Casablanca", "text": "Today, the Jewish cemetery of Casablanca is one of the major cemeteries of the city, and many synagogues remain in service, but the city's Jewish community has dwindled."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "In the novel, one of the characters mentions that the 1942 film was shot in Hollywood and not on location."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Casablanca is one of the key locations in the 2006 video game Dreamfall, as it is where the primary protagonist of the game, Zo\u00eb Castillo, lives."}, {"section_header": "Sports | Hosting | Venues", "text": "The stadium was designed with a capacity of 93,000 spectators, making it one of the highest-capacity stadiums in Africa."}, {"section_header": "History | Since independence | Mudawana", "text": "One initiative to improve conditions in the city's disadvantaged neighborhoods was the creation of the Sidi Moumen Cultural Center."}, {"section_header": "Administrative divisions", "text": "The commune is divided into eight districts or prefectures, which are themselves divided into 16 subdivisions or arrondissements and one municipality."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Film", "text": "Love in Casablanca (1991), starring Abdelkarim Derqaoui and Muna Fettou, is one of the first Moroccan films to deal with Morocco's complex realities and depict life in Casablanca with verisimilitude."}, {"section_header": "History | Since independence | Mudawana", "text": "About 40,000 women attended, calling for a ban on polygamy and the introduction of divorce law (divorce being a purely religious procedure at that time)."}], "text": "Casablanca traditionally has very strict laws about one man, one woman marriage.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Casablanca"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "They switched because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate James G. Blaine."}], "id": "hl969VPXvSjad6dyrAXd", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "Their \"mug\" on one side of the fence, and their \"wump\" [comic mispronunciation of \"rump\"] on the other."}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "In the spoils system, the winning candidate would dole out government positions to those who had supported his political party prior to the election."}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "Although the defection of the Mugwumps may have helped Cleveland win in New York, one of the few closely contested states, historians attribute Cleveland's victory nationwide to the rising power of urban immigrant voters."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "During the 1884 campaign, they were often portrayed as \"fence-sitters\", with part of their body on the side of the Democrats and the other on the side of the Republicans."}, {"section_header": "Historical appraisals", "text": "During the 2017 United Kingdom general election, Conservative Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson by writing in The Sun accused Labour Party Leader Jeremy Corbyn of being a threat to the United Kingdom and described him as a \"mutton-headed old mugwump\"."}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "The side that held the upper hand in numbers and popular support were the Half-Breeds, led by Senator James Blaine of Maine."}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "Blaine was from the reform wing of his own party, but the Mugwumps rejected his candidacy."}, {"section_header": "Historical appraisals", "text": "Yet they felt threatened by the rise of machine politics, one aspect of which was the spoils system; and by the rising power of immigrants in American society."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After the election, \"mugwump\" survived for more than a decade as an epithet for a party bolter in American politics."}, {"section_header": "Historical appraisals", "text": "Several historians of the 1960s and 1970s portrayed the Mugwumps as members of an insecure elite, one that felt threatened by changes in American society."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "They switched because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate James G. Blaine."}], "text": "The Mugwumps jumped political parties because they liked to be on the winning side.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Mugwump"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Character limits", "text": "Under the new limit, glyphs are counted as a variable number of characters, depending upon the script they are from: most European letters and punctuation forms count as one character, while each CJK glyph counts as two so that only 140 such glyphs can be used in a tweet."}], "id": "hlcF1VfD6LX2VNqx03ao", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Character limits", "text": "A user photo post used to count for a large chunk of a Tweet, about 24 characters."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Character limits", "text": "Under the new limit, glyphs are counted as a variable number of characters, depending upon the script they are from: most European letters and punctuation forms count as one character, while each CJK glyph counts as two so that only 140 such glyphs can be used in a tweet."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Character limits", "text": "In 2016, Twitter announced that media such as photos, videos, and the person's handle, would not count against the already constrictive 140 character limit."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Character limits", "text": "Since March 30, 2017, the Twitter handles are outside the tweet itself, therefore they no longer count towards the character limit."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Character limits", "text": "Attachments and links would also no longer be part of the character limit."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Character limits", "text": "In 2017, Twitter doubled their historical 140-character-limitation to 280."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Using SMS", "text": "The 140-character limit also increased the usage of URL shortening services such as bit.ly, goo.gl, tinyurl.com, tr.im, and other content-hosting services such as TwitPic, memozu.com and NotePub to accommodate multimedia content and text longer than 140 characters."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Using SMS", "text": "Since June 2011, Twitter has used its own t.co domain for automatic shortening of all URLs posted on its site, making other link shorteners unnecessary for staying within Twitter's 140 character limit."}, {"section_header": "Finances | Stock launch and tax issues", "text": "On January 5, 2016, CEO Jack Dorsey commented on a report that Twitter planned to expand its character limit to 10,000 (private messages already had the longer limit as of July), requiring users to click to see anything beyond 140 characters."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Character limits", "text": "Only new Twitter handles added to the conversation count towards the limit."}], "text": "Twitter imposes a 140 character limit on all of their posts, photos used to take up that character count as well but no longer do.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Twitter"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Types of titrations | Acid\u2013base titration", "text": "The endpoint and the equivalence point are not exactly the same because the equivalence point is determined by the stoichiometry of the reaction while the endpoint is just the color change from the indicator."}, {"section_header": "Measuring the endpoint of a titration | Endpoint and equivalence point", "text": "Though the terms equivalence point and endpoint are often used interchangeably, they are different terms."}], "id": "hlylFWnmUhj2zQONqJYQ", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Measuring the endpoint of a titration | Endpoint and equivalence point", "text": "There is a slight difference between the endpoint and the equivalence point of the titration."}, {"section_header": "Measuring the endpoint of a titration | Endpoint and equivalence point", "text": "Though the terms equivalence point and endpoint are often used interchangeably, they are different terms."}, {"section_header": "Types of titrations | Acid\u2013base titration", "text": "The endpoint and the equivalence point are not exactly the same because the equivalence point is determined by the stoichiometry of the reaction while the endpoint is just the color change from the indicator."}, {"section_header": "Measuring the endpoint of a titration | Endpoint and equivalence point", "text": "Equivalence point is the theoretical completion of the reaction: the volume of added titrant at which the number of moles of titrant is equal to the number of moles of analyte, or some multiple thereof (as in polyprotic acids)."}, {"section_header": "Measuring the endpoint of a titration | Endpoint and equivalence point", "text": "Endpoint is what is actually measured, a physical change in the solution as determined by an indicator or an instrument mentioned above."}, {"section_header": "Types of titrations | Acid\u2013base titration", "text": "When the number of moles of bases added equals the number of moles of initial acid or so called equivalence point, one of hydrolysis and the pH is calculated in the same way that the conjugate bases of the acid titrated was calculated."}, {"section_header": "Titration curves", "text": "The equivalence point occurs between pH 8-10, indicating the solution is basic at the equivalence point and"}, {"section_header": "Measuring the endpoint of a titration | Endpoint and equivalence point", "text": "This error is referred to as an indicator error, and it is indeterminate."}, {"section_header": "Measuring the endpoint of a titration", "text": "Isothermal titration calorimeter: An instrument that measures the heat produced or consumed by the reaction to determine the endpoint."}, {"section_header": "Types of titrations | Gas phase titration", "text": "First, the measurement does not depend on path length, because the same path length is used for the measurement of both the excess titrant and the product."}], "text": "The equivalence point and endpoint of a Titration measurement are the same.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Titration"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reaction in the United States", "text": "While the American diplomats were in Europe, President Adams considered his options in the event of the commission's failure."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War."}], "id": "hqgmtYwy2JEYoVxYOXe9", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reaction in the United States", "text": "Z. The use of these disguising letters led the business to immediately become known as the \"XYZ Affair."}, {"section_header": "Political reaction in France", "text": "Talleyrand was called to the Directory to account for his role in the affair."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The XYZ Affair was a political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the presidency of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to the Quasi-War."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "In 1792, France and the rest of Europe went to war, a conflict in which President George Washington declared American neutrality."}, {"section_header": "Reaction in the United States | Partisan responses", "text": "Federalists, spurred by John Marshall's accounts of their disagreements, criticized him for abetting the breakdown of the negotiations."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Although it was widely known that diplomats from other nations had paid bribes to deal with Talleyrand at the time, the Americans were offended by the demands, and eventually left France without ever engaging in formal negotiations."}, {"section_header": "Commission to France | Initial meetings", "text": "Pinckney relayed these demands to the other commissioners, and Hottinguer repeated them to the entire commission, which curtly refused the demands, even though it was widely known that diplomats from other nations had paid bribes to deal with Talleyrand."}, {"section_header": "Political reaction in France", "text": "Gerry, in his private report on the affair to Adams in 1799, claimed credit for maintaining the peace, and for influencing significant changes in French policy that lessened the hostilities and eventually brought a peace treaty."}, {"section_header": "Commission to France", "text": "In late May 1797 Adams met with his cabinet to discuss the situation and to choose a special commission to France."}, {"section_header": "Political reaction in France", "text": "When news reached France of the publication of the dispatches and the ensuing hostile reaction, the response was one of fury."}, {"section_header": "Reaction in the United States", "text": "While the American diplomats were in Europe, President Adams considered his options in the event of the commission's failure."}], "text": "Italy and France can account for the conflict  known as the XYZ Affair.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "XYZ Affair"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the neoclassical style."}], "id": "httzD0L6grXiPFtz27vG", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early history | Construction", "text": "The main residence, as well as foundations of the house, were built largely by enslaved and free African-American laborers, as well as employed Europeans."}, {"section_header": "Early history | Design influences", "text": "The first official White House guide, published in 1962, suggested a link between Hoban's design for the South Portico and Ch\u00e2teau de Rastignac, a neoclassical country house located in La Bachellerie in the Dordogne region of France and designed by Mathurin Salat."}, {"section_header": "Early history | Design influences", "text": "The building Hoban designed is verifiably influenced by the upper floors of Leinster House, in Dublin, which later became the seat of the Oireachtas (the Irish parliament)."}, {"section_header": "Early history | Design influences", "text": "Construction on the French house was initially started before 1789, interrupted by the French Revolution for twenty years and then finally built 1812\u20131817 (based on Salat's pre-1789 design)."}, {"section_header": "The White House since the Kennedy restoration | Executive Residence", "text": "Two colonnades\u2014one on the east and one on the west\u2014designed by Jefferson, now serve to connect the East and West Wings added later."}, {"section_header": "The White House since the Kennedy restoration", "text": "One hundred sixty-seven solar photovoltaic grid-tied panels were installed at the same time on the roof of the maintenance facility."}, {"section_header": "The White House since the Kennedy restoration | Grounds", "text": "The tree stood for over 200 years; but in 2017, having become too weak to stand on its own, it was decided it should be removed and replaced with one of its offspring."}, {"section_header": "Evolution of the White House | Early use, the 1814 fire, and rebuilding", "text": "Despite his complaints that the house was too big (\"big enough for two emperors, one pope, and the grand lama in the bargain\"), Jefferson considered how the White House might be added to."}, {"section_header": "The White House since the Kennedy restoration", "text": "The White House became one of the first wheelchair-accessible government buildings in Washington when modifications were made during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, who used a wheelchair because of his paralytic illness."}, {"section_header": "Early history | Architectural competition", "text": "Although all proposals for the Capital were rejected, an acceptable drawing for the White House submitted by James Hoban was selected from several including one submitted anonymously by Jefferson himself."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the neoclassical style."}], "text": "The White House is one of the designs of an European builder.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "White House"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He had an excellent fastball, a sharp-breaking curveball, a screwball, and superb control; his strikeout-to-walk ratio was almost 3-to-1, and he led the major leagues in strikeouts for six consecutive years."}], "id": "hvY9THT5lyrRxi2zZCMB", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "Waddell's 349 strikeouts represented the modern-era season record for more than 60 years, and remains sixth on the modern list."}, {"section_header": "Final years", "text": "After his major league career was over, Waddell pitched for parts of three more years in the minor leagues, including a 20-win season for the Minneapolis Millers in 1911."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "Waddell still holds the AL single-season strikeout record by a left-handed pitcher."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "He set the league record for strikeouts in a game with 16 in 1908."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "On July 1, 1902, Waddell became the second pitcher to strike out three batters on nine pitches in the third inning of a 2\u20130 win over the Baltimore Orioles."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "May threatened to prosecute Rube for bigamy because she did not recognize the divorce granted Rube in St. Louis."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "In 1905, Waddell won a Triple Crown for pitching, He finished with a 27\u201310 win-loss record, 287 strikeouts, and a 1.48 earned run average (ERA)."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "We got Rube out of there without delay."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "His career stats were 193\u2013143, 2,316 strikeouts, and a 2.16 earned run average, with 50 shutouts and 261 complete games in 2961.1 innings pitched."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "George Edward Waddell (October 13, 1876 \u2013 April 1, 1914) was an American southpaw pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He had an excellent fastball, a sharp-breaking curveball, a screwball, and superb control; his strikeout-to-walk ratio was almost 3-to-1, and he led the major leagues in strikeouts for six consecutive years."}], "text": "Rube Waddell maintained the MLB record for strikeouts for over five years in a row.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Rube Waddell"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Leviticus takes place during the month or month-and-a-half between the completion of the Tabernacle (Exodus 40:17) and the Israelites' departure from Sinai (Numbers 1:1, 10:11)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The book teaches that faithful performance of the sanctuary rituals can make that possible, so long as the people avoid sin and impurity whenever possible."}], "id": "hysx8SXUgtQA76cEGbxm", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Book of Leviticus () is the third book of the Torah and of the Old Testament;  scholars generally agree that it developed over a long period of time, reaching its present form during the Persian Period between 538\u2013332 BC."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | Commentaries on Leviticus", "text": "Leviticus: A Book of Ritual and Ethics."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "This takes place within the story of the Israelites' Exodus after they escaped Egypt and reached Mt. Sinai (Exodus 19:1)."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | General", "text": "From Priestly Torah to Pentateuch: A Study in the Composition of the Book of Leviticus."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The book teaches that faithful performance of the sanctuary rituals can make that possible, so long as the people avoid sin and impurity whenever possible."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Leviticus takes place during the month or month-and-a-half between the completion of the Tabernacle (Exodus 40:17) and the Israelites' departure from Sinai (Numbers 1:1, 10:11)."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | Commentaries on Leviticus", "text": "Wenham, Gordon (1979). The Book of Leviticus."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | General", "text": "The Old Testament World. Liturgical Press."}, {"section_header": "Subsequent tradition", "text": "Leviticus, as part of the Torah, became the law book of Jerusalem's Second Temple as well as of the Samaritan temple."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography | General", "text": "The Book of Leviticus: Composition and Reception."}], "text": "The Book of Leviticus teaches purification through rituals and is the third book of the Torah and of the Old Testament and takes place before the Israelite camp leave a famous mountain.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Leviticus"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception", "text": "The early critical reception of the novel was mixed."}], "id": "i30kg8j8FLEeHqpDsxiO", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Film adaptation", "text": "The novel has received a significant amount of critical attention, for example, Lynnea Chapman King, Rick Wallach and Jim Welsh's edited collection No Country for Old Men: From Novel to Film or Raymond Malewitz's \"Anything Can Be an Instrument: Misuse Value and Rugged Consumerism in Cormac McCarthy's No Country for Old Men.\" In 2007, Joel and Ethan Coen adapted the book into a film, also titled No Country for Old Men, which was met with critical acclaim and box office success."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "No Country for Old Men is a 2005 novel by American author Cormac McCarthy, who had originally written the story as a screenplay."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "The early critical reception of the novel was mixed."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "In contrast, literary critic Harold Bloom does not count himself among the admirers of No Country for Old Men, stating that it lacked the quality of McCarthy's best works, particularly Blood Meridian, and compared it to William Faulkner's A Fable."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "When comparing the lack of \"moral argument\" in Blood Meridian to the heightened morality present in No Country for Old Men, he considered stating that the \"apocalyptic moral judgments\" made in No Country for Old Men represented \"a sort of falling away on McCarthy's part\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The book was adapted into the 2007 movie No Country for Old Men, which won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Bell is haunted by his actions in World War II, leaving his unit to die, for which he received a Bronze Star."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "After a brutal shootout that spills across the Mexican border and leaves both Moss and Chigurh wounded, Moss recovers at a Mexican hospital while Chigurh patches himself up in a hotel room with stolen supplies."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Owing to the novel's origins as a screenplay, the novel has a simple writing style different from other Cormac McCarthy novels."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "This is the beginning of a hunt for Moss that stretches for most of the remaining novel."}], "text": "The novel, \"No Country for Old Men,\" received both praise and harsh criticism.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "No Country for Old Men"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Since You Went Away is a 1944 American drama film directed by John Cromwell for Selznick International Pictures and distributed by United Artists."}], "id": "i4rxwy9x32RQ6l3R5JK4", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Though famously sentimental in places, Since You Went Away is somber at times about the effects of war on ordinary people."}, {"section_header": "Home media", "text": "Since You Went Away was released to DVD by MGM Home Video on October 19, 2004 in a Region 1"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Since You Went Away is a 1944 American drama film directed by John Cromwell for Selznick International Pictures and distributed by United Artists."}, {"section_header": "Behind the scenes", "text": "Jones and Walker played young sweethearts in Since You Went Away, but in real life, they were married at the time and going through a bitter break-up due to Jones' ongoing affair with producer Selznick."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is an epic about the American home front during World War II that was adapted and produced by David O. Selznick from the 1943 novel Since You Went Away: Letters to a Soldier from His Wife by Margaret Buell Wilder."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "In January 1943, Anne Hilton is an upper-middle-class housewife living in a Midwestern town near a military base with her two teenage daughters, Jane and Bridget \"Brig\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "According to Bosley Crowther, Since You Went Away, Selznick's first screen production in four years, features a script with an \"excess of exhausting emotional detail\"; Crowther was impressed with the performances, but had issues with the film as a whole: As the mother and center of the family, Claudette Colbert gives an excellent show of gallantly self-contained emotion, and Jennifer Jones is surpassingly sweet as a well-bred American daughter in the first bloom of womanhood and love."}], "text": "Since You Went Away is a comedy about an upper-middle-class housewife.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Since You Went Away"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "University of Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne made arrangements for Medwick to play football there, however Medwick decided to forgo college and enter professional baseball."}], "id": "i67IpdD2pWejMuRMOKMj", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career", "text": "Upon being asked by the Pope what his vocation was, Medwick replied, \"Your Holiness, I'm Joe Medwick."}, {"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "Medwick was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Baseball Writers' Association of America in 1968."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "What I don't understand is why they brought them to the ballpark in the first place."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Medwick is the last National League player to win the Batting Triple Crown Award (1937).Medwick was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Baseball Writers' Association of America in 1968, receiving 84.81% of the votes."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "University of Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne made arrangements for Medwick to play football there, however Medwick decided to forgo college and enter professional baseball."}, {"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "After his election, he said, \"This was the longest slump of my career."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "He continued playing minor-league baseball through 1952 with Class 'B' Raleigh and Tampa, but his numbers declined substantially."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "He also held the National League record with seven consecutive seasons with 40 or more doubles until Stan Musial had nine consecutive seasons with 40 or more doubles."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Medwick entered professional baseball with the Scottdale Scotties of the Middle Atlantic League in 1930."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Medwick retired with 10 appearances in the Major League Baseball All-Star Game over 17 seasons."}], "text": "Joe Medwick had difficulty playing sports until he was elected to a place of higher learning for his vocation and found he transcended at baseball.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Joe Medwick"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Playing career | Hall of Fame consideration and induction", "text": "In 2001, Trammell was rated as the ninth-best shortstop of all time in \"The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract\", placing him higher than fourteen Hall of Fame shortstops."}], "id": "iDlDNgNCwT7mC919iI4R", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career highlights", "text": "All-Star (1980, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1990) 4-time Gold Glove (1980, 1981, 1983, 1984) 3-time Top"}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Hall of Fame consideration and induction", "text": "In 2001, Trammell was rated as the ninth-best shortstop of all time in \"The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract\", placing him higher than fourteen Hall of Fame shortstops."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Later years, injuries and retirement", "text": "From 1993 to 1996, Trammell saw less time at shortstop in favor of Travis Fryman and eventually Chris Gomez and And\u00fajar Cede\u00f1o."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Later years, injuries and retirement", "text": "He instead saw playing time at multiple defensive positions, including shortstop, third base, second base, left field, center field, and designated hitter."}, {"section_header": "Career highlights", "text": "10 MVP (1984, 1987, 1988) 3-time Tiger of the Year by the BBWAA-Detroit Chapter (1980, 1987, 1988) Collected both 200th hit of season and 1,500th career in same at bat (October 1, 1987) Had a 21-game hit streak during the 1987 season."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Hall of Fame consideration and induction", "text": "On December 10, 2017, he was elected to the Hall of Fame by the Modern Baseball Committee alongside his teammate Jack Morris."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Later years, injuries and retirement", "text": "He hit .329 in a resurgent 1993 season, but was ineligible to be ranked among the AL batting leaders because he only had 447 plate appearances (a minimum of 502 is required)."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | 1985\u20131988", "text": "Trammell also became the first shortstop to hit at least .340"}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Later years, injuries and retirement", "text": "He compiled a .977 fielding percentage at shortstop, his primary position."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | 1984", "text": "Despite a season-long battle with tendinitis in his shoulder which caused him to miss 23 regular season games, he finished fifth in the AL batting race with a .314 mark and ranked eighth in on-base percentage (.382)."}], "text": "Alan Trammell has been ranked in the top 10 shortstop of all time.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Alan Trammell"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "She encounters Don Cipriano, a Mexican general who supports a religious movement, the Men of Quetzalcoatl, founded by his friend Don Ram\u00f3n Carrasco."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Kate eventually agrees to marry Cipriano, while the Men of Quetzalcoatl, with the help of a new President, bring about an end to Christianity in Mexico, replacing it with Quetzalcoatl worship."}], "id": "iGOj6bgolfc6fLSsrpwa", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Cipriano continues to support Ram\u00f3n, despite being obliged to defend the Mexican government."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "She argued that The Plumed Serpent was the novel that most fully expressed Lawrence's ideal of female behavior, according to which the \"woman must renounce personal love\" and abdicate all pride and will."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Vickery considered it unfair to reduce the novel to a political plan, arguing that Lawrence's central concern was that people were being led \"further and further away from the realization of their own essential nature\", and that Lawrence's own views were different from those of Ram\u00f3n."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "David Barnes noted that while Lawrence regarded the novel as his most important, he made little reference to it after its publication, and that it is usually held that he later rejected its themes for new concerns in the late 1920s, expressed in works such as Lady Chatterley's Lover."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "She maintained that it \"stands out among the hundreds of novels and stories written by Anglo-Americans and set in Mexico for the particular forcefulness of Lawrence's obsession with, and equally forceful rejection of, that country and its people.\" She considered the work racist, and deemed it unsurprising that Lawrence considered it his best novel, arguing that he did so because he found Mexico, as a foreign society, an ideal subject on which to project his personal \"obsessions\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "He argued that they did not represent a change in Lawrence's views, and stressed that Lawrence did not necessarily endorse fascist politics, despite the presence of \"proto-fascist ideologies\" in the novel and its racism."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Ram\u00f3n later marries a young woman named Teresa."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It has also been interpreted as an expression of his personal political ambition and as having homoerotic aspects."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "The writer Anthony Burgess maintained that The Plumed Serpent is the least liked of Lawrence's novels due to its lack of humour and its exploration of a theme of little interest to readers \"with no knowledge of the ancient Aztec gods and what they could mean to a revitalized or Laurentianised Mexico.\" He called its ending unconvincing."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novel's plot concerns Kate Leslie, an Irish tourist who visits Mexico after the Mexican Revolution."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "She encounters Don Cipriano, a Mexican general who supports a religious movement, the Men of Quetzalcoatl, founded by his friend Don Ram\u00f3n Carrasco."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Kate eventually agrees to marry Cipriano, while the Men of Quetzalcoatl, with the help of a new President, bring about an end to Christianity in Mexico, replacing it with Quetzalcoatl worship."}], "text": "The novel concerns a woman rooting out a \"plumed serpent\" in government, this meaning an important person who was planning to betray the government he was to represent.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "The Plumed Serpent"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early years", "text": "As a senior, Carlton quit basketball to concentrate on pitching."}], "id": "iIafoCRvbfxuEOpeSbu0", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early years", "text": "He attended North Miami High School, playing baseball and basketball at first."}, {"section_header": "Early years", "text": "Carlton was born and raised in Miami, Florida, where he played Little League and American Legion Baseball during his youth."}, {"section_header": "Early years", "text": "As a senior, Carlton quit basketball to concentrate on pitching."}, {"section_header": "Early years", "text": "After high school, Carlton played baseball at Miami Dade College North, where he pitched in relief on a strong team under Coach Demie Mainieri."}, {"section_header": "Early years", "text": "As a teenager, Carlton began reading and following the teachings of Eastern philosophy and Paramahansa Yogananda, who promoted greatness through meditation."}, {"section_header": "Early years", "text": "Steve was the only son of Joe and Anne Carlton and was raised with his sisters Joanne and Christina on 144th street in Miami."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He is the last National League pitcher to win 25 or more games in one season, as well as the last pitcher from any team to throw more than 300 innings in a season."}, {"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | Philadelphia Phillies (1972\u20131986)", "text": "Baseball commentators during 1972 regularly remarked that Carlton's slider was basically unhittable, while Pittsburgh Pirates slugger Willie Stargell once remarked, \"Hitting Steve Carlton's slider is like trying to drink coffee with a fork\".\"Auggie"}, {"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | Philadelphia Phillies (1972\u20131986) | Media silence", "text": "\"\"One thing I regret is that Philadelphia fans didn't see the same Steve Carlton we saw in our clubhouse,\" longtime Phillies teammate"}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Carlton was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1994 with 95.82% of the vote, one of the highest percentages ever."}], "text": "Despite playing basketball through high-school, Steve Carlton decided to focus on baseball during his last year.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Steve Carlton"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Hammett never wrote a sequel but the book became the basis for a successful six-part film series, which also began in 1934 with The Thin Man and starred William Powell and Myrna Loy."}], "id": "iLDkS4ayMDY0RBJEHpdq", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Thin Man (1934) is a detective novel by Dashiell Hammett, originally published in the December 1933 issue of Redbook."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "While some story elements were used in one of the sequel movies, this early draft is very different from the final published novel."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Hammett never wrote a sequel but the book became the basis for a successful six-part film series, which also began in 1934 with The Thin Man and starred William Powell and Myrna Loy."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Although Hammett lived until 1961, The Thin Man was his last published novel."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Following the success of the movie version of The Thin Man in 1934, Hammett was commissioned to work on screenplays for sequels."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Lillian Hellman, in an introduction to a compilation of Hammett's five novels, contemplated several explanations for Hammett's retirement as a novelist,  I have been asked many times over the years why he did not write another novel after The Thin Man."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Thin Man television series aired on NBC from 1957\u201359, and starred  Peter Lawford and Phyllis Kirk .In 1999, Knopf published a collection of Hammett's early works, including an early draft of The Thin Man."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "During the course of this work, he wrote After the Thin Man and Another Thin Man, which, discovered amongst Hammett's papers in 2011, together with instructions by Hammett for incorporation of additional elements written by screenwriters Albert Hackett and Frances Goodrich, were edited by Hammett's biographer Richard Layman in collaboration with Hammett's granddaughter Julie M. Rivett and published as novellas in Return of the Thin Man in 2012."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Nick and Nora have no children but they own a female Schnauzer named Asta. (In the film adaptation, Asta is a male wire-haired fox terrier.) Charles is drawn, mostly against his will, into investigating a murder."}], "text": "The sequels to the original Thin Man film are based on the subsequent novels in order.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Thin Man"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Context and interpretation | Feminist", "text": "In consequence, Hamlet loses his faith in all women, treating Ophelia as if she too were a whore and dishonest with Hamlet."}], "id": "iS5GePKfwreT1mPbsPuT", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Context and interpretation | Feminist", "text": "In consequence, Hamlet loses his faith in all women, treating Ophelia as if she too were a whore and dishonest with Hamlet."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Act V", "text": "Hamlet and Horatio initially hide, but when Hamlet realizes that Ophelia is the one being buried, he reveals himself, proclaiming his love for her."}, {"section_header": "Context and interpretation | Philosophical", "text": "The clearest alleged instance of existentialism is in the \"to be, or not to be\" speech, where Hamlet is thought by some to use \"being\" to allude to life and action, and \"not being\" to death and inaction."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Restoration and 18th century", "text": "Sarah Siddons was the first actress known to play Hamlet; many women have since played him as a breeches role, to great acclaim."}, {"section_header": "Context and interpretation | Psychoanalytic | Sigmund Freud", "text": "Who can believe Eliot, when he exposes his own Hamlet Complex by declaring the play to be an aesthetic failure?"}, {"section_header": "Context and interpretation | Psychoanalytic | Sigmund Freud", "text": "Freud says, \"It is thus the task of the dramatist to transport us into the same illness."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Act III", "text": "Hamlet, believing it is Claudius, stabs wildly, killing Polonius, but he pulls aside the curtain and sees his mistake."}, {"section_header": "Context and interpretation | Religious", "text": "The ghost describes himself as being in purgatory and as dying without last rites."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Act III", "text": "Polonius, spying on the conversation from behind a tapestry, calls for help as Gertrude, believing Hamlet wants to kill her, calls out for help herself."}, {"section_header": "Date", "text": "As Hamlet was very popular, Bernard Lott, the series editor of New Swan, believes it \"unlikely that he [Meres] would have overlooked ... so significant a piece\"."}], "text": "Hamlet does not believe women can be trusted and thus mistreats Ophelia.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Hamlet"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Little Prince (French: Le Petit Prince, pronounced [l\u0259 p(\u0259)ti p\u0281\u025b\u0303s]) is a novella by French aristocrat, writer, and aviator Antoine de Saint-Exup\u00e9ry."}], "id": "icawfpvHPrYbBTdRaguG", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Background | Manuscript", "text": "Multiple versions of its many pages were created and its prose then polished over several drafts, with the author occasionally telephoning friends at 2:00 a.m. to solicit opinions on his newly written passages."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations and sequels", "text": "Another sequel titled The Return of the Little Prince was written by former actress Ysatis de Saint-Simone, niece of Consuelo de Saint Exupery."}, {"section_header": "Inspirations | Prince", "text": "Late at night, during the trip, he ventured from his first-class accommodation into the third-class carriages, where he came upon large groups of Polish families huddled together, returning to their homeland."}, {"section_header": "Inspirations | Prince", "text": "\"I'm the Little Prince\" was the reply."}, {"section_header": "Inspirations | Prince", "text": "Little princes in legends are not different from this."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations and sequels", "text": "The anime had been aired and dubbed into several languages including Arabic, English, French, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese and Spanish."}, {"section_header": "Inspirations | Events and characters", "text": "In a letter written to his sister Didi from the Western Sahara's Cape Juby, where he was the manager of an airmail stopover station in 1928, he tells of raising a fennec that he adored."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations and sequels", "text": "In 1997, Jean-Pierre Davidts wrote what could be considered a sequel to The Little Prince, entitled Le petit prince retrouv\u00e9 (The Little Prince Returns)."}, {"section_header": "Honours and legacy | Museums and exhibits | Permanent exhibits", "text": "Among them are various early editions of The Little Prince."}, {"section_header": "Inspirations | Prince", "text": "This little Mozart will be shaped like the rest by the common stamping machine.... This little Mozart is condemned."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Little Prince (French: Le Petit Prince, pronounced [l\u0259 p(\u0259)ti p\u0281\u025b\u0303s]) is a novella by French aristocrat, writer, and aviator Antoine de Saint-Exup\u00e9ry."}], "text": "The Little Prince was written by a Polish nobleman.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Little Prince"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Borobudur, or Barabudur (Indonesian: Candi Borobudur, Javanese: \ua995\ua9a4\ua9c0\ua9a3\ua9b6\ua9a7\ua9ab\ua9a7\ua9b8\ua9a3\ua9b8\ua982, romanized: Candhi Barabudhur) is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple in Magelang Regency, not far from the town of Muntilan, in Central Java, Indonesia."}], "id": "iddonsHYwnb97QE95TFW", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Contemporary events | Religious ceremony", "text": "Vesak is an official national holiday in Indonesia, and the ceremony is centered at the three Buddhist temples by walking from Mendut to Pawon and ending at Borobudur."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Borobudur, or Barabudur (Indonesian: Candi Borobudur, Javanese: \ua995\ua9a4\ua9c0\ua9a3\ua9b6\ua9a7\ua9ab\ua9a7\ua9b8\ua9a3\ua9b8\ua982, romanized: Candhi Barabudhur) is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple in Magelang Regency, not far from the town of Muntilan, in Central Java, Indonesia."}, {"section_header": "Location | The three temples", "text": "During the restoration in the early 20th century, it was discovered that three Buddhist temples in the region, Borobudur, Pawon and Mendut, are positioned along a straight line."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Many museums in Indonesia contain a scale model replica of Borobudur."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The monument has become one of the main tourism attraction in Indonesia, vital for generating local economy in the region surrounding the temple."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "In Indonesian, ancient temples are referred to as candi; thus locals refer to \"Borobudur Temple\" as Candi Borobudur."}, {"section_header": "History | Contemporary events | Security threats", "text": "In August 2014, Indonesian police and security forces tightened the security in and around Borobudur temple compound, as a precaution to a threat posted on social media by a self-proclaimed Indonesian branch of ISIS, citing that the terrorists planned to destroy Borobudur and other statues in Indonesia."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Borobudur remains popular for pilgrimage, with Buddhists in Indonesia celebrating Vesak Day at the monument."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Several archaeological relics taken from Borobudur or its replica have been displayed in some museums in Indonesia and abroad."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The rediscovery and reconstruction of Borobudur has been hailed by Indonesian Buddhist as the sign of the Buddhist revival in Indonesia."}], "text": "Borobudur is a temple in Indonesia.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Borobudur"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Titan, Saturn's largest moon, and the second-largest in the Solar System, is larger than the planet Mercury, although less massive, and is the only moon in the Solar System to have a substantial atmosphere."}], "id": "igOFSnJkAGuPP0JNWhz7", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Titan, Saturn's largest moon, and the second-largest in the Solar System, is larger than the planet Mercury, although less massive, and is the only moon in the Solar System to have a substantial atmosphere."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Atmosphere | Cloud layers", "text": "If the periodicity is maintained, another storm will occur in about 2020.The winds on Saturn are the second fastest among the Solar System's planets, after Neptune's."}, {"section_header": "Natural satellites", "text": "Saturn's second-largest moon, Rhea, may have a tenuous ring system of its own, along with a tenuous atmosphere."}, {"section_header": "Natural satellites | Planetary rings", "text": "The second hypothesis is that the rings are left over from the original nebular material from which Saturn was formed."}, {"section_header": "Observation", "text": "From time to time, Saturn is occulted by the Moon (that is, the Moon covers up Saturn in the sky)."}, {"section_header": "History of observation and exploration | Modern NASA and ESA probes | Pioneer 11 flyby", "text": "Images were taken of the planet and a few of its moons, although their resolution was too low to discern surface detail."}, {"section_header": "Observation", "text": "As with all the planets in the Solar System, occultations of Saturn occur in \"seasons\"."}, {"section_header": "Natural satellites | Planetary rings", "text": "Some of the moons of Saturn, including Pandora and Prometheus, act as shepherd moons to confine the rings and prevent them from spreading out."}, {"section_header": "Natural satellites", "text": "Saturn has 82 known moons, 53 of which have formal names."}], "text": "The planet Saturn has the second biggest moon.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Saturn"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Marriage", "text": "On 8 September 1761 in the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace, the King married Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, whom he met on their wedding day."}], "id": "igQgWBJt3FxWZPTI973p", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early reign", "text": "George was deeply devout and spent hours in prayer, but his piety was not shared by his brothers."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "The Princess's nurse reported that \"the scenes of distress and crying every day ... were melancholy beyond description.\" He accepted the need for the Regency Act 1811, and the Prince of Wales acted as Regent for the remainder of George III's life."}, {"section_header": "Marriage", "text": "He did not travel extensively and spent his entire life in southern England."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "George III lived for 81 years and 239 days and reigned for 59 years and 96 days: both his life and his reign were longer than those of any of his predecessors and subsequent kings."}, {"section_header": "American War of Independence", "text": "Lord North again requested that he also be allowed to resign, but he stayed in office at George III's insistence."}, {"section_header": "William Pitt", "text": "While both agreed that it would be most reasonable for George III's eldest son George, Prince of Wales, to act as regent, to Pitt's consternation"}, {"section_header": "Marriage", "text": "The following year, at the age of 22, George succeeded to the throne when his grandfather, George II, died suddenly on 25 October 1760, two weeks before his 77th birthday."}, {"section_header": "William Pitt", "text": "By this time George's health was deteriorating."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Historical analysis of George III's life has gone through a \"kaleidoscope of changing views\" that have depended heavily on the prejudices of his biographers and the sources available to them."}, {"section_header": "French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars", "text": "The Times said, \"The enthusiasm of the multitude was beyond all expression."}, {"section_header": "Marriage", "text": "On 8 September 1761 in the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace, the King married Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, whom he met on their wedding day."}], "text": "George III's fiancee had not spent time with him before the day of their nuptials.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "George III of the United Kingdom"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot | The Count of Monte Cristo", "text": "The reader is left with a final thought: \"all human wisdom is contained in these two words, 'Wait and Hope'\"."}], "id": "ih0cmY1mV3FLxgZdeOC0", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Historical background", "text": "In a small boat, he sailed around the island of Monte-Cristo, accompanied by a young prince, a cousin to Louis Bonaparte, who was to become Emperor of the French ten years later."}, {"section_header": "Plot | The Count of Monte Cristo", "text": "When Albert blames the Count for his father's downfall and challenges him to a duel, Merc\u00e9d\u00e8s, having already recognized Monte Cristo as Dant\u00e8s, goes to the Count and begs him to spare her son."}, {"section_header": "Plot | The Count of Monte Cristo", "text": "Reappearing as the rich Count of Monte Cristo, Dant\u00e8s begins his revenge on the three men responsible for his unjust imprisonment: Fernand, now Count de Morcerf and Merc\u00e9d\u00e8s' husband; Danglars, now a baron and a wealthy banker; and Villefort, now procureur du roi (prosecutor for the king)."}, {"section_header": "Plot | The Count of Monte Cristo", "text": "On the island of Monte Cristo, Dant\u00e8s presents Valentine to Maximilien and reveals the true sequence of events."}, {"section_header": "Historical background | A chronology of The Count of Monte Cristo and Bonapartism", "text": "1857 : Dumas publishes \u00c9tat civil du Comte de Monte-Cristo"}, {"section_header": "Plot | The Count of Monte Cristo", "text": "Albert, feeling a debt of gratitude to the Count for his rescue, agrees to introduce the Count into Parisian society."}, {"section_header": "Plot | The Count of Monte Cristo", "text": "The Count manipulates Danglars into researching the event, which is published in a newspaper."}, {"section_header": "Plot | The Count of Monte Cristo", "text": "The Count is aware of H\u00e9lo\u00efse's intentions and introduces her to the technique of poison."}, {"section_header": "Plot | The Count of Monte Cristo", "text": "She became pregnant and delivered the child in the house that the Count has now purchased."}, {"section_header": "Plot | The Count of Monte Cristo", "text": "The Count manipulates the bond market and quickly destroys a large portion of Danglars' fortune."}, {"section_header": "Plot | The Count of Monte Cristo", "text": "The reader is left with a final thought: \"all human wisdom is contained in these two words, 'Wait and Hope'\"."}], "text": "The Count of Monte Cristo has a clear moral, that you cannot just sit around stalling and praying that things get better.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Count of Monte Cristo"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later life", "text": "Evers died of a cerebral hemorrhage in 1947 at St. Peter's Hospital in Albany, and is buried in Saint Mary's Cemetery in Troy."}], "id": "iruxhIRML6qtloqQOeMo", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Coaching and managing career", "text": "Evers and fellow coach Hank Gowdy played in one game in the 1929 season, coming into the bottom of the ninth inning on October 6, 1929."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "Evers died of a cerebral hemorrhage in 1947 at St. Peter's Hospital in Albany, and is buried in Saint Mary's Cemetery in Troy."}, {"section_header": "Career | Coaching and managing career", "text": "However, Evers suffered from appendicitis during the season, missing time during the year, and the White Sox opened up a managerial search when Chance died in September."}, {"section_header": "Personal", "text": "Evers' brother, Joe Evers, and uncle, Tom Evers, also played in MLB."}, {"section_header": "Career | Boston Braves and Philadelphia Phillies", "text": "Murphy insisted that Evers had resigned as manager, which Evers denied."}, {"section_header": "Career | Chicago Cubs", "text": "Evers indicated that this was a result of a business deal that cost Evers most of his savings."}, {"section_header": "Career | Coaching and managing career", "text": "Evers rejoined the Braves as a scout."}, {"section_header": "Personal", "text": "Evers married Helen Fitzgibbons."}, {"section_header": "Career | Boston Braves and Philadelphia Phillies", "text": "Due to Evers' declining performance, the Braves placed Evers on waivers at mid-season, and he was claimed by the Philadelphia Phillies."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Evers was born in Troy, New York."}], "text": "Johnny Evers died in a skiing accident.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Johnny Evers"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The mineral Coronadite is named after him."}], "id": "itcR7uaLFMlPN8W6IS8Q", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "His name is often Anglicized as \"Vasquez de Coronado\" or just \"Coronado\"."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The soft sandstone rocks at the peak of the hill are covered in the names of past visitors to the area."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Coronado, California is not named after Francisco V\u00e1zquez de Coronado, but is named after Coronado Islands, which were named in 1602 by Sebasti\u00e1n Vizca\u00edno who called them Los Cuatro Coronados (the four crowned ones) to honor four martyrs."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Coronado Road in Phoenix, Arizona, was named after V\u00e1zquez de Coronado."}, {"section_header": "Family", "text": "The Estrada-Coronado union was a carefully calculated political union that Francisco and Marina orchestrated."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Coronado Center, a two-story indoor shopping mall in Albuquerque, New Mexico is named after V\u00e1zquez de Coronado."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Similarly, Interstate 40 through Albuquerque has been named the Coronado Freeway."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Coronado High Schools in Lubbock, Texas, El Paso, Texas, Colorado Springs, Colorado, and Scottsdale, Arizona, were named for V\u00e1zquez de Coronado."}, {"section_header": "Family", "text": "Through this marriage, Francisco became a wealthy man."}, {"section_header": "Family", "text": "Francisco, Beatriz and their children actually ended their days comfortably."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The mineral Coronadite is named after him."}], "text": "Francisco Vasquez de Coronado has a type of rock that's named for him.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Francisco Vasquez de Coronado"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Assassination", "text": "Henry was the subject of numerous attempts on his life, including one by Pierre Barri\u00e8re in August 1593 and Jean Ch\u00e2tel in December 1594.He was finally killed in Paris on 14 May 1610 by a Catholic fanatic, Fran\u00e7ois Ravaillac, who stabbed him in the Rue de la Ferronnerie."}], "id": "j1TFypTgQ5C7rXF0ynH3", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Assassination", "text": "Hercule de Rohan, duc de Montbazon, was with him when he was killed; Montbazon was wounded, but survived."}, {"section_header": "Assassination", "text": "Henry was the subject of numerous attempts on his life, including one by Pierre Barri\u00e8re in August 1593 and Jean Ch\u00e2tel in December 1594.He was finally killed in Paris on 14 May 1610 by a Catholic fanatic, Fran\u00e7ois Ravaillac, who stabbed him in the Rue de la Ferronnerie."}, {"section_header": "International relations under Henry IV | Spain and Italy", "text": "During Henry's struggle for the crown, Spain had been the principal backer of the Catholic League, and it tried to thwart Henry."}, {"section_header": "Achievements of his reign", "text": "The art and architecture of his reign have become known as the \"Henry IV style\" since that time."}, {"section_header": "Early life | Wars of Religion", "text": "Since Henry of Navarre was a Huguenot, the issue was not considered settled in many quarters of the country, and France was plunged into a phase of the Wars of Religion known as the War of the Three Henries."}, {"section_header": "International relations under Henry IV | East Asia", "text": "Fran\u00e7ois Martin de Vitr\u00e9 was the first Frenchman to write an account of travels to the Far East in 1604, at the request of Henry IV, and from that time numerous accounts on Asia would be published."}, {"section_header": "International relations under Henry IV", "text": "During the reign of Henry IV, rivalry continued among France, the Habsburg rulers of Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire for the mastery of Western Europe."}, {"section_header": "Assassination", "text": "Henry was buried at the Saint Denis Basilica."}, {"section_header": "Achievements of his reign", "text": "At the time it was the longest edifice of its kind in the world."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "In addition, when Princess Caroline of Naples and Sicily (a descendant of his) gave birth to a male heir to the throne of France seven months after the assassination of her husband Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, by a Republican fanatic, the boy was conspicuously named Henri in reference to his forefather Henry IV."}], "text": "Assassins tried to kill Henry IV of France many times.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Henry IV of France"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Background", "text": "In 1944, three Army Air Force officers, Lt. Col. Frank C. Greulich, Major Walter A. Ryan, and Major William Bruckmann were relieved of duty and later convicted of neglect of duty."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Miller wrote All My Sons as a final attempt at writing a commercially successful play; he vowed to \"find some other line of work\" if the play did not find an audience."}], "id": "j1uShBbSdG4nhDbBdmx6", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Background", "text": "All My Sons is based upon a true story, which Arthur Miller's then-mother-in-law pointed out in an Ohio newspaper."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Miller wrote All My Sons after his first play The Man"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "All My Sons is a three-act play written in 1946 by Arthur Miller."}, {"section_header": "Arthur Miller quotation on All My Sons", "text": "In his Collected Plays, Miller commented on his feelings on watching an audience's reaction to a performance of his first successful play:  The success of a play, especially one's first success, is somewhat like pushing against a door which suddenly opens from the other side."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Miller wrote All My Sons as a final attempt at writing a commercially successful play; he vowed to \"find some other line of work\" if the play did not find an audience."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "The news story described how in 1941\u201343 the Wright Aeronautical Corporation based in Ohio had conspired with army inspection officers to approve defective aircraft engines destined for military use."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "In 1944, three Army Air Force officers, Lt. Col. Frank C. Greulich, Major Walter A. Ryan, and Major William Bruckmann were relieved of duty and later convicted of neglect of duty."}, {"section_header": "Revivals", "text": "This production received three 2019 Tony Award nominations: Best Revival of a Play, Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play (Bening), and Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play (Walker)."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis | Act I", "text": "At Kate's request, Frank is trying to figure out the horoscope of the Kellers' missing son Larry, who disappeared three years earlier while serving in the military during World War II."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "All My Sons was first adapted into a film in 1948."}], "text": "All My Sons was a first effort by Miller to write a well received play, based on a true story which overturned the conviction of three military officials in 1944.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "All My Sons"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early career | Assassination of Caesar | Leader of the Caesarian Party", "text": "In the turmoil surrounding the assassination, Antony escaped Rome dressed as a slave, fearing Caesar's death would be the start of a bloodbath among his supporters."}], "id": "j3GVTiO2AlO0QheEAVEr", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early career | Assassination of Caesar | Ides of March", "text": "With Caesar preparing to depart for Parthia in late March, the conspirators prepared to act when Caesar appeared for the senate meeting on the Ides of March (15 March)."}, {"section_header": "Early career | Assassination of Caesar | Ides of March", "text": "Caesar planned a new invasion of Parthia and desired to leave Antony in Italy to govern Rome in his name."}, {"section_header": "Early career | Assassination of Caesar | Leader of the Caesarian Party", "text": "In the turmoil surrounding the assassination, Antony escaped Rome dressed as a slave, fearing Caesar's death would be the start of a bloodbath among his supporters."}, {"section_header": "Early career | Assassination of Caesar | Ides of March", "text": "The political atmosphere of Rome at the time of the festival was deeply divided."}, {"section_header": "Early career | Assassination of Caesar | Ides of March", "text": "By refusing it, Caesar demonstrated he had no intention of making himself King of Rome."}, {"section_header": "Early career | Assassination of Caesar | Ides of March", "text": "The festival was held in honor of Lupa, the she-wolf who suckled the infant orphans Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome."}, {"section_header": "Early career | Service under Caesar | Civil War", "text": "Antony fled Rome, fearing for his life, and returned to Caesar's camp on the banks of the Rubicon, the southern limit of Caesar's lawful command."}, {"section_header": "Early career | Assassination of Caesar | Ides of March", "text": "Antony reunited with Caesar at Narbo in 45 BC with full reconciliation coming in 44 BC when Antony was elected consul alongside Caesar."}, {"section_header": "Early career | Assassination of Caesar | Ides of March", "text": "During the festival's activities, Antony publicly offered Caesar a diadem, which Caesar refused."}, {"section_header": "Early career | Assassination of Caesar | Ides of March", "text": "Antony was supposed to attend with Caesar, but was waylaid at the door by one of the plotters and prevented from intervening."}], "text": "After the Ides of March, Marc Antony fled Rome in clothing usually worn by slaves.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Mark Antony"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was first published in English and French in the US by Reynal & Hitchcock in April 1943, and posthumously in France following the liberation of France as Saint-Exup\u00e9ry's works had been banned by the Vichy Regime."}], "id": "jDPDqumSbnpG9kngT0fJ", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions", "text": "A Peruvian professor named Roger Gonzalo took two years to translate the novel into Aymara, the result titled Pirinsipi Wawa."}, {"section_header": "Background | Post-publication", "text": "Stacy Schiff, one of Saint-Exup\u00e9ry's principal biographers, wrote of him and his most famous work, \"rarely have an author and a character been so intimately bound together as Antoine de Saint-Exup\u00e9ry and his Little Prince\", and remarking of their dual fates, \"the two remain tangled together, twin innocents who fell from the sky\"."}, {"section_header": "Honours and legacy | Schools", "text": "L'\u00e9cole Le Petit Prince is the public elementary school in the small community of Genech in northern France, dedicated in 1994 upon the merger of two former schools."}, {"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions", "text": "His meditative view of sunsets at the Bevin House were incorporated in the book, where the prince visits a small planet with 43 daily sunsets, a planet where all that is needed to watch a sunset \"is move your chair a few steps.\" As of April 2017, The Little Prince became the world's most translated non-religious book (into 300 languages) together with Italian novel The Adventures of Pinocchio."}, {"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions | Bavarian editions", "text": "The Little Prince has an adaptation for the inhabitants of Bavaria, Austria and South Tirol, covering for a large variety of the Bavarian language."}, {"section_header": "Background | Post-publication", "text": "He would remain immensely proud of The Little Prince, and almost always kept a personal copy with him which he often read to others during the war."}, {"section_header": "Background | Illustrations", "text": "Two or three original Little Prince drawings were reported in the collections of New York artist, sculptor and experimental filmmaker Joseph Cornell."}, {"section_header": "Background | Reception", "text": "\"The book enjoyed modest initial success, residing on The New York Times Best Seller list for only two weeks, as opposed to his earlier 1939 English translation, Wind, Sand and Stars which remained on the same list for nearly five months."}, {"section_header": "Background | Dedication", "text": "Saint-Exup\u00e9ry dedicated two books to him, Lettre \u00e0 un otage (Letter to a Hostage) and Le Petit Prince (The Little Prince), and referred to Werth in three more of his works."}, {"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions", "text": "As of 2017, it has been translated into more than 300 languages and dialects, including Sardinian, the constructed international languages of Esperanto and Klingon, and the Congolese language Alur, as well as being printed in Braille for blind readers."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was first published in English and French in the US by Reynal & Hitchcock in April 1943, and posthumously in France following the liberation of France as Saint-Exup\u00e9ry's works had been banned by the Vichy Regime."}], "text": "The initial publication of the novel,  The Little Prince was done in two languages.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "The Little Prince"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History and etymology", "text": "In 1828, the French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac first used titre as a verb (titrer), meaning \"to determine the concentration of a substance in a given sample\"."}, {"section_header": "History and etymology", "text": "Fran\u00e7ois-Antoine-Henri Descroizilles (fr) developed the first burette (which was similar to a graduated cylinder) in 1791."}], "id": "jK8uWStR17F0ZeXktmIQ", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Types of titrations", "text": "The most common types of qualitative titration are acid\u2013base titrations and redox titrations."}, {"section_header": "Measuring the endpoint of a titration | Back titration", "text": "Back titration is a titration done in reverse; instead of titrating the original sample, a known excess of standard reagent is added to the solution, and the excess is titrated."}, {"section_header": "Measuring the endpoint of a titration | Back titration", "text": "A back titration is useful if the endpoint of the reverse titration is easier to identify than the endpoint of the normal titration, as with precipitation reactions."}, {"section_header": "Titration curves", "text": "A titration curve is a curve in graph the x-coordinate of which represents the volume of titrant added since the beginning of the titration, and the y-coordinate of which represents the concentration of the analyte at the corresponding stage of the titration (in an acid\u2013base titration, the y-coordinate usually represents the pH of the solution).In an acid\u2013base titration, the titration curve represents the strength of the corresponding acid and base."}, {"section_header": "Titration curves", "text": "Titrations between a weak acid and a weak base have titration curves which are very irregular."}, {"section_header": "Measuring the endpoint of a titration", "text": "To compensate, precipitation titrations often have to be done as \"back\" titrations (see below)."}, {"section_header": "Titration curves", "text": "For example, the titration curve for the titration between oxalic acid (a weak acid) and sodium hydroxide (a strong base) is pictured."}, {"section_header": "Types of titrations | Gas phase titration", "text": "In one common gas phase titration, gaseous ozone is titrated with nitrogen oxide according to the reaction  O3 + NO"}, {"section_header": "Types of titrations", "text": "There are many types of titrations with different procedures and goals."}, {"section_header": "Types of titrations | Complexometric titration", "text": "Other complexometric indicators are Eriochrome Black T for the titration of calcium and magnesium ions, and the chelating agent EDTA used to titrate metal ions in solution."}, {"section_header": "History and etymology", "text": "In 1828, the French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac first used titre as a verb (titrer), meaning \"to determine the concentration of a substance in a given sample\"."}, {"section_header": "History and etymology", "text": "Fran\u00e7ois-Antoine-Henri Descroizilles (fr) developed the first burette (which was similar to a graduated cylinder) in 1791."}], "text": "Titration was discovered by Alexander Titus from whom it gets its name.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Titration"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "To open the 1928 season, the left-hander pitched a two-hit shutout against the Cleveland Tigers, which he followed with a 4-3 win over the Tigers the next day."}], "id": "jM0njhdRaasQi9HwEnIZ", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In a 1937 playoff game, he pitched 17 innings."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "Cooper pitched for the Detroit Stars from 1920 to 1927."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "Cooper became known for his ability to alter the speed of his pitches."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "He often pitched three games in a five-game series, starting two and relieving another."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "Cooper gave up two runs in the first inning of the game, but he pitched 16 subsequent scoreless innings."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "Nearing the end of his career, Cooper pitched 17 innings in a playoff game that year versus the Chicago American Giants."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "To open the 1928 season, the left-hander pitched a two-hit shutout against the Cleveland Tigers, which he followed with a 4-3 win over the Tigers the next day."}], "text": "This man pitched with the same arm most people do.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Andy Cooper"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life (1732\u20131752)", "text": "The Washington family was a wealthy Virginia family which had made its fortune in land speculation."}], "id": "jQZZT8svkNfmHxZ7fMqS", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life (1732\u20131752)", "text": "By English common law Washington was a naturalized subject of the King, as were all others born in the English colonies."}, {"section_header": "Early life (1732\u20131752)", "text": "The Washington family was a wealthy Virginia family which had made its fortune in land speculation."}, {"section_header": "Commander in chief (1775\u20131783) | Battle of Long Island", "text": "In August, Howe landed 20,000 troops at Gravesend, Brooklyn, and approached Washington's fortifications, as King George III proclaimed the rebellious American colonists to be traitors."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "He had several sets of false teeth made which he wore during his presidency\u2014none of which were made of wood, contrary to common lore."}, {"section_header": "Early life (1732\u20131752)", "text": "George Washington was born February 22, 1732, at Popes Creek in Westmoreland County, Virginia, and was the first of six children of Augustine and Mary Ball Washington."}, {"section_header": "Commander in chief (1775\u20131783) | Siege of Boston", "text": "In October 1775, King George III declared that the colonies were in open rebellion and relieved General Gage of command for incompetence, replacing him with General William Howe."}, {"section_header": "Burial, net worth, and aftermath", "text": "The outer vault has the sarcophagi of both George and Martha Washington; the inner vault has the remains of other Washington family members and relatives."}, {"section_header": "Marriage, civilian, and political life (1759\u20131775) | Opposition to British Parliament", "text": "Washington helped lead widespread protests against the Townshend Acts passed by Parliament in 1767, and he introduced a proposal in May 1769 drafted by George Mason which called Virginians to boycott English goods; the Acts were mostly repealed in 1770.Parliament sought to punish Massachusetts colonists for their role in the Boston Tea Party in 1774 by passing the Coercive Acts, which Washington referred to as \"an invasion of our rights and privileges\"."}, {"section_header": "Slavery | Abolition and emancipation", "text": "The plan, along with others Washington considered in 1795 and 1796, could not be realized because of his failure to find buyers for his land, his reluctance to break up slave families and the refusal of the Custis heirs to help prevent such separations by freeing their dower slaves at the same time."}, {"section_header": "Marriage, civilian, and political life (1759\u20131775) | Opposition to British Parliament", "text": "The colonists were divided over breaking away from British rule and split into two factions: Patriots who rejected British rule, and Loyalists who desired to remain subject to the King."}], "text": "George Washington was a wealthy Georgia family which had made its fortune in land speculation, and by English common law Washington was a naturalized subject of the King, as were all others born in the English colonies.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "George Washington"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Inception was filmed in six countries, beginning in Tokyo on June 19 and ending in Canada on November 22."}], "id": "jRg4ALRNwWVVe4W4adLf", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception | Year-end and all-time lists", "text": "In 2019, Total Film named Inception the best film of the 2010s."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Year-end and all-time lists", "text": "Many critics and media outlets included Inception in their rankings of the best films of the 2010s."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Inception is a 2010 science fiction action film written and directed by Christopher Nolan, who also produced the film with his wife, Emma Thomas."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Year-end and all-time lists", "text": "In 2016, Inception was voted the 51st best film of the 21st Century by BBC, as picked by 177 film critics from around the world."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Live's Mark Kermode named Inception as the best film of 2010, stating that \"Inception is proof that people are not stupid, that cinema is not trash, and that it is possible for blockbusters and art to be the same thing."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Inception was filmed in six countries, beginning in Tokyo on June 19 and ending in Canada on November 22."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Inception grossed over US$829 million worldwide, becoming the fourth highest-grossing film of 2010."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Year-end and all-time lists", "text": "In 2012, Inception was ranked the 35th Best Edited Film of All Time by the Motion Picture Editors Guild."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "In an episode of The Simpsons, named  \"How I Wet Your Mother\", the plot spoofs Inception with various scenes parodying moments from the film."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "\"Nolan had been trying to work with Leonardo DiCaprio for years and met him several times, but was unable to recruit him for any of his films until Inception."}], "text": "Inception was filmed in Shangai only.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Inception"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Raised in Wyckoff, New Jersey, the Jonas Brothers moved to Little Falls, New Jersey, in 2005, where they wrote their first record that made its Hollywood Records release."}], "id": "jSWPzOYEfh0qdQcVaCQH", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 2007\u20132008: Jonas Brothers", "text": "For their final performance of 2007, the three brothers performed their singles \"Hold On\" and \"S.O.S.\" at Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve."}, {"section_header": "History | 2011\u20132013: Hiatus, LiVe and split", "text": "Despite rumors that they had split, Kevin said the band would release new material in the future: \"I think the tides are perfectly lining up for the future of the Jonas Brothers again\"."}, {"section_header": "History | 2011\u20132013: Hiatus, LiVe and split", "text": "The new tour started on October 11, 2012 at Radio City Music Hall in New York City, where they performed several songs from their previous albums along with a new song entitled \"Let's Go\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "They consist of three brothers: Kevin Jonas, Joe Jonas, and Nick Jonas."}, {"section_header": "History | 2008\u20132009: A Little Bit Longer and acting", "text": "The band made their film debut in the Disney Channel Original Movie Camp Rock, in which they played a band called Connect Three."}, {"section_header": "History | 2008\u20132009: A Little Bit Longer and acting", "text": "The Jonas Brothers also voiced three stone cherubs in the film Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian, which was released on May 22, 2009."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Jonas Brothers are an American pop rock band."}, {"section_header": "History | 2008\u20132009: A Little Bit Longer and acting", "text": "During the summer of 2008, the Jonas Brothers started the Burnin' Up Tour in North America, promoting A Little Bit Longer."}, {"section_header": "History | 2007\u20132008: Jonas Brothers", "text": "The Jonas Brothers kicked off their Look Me"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Raised in Wyckoff, New Jersey, the Jonas Brothers moved to Little Falls, New Jersey, in 2005, where they wrote their first record that made its Hollywood Records release."}], "text": "The Jonas Brothers is a band of three brothers and grew up in New York.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Jonas Brothers"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "William Bradley Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an American actor and film producer."}], "id": "jV1ICLiuqczwnPiogIqS", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | 1994\u20131998: Breakthrough", "text": "According to the Dallas Observer, \"Brad Pitt [...] is a large part of the problem [in the film]."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "William Bradley Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an American actor and film producer."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The family soon moved to Springfield, Missouri, where he lived together with his younger siblings, Douglas Mitchell (born 1966) and Julie Neal (born 1969)."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Pitt was born in Shawnee, Oklahoma, to William Alvin Pitt, the proprietor of a trucking company, and Jane Etta (n\u00e9e Hillhouse), a school counselor."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2004\u20132013", "text": "Troy was the first film produced by Plan B Entertainment, a film production company he had founded two years earlier with Jennifer Aniston and Brad Grey, CEO of Paramount Pictures."}, {"section_header": "Humanitarian and political causes", "text": "The following year Pitt and Jolie flew to Haiti, where they visited a school supported by Y\u00e9le Ha\u00efti, a charity founded by Haitian-born hip hop musician Wyclef Jean."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Born into a conservative Christian household, he was raised as Southern Baptist and later \"oscillate[d] between agnosticism and atheism.\" He later came back around to just belief in that \"we're all connected\"."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2004\u20132013", "text": "The story follows a man who is born an octogenarian and ages in reverse, with Pitt's \"sensitive\" performance making Benjamin Button a \"timeless masterpiece\", according to Michael Sragow of The Baltimore Sun."}, {"section_header": "Humanitarian and political causes", "text": "Pitt is a supporter of same-sex marriage."}, {"section_header": "In the media", "text": "Pitt has appeared in several television commercials."}], "text": "Brad Pitt was born 12/28/63.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Brad Pitt"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life and family | Childhood and education", "text": "Pierce was the fifth of eight children born to Benjamin and his second wife Anna Kendrick; his first wife Elizabeth Andrews died in childbirth, leaving a daughter."}], "id": "jVC2ORpKUQVXzET3QVWR", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Party leader | Mexican\u2013American War", "text": "Active military service was a long-held dream for Pierce, who had admired his father's and brothers' service in his youth, particularly his older brother Benjamin's, as well as that of John McNeil Jr., husband of Pierce's"}, {"section_header": "Later life | Final years and death", "text": "Much of his $72,000 estate (equal to $1,380,000 today) went to his brother Henry's family, and to Hawthorne's children and Pierce's landlady."}, {"section_header": "Party leader | Return to New Hampshire", "text": "These would give victories to North and South, and gained the support of his fellow Whig, Webster."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "All of their children died young, their last son being gruesomely killed in a train accident while the family was traveling shortly before Pierce's inauguration."}, {"section_header": "Early life and family | Childhood and education", "text": "During Pierce's childhood, his father was deeply involved in state politics, while two of his older brothers fought in the War of 1812; public affairs and the military were thus a major influence in his early life."}, {"section_header": "Early life and family | Marriage and children", "text": "They had three sons, all of whom died in childhood."}, {"section_header": "Congressional career | U.S. Senate", "text": "In December 1836, Pierce was elected to the full term, to commence in March 1837, and at age 32, was at the time one of the youngest members in Senate history."}, {"section_header": "Party leader | Return to New Hampshire", "text": "Pierce strongly supported the compromise, giving a well-received speech in December 1850 pledging himself to \"The Union!"}, {"section_header": "Presidency | Train crash and transition", "text": "Pierce, then the youngest man to be elected president, chose to affirm his oath of office on a law book rather than swear it on a Bible, as all his predecessors except John Quincy Adams had done."}, {"section_header": "Early life and family | Childhood and education", "text": "In Hillsborough, his law partner was Albert Baker, who had studied law under Pierce and was the brother of Mary Baker Eddy."}, {"section_header": "Early life and family | Childhood and education", "text": "Pierce was the fifth of eight children born to Benjamin and his second wife Anna Kendrick; his first wife Elizabeth Andrews died in childbirth, leaving a daughter."}], "text": "Pierce's mom died giving birth to his youngest brother.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Franklin Pierce"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Demographics", "text": "In the forty years from 1850 to 1890, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 to over 1 million."}, {"section_header": "Demographics", "text": "At the end of the 19th century, Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world, and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century."}], "id": "jVPUSyP8OjhaMYNXYNyx", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 19th century", "text": "To accommodate rapid population growth and demand for better sanitation, the city improved its infrastructure."}, {"section_header": "History | 19th century", "text": "M.D. Rauch established a plan for Chicago's park system in 1866."}, {"section_header": "Law and government | Politics", "text": "During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growing Democratic Party organization."}, {"section_header": "History | 19th century", "text": "Chicago's first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois and Michigan Canal opened in 1848."}, {"section_header": "History | 19th century", "text": "Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants from Europe and migrants from the Eastern United States."}, {"section_header": "History | 19th century", "text": "In February 1856, Chicago's Common Council approved Chesbrough's plan to build the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system."}, {"section_header": "History | 19th century", "text": "In 1883, Chicago's railway managers needed a general time convention, so they developed the standardized system of North American time zones."}, {"section_header": "History | 19th century", "text": "Concern for social problems among Chicago's immigrant poor led Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr to found Hull House in 1889."}, {"section_header": "History | 20th and 21st centuries | 1900 to 1939", "text": "The theme of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding."}, {"section_header": "History | 19th century", "text": "The city has grown significantly in size and population by incorporating many neighboring townships between 1851 and 1920, with the largest annexation happening in 1889, with five townships joining the city, including the Hyde Park Township, which now comprises most of the South Side of Chicago and the far southeast of Chicago, and the Jefferson Township, which now makes up most of Chicago's Northwest Side."}, {"section_header": "Demographics", "text": "In the forty years from 1850 to 1890, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 to over 1 million."}, {"section_header": "Demographics", "text": "At the end of the 19th century, Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world, and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century."}], "text": "Chicago's growth stagnated in the 19th century.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Chicago"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He initially kept the Protestant faith (the only French king to do so) and had to fight against the Catholic League, which denied that he could wear France's crown as a Protestant."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "To obtain mastery over his kingdom, after four years of stalemate, he found it prudent to abjure the Calvinist faith (saying, \"Paris is well worth a mass.\") ."}], "id": "jX1NsQ14AEjVoLwIbL0Y", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "During the earlier phase of the French Revolution, when its professed aim was to create a constitutional monarchy rather than a Republic, Henry IV was held up as an ideal which King Louis XVI was urged to emulate."}, {"section_header": "Achievements of his reign", "text": "The art and architecture of his reign have become known as the \"Henry IV style\" since that time."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He initially kept the Protestant faith (the only French king to do so) and had to fight against the Catholic League, which denied that he could wear France's crown as a Protestant."}, {"section_header": "International relations under Henry IV | East Asia", "text": "During the reign of Henry IV, various enterprises were set up to develop trade with faraway lands."}, {"section_header": "Early life | Wars of Religion", "text": "The two kings were united by a common interest\u2014to win France from the Catholic League."}, {"section_header": "Early life | \"Paris is well worth a Mass\"", "text": "Since Reims, traditional coronation place of French kings, was still occupied by the Catholic League, Henry was crowned King of France at the Cathedral of Chartres on 27 February 1594."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "In addition, when Princess Caroline of Naples and Sicily (a descendant of his) gave birth to a male heir to the throne of France seven months after the assassination of her husband Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, by a Republican fanatic, the boy was conspicuously named Henri in reference to his forefather Henry IV."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Henry IV (French: Henri IV; 13 December 1553 \u2013 14 May 1610), also known by the epithet Good King Henry or Henry the Great, was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 and King of France from 1589 to 1610."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was assassinated in 1610 by Fran\u00e7ois Ravaillac, a fanatical Catholic, and was succeeded by his son Louis XIII.The son of Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Vend\u00f4me and Jeanne d'Albret, the Queen of Navarre, Henry was baptised as a Catholic but raised in the Protestant faith by his mother."}, {"section_header": "Early life | Wars of Religion", "text": "When Henry III died, Henry of Navarre nominally became king of France."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "To obtain mastery over his kingdom, after four years of stalemate, he found it prudent to abjure the Calvinist faith (saying, \"Paris is well worth a mass.\") ."}], "text": "Henry IV of France gave up his faith and professed to be Catholic to become king.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Henry IV of France"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pitt and Jolie have six children together, three of whom were adopted internationally."}], "id": "jXD5nmKOVsJZEdQABpoQ", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | 1994\u20131998: Breakthrough", "text": "According to the Dallas Observer, \"Brad Pitt [...] is a large part of the problem [in the film]."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2004\u20132013", "text": "The film received thirteen Academy Award nominations in total, and grossed $329 million at the box office worldwide."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2004\u20132013", "text": "Troy was the first film produced by Plan B Entertainment, a film production company he had founded two years earlier with Jennifer Aniston and Brad Grey, CEO of Paramount Pictures."}, {"section_header": "Humanitarian and political causes", "text": "Pitt is a supporter of same-sex marriage."}, {"section_header": "In the media", "text": "Pitt has appeared in several television commercials."}, {"section_header": "Humanitarian and political causes", "text": "In September 2006, Pitt and Jolie established a charitable organization, the Jolie-Pitt Foundation, to aid humanitarian causes around the world."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Pitt was born in Shawnee, Oklahoma, to William Alvin Pitt, the proprietor of a trucking company, and Jane Etta (n\u00e9e Hillhouse), a school counselor."}, {"section_header": "Career | 1999\u20132003", "text": "Several reviewers were critical of Snatch; however, most praised Pitt."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Children", "text": "The couple donated the proceeds to the Jolie-Pitt Foundation."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "As graduation approached, Pitt did not feel ready to settle down."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pitt and Jolie have six children together, three of whom were adopted internationally."}], "text": "Brad Pitt has 4 biological kids and 6 kids total.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Brad Pitt"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alongside her music career, Aguilera starred in the film Burlesque (2010) and was a coach on six seasons of the singing competition television series The Voice from 2011 to 2016."}], "id": "jYGDfVsqGOxrH2M5tx1T", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and career | 2010\u20132011: Bionic, Burlesque, and The Voice", "text": "Aguilera starred alongside Cher in the musical film Burlesque."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alongside her music career, Aguilera starred in the film Burlesque (2010) and was a coach on six seasons of the singing competition television series The Voice from 2011 to 2016."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 2010\u20132011: Bionic, Burlesque, and The Voice", "text": "From April 2011 to December 2012, Aguilera served as a coach on the first three seasons of the television competition series The Voice."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 2012\u20132017: Lotus, second child, and television projects", "text": "The album was supported by one other single, \"Just a Fool\" featuring Aguilera's fellow The Voice coach Blake Shelton."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 2010\u20132011: Bionic, Burlesque, and The Voice", "text": "During the first season, Aguilera was featured on Maroon 5's single \"Moves like Jagger\" upon the invitation of the group's lead vocalist and Aguilera's fellow The Voice coach Adam Levine."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 2012\u20132017: Lotus, second child, and television projects", "text": "The Get Down (2016), being a voice actress for The Emoji Movie (2017), and starring in the romantic science fiction film Zoe (2018)."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 2010\u20132011: Bionic, Burlesque, and The Voice", "text": "The film received a nomination for Best Motion Picture \u2013"}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 2010\u20132011: Bionic, Burlesque, and The Voice", "text": "Aguilera began work on her sixth studio album during pregnancy, when she frequently listened to electronic music."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Influences", "text": "Aguilera is also inspired by her Burlesque co-star, Cher: \"I have always had tremendous respect for her."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 2010\u20132011: Bionic, Burlesque, and The Voice", "text": "The album spawned one other international single, \"You Lost Me\"."}], "text": "Christina Aguilera is a singer who also starred a film Burlesque and worked as a coach on the Voice.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Christina Aguilera"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The realistic and sympathetic depiction of the farmer Wang Lung and his wife O-lan helped prepare Americans of the 1930s to consider Chinese as allies in the coming war with Japan."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Good Earth is a novel by Pearl S. Buck published in 1931 that dramatizes family life in a Chinese village in the early 20th century."}], "id": "jaF6VqP7tkZz6bBbDSL3", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was the best-selling novel in the United States in both 1931 and 1932, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1932, and was influential in Buck's winning the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1938."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Good Earth is a novel by Pearl S. Buck published in 1931 that dramatizes family life in a Chinese village in the early 20th century."}, {"section_header": "Chronology", "text": "The novel is set in a timeless China and provides no explicit dates."}, {"section_header": "Political influence", "text": "Some scholars have seen The Good Earth as creating sympathy for China in the oncoming war with Japan."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novel was included in Life Magazine's list of the 100 outstanding books of 1924\u20131944."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "However, the 1937 film, The Good Earth, which was based on the stage version, was more successful."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Buck, who grew up in China as the daughter of missionaries, wrote the book while living in China and drew on her first-hand observation of Chinese village life."}, {"section_header": "Political influence", "text": "If they had, Americans would have been fighting in Asia long before 1941.\"The Columbia University political scientist Andrew J. Nathan praised Hilary Spurling's book Pearl Buck in China: Journey to The Good Earth, saying that it should move readers to rediscover Buck's work as a source of insight into both revolutionary China and the United States' interactions with it."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "At the end of the novel, Wang Lung overhears his sons planning to sell the land and tries to dissuade them."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "He desires grandchildren to comfort him in his old age and becomes exceedingly needy and senile as the novel progresses."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The realistic and sympathetic depiction of the farmer Wang Lung and his wife O-lan helped prepare Americans of the 1930s to consider Chinese as allies in the coming war with Japan."}], "text": "The 1931 novel The Good Earth is a novel about rural life in China and won the Pulitzer Prize.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Good Earth"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Early life and career (1890\u20131930)", "text": "Molotov joined the editorial staff of a new underground Bolshevik newspaper called Pravda, meeting Joseph Stalin for the first time in association with the project."}], "id": "jdUdnCt11tnDkZAJLZNU", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Early life and career (1890\u20131930)", "text": "This first association between the two future Soviet leaders proved to be brief, however, and did not lead to an immediate close political association."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Post-war career (1949\u20131962)", "text": "The new Party Secretary, Khrushchev, soon emerged as the new leader of the Soviet Union."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Post-war career (1949\u20131962)", "text": "Although Molotov was seen as a likely successor to Stalin in the immediate aftermath of his death, he never sought to become leader of the Soviet Union."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Post-war career (1949\u20131962)", "text": "In the plenum, which met from 22 to 29 June, Molotov and his faction were defeated."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Legacy", "text": "\"At the end of 1989, two years before the final collapse of the Soviet Union, the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union and Mikhail Gorbachev's government formally denounced the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Minister of Foreign Affairs (1939\u20131949)", "text": "He represented the Soviet Union at the San Francisco Conference, which created the United Nations."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life and career (1890\u20131930)", "text": "Molotov joined the editorial staff of a new underground Bolshevik newspaper called Pravda, meeting Joseph Stalin for the first time in association with the project."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life and career (1890\u20131930)", "text": "On the advice of Molotov and Nikolai Bukharin, the Central Committee decided to reduce Lenin's work hours."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Later years and death (1962\u20131986)", "text": "Later, Soviet leader Konstantin Chernenko further rehabilitated Molotov; in 1984, Molotov was even allowed to seek membership in the Communist Party."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Minister of Foreign Affairs (1939\u20131949)", "text": "Maurice Hindus, in 1954, was perhaps the first person outside the Soviet Union to understand this hostility."}], "text": "Vyacheslav Molotov met a future Soviet Union leader while working at a newspaper.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Vyacheslav Molotov"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "At the 76th Academy Awards, the film was nominated for 10 Oscars, including Best Picture and Best Director."}], "id": "jt1xtzoN14mG3d7r9CjB", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "\"The Far Side of the World (Master and Commander)\"."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "McGregor, Tom (2003). The Making of Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World is a 2003 American epic period war-drama film co-written, produced and directed by Peter Weir, set in the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "The film combines elements from 13 different novels of Patrick O'Brian, but the basic plot mostly comes from The Far Side of the World."}, {"section_header": "Release | Awards and honors", "text": "This film was nominated for awards in many categories of annual movie competitions."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "At the 76th Academy Awards, the film was nominated for 10 Oscars, including Best Picture and Best Director."}, {"section_header": "Production | Sound", "text": "Sound designer Richard King earned Master and Commander an Oscar for its sound effects by going to great lengths to record realistic sounds, particularly for the battle scenes and the storm scenes."}, {"section_header": "Release | Critical response", "text": "\"Master and Commander\" stays afloat to the finish, but that's all that can be said."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "The author drew from real events in the Napoleonic Wars, as he describes in the introduction to the first novel, Master and Commander."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "The Royal Navy Museum considers Captain Lord Cochrane as the inspiration for the character in the first novel, Master and Commander."}], "text": "Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World was a film that was nominated for many Oscars.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pompeii is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Italy, with approximately 2.5 million visitors annually."}], "id": "juSbLUexNWovhhRni2R6", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pompeii (, Latin: [p\u0254m\u02c8pe\u02d0jji\u02d0]) was an ancient city located in what is now the comune of Pompei near Naples in the Campania region of Italy."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pompeii is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Italy, with approximately 2.5 million visitors annually."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "The 1954 film, Journey to Italy, starring George Sanders and Ingrid Bergman, includes a scene at Pompeii in which they witness the excavation of a cast of a couple that perished in the eruption."}, {"section_header": "Roman city development", "text": "It is speculated that these historical vineyards are strikingly similar in structure to the modern day vineyards across Italy."}, {"section_header": "Tourism", "text": "By 2008, it was attracting almost 2.6 million visitors per year, making it one of the most popular tourist sites in Italy."}, {"section_header": "History | The Roman period", "text": "The city became an important passage for goods that arrived by sea and had to be sent toward Rome or Southern Italy along the nearby Appian Way."}, {"section_header": "History | Early history", "text": "The first stable settlements on the site date back to the 8th century BC when the Oscans, a people of central Italy, founded five villages in the area."}, {"section_header": "History | Rediscovery and excavations", "text": "He was followed in 1764 by military engineer Franscisco la Vega, who was succeeded by his brother, Pietro, in 1804.There was much progress in exploration when the French occupied Naples in 1799 and ruled over Italy from 1806 to 1815."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "Pompeii was the setting for the British comedy television series Up Pompeii!"}, {"section_header": "History | Rediscovery and excavations", "text": "In 1689, Francesco Picchetti saw a wall inscription mentioning decurio Pompeiis (\"town councillor of Pompeii\"), but he associated it with a villa of Pompey."}], "text": "Pompeii is in Italy.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Pompeii"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life and character | Controversies | Cause of death", "text": "In response, Britten's consultant cardiologist said that, like all the hospital's similar cases, Britten was routinely screened for syphilis before the operation, with negative results."}], "id": "jwyCHjyK2qHAUV4jP1Ra", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and career | Early years", "text": "When Britten was three months old he contracted pneumonia and nearly died."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Last years", "text": "We Great Men. Britten died of congestive heart failure on 4 December 1976."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Return to England", "text": "Having arrived in Britain, Britten and Pears applied for recognition as conscientious objectors; Britten was initially allowed only non-combatant service in the military, but on appeal he gained unconditional exemption."}, {"section_header": "Music | Other vocal works", "text": "One of the best-known works in which Britten set poetry was the War Requiem (1962)."}, {"section_header": "Notes, references and sources", "text": "\"Britten, (Edward) Benjamin\"."}, {"section_header": "Notes, references and sources", "text": "The Music of Benjamin Britten."}, {"section_header": "Notes, references and sources", "text": "The Operas of Benjamin Britten."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Among the best known of these is The Turn of the Screw (1954)."}, {"section_header": "Notes, references and sources", "text": "Benjamin Britten: Peter Grimes."}, {"section_header": "Personal life and character | Controversies | Cause of death", "text": "A more recent controversy was the statement in a 2013 biography of Britten by Paul Kildea that the composer's heart failure was due to undetected syphilis, which Kildea speculates was a result of Pears's promiscuity while the two were living in New York."}, {"section_header": "Personal life and character | Controversies | Cause of death", "text": "In response, Britten's consultant cardiologist said that, like all the hospital's similar cases, Britten was routinely screened for syphilis before the operation, with negative results."}], "text": "Benjamin Britten is known to have died of complications from an undetected STD.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Benjamin Britten"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film, the fourth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and a standalone sequel to At World's End (2007)."}], "id": "k1E86TUfVrPzHVPlJJLn", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "The title was announced as Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides."}, {"section_header": "Sequel", "text": "The fifth installment in the franchise, Pirates of the Caribbean"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film, the fourth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and a standalone sequel to At World's End (2007)."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "Depp's faith in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides was somewhat shaken after the resignation, with Depp explaining that \"There's a fissure, a crack in my enthusiasm at the moment."}, {"section_header": "Release | Promotion", "text": "At Disney California Adventure Park, the Pirates of the Caribbean segment of the World of Color show was extended to include visual clips and music from On Stranger Tides."}, {"section_header": "Release", "text": "The world premiere of On Stranger Tides was on May 7, 2011, at a premium ticket screening at Disneyland in Anaheim, California, home of the original Pirates of the Caribbean ride that inspired the film series."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Box office | Outside North America", "text": "Outside North America, On Stranger Tides is the sixth-highest-grossing film, the third-highest-grossing Disney film, the second-highest-grossing 2011 film and the highest-grossing film of the Pirates of the Caribbean series."}, {"section_header": "Release | Home media", "text": "On Stranger Tides was also released as a movie download in both high definition and 3D."}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "The British financial statements of the film revealed total expenditures of \u00a3240.7 million ($410.6 million) by 2013, with Disney receiving a rebate of $32.1 million from the British government, making Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides the most expensive film ever made to date."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "Depp also explained Cook was one of the few who accepted his portrayal of Jack Sparrow: \"When things went a little sideways on the first Pirates movie and others at the studio were less than enthusiastic about my interpretation of the character, Dick was there from the first moment."}], "text": "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides was the fifth Pirates movie.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After his retirement from baseball, Newhouser was away from the sport for 20 years, serving as a bank vice president."}], "id": "k3NdHXYg03AgGlC7Jxug", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "During his playing days, Newhouser's teammates nicknamed him \"Prince Hal\" because of the way he carried himself."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Harold Newhouser (May 20, 1921 \u2013 November 10, 1998), nicknamed \"Prince Hal\", was an American professional baseball player."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Later career", "text": "After being released by the Tigers following the 1953 season, Newhouser signed on with the Cleveland Indians and was their top long reliever in 1954, when Cleveland won 111 games and the pennant."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He later worked as a scout for several MLB teams, including the Houston Astros."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "He became the youngest player (24) to win the award in two consecutive years."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "The Tigers retired Newhouser's number 16 in 1997."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "Newhouser became the first pitcher to repeat as MVP that season and helped the team win the World Series."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In Major League Baseball (MLB), he pitched 17 seasons on the Detroit Tigers and Cleveland Indians, from 1939 through 1955."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After his retirement from baseball, Newhouser was away from the sport for 20 years, serving as a bank vice president."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "He quit his job with the Astros after they ignored his advice to draft Jeter, though he had planned to retire after that season in any case."}], "text": "Following his retirement from the MLB, Prince Hal became a top executive of a real estate company.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Hal Newhouser"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Historicity", "text": "The Lion in Winter is fictional and none of the dialogue and actions are historical; there was not a Christmas Court at Chinon in 1183."}], "id": "kU9GIHAttPBSSjuj9ZJ3", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Lion in Winter is a 1966 play by James Goldman, depicting the personal and political conflicts of Henry II of England, his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, their children and their guests during Christmas 1183."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "Set during Christmas 1183 at Henry II of England's castle in Chinon, Anjou, Angevin Empire, the play opens with the arrival of Henry's wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, whom he has had imprisoned since 1173."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Henry II, King of England (Male, 50) \u2013"}, {"section_header": "Dramatic adaptations | Pastiches and parodies", "text": "The Fox TV drama Empire is explicitly based on The Lion in Winter."}, {"section_header": "Historicity", "text": "The Lion in Winter is fictional and none of the dialogue and actions are historical; there was not a Christmas Court at Chinon in 1183."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Queen Eleanor (Female, 61) \u2013 Eleanor is the wife of Henry and a beautiful woman of hot temperament, and great authority and presence."}, {"section_header": "Dramatic adaptations | Pastiches and parodies", "text": "A radio parody of The Lion in Winter entitled The Leopard in Autumn by Neil Anthony was originally broadcast in BBC Radio 4 in 2001 and 2002 and"}, {"section_header": "Synopsis", "text": "The story concerns the gamesmanship between Henry, Eleanor, their three surviving sons Richard, Geoffrey, and John, and their Christmas Court guest, the King of France, Philip II Augustus (French: Philippe Auguste), who was the son of Eleanor's ex-husband, Louis VII of France (by his third wife, Adelaide)."}, {"section_header": "Dramatic adaptations | Films", "text": "The play was adapted into a 1968 film, with Peter O'Toole as Henry and Katharine Hepburn as Eleanor, and a 2003 television movie with Patrick Stewart and Glenn Close."}, {"section_header": "Productions", "text": "The play was revived in November 2011 at the Theatre Royal Haymarket, London, starring Robert Lindsay as Henry, and Joanna Lumley as Eleanor, directed by Trevor Nunn."}], "text": "The Lion in Winter is a nonfictional play about Henry II of England and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Lion in Winter"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes (\"fission fungi\"), bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes."}], "id": "kdLISXNv4LnW9vZzITuB", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Significance in technology and industry", "text": "Bacteria can also be used in the place of pesticides in the biological pest control."}, {"section_header": "Significance in technology and industry", "text": "This is achievable in some well-studied bacteria, with models of Escherichia coli metabolism now being produced and tested."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Bacteria ( (listen); common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) are a type of biological cell."}, {"section_header": "Significance in technology and industry", "text": "Because of their importance for research in general, samples of bacterial strains are isolated and preserved in Biological Resource Centers."}, {"section_header": "Metabolism", "text": "Bacterial metabolic processes are also important in biological responses to pollution; for example, sulfate-reducing bacteria are largely responsible for the production of the highly toxic forms of mercury (methyl- and dimethylmercury) in the environment."}, {"section_header": "Behaviour | Movement", "text": "Bacteria can use flagella in different ways to generate different kinds of movement."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy."}, {"section_header": "History of bacteriology", "text": "Ehrlich had been awarded a 1908 Nobel Prize for his work on immunology, and pioneered the use of stains to detect and identify bacteria, with his work being the basis of the Gram stain and the Ziehl\u2013Neelsen stain."}, {"section_header": "Classification and identification", "text": "The International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology (ICSB) maintains international rules for the naming of bacteria and taxonomic categories and for the ranking of them in the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes (\"fission fungi\"), bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes."}], "text": "Bacteria as a biological concept used to be placed in a different biological category than it is now.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Bacteria"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Critics have described it as a masterwork and novelist D. H. Lawrence called it a \"perfect work of the American imagination\"."}, {"section_header": "Critical response", "text": "\"On the other hand, 20th-century writer D. H. Lawrence said that there could not be a more perfect work of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter."}], "id": "kfABPqBNWhYrVR558ENS", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Scarlet Letter: A Romance is a work of historical fiction by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne, published in 1850."}, {"section_header": "Symbols", "text": "The following are symbols that are embedded in The Scarlet Letter: The Scarlet Letter A: In the beginning of the novel Hester's letter A is a representation of her sin and adultery."}, {"section_header": "Critical response", "text": "\"On the other hand, 20th-century writer D. H. Lawrence said that there could not be a more perfect work of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Critics have described it as a masterwork and novelist D. H. Lawrence called it a \"perfect work of the American imagination\"."}, {"section_header": "Symbols", "text": "It is mentioned she \"was the scarlet letter in another form; the scarlet letter endowed in life\u201d (84)."}, {"section_header": "Symbols", "text": "It states \u201cThe letter was the symbol of her calling."}, {"section_header": "Symbols", "text": "However, others perceived the letter to be a symbol for angel."}, {"section_header": "Critical response", "text": "English writer Mary Anne Evans writing as \"George Eliot\", called The Scarlet Letter, along with Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1855 book-length poem The Song of Hiawatha, the \"two most indigenous and masterly productions in American literature\"."}, {"section_header": "Symbols", "text": "It symbolizes shame, revelation of sin, and guilt for it is where Hester received her scarlet letter as punishment and where Dimmesdale experiences his revelation through the meteor."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The letter \"A\" stands for adulteress, although this is never said explicitly in the novel."}], "text": "In the beginning of the novel The Scarlet Letter by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne, the letter A is an embedded symbol imagined in the perfect writing of the author.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Scarlet Letter"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1936, Congress overrode President Roosevelt's veto and paid the veterans their bonus nine years early."}], "id": "kiKnQUTxqCPnglCGSJHI", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Police shooting | Army report", "text": "eight blocks from the Capitol were never called upon."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "I's American Expeditionary Forces, while the media referred to them as the \"Bonus Army\" or \"Bonus Marchers\"."}, {"section_header": "March", "text": "The Bonus Army massed at the U.S. Capitol on June 17 as the U.S. Senate voted on the Bonus Bill."}, {"section_header": "Army intervention", "text": "Shortly after 9 pm, MacArthur ordered Miles to cross the bridge and evict the Bonus Army from its encampment."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The principal demand of the Bonus Army was the immediate cash payment of their certificates."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Bonus Army marchers with their wives and children were driven out, and their shelters and belongings burned."}, {"section_header": "March", "text": "I veterans to receive their cash bonus."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Bonus Army was a group of 43,000 demonstrators \u2013 made up of 17,000 U.S. World War"}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Breaking with tradition, the veterans of the Spanish\u2013American War did not receive a bonus and after World War I, that became a political matter when they received only a $60 bonus."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "A second bonus march planned for the following year in May by the \"National Liaison Committee of Washington,\" disavowed by the previous year's bonus army leadership, demanded that the Federal government provide marchers housing and food during their stay in the capital."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1936, Congress overrode President Roosevelt's veto and paid the veterans their bonus nine years early."}], "text": "The Bonus Army members never got their bonus.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Bonus Army"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "A third child, a daughter named Marion, lived to adulthood and survived her father."}], "id": "kl1P4qG3uFDZ2ZgnZN4a", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "In 1891 he played for the Big Gorhams of New York, a team that he later called \"without a doubt one of the strongest teams ever gotten together, white or black.\" The Gorhams briefly represented Norwalk, Connecticut, in the Connecticut State League."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His father, Saul Solomon White, apparently died when White was very young."}, {"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "\" White \"learned to play ball when quite a youngster.\" As a teenager White was a fan of the Bellaire Globes, local amateurs."}, {"section_header": "Managerial career", "text": "White managed the Philadelphia Quaker Giants for a year."}, {"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "White played both catcher and second base for the Gorhams."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Sol White married Florence Fields on March 15, 1906."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "White died at age 87 in Central Islip, New York."}, {"section_header": "Managerial career", "text": "However, White quit the Lincolns before the season was over, replaced as manager by Lloyd."}, {"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "The journalist Floyd J. Calvin recounts the story of how White got a chance to play for his team."}, {"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "White played second base, hit .350, and stole 21 bases in 54 games."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "A third child, a daughter named Marion, lived to adulthood and survived her father."}], "text": "White and his wife had 4 children together.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Sol White"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": ", he also played with the Brooklyn Dodgers (1940\u20131943, 1946), New York Giants (1943\u20131945), and Boston Braves (1945)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A left fielder with the St. Louis Cardinals during the \"Gashouse Gang\" era of the 1930s"}], "id": "knNxzk9q8OSVAgYhRIu5", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career", "text": "He made his MLB debut with the Cardinals in 1932."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "He played in 139 games for the team the next year, hitting .354 with 26 home runs before being called up to the major leagues."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "In 1949, at the age of 37, Medwick was player-coach of the Miami Beach Flamingos, a Class 'B' team in the Florida International League."}, {"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "In later years, Medwick worked as a hitting coach in the Cardinals spring training camps and minor league system, his role with the team at the time of his death."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "University of Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne made arrangements for Medwick to play football there, however Medwick decided to forgo college and enter professional baseball."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "He played 161 games for Houston in 1931, hitting .305 with 19 home runs."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": ", he also played with the Brooklyn Dodgers (1940\u20131943, 1946), New York Giants (1943\u20131945), and Boston Braves (1945)."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "He continued playing minor-league baseball through 1952 with Class 'B' Raleigh and Tampa, but his numbers declined substantially."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Medwick's hard-charging style of play got him pulled out of the seventh game of the 1934 World Series by Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis after a hard slide into third baseman Marv Owen on a triple which caused Detroit Tigers fans to pelt Medwick with fruits and vegetables."}, {"section_header": "Career statistics", "text": "In 1984 games played over 17 seasons, Medwick compiled a .324 batting average (2471-7635) with 1198 runs, 540 doubles, 113 triples, 205 home runs, 1383 RBI, 437 bases on balls, .362 on-base percentage and .505 slugging percentage."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A left fielder with the St. Louis Cardinals during the \"Gashouse Gang\" era of the 1930s"}], "text": "Medwick played with 3 teams overall in the MLB.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Joe Medwick"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "She wrote the poem in 1883 to raise money for the construction of a pedestal for the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World)."}], "id": "kqGvvv6IlW24HfpYD6nA", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"The New Colossus\" is a sonnet by American poet Emma Lazarus (1849\u20131887)."}, {"section_header": "Interpretation", "text": "In the poem, Lazarus contrasts that ancient symbol of grandeur and empire (\"the brazen giant of Greek fame\")  with a \"New\" Colossus \u2013 the Statue of Liberty, a female embodiment of commanding \"maternal strength\" (\"Mother of Exiles\")."}, {"section_header": "History of the poem", "text": "This poem was written as a donation to an auction of art and literary works conducted by the \"Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty\" to raise money for the pedestal's construction."}, {"section_header": "Influence | In culture", "text": "The poem is also the subtitle of the game's sequel: Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus."}, {"section_header": "Influence | Immigration to the United States", "text": "Paul Auster wrote that \"Bartholdi's gigantic effigy was originally intended as a monument to the principles of international republicanism, but 'The New Colossus' reinvented the statue's purpose, turning Liberty into a welcoming mother, a symbol of hope to the outcasts and downtrodden of the world."}, {"section_header": "History of the poem", "text": "\"The New Colossus\" was the first entry read at the exhibit's opening on November 2, 1883."}, {"section_header": "Influence | Immigration to the United States", "text": "Over the decades, \u201cThe New Colossus\u201d has acquired a patina of universality."}, {"section_header": "Influence | Immigration to the United States", "text": "Staining \u201cThe New Colossus\u201d with the bile of discrimination is a shameful act of cultural defilement."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "She wrote the poem in 1883 to raise money for the construction of a pedestal for the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World)."}, {"section_header": "History of the poem", "text": "It remained associated with the exhibit through a published catalog until the exhibit closed after the pedestal was fully funded in August 1885, but was forgotten and played no role at the opening of the statue in 1886."}], "text": "Emma Lazarus wrote the poem The New Colossus to fund her dream of starting an orphanage.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The New Colossus"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography", "text": "They lived in cramped quarters with several other families, and Yonath remembers \"books\" being the only thing she had to keep her occupied."}, {"section_header": "Biography", "text": "Yonath was accepted to Tichon Hadash high school although her mother could not pay the tuition."}], "id": "kqse0KETdUoPJKT0pv3d", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ada E. Yonath (Hebrew: \u05e2\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea\u200e, pronounced [\u02c8ada jo\u02c8nat]) (born 22 June 1939) is an Israeli crystallographer best known for her pioneering work on the structure of the ribosome."}, {"section_header": "Biography", "text": "They lived in cramped quarters with several other families, and Yonath remembers \"books\" being the only thing she had to keep her occupied."}, {"section_header": "Biography", "text": "Her father was a rabbi and came from a rabbinical family."}, {"section_header": "Biography", "text": "When her father died at the age of 42, the family moved to Tel Aviv."}, {"section_header": "Biography", "text": "Yonath (n\u00e9e Lifshitz) was born in the Geula quarter of Jerusalem."}, {"section_header": "Biography", "text": "Yonath was accepted to Tichon Hadash high school although her mother could not pay the tuition."}, {"section_header": "Biography", "text": "She has one daughter, Hagit Yonath, a doctor at Sheba Medical Center, and a granddaughter, Noa."}, {"section_header": "Scientific career", "text": "Yonath accepted postdoctoral positions at Carnegie Mellon University (1969) and MIT (1970)."}, {"section_header": "Scientific career", "text": "At the Weizmann Institute, Yonath is the incumbent of the Martin S. and Helen Kimmel Professorial Chair."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "On Saturday, 18 October 2014, Professor Yonath was named an ordinary member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences by Pope Francis."}], "text": "Ada Yonath grew up in a poor family.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Ada Yonath"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The neutrino is so named because it is electrically neutral and because its rest mass is so small ("}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "-ino) that it was long thought to be zero."}], "id": "kuNkF3lUlqYpjBDtoq4T", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A neutrino ( or ) (denoted by the Greek letter \u03bd) is a fermion (an elementary particle with spin of 1/2) that interacts only via the weak subatomic force and gravity."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The weak force has a very short range, the gravitational interaction is extremely weak, and neutrinos do not participate in the strong interaction."}, {"section_header": "Properties and reactions", "text": "Neutrinos are leptons. They have only been observed to interact through the weak force, although it is assumed that they also interact gravitationally."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The neutrino is so named because it is electrically neutral and because its rest mass is so small ("}, {"section_header": "Research | Chirality", "text": "Neutrinos are produced in weak interactions as chirality eigenstates."}, {"section_header": "Properties and reactions | Flavor, mass, and their mixing", "text": "Weak interactions create neutrinos in one of three leptonic flavors: electron neutrinos (\u03bde), muon neutrinos (\u03bd\u03bc), or tau neutrinos (\u03bd\u03c4), associated with the corresponding charged leptons, the electron (e\u2212), muon (\u03bc\u2212), and tau (\u03c4\u2212), respectively."}, {"section_header": "Detection", "text": "Other detectors have consisted of large volumes of chlorine or gallium which are periodically checked for excesses of argon or germanium, respectively, which are created by electron-neutrinos interacting with the original substance."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Weak interactions create neutrinos in one of three leptonic flavors: electron neutrinos (\u03bde), muon neutrinos (\u03bd\u03bc), or tau neutrinos (\u03bd\u03c4), in association with the corresponding charged lepton."}, {"section_header": "Properties and reactions | Antineutrinos", "text": "Antineutrinos were first detected as a result of their interaction with protons in a large tank of water."}, {"section_header": "History | Direct detection", "text": "The experiments also implemented a primitive neutrino astronomy and looked at issues of neutrino physics and weak interactions."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "-ino) that it was long thought to be zero."}], "text": "A neutrino is a fermion that interacts only via the weak subatomic force and gravity and gets its name from the electron and its rest mass is so large..", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Neutrino"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "It has so far been followed by two more films: The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian and The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a fantasy novel for children by C. S. Lewis, published by Geoffrey Bles in 1950."}], "id": "l0IBQvf59xGxo0s7W4kc", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Writing", "text": "Lewis described the origin of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe in an essay titled"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a fantasy novel for children by C. S. Lewis, published by Geoffrey Bles in 1950."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Lewis very much enjoyed writing The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and embarked on the sequel Prince Caspian soon after finishing the first novel."}, {"section_header": "Writing", "text": "The manuscript of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was complete by the end of March 1949."}, {"section_header": "Reading order", "text": "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was originally published as the first book in the Narnia Chronicles."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Theatre", "text": "In 2012 Michael Fentiman with Rupert Goold co-directed The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe at a Threesixty 'tented production' in Kensington Gardens, London."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2003, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was ranked ninth on the BBC's The Big Read poll."}, {"section_header": "Religious themes", "text": "One of the most significant themes seen in C. S. Lewis's The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe is the theme of Christianity."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Television", "text": "In 1979, an animated TV movie, directed by Peanuts director Bill Mel\u00e9ndez, was broadcast and won the first Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program."}, {"section_header": "Differences between editions", "text": "Due to labor union rules, the text of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was reset for the publication of the first American edition of by Macmillan US in 1950."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "It has so far been followed by two more films: The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian and The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader."}], "text": "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis has been adapted into 2 movies.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "In their free time, he and his brothers played sandlot baseball and developed their skills to such an extent that three of his brothers went on to become professionals as well."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Johannes Peter \"Honus\" Wagner (; February 24, 1874 \u2013 December 6, 1955), sometimes referred to as \"Hans\" Wagner, was an American baseball shortstop who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates."}], "id": "l1ZRAPzQZr5LgUfX5iBP", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Wagner was born to German immigrants Peter and Katheryn Wagner in the borough of Chartiers, in what is now Carnegie, Pennsylvania."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Johannes Peter \"Honus\" Wagner (; February 24, 1874 \u2013 December 6, 1955), sometimes referred to as \"Hans\" Wagner, was an American baseball shortstop who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Louisville Colonels", "text": "The runner was out by two or three steps."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | 1903 and 1909 World Series", "text": "They had me by a foot. You just booted the play, so come on, let's play ball."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | 1903 and 1909 World Series", "text": "The speed demon Cobb only managed two steals, one of which Cobb himself admitted was a botched call."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "One month later, with one point separating him from Reds center fielder Cy Seymour for the batting title, Wagner fell short in a head-to-head matchup on the final day of the season, with Seymour collecting four hits to Wagner's two, as contemporary press reports stated that the fans were far more interested in the Seymour-Wagner battle than in the outcome of the games."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "The move to the Pittsburgh Pirates signified Wagner's emergence as a premier hitter."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "For the next nine seasons, Wagner's average did not fall below .330."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | 1903 and 1909 World Series", "text": "quit to the ton than Wagner ... This was the real tragedy in Wagner's career."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Later career", "text": "In 1910, Wagner's average fell to .320, his lowest average since 1898."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "In their free time, he and his brothers played sandlot baseball and developed their skills to such an extent that three of his brothers went on to become professionals as well."}], "text": "Two of Peter and Katheryn Wagner's boys played pro-ball.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Honus Wagner"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball as a left-handed pitcher for six different teams from 1965 to 1988, most notably as a member of the Philadelphia Phillies with whom he won four Cy Young Awards as well as the 1980 World Series."}], "id": "l5AWIAATF7hWs3ln7LE2", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early years", "text": "Carlton was born and raised in Miami, Florida, where he played Little League and American Legion Baseball during his youth."}, {"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | St. Louis Cardinals (1965\u20131971)", "text": "In the 1967 World Series, Carlton started Game 5 and pitched 6 strong innings, giving up only an unearned run, but taking a 3\u20131 loss."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball as a left-handed pitcher for six different teams from 1965 to 1988, most notably as a member of the Philadelphia Phillies with whom he won four Cy Young Awards as well as the 1980 World Series."}, {"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | Philadelphia Phillies (1972\u20131986) | Media silence | More success", "text": "In the 1983 World Series, Carlton was matched up against Jim Palmer in Game 3, where he gave up 2 earned runs in 6\u2154 innings of a 3\u20132 loss."}, {"section_header": "Minor leagues", "text": "Overall, Carlton was 15\u20136 with a 2.22 ERA and 191 strikeouts in 178 innings in 1964.In 1965, Carlton pitched one game and 5 innings of one run ball with the Cardinals team in the Florida East Coast Instructional League and was promoted to the major league team."}, {"section_header": "Early years", "text": "After high school, Carlton played baseball at Miami Dade College North, where he pitched in relief on a strong team under Coach Demie Mainieri."}, {"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | Philadelphia Phillies (1972\u20131986)", "text": "During the 18 games of the winning streak (3 were no-decisions), Carlton pitched 155 innings, allowed 103 hits and 28 runs (only 17 in the 15 winning games), allowed 39 walks, and had 140 strikeouts."}, {"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | Philadelphia Phillies (1972\u20131986) | Media silence | More success", "text": "He is the only pitcher to have done so in three different decades."}, {"section_header": "Personal", "text": "I know a lot of different arts."}, {"section_header": "Personal", "text": "I'm on to different things. \"Speaking"}], "text": "Carlton played for 6 different teams during his career in MLB.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Steve Carlton"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Marriage and children | Catherine Shorter", "text": "Together they had two daughters and three sons: Robert who married Margaret Rolle (17 January 1709 \u2013 13 January 1781), later the 15th Baroness Clinton, in 1724."}, {"section_header": "Marriage and children | Catherine Shorter", "text": "On 30 July 1700, Walpole married Catherine, daughter of John Shorter of Bybrook in Ashford, Kent."}], "id": "lARJiTfkiSEPhfWPHN1b", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Marriage and children | Catherine Shorter", "text": "She was described as \"a woman of exquisite beauty and accomplished manners\"."}, {"section_header": "Marriage and children | Maria Skerritt", "text": "Walpole had married her by March 1738."}, {"section_header": "Marriage and children | Catherine Shorter", "text": "On 30 July 1700, Walpole married Catherine, daughter of John Shorter of Bybrook in Ashford, Kent."}, {"section_header": "Decline", "text": "Five days later he formally relinquished the seals of office."}, {"section_header": "Marriage and children | Catherine Shorter", "text": "Laura, the eldest, married Bishop Frederick Keppel."}, {"section_header": "Marriage and children | Catherine Shorter", "text": "The second daughter, Maria Walpole (d. 1807), married, firstly, James Waldegrave, 2nd Earl Waldegrave"}, {"section_header": "Marriage and children | Catherine Shorter", "text": "Mary, who married George Cholmondeley, 3rd Earl of Cholmondeley, on 14 September 1723."}, {"section_header": "Marriage and children | Maria Skerritt", "text": "In 1746, this daughter married Colonel Charles Churchill of Chalfont (1720\u20131812), illegitimate son of General Charles Churchill and became the housekeeper of Windsor Castle."}, {"section_header": "Marriage and children | Catherine Shorter", "text": "Together they had two daughters and three sons: Robert who married Margaret Rolle (17 January 1709 \u2013 13 January 1781), later the 15th Baroness Clinton, in 1724."}, {"section_header": "Marriage and children | Catherine Shorter", "text": "Edward who died unmarried but had four illegitimate children with Dorothy Clement, three of whom were daughters."}], "text": "Walpole married a woman and had five children.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Robert Walpole"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Following inflated production costs which ballooned the net budget to $379 million, the film currently ranks as the most expensive film ever made."}], "id": "lAZ9aFVwh5Zc95XfqFhL", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film, the fourth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and a standalone sequel to At World's End (2007)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Following inflated production costs which ballooned the net budget to $379 million, the film currently ranks as the most expensive film ever made."}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "The British financial statements of the film revealed total expenditures of \u00a3240.7 million ($410.6 million) by 2013, with Disney receiving a rebate of $32.1 million from the British government, making Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides the most expensive film ever made to date."}, {"section_header": "Sequel", "text": "The fifth installment in the franchise, Pirates of the Caribbean"}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "The title was announced as Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides."}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "After the joint production of Dead Man's Chest and At World's End cost over $300 million, Disney decided to give a lower budget to the fourth installment."}, {"section_header": "Release", "text": "The world premiere of On Stranger Tides was on May 7, 2011, at a premium ticket screening at Disneyland in Anaheim, California, home of the original Pirates of the Caribbean ride that inspired the film series."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Box office | Outside North America", "text": "Outside North America, On Stranger Tides is the sixth-highest-grossing film, the third-highest-grossing Disney film, the second-highest-grossing 2011 film and the highest-grossing film of the Pirates of the Caribbean series."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Box office", "text": "It is the 37th highest-grossing film worldwide, the third-highest-grossing 2011 film, the second most successful installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean series, the 20th highest-grossing Disney feature and the fourth highest-grossing fourth film in a franchise (behind Avengers: Endgame, Jurassic World and Transformers: Age of Extinction)."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "Depp's faith in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides was somewhat shaken after the resignation, with Depp explaining that \"There's a fissure, a crack in my enthusiasm at the moment."}], "text": "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides is the fourth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and a standalone sequel to At World's End (2007), and currently ranks as the most expensive film ever made costing $400 million.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | 2010\u2013present: Continued acclaim and success", "text": "The same year, Dafoe played Vincent van Gogh in the film At Eternity's Gate, for which he received the Volpi Cup for Best Actor and an Academy Award for Best Actor nomination among other awards and accolades."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 2010\u2013present: Continued acclaim and success", "text": "He later played Nuidis Vulko in a leading role in James Wan's 2018 film Aquaman."}], "id": "lBKevWmVPVSpoEWkpPC3", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dafoe has portrayed several real-life figures, including T.S. Eliot in Tom & Viv (1994), Pier Paolo Pasolini in Pasolini (2014), Vincent van Gogh in"}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1990\u20131999: Balancing independent and blockbuster films", "text": "Roger Ebert praised Dafoe's \"gifted\" portrayal of LeTour and Owen Gleiberman opined that \"even when the film doesn't gel, one is held by Willem Dafoe's grimly compelling performance.\"Dafoe"}, {"section_header": "Biography | 2010\u2013present: Continued acclaim and success", "text": "The same year, Dafoe played Vincent van Gogh in the film At Eternity's Gate, for which he received the Volpi Cup for Best Actor and an Academy Award for Best Actor nomination among other awards and accolades."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1990\u20131999: Balancing independent and blockbuster films", "text": "In his review of the film, Vincent Canby felt that Dafoe lacked sensuality in the role."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1986\u20131989: Breakthrough, first Oscar nomination, and controversial roles", "text": "The Wild One, starring Marlon Brando in a similar role."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1986\u20131989: Breakthrough, first Oscar nomination, and controversial roles", "text": "Variety magazine praised Dafoe's performance, writing, \"Dafoe gives a disciplined and noteworthy portrayal of Ward\", although they felt it was Hackman \"who steals the picture\"."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 2000\u20132009: Shadow of the Vampire, Spider-Man and prolificity", "text": "Dafoe's co-star John Malkovich portrayed the film's director, F. W. Murnau."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 2010\u2013present: Continued acclaim and success", "text": "He later played Nuidis Vulko in a leading role in James Wan's 2018 film Aquaman."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1955\u20131978: Early life and acting in theater", "text": "In high school, he acquired the nickname Willem, which is the Dutch version of the name William."}, {"section_header": "Biography | 1986\u20131989: Breakthrough, first Oscar nomination, and controversial roles", "text": "Dafoe's performance in the film was widely praised, however, with Janet Maslin opining that Dafoe brought a \"gleaming intensity\" to the role."}], "text": "In 2018, one of Willem Dafoe's roles was portraying Vincent van Gogh.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Willem Dafoe"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "According to the sagas Ragnarssona \u00fe\u00e1ttr and S\u00f6gubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum, Ragnar Lodbrok's father was the legendary king of the Swedes, Sigurd Ring."}], "id": "lIiVFYLIOtIaC3Szbo7b", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "According to the traditional literature, Ragnar Lodbrok distinguished himself by many raids against the British Isles and the Holy Roman Empire during the 9th century."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | The Icelandic Sagas", "text": "According to the Saga of Ragnar Lodbrok, Tale of Ragnar's sons, Heimskringla, Hervarar Saga, S\u00f6gubrot, and many other Icelandic sources, Ragnar was the son of the Swedish king Sigurd Ring."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | The Icelandic Sagas", "text": "Sigurd and Harald fought the Battle of the Br\u00e1vellir (Br\u00e5valla) on the plains of \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland, where Harald and many of his men died."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "According to the sagas Ragnarssona \u00fe\u00e1ttr and S\u00f6gubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum, Ragnar Lodbrok's father was the legendary king of the Swedes, Sigurd Ring."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | The Icelandic Sagas", "text": "Harald's nephew Sigurd Ring became the chief king of Sweden after Randver's death (Denmark according to Hervarar saga), presumably as the subking of Harald."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | Danish sources", "text": "Here Ragnar's father Sigurd Ring is a Norwegian prince married to a Danish princess, and different from the victor of Br\u00e1vellir (who had flourished about thirteen generations earlier)."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | Danish sources", "text": "Sigurd Ring and his cousin and rival Ring (that is, Sigfred and Anulo of recorded history, d. 812) are both killed in battle, whereupon Ragnar is elevated to the Danish kingship (identified by Saxo with Ragnfred, d. 814)."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | Danish sources", "text": "Later on, Ragnar with three sons invaded Sweden where a new king called S\u00f6rle"}, {"section_header": "Accounts | The Icelandic Sagas", "text": "Sigurd then ruled Sweden and Denmark (being sometimes identified with a Danish king Sigfred who ruled from about 770 until his death prior to 804)."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | Later continental accounts", "text": "At a time it happened that King Lodbrok succeeded his unnamed father on the Danish throne."}], "text": "Ragnar Lodbrok was the father of the King of Sweden, Sigurd Ring, and fought many raids with the Romans.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Ragnar Lodbrok"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gwynn died of salivary gland cancer in 2014 at the age of 54."}], "id": "lIuGga6q8G7fD6MSeDj4", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1993\u20131997", "text": "He hit 28-for-65 (.431) with 15 RBI during the streak."}, {"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1990\u20131992", "text": "Gwynn in 1991 passed Gene Richards as the Padres' all-time leader in steals and triples."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "When he began the practice in 1983, MLB teams were years away from using video for scouting."}, {"section_header": "Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982\u20132001) | 1990\u20131992", "text": "\"It just involved one great guy, and that's Tony Gwynn, and anything they want to say about Tony Gwynn is going to be news."}, {"section_header": "Publications", "text": "Gwynn, Tony; Geschke, Jim (1986)."}, {"section_header": "Publications", "text": "Gwynn, Tony; Vaughan, Roger (1998)."}, {"section_header": "Publications", "text": "Tony!. Tony!. Contemporary Books. ISBN 0"}, {"section_header": "Post-baseball honors", "text": "At Moores's request, the stadium was renamed Tony Gwynn Stadium."}, {"section_header": "Post-baseball honors", "text": "The address of Petco Park is 19 Tony Gwynn Drive."}, {"section_header": "Publications", "text": "-8092-5034-9. Gwynn, Tony; Rosenthal, Jim (1992)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gwynn died of salivary gland cancer in 2014 at the age of 54."}], "text": "Tony Gwynn was 65 when he passed away.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Tony Gwynn"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 2015\u2013present: Dead 7 film, Las Vegas residency, and DNA", "text": "In August 2015, band members Carter, Dorough, and McLean filmed a movie that Carter wrote entitled Dead 7."}, {"section_header": "History | 2015\u2013present: Dead 7 film, Las Vegas residency, and DNA", "text": "The film centers around a ragtag band of gunslingers operating during a post-apocalyptic zombie plague."}], "id": "lNSgMeYgr3t0e2VINFak", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 2006\u201311: Unbreakable and This Is Us", "text": "The Backstreet Boys, including Richardson, filmed a segment for The Oprah Winfrey Show on October 22, 2010."}, {"section_header": "History | 2013\u201315: 20th anniversary, In a World Like This, and documentary film", "text": "The Backstreet Boys celebrated their 20th anniversary, which was on April 20, 2013, with a fan celebration event in Hollywood that day."}, {"section_header": "History | 2013\u201315: 20th anniversary, In a World Like This, and documentary film", "text": "The Backstreet Boys members were due in court on March 24, 2014 over a claim they filed against their former manager Lou Pearlman."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "They also became the first boy band to top the U.S. album charts in three different decades."}, {"section_header": "Partnerships and other ventures", "text": "Carter subsequently told Lee about his original concept of a six-issue series of comic books featuring members of the Backstreet Boys as superheroes called \"Cyber Crusaders\"."}, {"section_header": "Partnerships and other ventures", "text": "In August 2000, it was announced that the deal would also include three TV commercials featuring the Backstreet Boys, and a promotion, which was the inclusion of an exclusive Backstreet Project Cyber Crusader toy in each Burger King Big Kids Meal and Kids Meal."}, {"section_header": "History | 2000\u201301: Black and Blue and The Hits \u2013 Chapter One", "text": "Three singles were released from Black & Blue: \"Shape of My Heart\", \"The Call\", and \"More than That\"."}, {"section_header": "History | 2000\u201301: Black and Blue and The Hits \u2013 Chapter One", "text": "A trip to the Bahamas was made by the group members in May 2000 to write songs for their fourth album."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Backstreet Boys have sold over 100 million records worldwide, making them the best-selling boy band of all time, and one of the world's best-selling music artists."}, {"section_header": "History | 2015\u2013present: Dead 7 film, Las Vegas residency, and DNA", "text": "The residency played 80 shows between March 1, 2017 and April 27, 2019."}, {"section_header": "History | 2015\u2013present: Dead 7 film, Las Vegas residency, and DNA", "text": "In August 2015, band members Carter, Dorough, and McLean filmed a movie that Carter wrote entitled Dead 7."}, {"section_header": "History | 2015\u2013present: Dead 7 film, Las Vegas residency, and DNA", "text": "The film centers around a ragtag band of gunslingers operating during a post-apocalyptic zombie plague."}], "text": "Three of the members of the Backstreet Boys played survivors of an undead disease event in a mid 2010s motion picture that was written by one of them.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Backstreet Boys"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Around the age of 15, he was hired on a ship bound for the West Indies which sank on his first voyage; the crew escaped on a lifeboat but had to spend one week at sea before reaching land."}], "id": "lOiXaytEXP3c6Q2CbsGi", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "American Revolutionary War | Fall of Charleston", "text": "Marion was not captured with the rest of the garrison when Charleston fell on May 12, 1780, because he had broken an ankle in an accident and had left the city to recuperate."}, {"section_header": "Landmarks", "text": "Numerous locations in the US are named after Francis Marion, including the Francis Marion National Forest near Charleston, South Carolina."}, {"section_header": "Landmarks", "text": "Francis Marion University is located nearby in Florence County, South Carolina."}, {"section_header": "Legends and modern opinions about Marion", "text": "The public memory of Francis Marion has been shaped in large part by the first biography about him, The Life of General Francis Marion written by M. L. Weems (also known as Parson Weems, 1756\u20131825) based on the memoirs of South Carolina officer Peter Horry."}, {"section_header": "Landmarks", "text": "D.C. The Francis Marion Hotel is a historic hotel in downtown Charleston, South Caroline."}, {"section_header": "Legends and modern opinions about Marion", "text": "Around the time of The Patriot's release, comments in the British press challenged the American notion of Francis Marion as a hero."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Francis Marion was born on his family's plantation in Berkeley County, South Carolina, c. 1732."}, {"section_header": "Landmarks", "text": "The U.S. Navy was home to the USS Francis Marion, a Paul Revere-class attack transport."}, {"section_header": "Legends and modern opinions about Marion", "text": "In the Evening Standard, British author Neil Norman called Francis Marion \"a thoroughly unpleasant dude who was, basically, a terrorist."}, {"section_header": "Legends and modern opinions about Marion", "text": "\"According to Crawford, the biographies by historians William Gilmore Simms (\"The Life of Francis Marion\") and Hugh Rankin can be regarded as accurate."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Around the age of 15, he was hired on a ship bound for the West Indies which sank on his first voyage; the crew escaped on a lifeboat but had to spend one week at sea before reaching land."}], "text": "Francis Marion survived a ship's accident when he was a teenager.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Francis Marion"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Professional career | T206 Baseball card", "text": "The T206 Honus Wagner baseball card is one of the rarest and most expensive baseball cards in the world, as only 57 copies are known to exist."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | T206 Baseball card", "text": "According to an October 12, 1912 issue of The Sporting News, Wagner did not give his consent to appear on the baseball card."}], "id": "lR10bR2vcf49qRkszNWY", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Professional career | T206 Baseball card", "text": "Unsurprisingly, the ATC asked for Wagner's permission to have his picture on a baseball card."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "Prior to 1904, Wagner had played several positions, but settled into the shortstop role full-time that season, where he became a skilled fielder."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Later career", "text": "Many of the greats who played or managed against Wagner, including Babe Ruth, Ty Cobb, Rogers Hornsby, and Walter Johnson, list him at shortstop on their All-Time teams."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | T206 Baseball card", "text": "According to an October 12, 1912 issue of The Sporting News, Wagner did not give his consent to appear on the baseball card."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Life after baseball", "text": "During this time, he wore uniform number 14, but later changed it to his more famous 33, which was later the number retired for him. (His entire playing career was in the days before uniform numbers were worn.) His appearances at National League stadiums during his coaching years were always well received and Wagner remained a beloved ambassador of baseball."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Baseball legacy", "text": "Bill James says that Wagner is easily the greatest shortstop of all time, noting that the difference between Wagner and the second greatest shortstop, in James' estimation Arky Vaughan, is roughly the same as the gulf between Vaughan and the 20th greatest shortstop."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Baseball legacy", "text": "The Historical Society of Carnegie History Center houses the Honus Wagner Sports Museum which includes many Wagner collectibles and memorabilia."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | T206 Baseball card", "text": "The T206 Honus Wagner baseball card is one of the rarest and most expensive baseball cards in the world, as only 57 copies are known to exist."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Baseball legacy", "text": "In 1969, on the 100th anniversary of professional baseball, a vote was taken to honor the greatest players ever, and Wagner was selected as the all-time shortstop."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "This nickname was a nod to the popular folk-tale made into a famous opera by another Wagner."}], "text": "Honus Wagner has a rare sports card that was made without his permission during his time playing as a shortstop.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Honus Wagner"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Robert Walker is uncommonly appealing as the young soldier whom she tragically adores, and Shirley Temple, now grown to \"teen-age freshness\", is pert as the young sister."}], "id": "lRWwhQWM3RInw0vNOOfC", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "In contrast, the Hiltons' socialite neighbor Emily Hawkins complains about the inconveniences caused by the war and engages in unsupportive behaviors such as hoarding food and criticizing the Hiltons' efforts."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Though famously sentimental in places, Since You Went Away is somber at times about the effects of war on ordinary people."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Two hours and fifty-one minutes is a lot of time to harp upon one well-known theme -lonesomeness and anxiety."}, {"section_header": "Behind the scenes", "text": "Jones and Walker played young sweethearts in Since You Went Away, but in real life, they were married at the time and going through a bitter break-up due to Jones' ongoing affair with producer Selznick."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Monty Woolley makes a full-blown character of the man who comes to lodge; Joseph Cotten is droll as the Navy playboy, and Hattie McDaniel does an Andy-act quite well... No doubt, this would have been a sharper picture if Mr. Selznick had played it in much less time, and it would have been considerably more significant"}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "When the Hiltons travel by train in a failed attempt to see Tim one last time before he ships out, they encounter or travel with many other people whose lives have been affected by the war, and they end up not getting to see Tim because their train is delayed to allow a defense supply train to go through first."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Anne has just returned from seeing her husband off to Camp Claiborne, and she and her daughters must adjust to Tim's absence and make other sacrifices for the war effort, including food rationing; planting a victory garden; giving up the services of their loyal maid Fidelia who nevertheless offers to continue working part-time for the Hiltons while foregoing wages; and taking in a boarder, the curmudgeonly retired Colonel Smollett."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Robert Walker is uncommonly appealing as the young soldier whom she tragically adores, and Shirley Temple, now grown to \"teen-age freshness\", is pert as the young sister."}], "text": "Critics of the time didn't use any weird or creepy language to describe the actors.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Since You Went Away"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Goes to Washington (1939). He won his only Academy Award for Best Actor for his work in the screwball comedy The Philadelphia Story (1940), which also starred Katharine Hepburn and Cary Grant."}], "id": "lY7geUwQT2JkPvcnn5ZZ", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Known for his distinctive drawl and everyman screen persona, Stewart had a film career that spanned over 55 years from 1935 and 1991 and 80 films."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Goes to Washington (1939). He won his only Academy Award for Best Actor for his work in the screwball comedy The Philadelphia Story (1940), which also starred Katharine Hepburn and Cary Grant."}, {"section_header": "Career | Leading man (1938\u20131941)", "text": "You Can't Take It With You became the fifth highest-grossing film of the year and won the Academy Award for Best Picture."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "James Maitland Stewart (May 20, 1908 \u2013 July 2, 1997) was an American actor and military officer."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later film career (1960\u20131970)", "text": "The film went on to win three Academy Awards and reap massive box-office figures."}, {"section_header": "Career | Leading man (1938\u20131941)", "text": "\" His performance earned him his only Academy Award in a competitive category for Best Actor, beating out Henry Fonda, for whom he had voted."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After graduating in 1932, he began a career as a stage actor, appearing on Broadway and in summer stock productions."}, {"section_header": "Career | Postwar films (1946\u20131949)", "text": "His generation of actors was fading and a new wave of actors, including Marlon Brando, Montgomery Clift and James Dean, would soon remake Hollywood."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "In 1999, the American Film Institute (AFI) ranked Stewart third on its list of the greatest American male actors."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Honors", "text": "In 1974, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement."}], "text": "The American actor James Stewart was in 80 films over 55 years and won three academy awards but he started as a stage actor.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "James Stewart"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Tupac Amaru Shakur ( TOO-pahk sh\u0259-KOOR; born Lesane Parish Crooks, June 16, 1971 \u2013 September 13, 1996), better known by his stage name 2Pac, was an American rapper and actor."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "While born Lesane Parish Crooks, he was renamed, at age one, after T\u00fapac Amaru II (the descendant of the last Incan ruler, T\u00fapac Amaru), who was executed in Peru in 1781 after his failed revolt against Spanish rule."}], "id": "lYy9zaeILuTr87lYn9WT", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Shakur's mother explained, \"I wanted him to have the name of revolutionary, indigenous people in the world."}, {"section_header": "Shootings of Shakur | November 1994", "text": "Philips then named Isaac as one of his own, retracted article's unnamed sources."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Tupac Amaru Shakur ( TOO-pahk sh\u0259-KOOR; born Lesane Parish Crooks, June 16, 1971 \u2013 September 13, 1996), better known by his stage name 2Pac, was an American rapper and actor."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "While born Lesane Parish Crooks, he was renamed, at age one, after T\u00fapac Amaru II (the descendant of the last Incan ruler, T\u00fapac Amaru), who was executed in Peru in 1781 after his failed revolt against Spanish rule."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Beginnings: 1989\u20131991", "text": "Tupac, using the stage name MC New York, began recording in 1989."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Superstardom: 1995\u20131996", "text": "While imprisoned February to October 1995, Tupac wrote only one song, he would say."}, {"section_header": "Criminal cases | Assault convictions", "text": "The prosecution's evidence included a Yo!"}, {"section_header": "Music career", "text": "November 1996's The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, under the stage name Makaveli, is a studio album made in one August week, whereas later posthumous albums are archival productions."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Considered by many to be one of the most influential rappers of all time, much of Shakur's work has been noted for addressing contemporary social issues that plagued inner cities, and he is considered a symbol of resistance and activism against inequality."}, {"section_header": "Criminal cases", "text": "Ultimately, the set design includes in the protagonist's bedroom a Tupac mural, and the film's score includes the 2Pac song \"Hail Mary.\" In October 1991, Shakur filed a $10-million lawsuit against the Oakland Police Department for allegedly brutalizing him over jaywalking."}], "text": "One of Tupac Shakur's birth names included Crooks.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Tupac Shakur"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Definition and properties | Other forms", "text": "Proper acceleration, the acceleration of a body relative to a free-fall condition, is measured by an instrument called an accelerometer."}], "id": "lgsXzykIlAipkkBq9BWn", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Tangential and centripetal acceleration", "text": "Taking into account both the changing speed v(t) and the changing direction of ut, the acceleration of a particle moving on a curved path can be written using the chain rule of differentiation for the product of two functions of time as:                                                                                                    a"}, {"section_header": "Tangential and centripetal acceleration", "text": "These components are called the tangential acceleration and the normal or radial acceleration (or centripetal acceleration in circular motion, see also circular motion and centripetal force)."}, {"section_header": "Definition and properties | Instantaneous acceleration", "text": "Instantaneous acceleration, meanwhile, is the limit of the average acceleration over an infinitesimal interval of time."}, {"section_header": "Special cases | Uniform acceleration", "text": "The acceleration of a falling body in the absence of resistances to motion is dependent only on the gravitational field strength g (also called acceleration due to gravity)."}, {"section_header": "Special cases | Uniform acceleration", "text": "a                          {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {a} }    is the uniform rate of acceleration."}, {"section_header": "Definition and properties | Instantaneous acceleration", "text": "In the terms of calculus, instantaneous acceleration is the derivative of the velocity vector with respect to time:                                    a                  ="}, {"section_header": "Special cases | Uniform acceleration", "text": "A frequently cited example of uniform acceleration is that of an object in free fall in a uniform gravitational field."}, {"section_header": "Definition and properties | Instantaneous acceleration", "text": ", acceleration can be thought of as the second derivative of x with respect to t:                                    a                  =                                                d                                v                                                        d               t"}, {"section_header": "Special cases | Uniform acceleration", "text": "Uniform or constant acceleration is a type of motion in which the velocity of an object changes by an equal amount in every equal time period."}, {"section_header": "Special cases | Uniform acceleration", "text": "=m\\mathbf {g} =m\\mathbf {g} } =m\\mathbf {g} =m\\mathbf {g} } Because of the simple analytic properties of the case of constant acceleration, there are simple formulas relating the displacement, initial and time-dependent velocities, and acceleration to the time elapsed:                                    s (         t         )         ="}, {"section_header": "Definition and properties | Other forms", "text": "Proper acceleration, the acceleration of a body relative to a free-fall condition, is measured by an instrument called an accelerometer."}], "text": "We use sonars to estimate the acceleration.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Acceleration"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Antony and Cleopatra fled to Egypt, where after a minor victory at the  Battle of Alexandria they committed suicide."}, {"section_header": "Master of the Roman East | Death", "text": "With no other refuge to escape to, Antony committed suicide by stabbing himself with his sword in the mistaken belief that Cleopatra had already done so."}], "id": "ljb8vUXw3ZFKOTGpVgJf", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Master of the Roman East | Antony's Parthian War | Parthian Campaign", "text": "In all, two-fifths of his original army (some 80,000 men) had died during his failed campaign."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Marcus Antonius (14 January 83 BC \u2013 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as Mark Antony or Anthony, was a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from an oligarchy into the autocratic Roman Empire."}, {"section_header": "Early career | Military service", "text": "This appointment marks the beginning of his military career."}, {"section_header": "Early career | Service under Caesar | Civil War", "text": "Though the civil war had not ended at Pharsulus, the battle marked the pinnacle of Caesar's power and effectively ended the Republic."}, {"section_header": "Master of the Roman East | Fulvia's Civil War", "text": "Meanwhile, in Sicyon, Fulvia died of a sudden and unknown illness."}, {"section_header": "Early career | The Second Triumvirate | War against the Liberators", "text": "Over fifty thousand Romans died in the two battles."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath and legacy", "text": "\"When Antony died, Octavian became uncontested ruler of Rome."}, {"section_header": "Master of the Roman East | Fulvia's Civil War", "text": "When Antony's governor of Gaul died, Octavian took over his legions there, further strengthening his control over the West."}, {"section_header": "Early career | Service under Caesar | Gallic Wars", "text": "Caesar's daughter Julia, who had married Pompey to secure the alliance, died in 54 BC while Crassus was killed at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC."}, {"section_header": "Early career | Assassination of Caesar | Ides of March", "text": "Caesar was stabbed 23 times and died from the blood loss attributable to multiple stab wounds."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Antony and Cleopatra fled to Egypt, where after a minor victory at the  Battle of Alexandria they committed suicide."}, {"section_header": "Master of the Roman East | Death", "text": "With no other refuge to escape to, Antony committed suicide by stabbing himself with his sword in the mistaken belief that Cleopatra had already done so."}], "text": "Mark Anthony died during a war.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Mark Antony"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 1886\u20131919: Changing names", "text": "In October 1886, Scotsman David Danskin and his fellow 15 munitions workers in Woolwich, now South East London, formed Arsenal as Dial Square, with each member contributing sixpence and Danskin adding another three shillings to help form the club."}], "id": "lkCyWfV24E9WK7VtUJAs", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 1919\u20131953: Bank of England Club", "text": "World War II meant The Football League was suspended for seven years, but Arsenal returned to win it in the second post-war season, 1947\u201348."}, {"section_header": "History | 1919\u20131953: Bank of England Club", "text": "However, the war had taken its toll on Arsenal."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1913, the club crossed the city to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury, becoming close neighbours of Tottenham Hotspur, and creating the North London derby."}, {"section_header": "Arsenal Women", "text": "Arsenal Women is the women's football club affiliated to Arsenal."}, {"section_header": "Honours | Other", "text": "During the wars, previous competitions were widely suspended and the club had to participate in wartime competitions."}, {"section_header": "History | 1886\u20131919: Changing names", "text": "In 1919, The Football League voted to promote The Arsenal, instead of relegated local rivals Tottenham Hotspur, into the newly enlarged First Division, despite only listing the club sixth in the Second Division's last pre-war season of 1914\u201315."}, {"section_header": "Colours", "text": "In 1941, Luis Robledo, an England-schooled founder of Santa Fe and a fan of Arsenal, selected the main colors for his newly created team."}, {"section_header": "History | 1886\u20131919: Changing names", "text": "In 1913, soon after relegation back to the Second Division, Woolwich Arsenal moved to the new Arsenal Stadium in Highbury, North London."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Islington, London, England, that plays in the Premier League, the top flight of English football."}, {"section_header": "Supporters and rivalries", "text": "Like all major English football clubs, Arsenal have a number of domestic supporters' clubs, including the Arsenal Football Supporters' Club, which works closely with the club, and the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association, which maintains a more independent line."}, {"section_header": "History | 1886\u20131919: Changing names", "text": "In October 1886, Scotsman David Danskin and his fellow 15 munitions workers in Woolwich, now South East London, formed Arsenal as Dial Square, with each member contributing sixpence and Danskin adding another three shillings to help form the club."}], "text": "Arsenal Football Club was created by a bunch of Soldiers just getting back from the war.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Arsenal F.C."}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Accolades", "text": "2009 \u2013 1st on the ranking of the World's Best Airport by Cond\u00e9 Nast Traveler magazine, based on its satisfaction survey."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Beijing Airport was opened on 1 March 1958."}], "id": "lqQaEMqyvxKktBTopSHu", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Beijing Capital has rapidly ascended in rankings of the world's busiest airports in the past decade."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Beijing Capital International Airport ("}, {"section_header": "Accolades", "text": "2009 \u2013 1st on the ranking of the World's Best Airport by Cond\u00e9 Nast Traveler magazine, based on its satisfaction survey."}, {"section_header": "Ground transportation | Rail", "text": "Beijing Capital International Airport is served by the Capital Airport Express, a dedicated rail link operated as part of the Beijing Subway system."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The first International flight to China and Beijing Capital International Airport was of Pakistan International Airlines from Islamabad."}, {"section_header": "Accolades", "text": "2011 \u2013 3rd Best Airport Worldwide of the Airport Service Quality Awards by Airports Council International."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The airport is owned and operated by the Beijing Capital International Airport Company Limited, a state-controlled company."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The terminal was larger than the one built in the 1950s, but by the mid-1990s, its size became relatively inadequate."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Due to limited capacity at Beijing Capital International Airport, plans were set forth for the construction of a new airport in Daxing."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "From September 2019, all Oneworld & SkyTeam flights from Beijing Capital International Airport were transferred to the new Beijing Daxing International Airport except Cathay Pacific and Cathay Dragon."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Beijing Airport was opened on 1 March 1958."}], "text": "The Beijing Capital International Airport has been open since the late 1950s and was ranked number one once for Best Airport.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Beijing Capital International Airport"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The family soon moved to Springfield, Missouri, where he lived together with his younger siblings, Douglas Mitchell (born 1966) and Julie Neal (born 1969)."}], "id": "lrG9Aff5hiF81cA1c2zQ", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | 1994\u20131998: Breakthrough", "text": "According to the Dallas Observer, \"Brad Pitt [...] is a large part of the problem [in the film]."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2004\u20132013", "text": "Troy was the first film produced by Plan B Entertainment, a film production company he had founded two years earlier with Jennifer Aniston and Brad Grey, CEO of Paramount Pictures."}, {"section_header": "Career | 1987\u20131993: Early work", "text": "His next appearance came in the 1991 film Across the Tracks; Pitt portrayed Joe Maloney, a high school runner with a criminal brother, played by Rick Schroder."}, {"section_header": "Career | 1987\u20131993: Early work", "text": "Pitt made two motion picture appearances in 1989: the first in a supporting role in the comedy"}, {"section_header": "Career | 1994\u20131998: Breakthrough", "text": "Aidan Quinn and Henry Thomas co-starred as Pitt's brothers."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2004\u20132013", "text": "Pitt's next appearance was in the 2008 black comedy Burn After Reading, his first collaboration with the Coen brothers."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2004\u20132013", "text": "Pitt had two major film roles in 2004, starring as Achilles in Troy, and reprising his role, Rusty Ryan, in the sequel Ocean's Twelve."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2004\u20132013", "text": "Directed by Andrew Dominik and produced by Pitt's company Plan B Entertainment, the film premiered at the 2007 Venice Film Festival, with Pitt playing a \"scary and charismatic\" role, according to Lewis Beale of Film Journal International, and earning Pitt the Volpi Cup award for Best Actor at the 64th Venice International Film Festival."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2004\u20132013", "text": "His next role was as mob hitman Jackie Cogan in Andrew Dominik's 2012 Killing Them Softly, based on the novel Cogan's Trade by George V. Higgins."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Two weeks short of completing the coursework for a degree, Pitt left the university and moved to Los Angeles, where he took acting lessons and worked odd jobs."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The family soon moved to Springfield, Missouri, where he lived together with his younger siblings, Douglas Mitchell (born 1966) and Julie Neal (born 1969)."}], "text": "Brad Pitt has two brothers, Alan and Andrew Pitt.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Brad Pitt"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "King Shaka kaSenzangakhona (c.\u2009July 1787 \u2013 22 September 1828), also known as Shaka Zulu (Zulu pronunciation: [\u02c8\u0283a\u02d0\u0260a]), was the King of the Zulu Kingdom from 1816 to 1828."}], "id": "lsqa3AvxrsFV83iH0T5D", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "King Shaka kaSenzangakhona (c.\u2009July 1787 \u2013 22 September 1828), also known as Shaka Zulu (Zulu pronunciation: [\u02c8\u0283a\u02d0\u0260a]), was the King of the Zulu Kingdom from 1816 to 1828."}, {"section_header": "Popular culture", "text": "Shaka has been featured as a playable leader for the Zulu civilization in all six Civilization games."}, {"section_header": "Successor to Senzangakhona", "text": "When Dingiswayo was murdered by Zwide, Shaka sought to avenge his death."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Age-grade regimental system", "text": "Age grades were responsible for a variety of activities, from guarding the camp, to cattle herding, to certain rituals and ceremonies."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Age-grade regimental system", "text": "Age-grade groupings of various sorts were common in the Bantu culture of the day, and indeed are still important in much of Africa."}, {"section_header": "Death and succession", "text": "The Zulu monarch was killed by three assassins sometime in 1828; September is the most frequently cited date, when almost all available"}, {"section_header": "Successor to Senzangakhona", "text": "When Senzangakhona (Shaka's father) died in 1816, Shaka's younger half-brother Sigujana assumed power as the legitimate heir to the Zulu chiefdom."}, {"section_header": "Successor to Senzangakhona", "text": "It was not until around 1825 that the two military leaders met, near Phongola, in their final meeting."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Weapons changes", "text": "Though Shaka probably did not invent the iklwa, according to Zulu scholar John Laband, the leader did insist that his warriors train with the weapon, which gave them a \"terrifying advantage over opponents who clung to the traditional practice of throwing their spears and avoiding hand-to-hand conflict."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Creator of a revolutionary warfare style", "text": "By the time of Shaka's assassination in 1828, it had made the Zulu kingdom the greatest power in southern Africa and a force to be reckoned with, even against Britain's modern army in 1879.Much controversy still surrounds the character, methods and activities of the Zulu king."}], "text": "Shaka was the leader of Zulu from 1816 to 1828 when he was murdered at the age of 40.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Shaka"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated."}], "id": "lwRlBmHjaPG01eSZFxc2", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reflection of light", "text": "In fact, reflection of light may occur whenever light travels from a medium of a given refractive index into a medium with a different refractive index."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Reflection is observed with many types of electromagnetic wave, besides visible light."}, {"section_header": "Other types of reflection | Sound reflection", "text": "For example, porous materials will absorb some energy, and rough materials (where rough is relative to the wavelength) tend to reflect in many directions\u2014to scatter the energy, rather than to reflect it coherently."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light", "text": "Total internal reflection of light from a denser medium occurs if the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light", "text": "When light reflects off of a material with higher refractive index than the medium in which is traveling, it undergoes a 180\u00b0 phase shift."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light | Laws of reflection | Mechanism", "text": "When these electrons oscillate with the incident light, the phase difference between their radiation field and the incident field is \u03c0 (180\u00b0), so the forward radiation cancels the incident light, and backward radiation is just the reflected light."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light | Laws of reflection", "text": "If the reflecting surface is very smooth, the reflection of light that occurs is called specular or regular reflection."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light | Laws of reflection", "text": "The laws of reflection are as follows: The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the reflection surface at the point of the incidence lie in the same plane."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light | Diffuse reflection", "text": "This is called diffuse reflection."}], "text": "Reflection can apply to many different mediums.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Reflection (physics)"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Vladimir Alvino Guerrero Sr. (born February 9, 1975), is a Dominican former professional baseball player and Hall of Famer, who spent 16 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a right fielder and designated hitter."}], "id": "lwtre0SGItkq1el2vy1E", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Dominican Professional Baseball League", "text": "He started playing in the Dominican Professional Baseball League with the San Pedro de Macor\u00eds team Estrellas Orientales."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Vladimir Alvino Guerrero Sr. (born February 9, 1975), is a Dominican former professional baseball player and Hall of Famer, who spent 16 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a right fielder and designated hitter."}, {"section_header": "Career | Dominican Professional Baseball League", "text": "On November 20, 2012, Guerrero quit the team after he was informed by team management that he would only be used as a pinch hitter."}, {"section_header": "Career | Retirement", "text": "He was formally inducted on July 29, becoming the first member of the Hall to be depicted with an Angels cap, even though he appeared in more games (1004-846) and played in more seasons (8-6) as a Montreal Expo."}, {"section_header": "Career | Montreal Expos", "text": "He advanced quickly through the Expos\u2019 Minor League Baseball (MiLB) farm system, making his MLB debut, on September 19, 1996."}, {"section_header": "Career | Toronto Blue Jays", "text": "On May 10, 2012, Guerrero signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "All-Star OF (1998, 1999, 2005) South Atlantic League All-Star OF (1995) Eastern League MVP (1996) Double-A Player of the Year (1996) Baseball America 1st team Minor League"}, {"section_header": "Career | Toronto Blue Jays", "text": "Guerrero played in 4 games for Dunedin, with 9 hits in 20 at bats, including 4 home runs and was then promoted to the Triple-A Las Vegas 51s."}, {"section_header": "Career | Dominican Professional Baseball League", "text": "He only played eight games with Tigres logging a batting average of .188 without a home run."}, {"section_header": "Early years and family", "text": "His son, Vladimir Guerrero Jr., was born in Montreal, Canada in 1999 during the elder Guerrero's time with the Expos."}], "text": "Vladimir Guerrero played more than 20 seasons in Minor League Baseball.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Vladimir Guerrero"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Paraguayan War, also known as the War of the Triple Alliance was a South American war fought from 1864 to 1870, between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina, the Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay."}, {"section_header": "Opposing forces | Brazil and its allies", "text": "At the beginning of the war the military forces of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay were far smaller than Paraguay's."}], "id": "m2Dc6ZXBUMf1vjuWZfYH", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was the deadliest and bloodiest inter-state war in Latin America's history."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Argentina and Uruguay entered the war against Paraguay in 1865, and it then became known as the \"War of the Triple Alliance\"."}, {"section_header": "Consequences of the war | Argentina", "text": "Following the war, Argentina faced many federalist revolts against the national government."}, {"section_header": "Opposing forces | Brazil and its allies", "text": "At the beginning of the war the military forces of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay were far smaller than Paraguay's."}, {"section_header": "Background | Political situation before the war", "text": "A strong military was developed because Paraguay's larger neighbors Argentina and Brazil had territorial claims against it and wanted to dominate it politically much like they did in Uruguay."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Tate, E. N. (1979). \" Britain and Latin America in the Nineteenth Century: The Case of Paraguay\"."}, {"section_header": "The war begins | Paraguayan invasion of Corrientes and Rio Grande do Sul", "text": "The same day Argentina declared war on Paraguay, but days before that, on 1 May 1865, Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay had signed the secret Treaty of the Triple Alliance in Buenos Aires."}, {"section_header": "Gender and ethnic aspects | Paraguayan indigenous people", "text": "As a result of this, any attack on Paraguay was considered to be an attack on the Paraguayan nation, despite rhetoric from Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina saying otherwise."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Paraguayan War, also known as the War of the Triple Alliance was a South American war fought from 1864 to 1870, between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina, the Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay."}, {"section_header": "Modern interpretations of the war | Theories about British influence behind the scenes", "text": "In Brazil some have believed that the United Kingdom financed the allies against Paraguay, and that British imperialism was the catalyst for the war."}], "text": "The Paraguayan War pitted Paraguay against Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay and is the deadliest inter-state war in Latin America.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Paraguayan War"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Titration (also known as titrimetry and volumetric analysis) is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis to determine the concentration of an identified analyte (a substance to be analyzed)."}], "id": "m9pv7EEiZXZ8WLXLBwoj", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Types of titrations", "text": "The most common types of qualitative titration are acid\u2013base titrations and redox titrations."}, {"section_header": "Types of titrations | Acid\u2013base titration", "text": "Common indicators, their colors, and the pH range in which they change color are given in the table above."}, {"section_header": "Types of titrations | Gas phase titration", "text": "In one common gas phase titration, gaseous ozone is titrated with nitrogen oxide according to the reaction  O3 + NO"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Titration (also known as titrimetry and volumetric analysis) is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis to determine the concentration of an identified analyte (a substance to be analyzed)."}, {"section_header": "Types of titrations | Complexometric titration", "text": "The most common example is the use of starch indicator to increase the sensitivity of iodometric titration, the dark blue complex of starch with iodine and iodide being more visible than iodine alone."}, {"section_header": "Measuring the endpoint of a titration | Back titration", "text": "Back titration is a titration done in reverse; instead of titrating the original sample, a known excess of standard reagent is added to the solution, and the excess is titrated."}, {"section_header": "Measuring the endpoint of a titration | Back titration", "text": "A back titration is useful if the endpoint of the reverse titration is easier to identify than the endpoint of the normal titration, as with precipitation reactions."}, {"section_header": "Titration curves", "text": "A titration curve is a curve in graph the x-coordinate of which represents the volume of titrant added since the beginning of the titration, and the y-coordinate of which represents the concentration of the analyte at the corresponding stage of the titration (in an acid\u2013base titration, the y-coordinate usually represents the pH of the solution).In an acid\u2013base titration, the titration curve represents the strength of the corresponding acid and base."}, {"section_header": "Titration curves", "text": "Titrations between a weak acid and a weak base have titration curves which are very irregular."}, {"section_header": "Measuring the endpoint of a titration", "text": "To compensate, precipitation titrations often have to be done as \"back\" titrations (see below)."}], "text": "Titration is common in restaurants.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Titration"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Early life | Name", "text": "However, another scholar claims that \"there is good reason for not dismissing [the idea that Aristocles was Plato's given name] as a mere invention of his biographers\", noting how prevalent that account is in our sources."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life | Name", "text": "The sources of Diogenes La\u00ebrtius account for this by claiming that his wrestling coach, Ariston of Argos, dubbed him \"broad\" on account of his chest and shoulders, or that Plato derived his name from the breadth of his eloquence, or his wide forehead."}], "id": "mBfuChf0wUatIzCf4SlI", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Early life | Birth and family", "text": "These and other references suggest a considerable amount of family pride and enable us to reconstruct Plato's family tree."}, {"section_header": "Themes of Plato's dialogues | Family", "text": "Socrates was not a family man, and saw himself as the son of his mother, who was apparently a midwife."}, {"section_header": "History of Plato's dialogues | Textual sources and history", "text": "The Clarke is given the siglum B in modern editions."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Later life and death", "text": "A variety of sources have given accounts of his death."}, {"section_header": "Themes of Plato's dialogues | Family", "text": "In ancient Athens, a boy was socially located by his family identity, and Plato often refers to his characters in terms of their paternal and fraternal relationships."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life | Birth and family", "text": "Plato belonged to an aristocratic and influential family."}, {"section_header": "Influences | Socrates", "text": "Some have called attention to the problem of taking Plato's Socrates to be his mouthpiece, given Socrates' reputation for irony and the dramatic nature of the dialogue form."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life | Birth and family", "text": "Plato's mother was Perictione, whose family boasted of a relationship with the famous Athenian lawmaker and lyric poet Solon, one of the seven sages, who repealed the laws of Draco (except for the death penalty for homicide)."}, {"section_header": "Philosophy | Metaphysics | The Forms", "text": "In other words, the Forms are universals given as a solution to the problem of universals, or the problem of \"the One and the Many\", e. g."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life | Name", "text": "However, another scholar claims that \"there is good reason for not dismissing [the idea that Aristocles was Plato's given name] as a mere invention of his biographers\", noting how prevalent that account is in our sources."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life | Name", "text": "The sources of Diogenes La\u00ebrtius account for this by claiming that his wrestling coach, Ariston of Argos, dubbed him \"broad\" on account of his chest and shoulders, or that Plato derived his name from the breadth of his eloquence, or his wide forehead."}], "text": "Plato's moniker was given by his family.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Plato"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Infrastructure | Transportation | Airports", "text": "In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second-busiest by total passenger traffic."}], "id": "mCLTRMUUOv4CfHyFVEoY", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Infrastructure | Transportation | Airports", "text": "Chicago is served by O'Hare International Airport, the world's busiest airport measured by airline operations, on the far Northwest Side, and Midway International Airport on the Southwest Side."}, {"section_header": "Infrastructure | Transportation | Airports", "text": "In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second-busiest by total passenger traffic."}, {"section_header": "Infrastructure | Transportation | Airports", "text": "Gary/Chicago International Airport and Chicago Rockford International Airport, located in Gary, Indiana and Rockford, Illinois, respectively, can serve as alternative Chicago area airports, however they do not offer as many commercial flights as O'Hare and Midway."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Depending on the particular year, the city's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International."}, {"section_header": "Infrastructure | Transportation | Airports", "text": "In recent years the state of Illinois has been leaning towards building an entirely new airport in the Illinois suburbs of Chicago."}, {"section_header": "Infrastructure | Transportation | Transit systems", "text": "These rapid transit lines also serve both Midway and O'Hare Airports."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Climate", "text": "The lowest official temperature of \u221227 \u00b0F (\u221233 \u00b0C) was recorded on January 20, 1985, at O'Hare Airport."}, {"section_header": "Infrastructure | Transportation | Airports", "text": "Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the City of Chicago."}, {"section_header": "History | 20th and 21st centuries | 1940 to 1979", "text": "In 1956, the city conducted its last major expansion when it annexed the land under O'Hare airport, including a small portion of DuPage County."}, {"section_header": "History | 20th and 21st centuries | 1940 to 1979", "text": "Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as the Willis Tower, which in 1974 became the world's tallest building), University of Illinois at Chicago, McCormick Place, and O'Hare International Airport, were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure."}], "text": "Chicago's airport, O'Hare, is the world's biggest airport in the US.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Chicago"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 7, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was assassinated in 1610 by Fran\u00e7ois Ravaillac, a fanatical Catholic, and was succeeded by his son Louis XIII.The son of Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Vend\u00f4me and Jeanne d'Albret, the Queen of Navarre, Henry was baptised as a Catholic but raised in the Protestant faith by his mother."}], "id": "mDaHwMO7kMfaatYIWmyG", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Assassination", "text": "Henry was the subject of numerous attempts on his life, including one by Pierre Barri\u00e8re in August 1593 and Jean Ch\u00e2tel in December 1594.He was finally killed in Paris on 14 May 1610 by a Catholic fanatic, Fran\u00e7ois Ravaillac, who stabbed him in the Rue de la Ferronnerie."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Henry IV (French: Henri IV; 13 December 1553 \u2013 14 May 1610), also known by the epithet Good King Henry or Henry the Great, was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 and King of France from 1589 to 1610."}, {"section_header": "International relations under Henry IV | Germany", "text": "It was widely believed that in 1610 Henry was preparing to go to war against the Holy Roman Empire."}, {"section_header": "Early life | Second marriage", "text": "Henry's first marriage was not a happy one, and the couple remained childless."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was assassinated in 1610 by Fran\u00e7ois Ravaillac, a fanatical Catholic, and was succeeded by his son Louis XIII.The son of Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Vend\u00f4me and Jeanne d'Albret, the Queen of Navarre, Henry was baptised as a Catholic but raised in the Protestant faith by his mother."}, {"section_header": "Assassination", "text": "Henry was buried at the Saint Denis Basilica."}, {"section_header": "International relations under Henry IV | Germany", "text": "The preparations were terminated by his assassination, however, and the subsequent rapprochement with Spain under the regency of Marie de' Medici."}, {"section_header": "Character", "text": "As king, he adopted policies and undertook projects to improve the lives of all subjects, which made him one of the country's most popular rulers ever."}, {"section_header": "Assassination", "text": "Henry's coach was stopped by traffic congestion associated with the Queen's coronation ceremony, as depicted in the engraving by Gaspar Bouttats."}, {"section_header": "Assassination", "text": "Hercule de Rohan, duc de Montbazon, was with him when he was killed; Montbazon was wounded, but survived."}], "text": "Henry IV was assassinated by one his guards in 1610.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 8, "wikipedia_page": "Henry IV of France"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "A member of the plebeian Antonia gens, Antony was born in Rome on 14 January 83 BC."}], "id": "mDeEwDgtNuxwnfvfk0M4", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Master of the Roman East | Antony's Parthian War | Parthian Campaign", "text": "The size of his army indicated Antony's intention to conquer Parthia, or at least receive its submission by capturing the Parthian capital of Ecbatana."}, {"section_header": "Master of the Roman East | Antony's Parthian War | Parthian Campaign", "text": "However, Antony was soon forced to retreat in mid-October after a failed two-month siege of the provincial capital."}, {"section_header": "Early career | Service under Caesar | Governor of Italy", "text": "Caesar presided over his own election to a second consulship for 47 BC and then, after eleven days in office, resigned this dictatorship."}, {"section_header": "Early career | Service under Caesar | Civil War", "text": "Within days of Antony's expulsion, on 7 January 49 BC, the senate reconvened."}, {"section_header": "Early career | Military service", "text": "This appointment marks the beginning of his military career."}, {"section_header": "Master of the Roman East | Antony and Cleopatra", "text": "The triumvirate expired on the last day of 33 BC and was not renewed."}, {"section_header": "Early career | Service under Caesar | Governor of Italy", "text": "While Caesar was away in Egypt, Antony remained in Rome to govern Italy and restore order."}, {"section_header": "Early career | Service under Caesar | Governor of Italy", "text": "The resulting instability, especially among Caesar's veterans who would have benefited from the law, forced Caesar to return to Italy by October 47"}, {"section_header": "Early career | Service under Caesar | Civil War", "text": "Caesar would later remark the civil war would have ended that day if only Pompey had attacked him."}, {"section_header": "Early career | The Second Triumvirate | War against the Liberators", "text": "Brutus committed suicide the day after the defeat and the remainder of his army swore allegiance to the Triumvirate."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "A member of the plebeian Antonia gens, Antony was born in Rome on 14 January 83 BC."}], "text": "Mark Antony's birthplace is the current day capital of Italy.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Mark Antony"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 9, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 2007\u20132010", "text": "As noted on Compete.com, Twitter moved up to the third-highest-ranking social networking site in January 2009 from its previous rank of twenty-second."}], "id": "mHcyDWusJbVaAvIptouu", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 2007\u20132010", "text": "As noted on Compete.com, Twitter moved up to the third-highest-ranking social networking site in January 2009 from its previous rank of twenty-second."}, {"section_header": "Leadership", "text": "In January 2014, Stone announced the release of Jelly, a 'social Q&A network for mobile'."}, {"section_header": "Usage | Demographics", "text": "In 2009, Twitter was mainly used by older adults who might not have used other social sites before Twitter, said Jeremiah Owyang, an industry analyst studying social media."}, {"section_header": "Usage | Demographics", "text": "In an article published on January 6, 2012, Twitter was confirmed to be the biggest social media network in Japan, with Facebook following closely in second."}, {"section_header": "User accounts | Twitter bots", "text": "Twitter's wide-open application programming interface and cloud servers make it possible for twitterbots' existence within the social networking site."}, {"section_header": "Television", "text": "In January 2014, Facebook announced a partnership with UK-based social TV analytics company SecondSync which saw the social network make its social TV available outside the company for the first time."}, {"section_header": "History | Creation and initial reaction", "text": "Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network."}, {"section_header": "Society | Impact | Public figures", "text": "Time magazine acknowledged its growing level of influence in its 2010 Time 100; to determine the influence of people, it used a formula based on famous social networking sites, Twitter and Facebook."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets", "text": "In a 2009 Time magazine essay, technology author Steven Johnson described the basic mechanics of Twitter as \"remarkably simple\":  As a social network, Twitter revolves around the principle of followers."}, {"section_header": "Usage", "text": "A February 2009 Compete.com blog entry ranked Twitter as the third most used social network based on their count of 6 million unique monthly visitors and 55 million monthly visits."}], "text": "Twitter moved up to the third-highest-ranking social networking site in January 2009.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 9, "wikipedia_page": "Twitter"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "King Shaka kaSenzangakhona (c.\u2009July 1787 \u2013 22 September 1828), also known as Shaka Zulu (Zulu pronunciation: [\u02c8\u0283a\u02d0\u0260a]), was the King of the Zulu Kingdom from 1816 to 1828."}], "id": "mKJY20PohsLouL3cG8Ge", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Scholarship studies | Biographical sources", "text": "The earliest are two eyewitness accounts written by European adventurer-traders who met Shaka during the last four years of his reign."}, {"section_header": "Scholarship studies | Biographical sources", "text": "Scholarship in recent years has revised views of the sources on Shaka's reign."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | As borrower not innovator", "text": "Using his standard formula of eighteen years per reign, Bryant calculated that the Swazi, Ndwandwe, and Hlubi lines could be traced back to the beginning of the fifteenth century, while the eponymous chief Zulu had died at the beginning of the eighteenth century."}, {"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "but, some years later, Dingiswayo was ambushed by Zwide's amaNdwandwe and killed."}, {"section_header": "Scholarship studies | Biographical sources", "text": "Various modern historians writing on Shaka and the Zulu point to the uncertain nature of Fynn and Isaac's accounts of Shaka's reign."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Mobility of the army", "text": "He further claims that even though these stories have been repeated by \"astonished and admiring white commentators,\" the Zulu army covered \"no more than 19 kilometres (12 mi) a day, and usually went only about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi).\" Furthermore, Zulus under Shaka sometimes advanced more slowly."}, {"section_header": "Death and succession", "text": "Dingane ruled for some twelve years, during which time he fought, disastrously, against the Voortrekkers, and against another half-brother, Mpande, who, with Boer and British support, took over the Zulu leadership in 1840, ruling for some 30 years."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Shaka's reign coincided with the start of the Mfecane (the \"Upheaval\" or \"Crushing\"), a period of widespread destruction and warfare in southern Africa between 1815 and about 1840 that depopulated the region."}, {"section_header": "Successor to Senzangakhona", "text": "Sigujana's reign was short, however, as Dingiswayo, anxious to confirm his authority, lent Shaka a regiment so that he was able to put Sigujana to death, launching a relatively bloodless coup that was substantially accepted by the Zulu."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Shaka was born in the lunar month of uNtulikazi (July) in the year of 1787 near present-day Melmoth, KwaZulu-Natal Province."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "King Shaka kaSenzangakhona (c.\u2009July 1787 \u2013 22 September 1828), also known as Shaka Zulu (Zulu pronunciation: [\u02c8\u0283a\u02d0\u0260a]), was the King of the Zulu Kingdom from 1816 to 1828."}], "text": "Shaka's reign lasted 12 years.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Shaka"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Structure | Multiple layers", "text": "A. Wang and X. Song recently proposed a three-layer model, with an \"inner inner core\" (IIC) with about 500 km radius, an \"outer inner core\" (OIC) layer about 600 km thick, and an isotropic shell 100 km thick."}, {"section_header": "Structure | Multiple layers", "text": "In 2002, M. Ishii and A. Dziewo\u0144ski presented evidence that the solid inner core contained an \"innermost inner core\" (IMIC) with somewhat different properties than the shell around it."}], "id": "mOsBs6o2PpPzuf7EB0o1", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Earth's inner core is the innermost geologic layer of the Earth."}, {"section_header": "Physical properties | Seismic wave velocity", "text": "Then the speed drops abruptly at the inner-outer core boundary to about 10.4 km/s."}, {"section_header": "Structure | Multiple layers", "text": "In 2002, M. Ishii and A. Dziewo\u0144ski presented evidence that the solid inner core contained an \"innermost inner core\" (IMIC) with somewhat different properties than the shell around it."}, {"section_header": "Growth", "text": "The existence of the inner core also affects the dynamic motions of liquid in the outer core, and thus may help fix the magnetic field."}, {"section_header": "Growth", "text": "The Earth's inner core is thought to be slowly growing as the liquid outer core at the boundary with the inner core cools and solidifies due to the gradual cooling of the Earth's interior (about 100 degrees Celsius per billion years).According to calculations by Alf\u00e9 and others, as the iron crystallizes onto the inner core, the liquid just above it becomes enriched in oxygen, and therefore less dense than the rest of the outer core."}, {"section_header": "Data sources | Seismic waves", "text": "While S waves cannot reach or leave the inner core as such, P waves can be converted into S waves, and vice-versa, as they hit the boundary between the inner and outer core at an oblique angle."}, {"section_header": "Structure | Multiple layers", "text": "A. Wang and X. Song recently proposed a three-layer model, with an \"inner inner core\" (IIC) with about 500 km radius, an \"outer inner core\" (OIC) layer about 600 km thick, and an isotropic shell 100 km thick."}, {"section_header": "Physical properties | Pressure and gravity", "text": "The pressure in the Earth's inner core is slightly higher than it is at the boundary between the outer and inner cores: it ranges from about 330 to 360 gigapascals (3,300,000 to 3,600,000 atm).The acceleration of gravity at the surface of the inner core can be computed to be 4.3 m/s2; which is less than half the value at the surface of the Earth (9.8 m/s2)."}, {"section_header": "Dynamics", "text": "Those torques are felt mainly by the crust and mantle, so that their rotation axis and speed may differ from overall rotation of the fluid in the outer core and the rotation of the inner core."}, {"section_header": "Discovery", "text": "The boundary between the inner and outer cores is sometimes called the \"Lehmann discontinuity\", although the name usually refers to another discontinuity."}], "text": "Within the inner core there is an innermost inner core, inner inner core, outer inner core and inner outer core.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Inner core"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is made of reinforced concrete and soapstone."}], "id": "mTj9lHibtYcXMaw4R1J0", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The original pale stone is no longer available in sufficient quantity, and replacement stones are increasingly darker in hue."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is made of reinforced concrete and soapstone."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The Catholic Circle of Rio made a second proposal for a landmark statue on the mountain in 1920."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The restoration involved one hundred people and used more than 60,000 pieces of stone taken from the same quarry as the original statue."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of V\u0169ng T\u00e0u in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of V\u0169ng T\u00e0u in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ the Redeemer of the Andes (Argentina/Chile) Christ the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Ibiza, Spain, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Blanco in Cusco, Peru"}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The designs considered for the \"Statue of the Christ\" included a representation of the Christian cross, a statue of Jesus with a globe in his hands, and a pedestal symbolizing the world."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "In 2010, a massive restoration of the statue began."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The four-month restoration in 2010 focused on the statue itself."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms, a symbol of peace, was chosen."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Local engineer Heitor da Silva Costa designed the statue."}], "text": "The statue is made of marble, stone and gold.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Christ the Redeemer (statue)"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Presidential candidate and party leader | Presidential election of 1908", "text": "Since the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment, Bryan and Henry Clay are the lone individuals who received electoral votes in three separate presidential elections but lost all three elections."}], "id": "mUtjQ9iF6LLDQo9YqmUG", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "At age 36, Bryan remains the youngest person in United States history to receive an electoral vote."}, {"section_header": "Presidential candidate and party leader | Presidential election of 1908", "text": "The 493 cumulative electoral votes cast for Bryan across three separate elections are the most received by a presidential candidate never elected."}, {"section_header": "Presidential candidate and party leader | Presidential election of 1908", "text": "Since the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment, Bryan and Henry Clay are the lone individuals who received electoral votes in three separate presidential elections but lost all three elections."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Along with Henry Clay, Bryan is one of the two individuals who never won a presidential election despite receiving electoral votes in three separate presidential elections held after the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment."}, {"section_header": "Presidential candidate and party leader | Presidential election of 1896 | Democratic nomination", "text": "At 36 years old, Bryan became (and still remains) the youngest presidential nominee of a major party in American history."}, {"section_header": "Presidential candidate and party leader | Presidential election of 1896 | General election", "text": "McKinley won the election by a fairly comfortable margin, taking 51 percent of the popular vote and 271 electoral votes."}, {"section_header": "Presidential candidate and party leader | Presidential election of 1908", "text": "Bryan remains the only individual since the Civil War to lose three separate U.S. presidential elections as a major party nominee."}, {"section_header": "Wilson presidency | 1912 election", "text": "The split in the Republican ranks helped give Wilson the presidency and Wilson won over 400 electoral votes despite taking just 41.8 percent of the popular vote."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In a repudiation of incumbent President Grover Cleveland and his conservative Bourbon Democrats, the Democratic convention nominated Bryan for president, making Bryan the youngest major party presidential nominee in U.S. history."}, {"section_header": "Presidential candidate and party leader | Between presidential campaigns, 1901\u20131907", "text": "Parker won the Democratic nomination, but Roosevelt won the election by the largest popular vote margin since the Civil War."}], "text": "William Jennings Bryan was the youngest major party presidential nominee, the youngest person in U.S. history to receive an electoral vote, and the only individual who has never won a presidential election after receiving electoral votes in all 3 elections.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "William Jennings Bryan"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Medical uses | Wound healing", "text": "Collagen is one of the body's key natural resources and a component of skin tissue that can benefit all stages of wound healing."}], "id": "matOXzP5lE2NxmHjA2aW", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Synthesis | Synthetic pathogenesis", "text": "Many bacteria and viruses secrete virulence factors, such as the enzyme collagenase, which destroys collagen or interferes with its production."}, {"section_header": "Types", "text": "Over 90% of the collagen in the human body is type I collagen."}, {"section_header": "Characteristics | Uses", "text": "and with formaldehyde replaced by less-toxic pentanedial and ethanedial) has been used to repair experimental incisions in rabbit lungs."}, {"section_header": "Medical uses | Wound healing", "text": "Collagen is one of the body's key natural resources and a component of skin tissue that can benefit all stages of wound healing."}, {"section_header": "Medical uses | Reconstructive surgical uses", "text": "These collagens may be derived from bovine, equine, porcine, or even human sources; and are sometimes used in combination with silicones, glycosaminoglycans, fibroblasts, growth factors and other substances."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Collagen  is the main structural protein in the extracellular matrix in the various connective tissues in the body."}, {"section_header": "Adaptation and diversification", "text": "Collagens are the most abundant proteins in vertebrates, making up some 30% of all proteins in the human body."}, {"section_header": "Molecular structure", "text": "These later advances are particularly important to better understanding the way in which collagen structure affects cell\u2013cell and cell\u2013matrix communication and how tissues are constructed in growth and repair and changed in development and disease."}, {"section_header": "Medical uses | Bone grafts", "text": "As the skeleton forms the structure of the body, it is vital that it maintains its strength, even after breaks and injuries."}, {"section_header": "Molecular structure", "text": "Larger fibrillar bundles are formed with the aid of several different classes of proteins (including different collagen types), glycoproteins, and proteoglycans to form the different types of mature tissues from alternate combinations of the same key players."}], "text": "Collagen is a key factor in repairing the body.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Collagen"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "The on-location shots of the Galapagos were unique for a feature film as normally only documentaries are filmed on the islands."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Following the privateer south, Surprise rounds Cape Horn and heads to the Galapagos Islands,"}], "id": "mhvdJ8Oxpov4ydY3Sf7T", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "\"The Far Side of the World (Master and Commander)\"."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "McGregor, Tom (2003). The Making of Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World is a 2003 American epic period war-drama film co-written, produced and directed by Peter Weir, set in the Napoleonic Wars."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "The film combines elements from 13 different novels of Patrick O'Brian, but the basic plot mostly comes from The Far Side of the World."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "Woolsey, aboard HMS Papillon, disguised a ship under his command as a commercial boat; on discovering information that a rogue ship was on the other side of a small island, he sailed around the island and captured the Spanish ship by stratagem, on April 15, 1805."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "While looking for a species of flightless cormorant, the doctor discovers Acheron on the other side of the island."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Following the privateer south, Surprise rounds Cape Horn and heads to the Galapagos Islands,"}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "The on-location shots of the Galapagos were unique for a feature film as normally only documentaries are filmed on the islands."}, {"section_header": "Release | Critical response", "text": "\"Master and Commander\" stays afloat to the finish, but that's all that can be said."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Finally giving up the pursuit of the privateer, Aubrey grants Maturin the chance to explore the Galapagos islands and gather specimens before they head for home."}], "text": "Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World was entirely fimed in the Galapagos Islands.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Walter James Vincent \"Rabbit\" Maranville (November 11, 1891 \u2013 January 6, 1954) was an American professional baseball shortstop, second baseman and manager."}], "id": "mko2CedhWIosmjexRYPl", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career", "text": "Maranville finished third in the MVP voting in his first full season, playing for the Boston Braves as a 21-year-old in 1913 even though his batting average was just .247 in 143 games with two homers."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "As a shortstop, he finished his career with a positional record 5,139 putouts."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Over a lengthy career which spanned both the dead ball and live-ball era, Maranville played for the Boston Braves (1912\u20131920, 1929\u20131933, 1935), Pittsburgh Pirates (1921\u20131924), Chicago Cubs (1925), Brooklyn Robins (1926) and St. Louis Cardinals (1927\u20131928)."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy", "text": "Rabbit Maranville died of a heart attack shortly after midnight on January 6, 1954 at his home in Woodside, New York."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Walter James Vincent \"Rabbit\" Maranville (November 11, 1891 \u2013 January 6, 1954) was an American professional baseball shortstop, second baseman and manager."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Following the end of his playing career, Maranville turned to managing, including stints as a minor league manager for Montreal Royals, at Albany, Elmira, and Springfield, Massachusetts."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "At the time of his retirement in 1935, he had played in a record 23 seasons in the National League, a mark which wasn't broken until 1986 by Pete Rose."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Boston Braves, Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago Cubs, Brooklyn Robins, and St. Louis Cardinals between 1912 and 1934."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Maranville fired!\" And so he was\u2014the next day."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Maranville was known as one of \"baseball's most famous clowns\" due to his practical jokes and lack of inhibitions."}], "text": "Rabbit Maranville played two positions, both as pitcher and right fielder.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Rabbit Maranville"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Luis Ernesto Aparicio Montiel (born April 29, 1934), nicknamed \"Little Louie\", is a Venezuelan former professional baseball player who is notable for being the first player from Venezuela to be inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame."}], "id": "mlO13NkFqZ2GOnxQokSb", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "The full name of the stadium is Estadio Luis Aparicio El Grande (Luis Aparicio \"the Great\" Stadium) in honor to Luis Aparicio Ortega."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "Also, the sports complex where the stadium is located is named Polideportivo Luis Aparicio Montiel."}, {"section_header": "Major league career | Chicago White Sox (1968\u20131970)", "text": "With the emergence of Mark Belanger at shortstop, Aparicio was traded back to the White Sox along with Russ Snyder and John Matias for Don Buford, Bruce Howard and Roger Nelson on November 29, 1967."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His father, Luis Aparicio Sr., was a notable shortstop in Venezuela and owned a Winter League team with Aparicio's uncle, Ernesto Aparicio."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "Thirty Years of Immortality features footage from the day that Venezuela heard the news that one of its native sons had achieved immortality in Cooperstown with many testimonials of great big leaguers, friends, and family."}, {"section_header": "Major league career | Boston Red Sox (1971\u20131973)", "text": "After three seasons with the White Sox, Aparicio was traded to the Boston Red Sox for Luis Alvarado and Mike Andrews on December 1, 1970."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "In 2004, the first annual Luis Aparicio Award was presented to the Venezuelan player who recorded the best individual performance in Major League Baseball, as voted on by sports journalists in Venezuela."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Luis Ernesto Aparicio Montiel (born April 29, 1934), nicknamed \"Little Louie\", is a Venezuelan former professional baseball player who is notable for being the first player from Venezuela to be inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame."}, {"section_header": "Major league career | Chicago White Sox (1956\u20131962)", "text": "When Aparicio stole 50 bases in his first 61 attempts in 1959, the term \"Aparicio double\" was coined to represent a walk and a stolen base."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Aparicio was born in Maracaibo, Zulia State, Venezuela."}], "text": "Luis Aparicio was the don of the Gambino family in 1954.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Luis Aparicio"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ the Redeemer in Rio Verde, Goi\u00e1s, Brazil Christ in the Mount in Pitangui, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}], "id": "mnAWMFdJar18v5gPgQ6n", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The restoration involved one hundred people and used more than 60,000 pieces of stone taken from the same quarry as the original statue."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A symbol of Christianity across the world, the statue has also become a cultural icon of both Rio de Janeiro and Brazil, and is listed as one of the New7Wonders of the World."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Work included cleaning, replacing the mortar and soapstone on the exterior, restoring iron in the internal structure, and waterproofing the monument."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The statue's internal structure was renovated and its soapstone mosaic covering was restored by removing a crust of fungi and other microorganisms and repairing small cracks."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "A group of engineers and technicians studied Landowski's submissions and felt building the structure of reinforced concrete (designed by Albert Caquot) instead of steel was more suitable for the cross-shaped statue."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ the Redeemer in Rio Verde, Goi\u00e1s, Brazil Christ in the Mount in Pitangui, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Cristo del Otero in Palencia , Spain built in 1930 (21 m) Cristo Rey (statue, Mexico) located on the Cerro del Cubilete in Guanajuato, Mexico, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Rey in Tenancingo, M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico (30 m) Christ Blessing in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia (30 m) Christ of Havana in Havana, Cuba, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of the Abyss in various underwater locations"}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of V\u0169ng T\u00e0u in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of V\u0169ng T\u00e0u in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ the Redeemer of the Andes (Argentina/Chile) Christ the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Ibiza, Spain, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Blanco in Cusco, Peru"}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Cristo de la Concordia in Cochabamba, Bolivia (34 m) Cristo de las Noas in Torre\u00f3n, Mexico (22 m) Cristo del Pac\u00edfico in Lima, Peru, erected in 2011 (37 m) Patung Yesus Kristus in Mansinam Island, West Papua, Indonesia (30 m) Cristo Redentore (Christ the Redeemer) of Maratea, Italy (21 m) Cristo Rei (Christ the King) in Almada, Portugal (28 m) Cristo Rei of Dili in Dili, Timor-Leste (27 m) Cristo Rei, Madeira on Madeira island, completed in 1927 (15 m) Cristo Rei in Lubango, Angola (14 m) Statue of Cristo Luz in Balne\u00e1rio Cambori\u00fa, Santa Catarina, Brazil"}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Statue of Jesus Christ on the top of Sagrat Cor, Barcelona, Spain"}], "text": "This structure is only one of its kind.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Christ the Redeemer (statue)"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Texan was 6 feet 2 inches (188 cm) tall and weighed 220 pounds (100 kg; 16 st)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Andrew Lewis Cooper (April 24, 1898 \u2013 June 3, 1941), nicknamed \"Lefty\", was an American left-handed pitcher in baseball's Negro Leagues."}], "id": "mtWEccloz6nUIQC6tYiw", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal", "text": "Cooper had one son, Andy Cooper Jr."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "Negro league historian Dick Clark called Cooper the greatest pitcher to play for Detroit, either for the Stars or the Tigers."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Andrew Lewis Cooper (April 24, 1898 \u2013 June 3, 1941), nicknamed \"Lefty\", was an American left-handed pitcher in baseball's Negro Leagues."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "Cooper gave up two runs in the first inning of the game, but he pitched 16 subsequent scoreless innings."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "In The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract, James characterized Cooper as the best Negro league pitcher of 1923.Cooper was traded to the Kansas City Monarchs for five players in 1928."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Cooper is the Negro league record holder for career saves."}, {"section_header": "Career | Winter leagues and barnstorming teams", "text": "Cooper and three other Negro league players - Biz Mackey, Rap Dixon and Frank Duncan - decided to test the ban."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "Despite the hitter-friendly dimensions of the park, Cooper excelled as a pitcher in Detroit."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "He became known for his durability as a pitcher."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In a 1937 playoff game, he pitched 17 innings."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Texan was 6 feet 2 inches (188 cm) tall and weighed 220 pounds (100 kg; 16 st)."}], "text": "Andy Cooper was a pitcher in the Negro Leagues and is a Texan.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Andy Cooper"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 7, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Christ the Redeemer (Portuguese: Cristo Redentor, standard Brazilian Portuguese: [\u02c8k\u027eistu \u0281eden\u02c8to\u0281], local pronunciation: [\u02c8k\u027ei\u0255t\u016d\u033b xe\u031eden\u02c8to\u0266]) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot."}], "id": "mwI7EYEzY1iT7zUwfyoA", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Statue of Jesus Christ on the top of Sagrat Cor, Barcelona, Spain"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Christ the Redeemer (Portuguese: Cristo Redentor, standard Brazilian Portuguese: [\u02c8k\u027eistu \u0281eden\u02c8to\u0281], local pronunciation: [\u02c8k\u027ei\u0255t\u016d\u033b xe\u031eden\u02c8to\u0266]) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Tas-Salvatur, Malta (12 m) Statue of Jesus Christ, Monte Urgull, Donostia-San Sebastian,"}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The designs considered for the \"Statue of the Christ\" included a representation of the Christian cross, a statue of Jesus with a globe in his hands, and a pedestal symbolizing the world."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Cristo del Otero in Palencia , Spain built in 1930 (21 m) Cristo Rey (statue, Mexico) located on the Cerro del Cubilete in Guanajuato, Mexico, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Rey in Tenancingo, M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico (30 m) Christ Blessing in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia (30 m) Christ of Havana in Havana, Cuba, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of the Abyss in various underwater locations"}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of V\u0169ng T\u00e0u in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of V\u0169ng T\u00e0u in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ the Redeemer of the Andes (Argentina/Chile) Christ the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Ibiza, Spain, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Blanco in Cusco, Peru"}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Spain - 12 m Jesus de Greatest in Imo, Nigeria, Africa's tallest statue of Jesus and fifth tallest statue on the continent (8.53 m) Cristo del Picacho in Tegucigalpa, Honduras"}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms, a symbol of peace, was chosen."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ the Redeemer in Rio Verde, Goi\u00e1s, Brazil Christ in the Mount in Pitangui, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "The King Lebanon Another imitation statue of Christ the Redeemer is at Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India.(Shrish Patil) imitation at Kovalam, near Trivandrum, Kerala, India."}], "text": "The statue is built in Neoclassical style of Jesus Christ.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 8, "wikipedia_page": "Christ the Redeemer (statue)"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Characters", "text": "The Boy: The son of the three women, he does not play a speaking role but is the subject of much discussion among them."}, {"section_header": "Productions", "text": "During the run, Seldes assumed the role of \"A,\" with Joan Van Ark and Frances Conroy assuming the role of \"B.\" During the run, Seldes assumed the role of \"A,\" with Joan Van Ark and Frances Conroy assuming the role of \"B.\" The play premiered in the West End at the Wyndham's Theatre in October 1994, directed by Anthony Page and featuring Maggie Smith (Elder Tall Woman), Frances de la Tour (Middle Tall Woman), Anastasia Hille (Younger Tall Woman), and John Ireland (the Boy).The play opened in Washington, D.C. at The Kennedy Center's Eisenhower Theater on November 9, 1995."}], "id": "my8DaITxylBtBCSnhdZm", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Overview", "text": "The woman\u2019s relationship with her son is the clearest indication that Albee was working through some troubled memories of his own in Three Tall Women."}, {"section_header": "Productions", "text": "In fact, Three Tall Women was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1994, as well as the Drama Critics Circle, Lucille Lortel, and Outer Critics Circle awards for best play.\" Three Tall Women had its world premiere at the English Theatre, Vienna, Austria in June 1991."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Three Tall Women is a two-act play by Edward Albee, written in 1990, which won the 1994 Pulitzer Prize for Drama, Albee's third Pulitzer."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "The Boy: The son of the three women, he does not play a speaking role but is the subject of much discussion among them."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Act I", "text": "The play opens with the three major characters together in A's bedroom."}, {"section_header": "Productions", "text": "During the run, Seldes assumed the role of \"A,\" with Joan Van Ark and Frances Conroy assuming the role of \"B.\" During the run, Seldes assumed the role of \"A,\" with Joan Van Ark and Frances Conroy assuming the role of \"B.\" The play premiered in the West End at the Wyndham's Theatre in October 1994, directed by Anthony Page and featuring Maggie Smith (Elder Tall Woman), Frances de la Tour (Middle Tall Woman), Anastasia Hille (Younger Tall Woman), and John Ireland (the Boy).The play opened in Washington, D.C. at The Kennedy Center's Eisenhower Theater on November 9, 1995."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "She is markedly cynical about life."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Act I", "text": "Throughout the scene, A does most of the talking, frequently reminiscing and telling stories about her life."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Act II", "text": "The play ends with A, B, and C debating about the happiest moment in their life."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Act II", "text": "C (also unseen by the son) is none the wiser, because she is from a period in the woman's life before her marriage."}], "text": "Three Tall Women was about the life of three tall sisters.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Three Tall Women"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film is a fictionalized account about the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and stars Alice Brady as Mrs. O'Leary, the owner of the cow which started the fire, and Tyrone Power and Don Ameche as her sons."}], "id": "mzCYjJqjaouSkfKIEKhQ", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In Old Chicago is a 1938 American drama disaster film directed by Henry King."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "Some sources claim that MGM offered to loan both Harlow and Clark Gable to Fox for In Old Chicago if they reciprocated by loaning Shirley Temple to MGM for their upcoming production of The Wizard of Oz."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "The Mayor of Chicago in 1871 was Roswell B. Mason, not an O'Leary son."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "Despite crediting the Chicago Historical Society for assistance with historical research, much of the film is fictionalized."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The O'Leary family are traveling to Chicago to start a new life when Patrick O'Leary tries to race a steam train in his wagon."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film is a fictionalized account about the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and stars Alice Brady as Mrs. O'Leary, the owner of the cow which started the fire, and Tyrone Power and Don Ameche as her sons."}], "text": "In Old Chicago is about the strike in Chicago.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "In Old Chicago"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Geography | Architecture", "text": "Hong Kong has the world's largest number of skyscrapers, with 317 towers taller than 150 metres (490 ft), and the third-largest number of high-rise buildings in the world."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The city has the largest number of skyscrapers of any city in the world, and its residents have some of the highest life expectancies in the world."}], "id": "mzj6NeCegr6Wiz63gVTJ", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Hong Kong is home to the second-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, the highest number of billionaires of any city in Asia, and the largest concentration of ultra"}, {"section_header": "Geography | Architecture", "text": "Hong Kong has the world's largest number of skyscrapers, with 317 towers taller than 150 metres (490 ft), and the third-largest number of high-rise buildings in the world."}, {"section_header": "Infrastructure | Transport", "text": "Highways, organised with the Hong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number System, connect all major areas of the territory."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Climate", "text": "Hong Kong averages 1,709 hours of sunshine per year; the highest and lowest recorded temperatures at the Hong Kong Observatory are 36.6 \u00b0C (97.9 \u00b0F) on 22 August 2017 and 0.0 \u00b0C (32.0 \u00b0F) on 18 January 1893."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Climate", "text": "The highest and lowest recorded temperatures in all of Hong Kong are 39.0 \u00b0C (102 \u00b0F) at Wetland Park on 22 August 2017, and \u22126.0 \u00b0C (21.2 \u00b0F) at Tai Mo Shan on 24 January 2016."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Architecture", "text": "The Tin Hau Temple, dedicated to the sea goddess Mazu (originally built in 1012 and rebuilt in 1266), is the territory's oldest existing structure."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Music", "text": "The genre's popularity peaked in the 1990s, when the Four Heavenly Kings dominated Asian record charts."}, {"section_header": "Culture", "text": "Bagua mirrors are regularly used to deflect evil spirits, and buildings often lack floor numbers with a 4; the number has a similar sound to the word for \"die\" in Cantonese."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Cinema", "text": "The number of films produced annually has declined to about 60 in 2017."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "The city has the second-highest number of corporate headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The city has the largest number of skyscrapers of any city in the world, and its residents have some of the highest life expectancies in the world."}], "text": "Hong Kong has an unprecedented record number of the tall structures.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Hong Kong"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Definition", "text": "An arbitrary object's moment of inertia thus depends on the spatial distribution of its mass."}], "id": "nDqRAWi5iO3ZQAfmDkpY", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Inertia tensor | Definition", "text": "-axis, and so on. These quantities can be generalized to an object with distributed mass, described by a mass density function, in a similar fashion to the scalar moment of inertia."}, {"section_header": "Inertia tensor", "text": "The moment of inertia tensor is a convenient way to summarize all moments of inertia of an object with one quantity."}, {"section_header": "Motion in a fixed plane | Point mass", "text": "Thus, moment of inertia is a physical property that combines the mass and distribution of the particles around the rotation axis."}, {"section_header": "Motion in a fixed plane | Point mass | Examples", "text": "As one more example, consider the moment of inertia of a solid sphere of constant density about an axis through its center of mass."}, {"section_header": "Inertia tensor | Definition", "text": "For a rigid object of                         N                 {\\displaystyle N}    point masses"}, {"section_header": "Definition", "text": "An arbitrary object's moment of inertia thus depends on the spatial distribution of its mass."}, {"section_header": "Introduction", "text": "The moment of inertia depends on how mass is distributed around an axis of rotation, and will vary depending on the chosen axis."}, {"section_header": "Motion in a fixed plane | Point mass", "text": "The moment of inertia of a continuous body rotating about a specified axis is calculated in the same way, except with infinitely many point particles."}, {"section_header": "Motion in space of a rigid body, and the inertia matrix | Parallel axis theorem", "text": "]^{2}.}   Distribute over the cross product to obtain                                                 I"}, {"section_header": "Inertia tensor", "text": "In general, the moments of inertia are not equal unless the object is symmetric about all axes."}], "text": "The way mass is distributed through an object affects its inertia.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Moment of inertia"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Places in the Heart is a 1984 American drama film written and directed by Robert Benton about a Depression-era Texas widow who tries to save her family farm with the help of a blind white man and a poor black man."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "It is 1935 and Waxahachie, Texas, is a small, segregated town in the midst of the Great Depression."}], "id": "nGPyVzMXRgP14ETGeN78", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Places in the Heart grossed $274,279 in its opening weekend."}, {"section_header": "Release", "text": "Places in the Heart was released in theatres on September 21, 1984."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Places in the Heart is a 1984 American drama film written and directed by Robert Benton about a Depression-era Texas widow who tries to save her family farm with the help of a blind white man and a poor black man."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The story ends with the community in prayer."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "The consensus is: \"Places in the Heart is a quiet character piece with grand ambitions that it more than fulfills, thanks to absorbing work from writer-director Robert Benton and a tremendous cast.\" Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote in his review: \"Robert Benton has made one of the best films in years about growing up American.\" Canby called it \"moving and often funny\" and \"a tonic, a revivifying experience right down to the final images\", comparing it to Luis Bunuel's Tristana\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Accolades", "text": "He tells a central story of great power, and then keeps leaving it to catch us up with minor characters we never care about.\" In 1985, when Sally Field accepted her second Oscar (the first was for Norma Rae), she uttered the memorable (and much-mocked) line \" I can't deny the fact that you like me\u2014right now, you like me!"}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Roger Ebert wrote in his review that Benton's \"memories provide the material for a wonderful movie, and he has made it, but unfortunately he hasn't stopped at that."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Edna knows she will need more pickers, and Moze agrees to help her find the help so they can harvest the cotton on time."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "The film grossed $34.9 million in the US."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was filmed in Waxahachie, Texas, on Jack Davis' farm."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "It is 1935 and Waxahachie, Texas, is a small, segregated town in the midst of the Great Depression."}], "text": "Places in the Heart is a movie that was filmed in the city where the story took place, and about the same time period the story was written.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Places in the Heart"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Team image | Nickname", "text": "The team is also referred to as Les Tricolores or L'Equipe Tricolore (The Tri-color Team) due to the team's utilization of the country's national colors: blue, white, and red."}], "id": "nKvg6BoVZ7bz98YoYeds", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Team image | Kits and crest", "text": "The team's three colours originate from the national flag of France, known as the tricolore."}, {"section_header": "Team image | Nickname", "text": "The team is also referred to as Les Tricolores or L'Equipe Tricolore (The Tri-color Team) due to the team's utilization of the country's national colors: blue, white, and red."}, {"section_header": "Team image | Nickname", "text": "Led by coach Michel Hidalgo, France exhibited an inspiring, elegant, skillful and technically advanced offensive style of football, which was strikingly similar to their South American counterparts."}, {"section_header": "Team image | Kits and crest", "text": "The France national team utilizes a three colour system composed of blue, white and red."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The France national football team (French: \u00c9quipe de France de football) represents France in men's international football and is controlled by the French Football Federation, also known as FFF, or in French: F\u00e9d\u00e9ration fran\u00e7aise de football."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Since 2001, Argentina (after the 2004 Olympics) and Brazil (after the 2016 Olympics) are the other two national teams that have won these three titles."}, {"section_header": "Team image | Nickname", "text": "France is often referred to by the media and supporters as Les Bleus (The Blues), which is the nickname associated with all of France's international sporting teams due to the blue shirts each team incorporates."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "In 1988, the FFF opened the Clairefontaine National Football Institute."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "France was the first national team to win the three most important men's titles recognized by FIFA: the World Cup, the Confederations Cup, and the Olympic tournament after victory in the Confederations Cup in 2001."}, {"section_header": "Team image | Kits and crest", "text": "In 1972, France reached an agreement with German sports apparel manufacturer Adidas to be the team's kit provider."}], "text": "France national football team sport the same three colors as the American flag.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "France national football team"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Economy | Social issues | Social issues of the indigenous", "text": "Literacy rates are extremely low among Paraguay's indigenous population, who have an illiteracy rate of 51% compared to the 7.1% rate of the general population."}], "id": "nLO87Xdfb8ge03KXMMCN", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Independence and rule of Francia", "text": "He cut off relations between Paraguay and the rest of South America."}, {"section_header": "History | Pre-Columbian era", "text": "Western Paraguay, the Gran Chaco, was inhabited by nomads of whom the Guaycuru peoples were the most prominent."}, {"section_header": "History | Colonization", "text": "Catholicism in Paraguay was influenced by the indigenous peoples; the syncretic religion has absorbed native elements."}, {"section_header": "Culture", "text": "The music of Paraguay, which consists of lilting polkas, bouncy galopas, and languid guaranias is played on the native harp."}, {"section_header": "History | Rule of the L\u00f3pez family", "text": "There was no distinction between the public and the private spheres, and the L\u00f3pez family ruled the country as it would a large estate."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "With around seven million inhabitants, Paraguay is a founding member of Mercosur, an original member of the United Nations, the Organization of American States, the Non-Aligned Movement and the Lima Group."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "A large percentage of the population, especially in rural areas, derives its living from agricultural activity, often on a subsistence basis."}, {"section_header": "Economy | Industry and manufacturing", "text": "The growth of the industry was further fueled by the maquila industry, with large industrial complexes located in the eastern part of the country."}, {"section_header": "Economy | Industry and manufacturing", "text": "Paraguay's primary manufacturing focus is on food and beverages."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "This production is from two large hydroelectric power projects along its borders, including the Itaipu Dam, the world's second largest generating station."}, {"section_header": "Economy | Social issues | Social issues of the indigenous", "text": "Literacy rates are extremely low among Paraguay's indigenous population, who have an illiteracy rate of 51% compared to the 7.1% rate of the general population."}], "text": "Paraguay's natives can read better than the rest of the inhabitants by a large margin.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Paraguay"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Dave Brubeck Quartet", "text": "The group visited Poland, Turkey, India, Sri Lanka (then Ceylon), Pakistan, Iran and Iraq on behalf of the U.S. Government."}], "id": "nMOyI3sriWVaxWJn7vY3", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Dave Brubeck Quartet", "text": "In the early 1960s, Brubeck and his wife, Iola, developed a jazz musical, The Real Ambassadors, based in part on experiences they and their colleagues had during foreign tours on behalf of the Department of State."}, {"section_header": "Recognition", "text": "He returned to Michigan many times, including a performance at Hill Auditorium where he received a Distinguished Artist Award from the University of Michigan's Musical Society in 2006."}, {"section_header": "Dave Brubeck Quartet", "text": "At its peak in the early 1960s, the Brubeck Quartet was releasing as many as four albums a year."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Many of his compositions have become jazz standards including \"In Your Own Sweet Way\" and \"The Duke\"."}, {"section_header": "Dave Brubeck Quartet", "text": "They took up a long residency at San Francisco's Black Hawk nightclub and gained great popularity touring college campuses, recording a series of albums with such titles as Jazz at Oberlin (1953), Jazz at the College of the Pacific (1953), and Brubeck's debut on Columbia Records"}, {"section_header": "Dave Brubeck Quartet", "text": "Featuring the cover art of S. Neil Fujita, the album contained all original compositions, almost none of which were in common time: 98, 54, 34, and 64 were used, inspired by Eurasian folk music they experienced during their 1958 Department of State sponsored tour."}, {"section_header": "Dave Brubeck Quartet", "text": "The group visited Poland, Turkey, India, Sri Lanka (then Ceylon), Pakistan, Iran and Iraq on behalf of the U.S. Government."}, {"section_header": "Dave Brubeck Quartet", "text": "In 1958 African-American bassist Eugene Wright joined for the group's U.S. Department of State tour of Europe and Asia."}, {"section_header": "Dave Brubeck Quartet", "text": "\u201dEarly bassists for the group included Ron Crotty, Bob Bates and his brother Norman Bates; Lloyd Davis and Joe Dodge held the drum chair."}, {"section_header": "Discography | As leader | Compilations", "text": "Dave Brubeck's Greatest Hits (Columbia CS"}], "text": "Dave Brubeck's musical group toured many countries.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Dave Brubeck"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Paraguayan War, also known as the War of the Triple Alliance was a South American war fought from 1864 to 1870, between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina, the Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It particularly devastated Paraguay, which suffered catastrophic losses in population (the numbers are disputed and the true mortality rate may never be known), and it was forced to cede territory in dispute with Argentina and Brazil."}], "id": "nOzDWyiMyAzrJyphvWQE", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Gender and ethnic aspects | Paraguayan indigenous people", "text": "As a result of this, any attack on Paraguay was considered to be an attack on the Paraguayan nation, despite rhetoric from Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina saying otherwise."}, {"section_header": "Allies gain momentum | Fall of Humait\u00e1", "text": "On 19 February, Brazilian ironclads successfully made a passage up the Paraguay River under heavy fire, gaining full control of the river and isolating Humait\u00e1 from resupply by water."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The war began in late 1864, as a result of a conflict between Paraguay and Brazil caused by the Uruguayan War."}, {"section_header": "Background | Political situation before the war", "text": "Before the war Paraguay had experienced rapid economic and military growth as a result of its protectionist policies that had boosted the local industry (much to the detriment of British imports)."}, {"section_header": "Allied counterattack | Invasion of Paraguay", "text": "The Battle of Curupayty resulted in an almost catastrophic defeat for the Allied forces, ending their offensive for ten months, until July 1867.The"}, {"section_header": "Fall of Asunci\u00f3n | Provisional government", "text": "With Paraguay devastated, the power vacuum resulting from Solano L\u00f3pez's overthrow was quickly filled by emerging domestic factions which Paranhos had to accommodate."}, {"section_header": "Territorial changes and treaties | Disputes with Argentina | Misiones", "text": "After the war the disputed lands definitively became the Argentine national territory of Misiones, now Misiones Province."}, {"section_header": "Background | Territorial disputes", "text": "The outdated boundary lines did not represent actual occupation of lands by the Portuguese and Spanish."}, {"section_header": "Casualties of the war", "text": "In total, 60%\u201370% of the population died as a result of the war, leaving a woman/man ratio of 4 to 1 (as high as 20 to 1, in the most devastated areas)."}, {"section_header": "Allied counterattack | Caxias assumes command", "text": "With the capture on 2 November, by Brazilians troops, of the Paraguayan position of Tah\u00ed, at the shores of the river, Humait\u00e1 would become isolated from the rest of the country, by land."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Paraguayan War, also known as the War of the Triple Alliance was a South American war fought from 1864 to 1870, between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina, the Empire of Brazil, and Uruguay."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It particularly devastated Paraguay, which suffered catastrophic losses in population (the numbers are disputed and the true mortality rate may never be known), and it was forced to cede territory in dispute with Argentina and Brazil."}], "text": "The Paraguayan War resulted in Paraguay gaining land.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Paraguayan War"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "York was drafted during World War I; he initially claimed conscientious objector status on the grounds that his religious denomination forbade violence."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": ",  was one of the most decorated  United States Army soldiers of World War I."}], "id": "nRvfnFwsCOgIPjOJH4iQ", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "World War I | Post-battle", "text": "York was promptly promoted to sergeant and received the Distinguished Service Cross."}, {"section_header": "After the war", "text": "During World War II, York attempted to re-enlist in the Army, however at fifty-four years of age, overweight, near-diabetic, and with evidence of arthritis, he was denied enlistment as a combat soldier."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He received the Medal of Honor for leading an attack on a German machine gun nest, taking at least one machine gun, killing at least 25 enemy soldiers and capturing 132."}, {"section_header": "After the war | Legacy and film story", "text": "For many years, York employed a secretary, Arthur S. Bushing, who wrote the lectures and speeches York delivered."}, {"section_header": "World War I | Post-battle", "text": "He eventually received nearly 50 decorations."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Medal of Honor controversy", "text": "York received the Medal of Honor, and over the years, eight of the others who lived through that day's fighting also received valor awards, including the Distinguished Service Cross for Early in 1929, and the Silver Star for Cutting (aka Otis B. Merrithew) in 1965."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Discovery of 'lost' battlefield", "text": "There are battlefield guides available at the Sergeant York Historic Trail."}, {"section_header": "Homecoming and fame", "text": "York refused many offers to profit from his fame, including thousands of dollars offered for appearances, product endorsements, newspaper articles, and movie rights to his life story."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Monuments and memorials", "text": "Many places and monuments throughout the world have been named in honor of York, most notably his farm in Pall Mall, which is now open to visitors as the Sgt. Alvin C. York State Historic Park."}, {"section_header": "After the war | Legacy and film story", "text": "It received 11 Oscar nominations and won two, including the Academy Award for Best Actor for Cooper."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "York was drafted during World War I; he initially claimed conscientious objector status on the grounds that his religious denomination forbade violence."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": ",  was one of the most decorated  United States Army soldiers of World War I."}], "text": "Sergeant York received many accolades as soldier and enlisted with the Marines.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Sergeant York"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Properties and reactions | Flavor, mass, and their mixing", "text": "Weak interactions create neutrinos in one of three leptonic flavors: electron neutrinos (\u03bde), muon neutrinos (\u03bd\u03bc), or tau neutrinos (\u03bd\u03c4), associated with the corresponding charged leptons, the electron (e\u2212), muon (\u03bc\u2212), and tau (\u03c4\u2212), respectively."}, {"section_header": "Properties and reactions | Flavor, mass, and their mixing", "text": "Although neutrinos were long believed to be massless, it is now known that there are  three discrete neutrino masses; each neutrino flavor state is a linear combination of the three discrete mass eigenstates."}], "id": "nTJ9CAIaAdrRBZDDSnLM", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Research | Chirality", "text": "In the massless limit, that means that only one of two possible chiralities is observed for either particle."}, {"section_header": "Scientific interest", "text": "Neutrinos' low mass and neutral charge mean they interact exceedingly weakly with other particles and fields."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Antineutrinos are distinguished from the neutrinos by having opposite signs of lepton number and right-handed instead of left-handed chirality."}, {"section_header": "Properties and reactions | Nuclear reactions", "text": "For this reason, in early experiments a special reaction channel was chosen to facilitate the identification: the interaction of an antineutrino with one of the hydrogen nuclei in the water molecules."}, {"section_header": "History | Pauli's proposal", "text": "The word \"neutrino\" entered the scientific vocabulary through Enrico Fermi, who used it during a conference in Paris in July 1932 and at the Solvay Conference in October 1933, where Pauli also employed it."}, {"section_header": "Properties and reactions | Majorana mass", "text": "Several experiments have been and are being conducted to search for this process, e.g. GERDA, EXO, and SNO+."}, {"section_header": "Research | Mass", "text": "The latter is being tested since June 2018 in the KATRIN experiment, that searches for a mass between"}, {"section_header": "History | Solar neutrino problem", "text": "Eventually it was realized that both were actually correct, and that the discrepancy between them was due to neutrinos being more complex than was previously assumed."}, {"section_header": "Research | Mass", "text": "Or, mass can be generated by the Majorana mechanism, which would require the neutrino and antineutrino to be the same particle."}, {"section_header": "Scientific interest", "text": "This feature of weak interaction interests scientists because it means neutrinos can be used to probe environments that other radiation (such as light or radio waves) cannot penetrate."}, {"section_header": "Properties and reactions | Flavor, mass, and their mixing", "text": "Weak interactions create neutrinos in one of three leptonic flavors: electron neutrinos (\u03bde), muon neutrinos (\u03bd\u03bc), or tau neutrinos (\u03bd\u03c4), associated with the corresponding charged leptons, the electron (e\u2212), muon (\u03bc\u2212), and tau (\u03c4\u2212), respectively."}, {"section_header": "Properties and reactions | Flavor, mass, and their mixing", "text": "Although neutrinos were long believed to be massless, it is now known that there are  three discrete neutrino masses; each neutrino flavor state is a linear combination of the three discrete mass eigenstates."}], "text": "For some reason it's been decided that the varieties of Neutrino should be referenced by a word that generally means 'taste' instead of 'variation' or 'type'.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Neutrino"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life and character | Controversies | Cause of death", "text": "In response, Britten's consultant cardiologist said that, like all the hospital's similar cases, Britten was routinely screened for syphilis before the operation, with negative results."}, {"section_header": "Personal life and character | Controversies | Cause of death", "text": "He described as \"complete rubbish\" Kildea's allegation that the surgeon who operated on Britten in 1973 would or even could have covered up a syphilitic condition."}], "id": "ndms6Hi7JgWi0zTjzYJB", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and career | Last years", "text": "The replacement was successful, but he suffered a slight stroke, affecting his right hand."}, {"section_header": "Notes, references and sources", "text": "\"Britten, (Edward) Benjamin\"."}, {"section_header": "Notes, references and sources", "text": "The Music of Benjamin Britten."}, {"section_header": "Notes, references and sources", "text": "The Operas of Benjamin Britten."}, {"section_header": "Notes, references and sources", "text": "Kildea, Paul (2013). Benjamin Britten: A life in the twentieth century."}, {"section_header": "Notes, references and sources", "text": "White, Eric Walker (1954). Benjamin Britten: His Life and Operas."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Education | Lowestoft", "text": "His friends bore with it, his enemies kicked a bit but not for long (he was quite tough), the staff couldn't object if his work and games didn't suffer."}, {"section_header": "Personal life and character", "text": "He walked and swam regularly and kept himself as fit as he could, but Carpenter in his 1992 biography mentions 20 illnesses, a few of them minor but most fairly serious, suffered over the years by Britten before his final heart complaint developed."}, {"section_header": "Notes, references and sources", "text": "Letters from a Life: The Selected Letters of Benjamin Britten, Volume III, 1946\u20131951."}, {"section_header": "Notes, references and sources", "text": "Letters from a Life: The Selected Letters of Benjamin Britten, Volume IV, 1952\u20131957."}, {"section_header": "Personal life and character | Controversies | Cause of death", "text": "In response, Britten's consultant cardiologist said that, like all the hospital's similar cases, Britten was routinely screened for syphilis before the operation, with negative results."}, {"section_header": "Personal life and character | Controversies | Cause of death", "text": "He described as \"complete rubbish\" Kildea's allegation that the surgeon who operated on Britten in 1973 would or even could have covered up a syphilitic condition."}], "text": "Benjamin Britten suffered all his life from a venereal disease.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Benjamin Britten"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Acting career | 1980s: Breaking through", "text": "The following year, she wrote and starred in her own sketch comedy series for BBC, Thompson, but this was poorly received."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "At Cambridge, Thompson was invited into Footlights, the university's prestigious sketch comedy troupe, by its president, Martin Bergman, becoming its first female member."}], "id": "nkT3AccJM0erQ4MPvZVA", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Her mother is the Scottish actress Phyllida Law, while her English father, Eric Thompson, was involved in theatre, and was the writer\u2013narrator of the popular children's television series The Magic Roundabout."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 1980s: Breaking through", "text": "For these performances, Thompson won the British Academy Television Award for Best Actress."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 2010s: Veteran performer", "text": "The same year, Thompson reunited with Alan Rickman for the BBC television film"}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 2000s: Smaller roles", "text": "Loosely based on the Nurse Matilda stories that she read as a child, Thompson wrote the screenplay for the children's film Nanny McPhee \u2013 which centres on a mysterious, unsightly nanny who must discipline a group of children."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 1980s: Breaking through", "text": "Later that year, the pair starred in a televised version of the play."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 2010s: Veteran performer", "text": "She received her sixth Emmy nomination for the televised version of the show."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 2000s: Smaller roles", "text": "For the HBO television film Wit (2001), however, Thompson happily took the lead role in what she felt was \"one of the best scripts to have come out of America\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dame Emma Thompson (born 15 April 1959) is a British actress, screenwriter, activist, author and comedian."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Fry recalled that \"there was no doubt that Emma was going the distance."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 1980s: Breaking through", "text": "\"I thought if I did the fucking \"Lambeth Walk\" one more time I was going to fucking throw up.\" At the end of 1985, she wrote and starred in her own one-off special for Channel 4, Emma Thompson: Up for Grabs."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 1980s: Breaking through", "text": "The following year, she wrote and starred in her own sketch comedy series for BBC, Thompson, but this was poorly received."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "At Cambridge, Thompson was invited into Footlights, the university's prestigious sketch comedy troupe, by its president, Martin Bergman, becoming its first female member."}], "text": "Emma Thompson started her acting career in children's television.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Emma Thompson"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Public image | Influence", "text": "You've got to have something else to go with that.\" However, later in her career, Minaj embraced her sexuality and frequently attracted media attention for her sexually explicit and provocative lyrics, performances, and social media presence."}], "id": "nmARfDPysXLyD8xY8SjT", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Artistry | Musical style", "text": "Minaj is known for her animated rapping style and her unique flow."}, {"section_header": "Public image | Influence", "text": "You've got to have something else to go with that.\" However, later in her career, Minaj embraced her sexuality and frequently attracted media attention for her sexually explicit and provocative lyrics, performances, and social media presence."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Alter egos", "text": "Although Minaj was rapping in songs such as \" All I Do Is Win (Remix)\", she promised to introduce Nicki, Roman and Onika on her first album."}, {"section_header": "Products and endorsements", "text": "In 2016, Minaj stated she has learned the ins and outs of business so she could do it herself."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Onika Tanya Maraj-Petty (born December 8, 1982), known professionally as Nicki Minaj (), is a Trinidadian-born rapper, singer, songwriter, actress, and model."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Influences", "text": "Nicki and Lil Kim, often cited as Foxy's main rap rival, have reportedly exchanged words with each other, on social media and in their music."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Musical style", "text": "She often both sings and raps in her songs and combines metaphors, punch lines, and word play into her work."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Musical style", "text": "Also combining rap with synthesizer music, Minaj's second album had a number of electro-hop and electro pop songs: \"HOV Lane\", \"Whip It\", \"Automatic\", \"Come on a Cone\", \"Young Forever\", \"Fire Burns\", \"Roman Holiday\" and \"Beez in the Trap\"; while \"Starships\" is a eurodance song."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Musical style", "text": "\"Noted as a rap artist, she lends herself to electronic music genres (especially electropop)."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2014\u20132017: The Pinkprint and other ventures", "text": "In December of that year, Minaj received two Grammy Award nominations, for Best Rap Song (\"Anaconda\") and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance (\"Bang Bang\" with Jessie J and Ariana Grande)."}], "text": "Nicki Minaj is a musical performer who is known for her provocative lyrics in her rap songs.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Nicki Minaj"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "After the 1903 season, the Chicago White Sox purchased Walsh's contract for $750."}], "id": "nr38M77iEhaNPH1ne7GQ", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "Walsh's son Ed Walsh Jr. played for the White Sox from 1928 to 1932."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Peak years", "text": "Choosing a design that favored himself and other White Sox pitchers, rather than hitters, Walsh made Comiskey Park a \"pitcher's park\" for its entire 80-year history."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Edward Augustine \"Big Ed\" Walsh (May 14, 1881 \u2013 May 26, 1959) was an American pitcher and manager in Major League Baseball."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Peak years", "text": "In 1910, the White Sox opened White Sox Park, which was soon nicknamed Comiskey Park by the press in honor of team owner Charles Comiskey."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "After the 1903 season, the Chicago White Sox purchased Walsh's contract for $750."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Peak years", "text": "Walsh made his major league debut in 1904 with the Chicago White Sox and pitched his first full season in 1906, going 17\u201313 with a 1.88 ERA and 171 strikeouts."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Peak years", "text": "In Game Three of that year's World Series, which the White Sox won over the Chicago Cubs in six games, Walsh struck out a then-World Series record 12 batters."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Later career", "text": "It has been claimed that he came into spring training in poorer physical shape than other members of the White Sox pitching staff, and his pride led him to try to keep up with the other pitchers in terms of pitch speed before getting into adequate shape, thereby causing damage to his pitching arm."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Later career", "text": "Nevertheless, he showed up for spring training the following season, contending, \"The White Sox needed me\u2014implored me to return\u2014so I did\"."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Peak years", "text": "Interviewed for the book The Glory of Their Times, Hall of Famer Sam Crawford referred to Walsh's use of a pitch that was later outlawed: \"Big Ed Walsh."}], "text": "Ed Walsh was a pitcher for the White Sox.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Ed Walsh"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Music career | 1962\u20131967: Early career to debut album", "text": "Bowie formed his first band, the Konrads, in 1962 at the age of 15."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1962\u20131967: Early career to debut album", "text": "Frustrated by his bandmates' limited aspirations, Bowie left the Konrads and joined another band, the King Bees."}], "id": "o1bZK0d1Ch9qKrBAxPuR", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Music career | 1974\u20131976: \"Plastic soul\" and the Thin White Duke", "text": "His sanity\u2014by his own later admission\u2014had become twisted from cocaine; he overdosed several times during the year, and was withering physically to an alarming degree."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Family", "text": "I didn't think it would last and David said, before we got married, 'I'm not really in love with you'"}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1980\u20131988: New Romantic and pop era", "text": "Putting Out Fire)\", was released as a single, becoming a minor US hit and entering the UK Top 30.Bowie reached his peak of popularity and commercial success in 1983 with Let 's Dance."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 2016\u2013present: Posthumous releases", "text": "As of 11 January 2016, more than 1.3 million people had visited the David Bowie Is exhibit, making it the most successful exhibition ever staged by the Victoria and Albert Museum in terms of worldwide attendance."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1980\u20131988: New Romantic and pop era", "text": "The song gave international exposure to the underground New Romantic movement when Bowie visited the London club \"Blitz\"\u2014the main New Romantic hangout\u2014to recruit several of the regulars (including Steve Strange of the band Visage) to act in the accompanying video, renowned as one of the most innovative of all time."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1968\u20131971: Space Oddity to Hunky Dory", "text": "The band Bowie assembled comprised John Cambridge, a drummer Bowie"}, {"section_header": "Legacy and influence", "text": "Before Bowie came along, people didn't want too much change\"."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1989\u20131991: Tin Machine", "text": "The album nevertheless reached No. 3 and went gold in the UK.Tin Machine's first world tour was a commercial success, but there was growing reluctance\u2014among fans and critics alike\u2014to accept Bowie's presentation as merely a band member."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1962\u20131967: Early career to debut album", "text": "Bowie formed his first band, the Konrads, in 1962 at the age of 15."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1974\u20131976: \"Plastic soul\" and the Thin White Duke", "text": "He later commented that the accompanying live album, David Live, ought to have been titled \"David Bowie Is Alive and"}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1962\u20131967: Early career to debut album", "text": "Frustrated by his bandmates' limited aspirations, Bowie left the Konrads and joined another band, the King Bees."}], "text": "David Bowie was in several bands before becoming successful.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "David Bowie"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "He said: \"I've long wanted to tell the story of a parent\u2013child relationship that follows a boy from the first through the 12th grade and ends with him going off to college."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "At Sul Ross State University in Alpine, Mason moves into his dorm and meets his new roommate Dalton, Dalton's girlfriend Barb, and Barb's roommate, Nicole."}], "id": "o3kk3zfyLIWuPdZGhHwC", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film competed in the main competition section of the 64th Berlin International Film Festival, where Linklater won the Silver Bear for Best Director."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Year-end lists", "text": "In a 2016 poll by BBC Culture, critics ranked Boyhood as the fifth greatest film since 2000."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "In 2010, Mason has started high school and experimented with marijuana and alcohol."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Year-end lists", "text": "Both Metacritic and Rotten Tomatoes listed Boyhood as the best-reviewed film of 2014.Boyhood appeared on more critics' annual \"best-of\" lists in 2014 than any other film, including the most first-place votes."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "In 2009, Mason is bullied at school and playfully teased on a camping trip but starts receiving attention from girls."}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming and writing", "text": "All major actors participated in the writing process, contributing their life experiences; for example, Hawke's character is based on his and Linklater's fathers\u2014both Texan insurance agents who divorced and remarried\u2014and Arquette's character is based on her mother, who resumed her education later in life and became a psychotherapist."}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming and writing", "text": "Boyhood began filming without a completed script."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical reception", "text": "\" On Metacritic, the film has a perfect score of 100 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical reception", "text": "When the questionable treatment of ethnic minorities as props for the white characters nary raises a flag?\u201d"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It  received universal acclaim from critics, with praise for its performances, Linklater's screenplay and direction, and ambition."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "He said: \"I've long wanted to tell the story of a parent\u2013child relationship that follows a boy from the first through the 12th grade and ends with him going off to college."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "At Sul Ross State University in Alpine, Mason moves into his dorm and meets his new roommate Dalton, Dalton's girlfriend Barb, and Barb's roommate, Nicole."}], "text": "The film Boyhood ends after the main character starts his studies at a university.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Boyhood (film)"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Dwight David Eisenhower was born on October 14, 1890, in Denison, Texas, the third of seven sons."}], "id": "o5Lzmbc1CxrfMk4VpoDa", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "World War II | Supreme Allied commander and Operation Overlord", "text": "The D-Day Normandy landings on June 6, 1944, were costly but successful."}, {"section_header": "After World War II | Election of 1956", "text": "The United States presidential election of 1956 was held on November 6, 1956."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Coincidentally, John graduated from West Point on D-Day, June 6, 1944."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1953\u20131961) | Foreign policy | The Middle East and Eisenhower doctrine", "text": "Most Arab countries were skeptical about the \"Eisenhower doctrine\" because they considered \"Zionist imperialism\" the real danger."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1953\u20131961) | Foreign policy | The Middle East and Eisenhower doctrine", "text": "the United States became the protector of unstable friendly governments in the Middle East via the \"Eisenhower Doctrine\"."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1953\u20131961) | Foreign policy | The Middle East and Eisenhower doctrine", "text": "Eisenhower explicitly defended his strong position against Britain and France in his memoirs, which were published in 1965.After the Suez Crisis"}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1953\u20131961) | Foreign policy | The Middle East and Eisenhower doctrine", "text": "Even before he was inaugurated Eisenhower accepted a request from the British government to restore the Shah of Iran (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi) to power."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1953\u20131961) | Foreign policy | The Middle East and Eisenhower doctrine", "text": "Eisenhower applied the doctrine in 1957\u201358 by dispensing economic aid to shore up the Kingdom of Jordan, and by encouraging Syria's neighbors to consider military operations against it."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1953\u20131961) | Foreign policy | The Middle East and Eisenhower doctrine", "text": "In November 1956, Eisenhower forced an end to the combined British, French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in response to the Suez Crisis, receiving praise from Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "The Eisenhowers had two sons."}, {"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "Dwight David Eisenhower was born on October 14, 1890, in Denison, Texas, the third of seven sons."}], "text": "Eisenhower had 6 siblings.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Dwight D. Eisenhower"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Minister of Foreign Affairs (1939\u20131949)", "text": "Never having lived abroad, Molotov always suspected that there was something impure and sinful in Litvinov's broad mindedness and appreciation of Western civilisation."}], "id": "o8CH8Akxgv04hODFBKDd", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Early life and career (1890\u20131930)", "text": "Molotov was born Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Skryabin in the village of Kukarka, Yaransk Uyezd, Vyatka Governorate (now Sovetsk in Kirov Oblast), the son of a butter churner."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (; n\u00e9 Skryabin; (OS 25 February) 9 March 1890 \u2013 8 November 1986) was a Soviet politician and diplomat, an Old Bolshevik, and a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he rose to power as a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of Joseph Stalin."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Minister of Foreign Affairs (1939\u20131949)", "text": "Never having lived abroad, Molotov always suspected that there was something impure and sinful in Litvinov's broad mindedness and appreciation of Western civilisation."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Later years and death (1962\u20131986)", "text": "During his life, Molotov suffered seven heart attacks, yet survived to the age of 96."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life and career (1890\u20131930)", "text": "Trotsky and his supporters underestimated Molotov, as did many others."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life and career (1890\u20131930)", "text": "As a young follower, Molotov admired Stalin but did not refrain from criticizing him."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life and career (1890\u20131930)", "text": "Molotov became a member of the Bolshevik Party's committee in Petrograd in 1916."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life and career (1890\u20131930)", "text": "Under Stalin's patronage, Molotov became a member of the Politburo in 1926."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life and career (1890\u20131930)", "text": "In 1918, Molotov was sent to Ukraine to take part in the civil war then breaking out."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life and career (1890\u20131930)", "text": "Despite this, Molotov became a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of and close adherent to Stalin, an alliance to which he owed his later prominence."}], "text": "Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov lived his whole life in Russia.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Vyacheslav Molotov"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Diplomatic settlement", "text": "The episode was to be the last serious confrontation between the US and the United Kingdom."}], "id": "o9iU7GLkZASdM8W23zV1", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Aroostook War (sometimes called the Pork and Beans War) was a military and civilian-involved confrontation in 1838\u20131839 between the United States and the United Kingdom over the international boundary between the British colony of New Brunswick and the U.S. state of Maine."}, {"section_header": "Crisis of 1830", "text": "On 20 January 1831 he called the treaty \"inexplicable and impractical\", and compromised by drawing a line between the two listed options."}, {"section_header": "Diplomatic settlement", "text": "The episode was to be the last serious confrontation between the US and the United Kingdom."}, {"section_header": "Settlement", "text": "Neither nation wanted a war that would have greatly interfered with the two nations' trade."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The term \"war\" was rhetorical; local militia units were called out but never engaged in actual combat."}, {"section_header": "Disputed border", "text": "The Treaty of Paris (1783) ended the American Revolutionary War but did not clearly determine the boundary between British North America (Canada) and the United States."}, {"section_header": "American and British governments step in", "text": "The two nations agreed to refer the dispute to a boundary commission, but further clashes between their forces continued in the interim."}, {"section_header": "Diplomatic settlement", "text": "That trackage was originally part of the Canadian Pacific Railway's Sherbrooke \u2013 Saint John rail line.) Despite the lack of military action the episode had major consequences on the states' right to use military force on their own with the understanding that the main purpose was to address internal conflicts."}, {"section_header": "Diplomatic settlement", "text": "The Webster\u2013Ashburton Treaty of 1842 established the final boundary between the countries, giving most of the disputed area to Maine while a militarily vital connection between Lower Canada and the Atlantic colonies was secured by Britain, as well as a project for a commercial right-of-way that would allow British commercial interests to transit through Maine on their way to and from southern New Brunswick or Nova Scotia. (The right-of way is still used in 2013 by the Eastern Maine Railway subsidiary of the New Brunswick Railway Company and by the Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway."}, {"section_header": "American and British governments step in", "text": "Sir John Harvey had supervised Winfield Scott during his time as prisoner of war during the War of 1812, and the President and his advisers saw that relationship as a point of mutual respect."}], "text": "The 1838-1839 war between the U.S. and U.K. called The Aroostook War was the last major conflict between the two countries.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Aroostook War"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Willard Jessie Brown (June 26, 1915 \u2013 August 4, 1996), nicknamed \"Home Run\" Brown, was an American baseball player who played outfielder in the Negro leagues and in Major League Baseball (MLB)."}], "id": "oAPCtK01Yyb22QuiIZeq", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "MLB career", "text": "It was the first time that two black players appeared in an MLB game together."}, {"section_header": "MLB career", "text": "On 20 July, Brown and Hank Thompson played against the Boston Red Sox."}, {"section_header": "MLB career", "text": "He played briefly in the major leagues in 1947, having signed with the floundering St. Louis Browns."}, {"section_header": "MLB career", "text": "Even throughout the season, Brown struggled because of the racism endemic in his new surroundings, as he hit .179 in just 21 games between July 19 and August 21 before he was released."}, {"section_header": "MLB career", "text": "Brown entered the baseball record books on August 13, 1947, when he became the first African-American player to hit a home run in the American League: an inside-the-park homer off"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Willard Jessie Brown (June 26, 1915 \u2013 August 4, 1996), nicknamed \"Home Run\" Brown, was an American baseball player who played outfielder in the Negro leagues and in Major League Baseball (MLB)."}, {"section_header": "MLB career", "text": "Detroit Tigers pitcher and future Hall of Famer Hal Newhouser."}, {"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "Brown was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Brown was born in Shreveport, Louisiana on 26 June 1915."}, {"section_header": "Early Negro league experience", "text": "From 1937 to 1946 Brown helped lead the Monarchs to six pennants in ten seasons."}], "text": "Brown was sometimes referred to as \"Home Run\" in MLB.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Willard Brown"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Portrayed in a flashback earlier in the film, scenes depict the event, which occurred during his career as a professional heavyweight boxer in the United States."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Sean's quiet manner and reluctance to fight for his new wife's dowry are attributed to a tragedy he experienced prior to his return to Ireland."}], "id": "oJXd16bZKLKLFtYIYsjQ", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Home video", "text": "In 2010 there was a documentary called Dreaming The Quiet Man made about the journey and making of The Quiet Man."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "In the 1920s, Sean Thornton (John Wayne), an Irish-born American from Pittsburgh, travels to his birthplace\u2014\"Inisfree\", Ireland\u2014to purchase his family's former farm."}, {"section_header": "Home video", "text": "It included the documentary \"The Making of the Quiet Man\" with Leonard Maltin."}, {"section_header": "Home video", "text": "The Special features on this edition include \"The Making of the Quiet Man\" Documentary with Leonard Maltin, and \"The Joy of Ireland\" Documentary with Maureen O'Hara and Andrew V. McLaglen, and \"Remembering The Quiet Man Montage\"."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "The Quiet Man Fan Club holds its annual general meeting in Ashford Castle."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Arthur Shields)\u2014is aware of Sean's former career and the tragedy."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Quiet Man is a 1952 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by John Ford."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Quiet Man won the Academy Award for Best Director for John Ford, his fourth, and for Best Cinematography."}, {"section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "When Maureen O'Hara died in October 2015, her family stated she listened to music from The Quiet Man during her final hours."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Portrayed in a flashback earlier in the film, scenes depict the event, which occurred during his career as a professional heavyweight boxer in the United States."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Sean's quiet manner and reluctance to fight for his new wife's dowry are attributed to a tragedy he experienced prior to his return to Ireland."}], "text": "In the movie The Quiet Man, Sean is a former boxer.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Quiet Man"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The story is in part based on the life of the painter Paul Gauguin."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Moon and Sixpence is a novel by W. Somerset Maugham first published in April 15th, 1919."}], "id": "oJgu9kZYaxDLTl8o0T8g", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Inspiration", "text": "The Moon and Sixpence is not, of course, a life of Paul Gauguin in the form of fiction."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The story is in part based on the life of the painter Paul Gauguin."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "That book is The Moon and Sixpence."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Moon and Sixpence is a novel by W. Somerset Maugham first published in April 15th, 1919."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "\"We've Got the Moon and Sixpence\", sung by Al Bowlly, takes its name from the book and Jack Kerouac"}, {"section_header": "About the title", "text": "The Moon and Sixpence is at once a satire of Edwardian mores and a Gauguin biography.\" According to some sources, the title, the meaning of which is not explicitly revealed in the book, was taken from a review of Maugham's novel Of Human Bondage in which the novel's protagonist, Philip Carey, is described as \"so busy yearning for the moon that he never saw the sixpence at his feet.\" According to a 1956 letter from Maugham, \"If you look on the ground in search of a sixpence, you don't look up, and so miss the moon."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "The novel served as the basis for an opera, also titled The Moon and Sixpence, by John Gardner to a libretto by Patrick Terry; it was premiered at Sadlers Wells in 1957.Writer S Lee Pogostin"}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "He finds that Strickland had taken up a native woman, had two children by her, one of whom died, and started painting profusely."}, {"section_header": "Inspiration", "text": "The life of the French artist Paul Gauguin is the inspiration for the story, however the character of Strickland as a solitary, sociopathic and destructive genius is more related to a mythological version of Gauguin's life, which the artist himself developed and promoted, than the actual course of the artist's life."}, {"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "In the crowd of onlookers is a little boy who picks up one of the books and thumbs through it before his father takes it from him and throws it on the pile with the rest."}], "text": "The Moon and Sixpence is a play and is based on the life of a poet.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Moon and Sixpence"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ragnar Lodbrok or Lothbrok (Old Norse: Ragnarr Lo\u00f0br\u00f3k, \"Ragnar shaggy breeches\", Modern Icelandic: Ragnar Lo\u00f0br\u00f3k) is a historically dubious legendary Viking hero, as well as, according to the Gesta Danorum, a legendary Danish and Swedish king."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "According to the sagas Ragnarssona \u00fe\u00e1ttr and S\u00f6gubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum, Ragnar Lodbrok's father was the legendary king of the Swedes, Sigurd Ring."}], "id": "oMiMHMh2hDfLABOwibv2", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Accounts | The Icelandic Sagas", "text": "Kr\u00e1ka was later revealed to actually be Aslaug, a secret daughter of the renowned hero Sigurd Fafnesbane."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | The Icelandic Sagas", "text": "As the sons grew up to become renowned warriors, Ragnar, not wishing to be outdone, resolved to conquer England with merely two ships."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "According to the sagas Ragnarssona \u00fe\u00e1ttr and S\u00f6gubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum, Ragnar Lodbrok's father was the legendary king of the Swedes, Sigurd Ring."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ragnar Lodbrok or Lothbrok (Old Norse: Ragnarr Lo\u00f0br\u00f3k, \"Ragnar shaggy breeches\", Modern Icelandic: Ragnar Lo\u00f0br\u00f3k) is a historically dubious legendary Viking hero, as well as, according to the Gesta Danorum, a legendary Danish and Swedish king."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | Anglo-Saxon and Irish accounts of the father of Ivar and Halfdan", "text": "They say, moreover, that in every battle, wherever the flag went before them, if they were to gain the victory a live crow would appear flying on the middle of the flag; but if they were doomed to be defeated it would hang down motionless, and this was often proved to be so.\" This is among the earlier references to the legendary hero Ragnar Lodbrok."}, {"section_header": "Ragnar's sons", "text": "The Great Heathen Army is said to have been led by the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok, to wreak revenge against King \u00c6lla of Northumbria who had previously executed Ragnar by casting him into a pit full of venomous snakes."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | The Icelandic Sagas", "text": "The Saga of Ragnar Lodbrok, Tale of Ragnar's Sons, and Heimskringla all tell of the Great Heathen Army that invaded England at around 866, led by the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok to wreak revenge against King \u00c6lla of Northumbria who is told to have captured and executed Ragnar."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | Frankish accounts of a 9th-century Viking leader named Ragnar", "text": "This Ragnar has often been tentatively identified with the legendary saga figure Ragnar Lodbrok, but the accuracy of this is disputed by historians."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | The Icelandic Sagas", "text": "He sired a son with the Norwegian princess Alfhild of the semi-mythical \u00c1lfar people, Ragnar Lodbrok, who succeeded him."}, {"section_header": "Accounts | The Icelandic Sagas", "text": "According to the Saga of Ragnar Lodbrok, Tale of Ragnar's sons, Heimskringla, Hervarar Saga, S\u00f6gubrot, and many other Icelandic sources, Ragnar was the son of the Swedish king Sigurd Ring."}], "text": "Ragnar Lodbrok was the son of the Swedes and a renown hero.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Ragnar Lodbrok"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Place in the Sun is a 1951 American drama film based on the 1925 novel An American Tragedy by Theodore Dreiser and the 1926 play, also titled An American Tragedy."}], "id": "oQOY4ms3JJDACqecey7w", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1991, A Place in the Sun was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Place in the Sun is a 1951 American drama film based on the 1925 novel An American Tragedy by Theodore Dreiser and the 1926 play, also titled An American Tragedy."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Critics cite the soporific pace, the exaggerated melodrama, and the outdated social commentary as qualities present in A Place in the Sun that are not present in the great films of the era, such as those by Alfred Hitchcock and Elia Kazan, although the performances by Clift, Taylor, and Winters continue to receive praise."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "All these works were inspired by the real-life murder of Grace Brown by Chester Gillette in 1906, which resulted in Gillette's conviction and execution by electric chair in 1908.A Place in the Sun was directed by George Stevens from a screenplay by Harry Brown and Michael Wilson, and stars Montgomery Clift, Elizabeth Taylor, and Shelley Winters; its supporting actors included Anne Revere, and Raymond Burr."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "The film earned an estimated $3.5 million at the US and Canadian box office, and earned critical acclaim in 1951.Upon seeing the film, Charlie Chaplin called it \"the greatest movie ever made about America\"."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "It was listed at #92 in American Film Institute's 1998 list 100 Years...100 Movies, and #53 in 100 Years... 100 Passions in 2002, while the film holds a strong 75% rating on Rotten Tomatoes."}], "text": "A Place in the Sun is a comedy movie.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "A Place in the Sun (film)"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Release | Marketing", "text": "On December 17, 2015, select theaters across North America aired a Star Wars marathon, airing the six previous Star Wars episode films in 2D, followed by The Force Awakens in 3D. Attendees received a special lanyard featuring exclusive marathon art."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Box office | Commercial analysis", "text": "The Star Wars franchise has traditionally lacked resonance with filmgoers in China, and marketing for The Force Awakens heavily focused on appealing to that market."}], "id": "oSOMxa4YNOfieRCTHtuv", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Release | Video games", "text": "Eventually, the film got a full Lego video game adaptation, titled Lego Star Wars: The Force Awakens, which was released by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment for Android, iOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Wii U, Xbox 360, and Xbox One in the summer of 2016."}, {"section_header": "Release | Video games", "text": "The Force Awakens is the first Star Wars film to not have a direct tie-in game to accompany it."}, {"section_header": "Release | Video games", "text": "Instead, select characters, scenes and/or locations from the film became part of other Star Wars video games, as described below: Characters from the film were added to an update to the mobile game Star Wars: Galaxy of Heroes, available for iOS and Android and released by Electronic Arts."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Box office | Commercial analysis", "text": "The Star Wars franchise has traditionally lacked resonance with filmgoers in China, and marketing for The Force Awakens heavily focused on appealing to that market."}, {"section_header": "Release | Video games", "text": "An update to the mobile game Star Wars Commander, released by Disney Mobile for iOS, Android and the Windows Store, allowed players to battle on the planet Takodana during the Galactic Civil War era."}, {"section_header": "Release | Video games", "text": "Free downloadable content for Electronic Arts' Star Wars Battlefront reboot allowed players to battle on the planet Jakku, which was where the remaining Imperial forces took their last stand at the conclusion of the Galactic Civil War."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "Abrams said the key to the film was to return to the roots of the first Star Wars film and be based more on emotion than explanation."}, {"section_header": "Release | Video games", "text": "In addition to fully adapting the film, the game includes bonus levels that take place a few years before the events of the film."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "The Last Jedi and the anthology film Rogue One."}, {"section_header": "Release | Marketing", "text": "On December 17, 2015, select theaters across North America aired a Star Wars marathon, airing the six previous Star Wars episode films in 2D, followed by The Force Awakens in 3D. Attendees received a special lanyard featuring exclusive marathon art."}], "text": "The Force Awakens is the first Star Wars film that returned to focus heavily on the Japanese movie goers and 3D viewing while offering discounts on video games for Wii U.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Star Wars: The Force Awakens"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Auguste Bartholdi and its metal framework was built by Gustave Eiffel."}], "id": "oShWEVYU0WZe1u4SOPDc", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Design and construction process | Design, style, and symbolism", "text": "However, Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix's famed Liberty Leading the People (1830)."}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Design, style, and symbolism", "text": "In this painting, which commemorates France's July Revolution, a half-clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen."}, {"section_header": "After dedication | Early National Park Service years (1933\u20131982)", "text": "Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965."}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Dedication", "text": "The group's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women's right to vote."}, {"section_header": "Historical designations", "text": "On the sub-national level, the Statue of Liberty National Monument was added to the New Jersey Register of Historic Places in 1971, and was made a New York City designated landmark in 1976.In 1984, the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Construction in France", "text": "Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure, which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking."}, {"section_header": "Depictions", "text": "In a patriotic tribute, the Boy Scouts of America, as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949\u20131952, donated about two hundred replicas of the statue, made of stamped copper and 100 inches (2.5 m) in height, to states and municipalities across the United States."}, {"section_header": "After dedication | Lighthouse Board and War Department (1886\u20131933)", "text": "The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin, \"softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful.\" The statue was painted only on the inside."}, {"section_header": "Historical designations", "text": "President Calvin Coolidge officially designated the Statue of Liberty as part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1924."}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Origin", "text": "Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Auguste Bartholdi and its metal framework was built by Gustave Eiffel."}], "text": "The Statue of Liberty is made from lead.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Statue of Liberty"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "One of 19 children, he was the third son and fifth child of Robert Walpole, a member of the local gentry and a Whig politician who represented the borough of Castle Rising in the House of Commons, and his wife Mary Walpole, the daughter and heiress of Sir Geoffrey Burwell of Rougham, Suffolk."}], "id": "oWfaEFkZu4TLlSGEAIXY", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Walpole Street in Wolverhampton is named after Sir Robert Walpole."}, {"section_header": "Early political career", "text": "Like his father, Robert Walpole was a member of the Whig Party."}, {"section_header": "Decline", "text": "Walpole's new majority was difficult to determine because of the uncertain loyalties of many new members, but contemporaries and historians estimated it as low as fourteen to eighteen."}, {"section_header": "Education and early business success", "text": "In November 1700 his father died, and Robert succeeded to inherit the Walpole estate."}, {"section_header": "Early political career", "text": "The new ministry, under the leadership of the Tory Robert Harley, removed Walpole from his office of Secretary at War"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford,  (26 August 1676 \u2013 18 March 1745), known between 1721 and 1742 as Sir Robert Walpole, was a British politician who is generally regarded as the de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Walpole Island, named for Sir Robert Walpole, comprises an island and an Indian reserve in southwestern Ontario, Canada, on the border between Ontario and Michigan."}, {"section_header": "Premiership under George I", "text": "Great Britain, free from Jacobite threats, from war, and from financial crises, grew prosperous, and Robert Walpole acquired the favour of George I."}, {"section_header": "Later years", "text": "His earldom passed to his eldest son Robert who was in turn succeeded by his only son George."}, {"section_header": "Stanhope\u2013Sunderland ministry", "text": "Robert Walpole became a Privy Councillor and rose to the position of Paymaster of the Forces in a Cabinet nominally led by Lord Halifax, but actually dominated by Lord Townshend (Walpole's brother-in-law) and James Stanhope."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "One of 19 children, he was the third son and fifth child of Robert Walpole, a member of the local gentry and a Whig politician who represented the borough of Castle Rising in the House of Commons, and his wife Mary Walpole, the daughter and heiress of Sir Geoffrey Burwell of Rougham, Suffolk."}], "text": "Robert Walpole had eighteen siblings.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Robert Walpole"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "In 1931, during the Great Depression, Michael Sullivan, Sr. is an enforcer for Irish mob boss John Rooney in Rock Island, Illinois."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The plot takes place in 1931, during the Great Depression, following a mob enforcer and his son as they seek vengeance against a mobster who murdered the rest of their family."}], "id": "oZQ8RmELKhSuNNUVtrDz", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Release | Reception", "text": "The site's critical consensus reads, \"Somber, stately, and beautifully mounted, Sam Mendes' Road to Perdition is a well-crafted mob movie that explores the ties between fathers and sons."}, {"section_header": "Production | Cinematography", "text": "To establish the lighting of scenes in Road to Perdition, Mendes drew from the paintings of Edward Hopper as a source of inspiration, particularly Hopper's New York Movie (1939)."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "In 1931, during the Great Depression, Michael Sullivan, Sr. is an enforcer for Irish mob boss John Rooney in Rock Island, Illinois."}, {"section_header": "Production | Filming", "text": "Mendes filmed Road to Perdition using the Super 35 format."}, {"section_header": "Production | Writing", "text": "Duplicate language in characters' confrontations in Road to Perdition was trimmed to the absolute minimum."}, {"section_header": "Production | Writing", "text": "Novelist Max Allan Collins acknowledged the influence of Lone Wolf and Cub on his graphic novel Road to Perdition in an interview to the BBC, declaring that \"Road To Perdition is 'an unabashed homage' to Lone Wolf and Cub\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Road to Perdition is a 2002 American crime drama film directed by Sam Mendes."}, {"section_header": "Production | Writing", "text": "Mendes described Road to Perdition as a \"poetic, elegiac story, in which the pictures tell the story\"."}, {"section_header": "Production | Writing", "text": "In the final 20 minutes of Road to Perdition, the script was written to have only six lines of dialogue."}, {"section_header": "Release | Home media", "text": "In 2016, Brash Books published Collins' original version of the novelization as Road to Perdition: The New, Expanded Edition Road to Perdition was released on DVD on February 25, 2003, in both full screen and anamorphic widescreen versions."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The plot takes place in 1931, during the Great Depression, following a mob enforcer and his son as they seek vengeance against a mobster who murdered the rest of their family."}], "text": "Road to Perdition is a movie about the an Irish mob member.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Road to Perdition"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "In the novel's first chapters, Addie is alive, though in ill health."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "It is the story of the death of Addie Bundren and her poor, rural family's quest and motivations\u2014noble or selfish\u2014to honor her wish to be buried in her hometown of Jefferson, Mississippi."}], "id": "ocZw8hx18xToK2GNJQ6D", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Anse sends for him shortly before Addie's death."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Cora Tull \u2013 Cora is the wife of Vernon Tull, a neighbor of Addie's who is with her at her death."}, {"section_header": "Background and literary techniques", "text": "Throughout the novel, Faulkner presents 15 different points of view, each chapter narrated by one character, including Addie, who expresses her thoughts after she has already died."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "It is the story of the death of Addie Bundren and her poor, rural family's quest and motivations\u2014noble or selfish\u2014to honor her wish to be buried in her hometown of Jefferson, Mississippi."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "The book is narrated by 15 different characters over 59 chapters."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Darl is the most articulate character in the book; he narrates 19 of the 59 chapters."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Much of the plot is fueled and narrated by Darl as, throughout the book, he descends into insanity."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Peabody \u2013 Peabody is the Bundrens' doctor; he narrates two chapters of the book."}, {"section_header": "Significance", "text": "Faulkner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1949 for his novels prior to that date, with this book being among them."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Vernon Tull \u2013 Vernon is a good friend of the Bundrens, who appears in the book as a good farmer, less religious than his wife."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "In the novel's first chapters, Addie is alive, though in ill health."}], "text": "The one who 'Lay's Dying\" actually does so quite early in the book, and her death is the reason behind denture acquisition and a marriage.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "As I Lay Dying"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pompeii is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Italy, with approximately 2.5 million visitors annually."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After many excavations prior to 1960 that had uncovered most of the city but left it in decay, further major excavations were banned and instead they were limited to targeted, prioritised areas."}], "id": "oey2xlyxcGjOHXA1kdkL", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "In popular culture", "text": "The lyrics refer to the city and the eruption of Mount Vesuvius."}, {"section_header": "History | Eruption of Vesuvius", "text": "Pliny the Younger provided a first-hand account of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius from his position across the Bay of Naples at Misenum but written 25 years after the event."}, {"section_header": "Roman city development", "text": "The soils surrounding Mount Vesuvius preceding its eruption have been revealed to have had good water-retention capabilities, implying productive agriculture."}, {"section_header": "Roman city development", "text": "Remains of large formations of constructed wineries were found in the Forum Boarium, covered by cemented casts from the eruption of Vesuvius."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pompeii, along with Herculaneum and many villas in the surrounding area (e.g. at Boscoreale, Stabiae), was buried under 4 to 6 m (13 to 20 ft) of volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79."}, {"section_header": "History | Rediscovery and excavations", "text": "This technique is still in use today, with a clear resin now used instead of plaster because it is more durable, and does not destroy the bones, allowing further analysis."}, {"section_header": "History | Eruption of Vesuvius", "text": "The people and buildings of Pompeii were covered in up to twelve different layers of tephra, in total up to 6 metres (19.7 ft) deep."}, {"section_header": "History | Eruption of Vesuvius", "text": "Clear support for an October/November eruption is found in the fact that people buried in the ash appear to have been wearing heavier clothing than the light summer clothes typical of August."}, {"section_header": "History | Eruption of Vesuvius", "text": "A later date is consistent with a charcoal inscription at the site, discovered in 2018, which includes the date of 17 October and which must have been recently written."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pompeii (, Latin: [p\u0254m\u02c8pe\u02d0jji\u02d0]) was an ancient city located in what is now the comune of Pompei near Naples in the Campania region of Italy."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pompeii is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Italy, with approximately 2.5 million visitors annually."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After many excavations prior to 1960 that had uncovered most of the city but left it in decay, further major excavations were banned and instead they were limited to targeted, prioritised areas."}], "text": "Pompeii was a city that was destroyed by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius that covered the city in ash and later flooded and is now underwater.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Pompeii"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Christmas Carol recounts the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, an elderly miser who is visited by the ghost of his former business partner Jacob Marley and the spirits of Christmas Past, Present and Yet to Come."}], "id": "oggd2zwvrgSHdIWFjzDl", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Background", "text": "The story is followed by a passage about Christmas in Dickens's editorial Master Humphrey's Clock."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "In the early 19th century there had been a revival of interest in Christmas carols, following a decline in popularity over the previous hundred years."}, {"section_header": "Performances and adaptations", "text": "In the years following the book's publication, responses to the tale were published by W. M. Swepstone (Christmas Shadows, 1850), Horatio Alger (Job Warner's Christmas, 1863), Louisa May Alcott (A Christmas Dream, and How It Came True, 1882), and others who followed Scrooge's life as a reformed man \u2013 or some who thought Dickens had got it wrong and needed to be corrected."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "The central character of A Christmas Carol is Ebenezer Scrooge, a miserly London-based businessman, described in the story as \"a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner!\" Kelly writes that Scrooge may have been influenced by Dickens's conflicting feelings for his father, whom he both loved and demonised."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Christmas Carol. A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "The professor of English literature Paul Davis writes that although the \"Goblins\" story appears to be a prototype of A Christmas Carol, all Dickens's earlier writings about Christmas influenced the story."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dickens had written three Christmas stories prior to the novella, and was inspired following a visit to the Field Lane Ragged School, one of several establishments for London's street children."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Stave five", "text": "Scrooge awakens on Christmas morning a changed man."}, {"section_header": "Background | Literary influences", "text": "included four essays on old English Christmas traditions that he experienced while staying at Aston Hall near Birmingham."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The treatment of the poor and the ability of a selfish man to redeem himself by transforming into a more sympathetic character are the key themes of the story."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Christmas Carol recounts the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, an elderly miser who is visited by the ghost of his former business partner Jacob Marley and the spirits of Christmas Past, Present and Yet to Come."}], "text": "A Christmas Carol is a story that follows a grumpy old man.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "A Christmas Carol"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Information about the Earth's core mostly comes from analysis of seismic waves and the Earth's magnetic field."}], "id": "ohnw4rgWdcGZypdSCcHP", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Composition", "text": "At the known pressures and estimated temperatures of the core, it is predicted that pure iron could be solid, but its density would exceed the known density of the core by approximately 3%."}, {"section_header": "Structure | Non-axial anisotropy", "text": "However, these claims have been disputed by D. Frost and B. Romanowicz, who instead claim that the direction of maximum speed is as close to the Earth's rotation axis as can be determined."}, {"section_header": "Structure | Non-axial anisotropy", "text": "Some authors have claimed that P-wave speed is faster in directions that are oblique or perpendicular to the N-S axis, at least in some regions of the inner core."}, {"section_header": "Physical properties | Pressure and gravity", "text": "The pressure in the Earth's inner core is slightly higher than it is at the boundary between the outer and inner cores: it ranges from about 330 to 360 gigapascals (3,300,000 to 3,600,000 atm).The acceleration of gravity at the surface of the inner core can be computed to be 4.3 m/s2; which is less than half the value at the surface of the Earth (9.8 m/s2)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Earth's inner core is the innermost geologic layer of the Earth."}, {"section_header": "Structure", "text": "It was even suggested that Earth's inner core might be a single crystal of iron."}, {"section_header": "Age | Paleomagnetic evidence", "text": "They speculated that the change could be due to the birth of Earth's solid inner core."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "There are no samples of the Earth's core available for direct measurement, as there are for the Earth's mantle."}, {"section_header": "Physical properties | Magnetic field", "text": "This dissipation, in turn, damps the tidal motions and explains previously detected anomalies in Earth's nutation."}, {"section_header": "Discovery", "text": "She observed that the seismic waves reflect off the boundary of the inner core and can be detected by sensitive seismographs on the Earth's surface."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Information about the Earth's core mostly comes from analysis of seismic waves and the Earth's magnetic field."}], "text": "The knowledge about the Earth's inner core is purely non physical.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Inner core"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1998, the Modern Library named To the Lighthouse No. 15 on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century."}], "id": "okhOnSxISRHtdN23gOZc", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2005, the novel was chosen by TIME magazine as one of the one hundred best English-language novels since 1923."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1998, the Modern Library named To the Lighthouse No. 15 on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part I: The Window", "text": "One of them, Lily Briscoe, begins the novel as a young, uncertain painter attempting a portrait of Mrs. Ramsay and James."}, {"section_header": "Narration and perspective", "text": "Unlike James Joyce's stream of consciousness technique, however, Woolf does not tend to use abrupt fragments to represent characters' thought processes; her method is more one of lyrical paraphrase."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part I: The Window", "text": "The Ramsays and their eight children have been joined at the house by a number of friends and colleagues."}, {"section_header": "Publication history", "text": "Upon completing the draft of this, her most autobiographical novel, Woolf described it as 'easily the best of my books' and her husband Leonard thought it a \"'masterpiece' ... entirely new 'a psychological poem'\"."}, {"section_header": "Major themes | Complexity of human relationships", "text": "Two sections of the book stand out as excellent snapshots of fumbling attempts at this crossing: the silent interchange between Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay as they pass the time alone together at the end of section 1, and Lily Briscoe's struggle to fulfill Mr. Ramsay's desire for sympathy (and attention) as the novel closes."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part I: The Window", "text": "Mrs Ramsay is herself out of sorts when Paul Rayley and Minta Doyle, two acquaintances whom she has brought together in engagement, arrive late to dinner, as Minta has lost her grandmother's brooch on the beach."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "To the Lighthouse, a 15-minute Drama, BBC Radio 4 11/08/2014 - 15/08/2014 dramatised by Linda Marshall Griffiths To the Lighthouse, a 2017 opera composed by Zesses Seglias to an English libretto by Ernst Marianne Binder."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "To the Lighthouse is a 1927 novel by Virginia Woolf."}], "text": "It was ranked number fifteen out of one hundred on the Modern Library best English novels of the twentieth century.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 8, "wikipedia_page": "To the Lighthouse"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Set in Puritan Massachusetts Bay Colony during the years 1642 to 1649, the novel tells the story of Hester Prynne who conceives a daughter through an affair and then struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity."}], "id": "oxDakOfkSETRi9bFiX2h", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Scarlet Letter: A Romance is a work of historical fiction by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne, published in 1850."}, {"section_header": "Critical response", "text": "\"On the other hand, 20th-century writer D. H. Lawrence said that there could not be a more perfect work of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Scarlet Letter was one of the first mass-produced books in America."}, {"section_header": "Publication history", "text": "The Scarlet Letter was also one of the first mass-produced books in America."}, {"section_header": "Publication history", "text": "In the mid-nineteenth century, bookbinders of home-grown literature typically hand-made their books and sold them in small quantities."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Set in Puritan Massachusetts Bay Colony during the years 1642 to 1649, the novel tells the story of Hester Prynne who conceives a daughter through an affair and then struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity."}, {"section_header": "Symbols", "text": "It is mentioned she \"was the scarlet letter in another form; the scarlet letter endowed in life\u201d (84)."}, {"section_header": "Symbols", "text": "The following are symbols that are embedded in The Scarlet Letter: The Scarlet Letter A: In the beginning of the novel Hester's letter A is a representation of her sin and adultery."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "She lives a quiet, somber life with her daughter, Pearl, and performs acts of charity for the poor."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "In Puritan Boston, Massachusetts, a crowd gathers to witness the punishment of Hester Prynne, a young woman who has given birth to a baby of unknown parentage."}], "text": "The Scarlet Letter is a fictional book about a woman who gets pregnant with a daughter by an affair she is having in the 17th century.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Scarlet Letter"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later congressional career (1830\u20131848) | Death", "text": "In mid-November 1846, the 78-year-old former president suffered a stroke that left him partially paralyzed."}], "id": "p0QnGEbPzHUSCVJYnQwI", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later congressional career (1830\u20131848) | Death", "text": "After a few months of rest, he made a full recovery and resumed his duties in Congress."}, {"section_header": "Later congressional career (1830\u20131848) | Death", "text": "In mid-November 1846, the 78-year-old former president suffered a stroke that left him partially paralyzed."}, {"section_header": "Later congressional career (1830\u20131848) | Jackson administration, 1830\u20131836", "text": "Adams and Andrew Johnson are the only former presidents to serve in Congress."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Personality", "text": "It has been suggested that John Quincy Adams had the highest I.Q. of any U.S. president."}, {"section_header": "Early life, education, and early career", "text": "John Quincy Adams was born on July 11, 1767, to John and Abigail Adams (n\u00e9e Smith) in a part of Braintree, Massachusetts that is now Quincy."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "Adams County, Iowa, and Adams County, Wisconsin, were each named for either John Adams or John Quincy Adams."}, {"section_header": "Early life, education, and early career", "text": "He was named for his mother's maternal grandfather, Colonel John Quincy, after whom Quincy, Massachusetts, is named."}, {"section_header": "Early political career (1793\u20131817) | Early diplomatic career and marriage", "text": "In the 1800 presidential election, Jefferson defeated John Adams, and both Adams and his son left office in early 1801."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "John Quincy Adams Birthplace is now part of Adams National Historical Park and open to the public."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "Adams House, one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses at Harvard University, is named for John Adams, John Quincy Adams, and other members of the Adams family associated with Harvard."}], "text": "John Quincy Adams, the 78-year-old former president suffered a stroke that left him partially paralyzed, but after a few months of rest, he made a full recovery and resumed his duties in Congress.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "John Quincy Adams"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Primarily a center fielder, he spent most of his Major League Baseball (MLB) career playing for the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers (1947\u20131962), later playing one season each for the New York Mets (1963) and San Francisco Giants (1964)."}], "id": "p3OGHet6TWdNK5HiVA7M", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "He appeared in three different positions for the Giants, playing 26 games in right field and 18 in left field for a combined total of 288.2 innings."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "Snider's career numbers declined when the team moved to Los Angeles in 1958."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "Defensively, he posted a .985 fielding percentage playing at all three outfield positions."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "After one season, Snider asked to be traded to a contending team."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "He played in 39 more games that season and became a friend of Jackie Robinson before he was sent to the St. Paul team in early July."}, {"section_header": "Books", "text": "Snider, Duke; Gilbert, Bill (1988)."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "He had no triples for the first and only time in his career."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Primarily a center fielder, he spent most of his Major League Baseball (MLB) career playing for the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers (1947\u20131962), later playing one season each for the New York Mets (1963) and San Francisco Giants (1964)."}, {"section_header": "Books", "text": "The Duke Snider Story. Julian Messner, Inc."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Born in Los Angeles, Snider was nicknamed \"Duke\" by his father at age 5."}], "text": "Duke Snider played for three major league teams in his career.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Duke Snider"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "She is the recipient of numerous accolades, including a Tony Award and a BAFTA Award, as well as nominations for two Academy Awards and five Golden Globe Awards."}], "id": "p3d0SMwlLUnCXnxYmUvP", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Scarlett Ingrid Johansson (; born November 22, 1984) is an American actress and singer."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Marvel Cinematic Universe and stage roles (2010\u20132013)", "text": "She also won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress at the 40th Saturn Awards in 2014 for her performance."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Marvel Cinematic Universe and stage roles (2010\u20132013)", "text": "She won the 2010 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Marvel Cinematic Universe and stage roles (2010\u20132013)", "text": "The film premiered at the 8th Rome International Film Festival, where Johansson won Best Actress; she was also nominated for the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Supporting Actress."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Johansson shifted to adult roles in 2003 with her performances in Lost in Translation, which won her a BAFTA Award for Best Actress, and Girl with a Pearl Earring."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Early roles (1996\u20132002)", "text": "[that] belie her age\" by an Austin Chronicle critic, and won a Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Action and superhero films (2014\u2013present)", "text": "The film received polarizing reviews, but Stephanie Zacharek labeled her the \"lustrous soul of the movie.\" Johansson received her first two Academy Award nominations, for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress for her performances in Marriage Story and Jojo Rabbit, respectively, becoming the eleventh performer to be nominated for two Oscars in the same year."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "She is the recipient of numerous accolades, including a Tony Award and a BAFTA Award, as well as nominations for two Academy Awards and five Golden Globe Awards."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | Marvel Cinematic Universe and stage roles (2010\u20132013)", "text": "Some critics and Broadway actors criticized the award committee's decision to reward the work of mainstream Hollywood actors, including Johansson."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2010, Johansson debuted on Broadway in a revival of A View from the Bridge, which won her a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress, and began playing the role of Black Widow in the Marvel Cinematic Universe with Iron Man 2."}], "text": "Scarlett Johansson is an American actress that has won multiple acting awards including an Oscar.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Scarlett Johansson"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 1969\u20131970: Beginnings", "text": "Calling themselves \"The Salty Peppers\", they went on to have a marginal hit single in the Midwestern area titled \"La La Time\"."}], "id": "p5ITXLamHkPfx2NkM7lM", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 1970\u20131974: Formation and early years", "text": "Based on this, he changed the band's name, to \"Earth, Wind & Fire\"."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Dionne Warwick has named Earth, Wind & Fire as her favorite group of all time."}, {"section_header": "History | 1981\u20131996: Electric sound", "text": "LA Weekly noted the \"standout track\" is \"Earth, Wind & Fire's funky club jam Dance, Dance, Dance\"."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Earth, Wind & Fire's songs have been covered by artists including Whitney Houston, D'Angelo, Donny Osmond, Patti LaBelle, Taylor Swift,"}, {"section_header": "History | 1975\u20131980: Ornate sound", "text": "The album cut Earth, Wind and Fire"}, {"section_header": "History | 1996\u2013present: Neo period", "text": "Earth, Wind & Fire went on to appear on"}, {"section_header": "History | 1996\u2013present: Neo period", "text": "This was a jukebox musical with its theme the music of Earth, Wind & Fire."}, {"section_header": "History | 1981\u20131996: Electric sound", "text": "said \"Earth, Wind & Fire gives new meaning to the word classy, and I like it\"."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Mark Ronson has also proclaimed that he loves \"anything by Earth, Wind & Fire\"."}, {"section_header": "History | 1996\u2013present: Neo period", "text": "Within July 2002 a compilation album titled The Essential Earth, Wind & Fire was issued by Columbia."}, {"section_header": "History | 1969\u20131970: Beginnings", "text": "Calling themselves \"The Salty Peppers\", they went on to have a marginal hit single in the Midwestern area titled \"La La Time\"."}], "text": "Earth Wind & Fire's first name was \"The Sweet Peppers\".", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Earth, Wind & Fire"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Vladimir Alvino Guerrero Sr. (born February 9, 1975), is a Dominican former professional baseball player and Hall of Famer, who spent 16 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a right fielder and designated hitter."}], "id": "p6GZkM8iMkKKU1GW44Ja", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Baltimore Orioles", "text": "He became the all-time MLB hits leader among Dominican-born players when he singled off Josh Beckett in the sixth inning of a 6\u20133 victory over the Boston Red Sox at Camden Yards on September 26, 2011."}, {"section_header": "Career | Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim | 2005 season", "text": "Making his 8th Major League Baseball All-Star game appearance, Guerrero subsequently won his first career Home Run Derby in the 2007 season, highlighted by a 503-foot (153 m) home run."}, {"section_header": "Early years and family", "text": "His son, Vladimir Guerrero Jr., was born in Montreal, Canada in 1999 during the elder Guerrero's time with the Expos."}, {"section_header": "Batting style", "text": "In an interview with Yahoo! Sports, he attributed this to helping his grandfather pull cows home barehanded as a young boy in the Dominican Republic."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Vladimir Alvino Guerrero Sr. (born February 9, 1975), is a Dominican former professional baseball player and Hall of Famer, who spent 16 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a right fielder and designated hitter."}, {"section_header": "Career | Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim | 2009 season", "text": "On October 11, in the ninth inning, Guerrero delivered a two-run single, off Jonathan Papelbon of the Boston Red Sox, scoring Bobby Abreu and Chone Figgins."}, {"section_header": "Career | Montreal Expos", "text": "Two nights later, on September 21, 1996, Braves closer Mark Wohlers yielded Guerrero's first career home run (HR) \u2014 a ninth-inning blast that capped Montreal's scoring, in a 5-4 loss."}, {"section_header": "Career | Texas Rangers", "text": "He broke up a no-hitter by Shaun Marcum in the seventh inning of the Opening Day game against the Toronto Blue Jays on April 5, 2010."}, {"section_header": "Career | Dominican Professional Baseball League", "text": "He only played eight games with Tigres logging a batting average of .188 without a home run."}, {"section_header": "World Baseball Classic", "text": "He has provided job opportunities in his hometown in the Dominican Republic through his business ventures: a concrete-block factory, a propane distribution company, a supermarket, a livestock and vegetable farm, and a women's clothing store."}], "text": "Vladimir Guerrero was born in the Dominican Republic in 1970s and won the Home Run Derby.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Vladimir Guerrero"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Release | Box office", "text": "Master and Commander opened #2 in the first weekend of North American release, November 14\u201316, 2003, earning $25,105,990."}], "id": "p7RpeTBlFGCNbiLj0mQD", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "The author drew from real events in the Napoleonic Wars, as he describes in the introduction to the first novel, Master and Commander."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "The Royal Navy Museum considers Captain Lord Cochrane as the inspiration for the character in the first novel, Master and Commander."}, {"section_header": "Release | Box office", "text": "Master and Commander opened #2 in the first weekend of North American release, November 14\u201316, 2003, earning $25,105,990."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "\"The Far Side of the World (Master and Commander)\"."}, {"section_header": "Release | Critical response", "text": "\"Master and Commander\" stays afloat to the finish, but that's all that can be said."}, {"section_header": "Release | Critical response", "text": "Having not read any of O'Brian's novels, I can't say if the fault is in Weir's adaptation or in the source material, but halfway into \"Master and Commander,\" the friendship of the captain and the doctor begins to seem schematic, as if all the positive traits that an individual could have were divided equally between these two guys, just so they can argue."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "McGregor, Tom (2003). The Making of Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "When Surprise reaches the Galapagos, however, they recover the survivors of a whaling ship destroyed by Acheron."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "However, in the film version, the action takes place in 1805, during the Napoleonic wars, instead of 1813 during the Anglo-American War of 1812, as the producers wished to avoid offending American audiences."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "During the Napoleonic Wars, Captain Jack Aubrey of HMS Surprise is ordered to fight the French privateer Acheron."}], "text": "The Master and commander movie reached the first position during its first week.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Three Tall Women is a two-act play by Edward Albee, written in 1990, which won the 1994 Pulitzer Prize for Drama, Albee's third Pulitzer."}], "id": "pEqEHEcB0tXKNHih7etf", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Productions", "text": "In fact, Three Tall Women was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1994, as well as the Drama Critics Circle, Lucille Lortel, and Outer Critics Circle awards for best play.\" Three Tall Women had its world premiere at the English Theatre, Vienna, Austria in June 1991."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Three Tall Women is a two-act play by Edward Albee, written in 1990, which won the 1994 Pulitzer Prize for Drama, Albee's third Pulitzer."}, {"section_header": "Overview", "text": ", it was noted that \"Besides exorcising personal demons, Albee regained the respect of New York theater critics with the play."}, {"section_header": "Overview", "text": "The woman\u2019s relationship with her son is the clearest indication that Albee was working through some troubled memories of his own in Three Tall Women."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "The Boy: The son of the three women, he does not play a speaking role but is the subject of much discussion among them."}, {"section_header": "Overview", "text": "Albee admitted to The Economist that the play \"was a kind of exorcism."}, {"section_header": "Productions", "text": "The play opened Off-Broadway at the Vineyard Theatre on January 27, 1994, and closed on March 13, 1994."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Act I", "text": "The play opens with the three major characters together in A's bedroom."}, {"section_header": "Productions", "text": "During the run, Seldes assumed the role of \"A,\" with Joan Van Ark and Frances Conroy assuming the role of \"B.\" During the run, Seldes assumed the role of \"A,\" with Joan Van Ark and Frances Conroy assuming the role of \"B.\" The play premiered in the West End at the Wyndham's Theatre in October 1994, directed by Anthony Page and featuring Maggie Smith (Elder Tall Woman), Frances de la Tour (Middle Tall Woman), Anastasia Hille (Younger Tall Woman), and John Ireland (the Boy).The play opened in Washington, D.C. at The Kennedy Center's Eisenhower Theater on November 9, 1995."}, {"section_header": "Productions", "text": "The play was directed by Albee, with a cast that included Myra Carter as the Old Woman, Kathleen Butler as the Middle-Aged Woman, Cynthia Bassham as the Young Woman, and Howard Nightingall as the Boy."}], "text": "Three Tall Women is a three-act play by Edward Albee, written in 1990, which won the 1994 Pulitzer Prize for Drama, as well as the Drama Critics Circle, Lucille Lortel, and Outer Critics Circle awards for best play.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Three Tall Women"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception | Accolades", "text": "They were nominated as Best Newcomers at various critics circle and associations, including the Alliance of Women Film Journalists, and the Florida Film Critics Circle, The Force Awakens received eleven nominations at the MTV Movie Awards, the most for the ceremony, including Movie of the Year, Best Female Performance for Ridley, Best Breakthrough Performance for Boyega, and Best Virtual Performance for Lupita Nyong'o and Andy Serkis."}], "id": "pHcIj8pfMlzLvaLD7tUp", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Release | Tie-in literature and merchandise", "text": "Disney Publishing Worldwide and Lucasfilm announced a series of at least 20 books and comics, \"Journey to Star Wars: The Force Awakens\", with releases from multiple publishers starting in late 2015, prior to the film's premiere."}, {"section_header": "Cast", "text": "Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Star Wars Rebels cast and crew members"}, {"section_header": "Reception | Accolades", "text": "They were nominated as Best Newcomers at various critics circle and associations, including the Alliance of Women Film Journalists, and the Florida Film Critics Circle, The Force Awakens received eleven nominations at the MTV Movie Awards, the most for the ceremony, including Movie of the Year, Best Female Performance for Ridley, Best Breakthrough Performance for Boyega, and Best Virtual Performance for Lupita Nyong'o and Andy Serkis."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "Star Wars creator George Lucas discussed ideas for a sequel trilogy several times after the conclusion of the original trilogy, but denied any intent to make it."}, {"section_header": "Release | Home media", "text": "Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Star Wars: The Force Awakens via download and Disney Movies Anywhere on April 1, 2016, with a Blu-ray and DVD release on April 5."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "Early drafts had Luke appear midway through the film, but Arndt found that \"every time Luke came in and entered the movie, he just took it over."}, {"section_header": "Release", "text": "\u2026 We have people buying Star Wars"}, {"section_header": "Release", "text": "In December 2015, Pablo Hidalgo, the creative executive at the Lucasfilm Story Group which handles all the canonical continuity for the Star Wars universe, revealed that the working title for the film was Shadow of the Empire \"for the longest time\"."}, {"section_header": "Release | Tie-in literature and merchandise", "text": "All titles under the program are canonical to the Star Wars universe."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "In April 2014, Lucasfilm clarified that Episodes VII\u2013IX would not feature storylines from the Star Wars expanded universe, though other elements could be included, as with the TV series Star Wars Rebels."}], "text": "The Star Wars movie was nominated multiple times.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Star Wars: The Force Awakens"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Death", "text": "On 10 January 2016, two days after his 69th birthday and the release of the album Blackstar, Bowie died from liver cancer in his New York City apartment."}], "id": "pKQ0sAEvDlEG5WDlmXht", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Acting career | 2000s and posthumous notes", "text": "Nolan later claimed that Bowie was his only preference to play Tesla, and that he personally appealed to Bowie to take the role after he initially passed."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 2013\u20132016: Final years", "text": "Blackstar was released on 8 January 2016, Bowie's 69th birthday, and was met with critical acclaim."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 2013\u20132016: Final years", "text": "According to The Times: \"Blackstar may be the oddest work yet from Bowie\"."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "On 10 January 2016, two days after his 69th birthday and the release of the album Blackstar, Bowie died from liver cancer in his New York City apartment."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 2016\u2013present: Posthumous releases", "text": "Apart from \"Lazarus\", the EP includes three songs that Bowie had recorded during the Blackstar sessions, but were left off the album and subsequently appeared on the soundtrack album for the Lazarus musical in October 2016."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 2013\u20132016: Final years", "text": "The theme that was used for The Last Panthers was also the title track for his January 2016 release Blackstar which is said to take cues from his earlier krautrock influenced work."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Family", "text": "After the gag order that was part of their divorce agreement ended, Angela wrote, Backstage Passes: Life on the Wild Side with David Bowie, a memoir of their turbulent marriage."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "He made Blackstar for us, his parting gift."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He remained musically active until he died of liver cancer at his home in New York City, two days after his 69th birthday and the release of his final album, Blackstar (2016)."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 2016\u2013present: Posthumous releases", "text": "A music video for the title track was also released."}], "text": "Bowie passed after the release of Blackstar.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "David Bowie"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "During high school, he played on a semi-pro team three or four days a week."}, {"section_header": "Baseball records and accomplishments | Home runs", "text": "Six-time NL home run leader (1932, 1934, 1936\u201338, 1942)."}], "id": "pLwIu9YMe8pJiQ7dREC9", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Playing career | Post-season", "text": "In Game 1, he had four hits, including a two-run home run in the first inning."}, {"section_header": "Baseball records and accomplishments | Home runs", "text": "Six-time NL home run leader (1932, 1934, 1936\u201338, 1942)."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Regular season", "text": "Ott was a six-time NL home run leader, in 1932, 1934, 1936\u20131938, and 1942."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "During high school, he played on a semi-pro team three or four days a week."}, {"section_header": "Baseball records and accomplishments | Home runs", "text": "Passed Rogers Hornsby (301) to become the all-time NL home run leader in 1937 and held that title (at 511) until Willie Mays passed him in 1966."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Regular season", "text": "He passed Rogers Hornsby to become the all-time NL home run leader in 1937 and held that title until Willie Mays passed him in 1966."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Since 1959, the National League has honored the league's annual home run champion with the Mel Ott Award."}, {"section_header": "Baseball records and accomplishments | Home runs", "text": "Was the youngest player to hit 100 and 200 home runs, and the first NL player to reach 500 home runs."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The Mel Ott Little League began in 1959, named for Ott soon after his death."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Regular season", "text": "He also led the NL in walks six times: in 1929, 1931\u20131933, 1937, and 1942."}], "text": "Mel Ott was a multiple time leader in home runs in the NL and played semi pro as a teenager.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Mel Ott"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Places in the Heart is a 1984 American drama film written and directed by Robert Benton about a Depression-era Texas widow who tries to save her family farm with the help of a blind white man and a poor black man."}], "id": "pP7IN78O40dcpwwzDqvS", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Roger Ebert wrote in his review that Benton's \"memories provide the material for a wonderful movie, and he has made it, but unfortunately he hasn't stopped at that."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 89% based on reviews from 37 critics and a rating average of 8.01 out of 10."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Places in the Heart is a 1984 American drama film written and directed by Robert Benton about a Depression-era Texas widow who tries to save her family farm with the help of a blind white man and a poor black man."}], "text": "The movie came out in the 1980s.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Places in the Heart"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Geographic availability", "text": "However, based on complaints from users who reside in overseas or dependent territories that are part of sovereign states where Spotify is available, it is often impossible to buy premium membership there or download the app from Google Play, as opposed to App Store."}, {"section_header": "Business model | Stations by Spotify", "text": "Users who do not subscribe to Spotify Premium hear location-targeted adverts."}], "id": "pVRSWrohjX8hyHw1Yw0u", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Business model | Advertisements", "text": "Overlay is \"Spotify's 'welcome back' ad."}, {"section_header": "Platforms | Listening limitations", "text": "Adding playlists at this point also arbitrarily removed older playlists from the users' library."}, {"section_header": "History | Other developments | User growth", "text": "In April 2020, Spotify reached 133 million premium users."}, {"section_header": "Platforms | Listening limitations", "text": "Spotify has experimented with different limitations to users' listening on the Free service tier."}, {"section_header": "Platforms | Features", "text": "The features were announced by CEO Daniel Ek at a press conference, with Ek stating that a common user complaint about the service was that \"Spotify is great when you know what music you want to listen to, but not when you don't\", adding that 20,000 new songs got added to the service on a daily basis."}, {"section_header": "History | Other developments | Company partnerships", "text": "The podcasts are available for all Spotify Free and Premium users."}, {"section_header": "History | Early international launches", "text": "Spotify launched in the United States in July 2011 and offered a six-month ad-supported trial period, where new users could listen to an unlimited amount of music for free."}, {"section_header": "Platforms | Technical information", "text": "Spotify allows users to add local audio files for music not in its catalogue into the user's library through Spotify's desktop application, and then allows users to synchronise those music files to Spotify's mobile apps or other computers over the same Wi-Fi network as the primary computer by creating a Spotify playlist, and adding those local audio files to the playlist."}, {"section_header": "Platforms | Technical information", "text": "Previously, a desktop user would listen to music from one of three sources: a cached file on the computer, one of Spotify's servers, or from other subscribers through the P2P system."}, {"section_header": "Business model | Stations by Spotify", "text": "Users who do not subscribe to Spotify Premium hear location-targeted adverts."}, {"section_header": "Geographic availability", "text": "However, based on complaints from users who reside in overseas or dependent territories that are part of sovereign states where Spotify is available, it is often impossible to buy premium membership there or download the app from Google Play, as opposed to App Store."}], "text": "Spotify's premium users do not have to listen to ads.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Spotify"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A left fielder with the St. Louis Cardinals during the \"Gashouse Gang\" era of the 1930s"}], "id": "pWeIMRMb8HhfGGHAomm1", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career", "text": "Upon being asked by the Pope what his vocation was, Medwick replied, \"Your Holiness, I'm Joe Medwick."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Medwick entered professional baseball with the Scottdale Scotties of the Middle Atlantic League in 1930."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A left fielder with the St. Louis Cardinals during the \"Gashouse Gang\" era of the 1930s"}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "University of Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne made arrangements for Medwick to play football there, however Medwick decided to forgo college and enter professional baseball."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The son of Hungarian immigrants, Medwick was born and raised in Carteret, New Jersey."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He excelled in baseball, basketball, football, and track at Carteret High School."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "When asked about the incident after the game, Medwick replied, \"I knew why they threw them."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "When Medwick strode forward, the ball hit him in the temple and rendered him unconscious."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Medwick remains the only known player to be thrown out of a game for his own personal safety."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Medwick helped lead the Dodgers to a pennant in 1941, but had lost much of his dominance."}], "text": "Joe Medwick was part of a \"gang\" in the early 1930s.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Joe Medwick"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Aleksandr II Nikolayevich, IPA: Aleksandr II Nikolayevich, IPA: [\u0250l\u02b2\u026a\u02c8ksandr ft\u0250\u02c8roj n\u02b2\u026ak\u0250\u02c8laj\u026av\u02b2\u026at\u0255]; 29 April 1818 \u2013 13 March 1881) was the Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination on 13 March 1881.Alexander's most significant reform as emperor was emancipation of Russia's serfs in 1861, for which he is known as Alexander the Liberator (Russian: \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0301\u043d\u0434\u0440"}], "id": "pZXzfSUSjEfWNqRWgAnd", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reign | Life in the ruling family", "text": "In 1864, Alexander II found Nicholas a bride, Princess Dagmar of Denmark, second daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark and younger sister to Alexandra, Princess of Wales and King George I of Greece."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "Alexander II's death caused a great setback for the reform movement."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Aleksandr II Nikolayevich, IPA: Aleksandr II Nikolayevich, IPA: [\u0250l\u02b2\u026a\u02c8ksandr ft\u0250\u02c8roj n\u02b2\u026ak\u0250\u02c8laj\u026av\u02b2\u026at\u0255]; 29 April 1818 \u2013 13 March 1881) was the Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination on 13 March 1881.Alexander's most significant reform as emperor was emancipation of Russia's serfs in 1861, for which he is known as Alexander the Liberator (Russian: \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0301\u043d\u0434\u0440"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Among his greatest domestic challenges was an uprising in Poland in 1863, to which he responded by stripping that land of its separate constitution and incorporating it directly into Russia."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Suppression of separatist movements", "text": "\" The territories of the former Poland-Lithuania were excluded from liberal policies introduced by Alexander."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Liberation of Bulgaria", "text": "Alexander II considered such agreements paramount in avoiding the possibility of causing his country a disaster similar to the Crimean War."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Liberation of Bulgaria", "text": "The Ottoman authorities suppressed the April Uprising, causing a general outcry throughout Europe."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Reforms", "text": "Encouraged by public opinion, Alexander began a period of radical reforms, including an attempt not to depend on landed aristocracy controlling the poor, an effort to develop Russia's natural resources, and to reform all branches of the administration."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Life in the ruling family", "text": "However, in 1865, during the engagement, Nicholas died and the tsar's second son, Grand Duke Alexander, not only inherited his brother's position of tsarevich, but also his fianc\u00e9e."}, {"section_header": "Reign | Reforms | Additional reforms", "text": "Plans were formed for building a great network of railways, partly to develop the natural resources of the country, and partly to increase its power for defense and attack."}], "text": "Alexander the Second of Russia did not die of natural cause and was the King of Poland.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Alexander II of Russia"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Known for his distinctive drawl and everyman screen persona, Stewart had a film career that spanned over 55 years from 1935 and 1991 and 80 films."}], "id": "pfP9zWG12lbXy8NzwqjW", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "\" Ansen further explained that Stewart was the ultimate trustworthy movie star."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Stewart is also the most represented leading actor on the \"100 Greatest Movies of All Time\" list presented by Entertainment Weekly."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "James Maitland Stewart (May 20, 1908 \u2013 July 2, 1997) was an American actor and military officer."}, {"section_header": "Career | Postwar films (1946\u20131949)", "text": "His generation of actors was fading and a new wave of actors, including Marlon Brando, Montgomery Clift and James Dean, would soon remake Hollywood."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "According to film scholar Dennis Bingham, \"his ability to 'play'\u2014even symbolize\u2014honesty and 'American ideals' made him an icon into whose mold later male stars tried to pour themselves.\" Similarly, film scholar James Naremore has called Stewart \"the most successful actor of the 'common man' in the history of movies\" and \"the most intensely emotional leading man to emerge from the studio system,\" who could cry on screen without losing his masculinity."}, {"section_header": "Career | Military service (1941\u20131968)", "text": "Stewart became the first major American movie star to enlist in the United States Army to fight in World War II."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "According to Bingham, Stewart marked \"the transition between the studio period...and the era of free-lance actors, independent production, and powerful talent agents that made possible the \"new kind of star\" of the late 1960s.\" Although Stewart was not the first big-name freelance actor, his \"mythic sweetness and idealism [which] were combined with eccentric physical equipment and capacity as an actor to enact emotion, anxiety, and pain\" enabled him to succeed in both the studio system, which emphasized the star as a real person, and the skeptical post-studio era."}, {"section_header": "Acting style and screen persona", "text": "Belton explained that \"James Stewart is more James Stewart than Glenn Miller in The Glenn Miller Story (1954) or Charles Lindbergh in The Spirit of St. Louis (1957).\" Moreover, Jonathan Rosenbaum continued that Stewart's \"pre-existing life-size persona\" in Winchester '73 \"helped to shape and determine the impact of [his character] in [this film].\" On the other hand, Stewart has been described as a character actor who went through several distinct career phases."}, {"section_header": "Career | Postwar films (1946\u20131949)", "text": "He's not sexual as an actor. \"Stewart"}, {"section_header": "Career | Later film career (1960\u20131970)", "text": "In 1962, Stewart signed a multi-movie deal with 20th Century Fox."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Known for his distinctive drawl and everyman screen persona, Stewart had a film career that spanned over 55 years from 1935 and 1991 and 80 films."}], "text": "James Stewart was an actor that has starred in 85 movies.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "James Stewart"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Born in Bellaire, Ohio, White's early life is not well-documented."}], "id": "pgRkSL6TZ9NZVz67XeXo", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "The Globes were playing a team from Marietta, Ohio."}, {"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "In the off-season the Ohio State League renamed itself the Tri-State League and banned black players, including White."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Born in Bellaire, Ohio, White's early life is not well-documented."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Sol White married Florence Fields on March 15, 1906."}, {"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "Sol White is perhaps best known for writing History of Colored Base Ball, also known (on the title page) as Sol White's Official Base Ball Guide."}, {"section_header": "Managerial career", "text": "The Giants lost Pete Hill to the Lelands in 1908, and in 1909 Sol White left the team after a disagreement with Schlichter."}, {"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "Without a doubt this record will prove valuable in years to come.\" This second book on black baseball by Sol White never appeared."}, {"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "He then joined the Wheeling (West Virginia) Green Stockings of the Ohio State League and batted .370 with a slugging percentage of .502 as the team's third baseman."}, {"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "Sol takes pride in having played against Ban when he was an obscure captain of a hick town club.\" White quickly made a name for himself as a ballplayer."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "King Solomon \"Sol\" White (June 12, 1868 \u2013 August 26, 1955) was an American professional baseball infielder, manager and executive, and one of the pioneers of the Negro leagues."}], "text": "Sol White is thought to be from Ohio.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Sol White"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pontiac's actions contributed to the British Crown's issuance of the Proclamation of 1763, which prohibited British settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains to preserve an area for Native Americans."}], "id": "plggiOJ5csrZI5mTjrvc", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Pontiac's War", "text": "On May 9, he laid siege to the fort, and was eventually joined by more than 900 warriors from a half-dozen tribes."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "His plan foiled, Pontiac laid siege to the fort, where he was eventually joined by more than 900 warriors from a half-dozen tribes."}, {"section_header": "Legacy and honors", "text": "In addition, tribal leaders around Fort Pitt and Fort Niagara, for example, had long been calling for resistance to the British; they were not led by Pontiac."}, {"section_header": "Pontiac's War", "text": "After the failure of the siege of Fort Detroit, the British initially thought that Pontiac was defeated and would trouble them no longer, but his influence continued to grow."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pontiac or Obwandiyag (c. 1714/20 \u2013 April 20, 1769) was an Odawa war chief known for his role in the war named for him, from 1763 to 1766 leading Native Americans in a struggle against British military occupation of the Great Lakes region."}, {"section_header": "Early years", "text": "By 1747, Pontiac had become a war leader among the Ottawa, when he allied with New France against a resistance movement led by Nicholas Orontony, a Huron leader."}, {"section_header": "Pontiac's War", "text": "In July 1763, Pontiac defeated a British detachment at the Battle of Bloody Run, but he was unable to capture the fort."}, {"section_header": "Early years", "text": "Some sources also state that he may have been born a Catawba and taken as prisoner, then adopted as Odawa."}, {"section_header": "Pontiac's War", "text": "Indians made widespread attacks against British forts and Anglo-American (but not French) settlements, and at one point controlled nine of eleven British forts in the Ohio Valley."}, {"section_header": "Pontiac's War", "text": "In addition, although by treaty the British said they would not build any forts in Ohio Country,"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pontiac's actions contributed to the British Crown's issuance of the Proclamation of 1763, which prohibited British settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains to preserve an area for Native Americans."}], "text": "The Odawa war chief Pontiac laid siege to a fort and this led to a British agreement not to settle past the Appalachias.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Pontiac (person)"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Characters", "text": "For the character Tiny Tim, Dickens used his nephew Henry, a disabled boy who was five at the time A Christmas Carol was written."}], "id": "pqG9irmpMKm7dMZovK1q", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Christmas Carol. A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "For the character Tiny Tim, Dickens used his nephew Henry, a disabled boy who was five at the time A Christmas Carol was written."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "The writer Charles Dickens was born to a middle-class family which got into financial difficulties as a result of the spendthrift nature of his father John."}, {"section_header": "Background | Literary influences", "text": "Several works may have had an influence on the writing of A Christmas Carol, including two Douglas Jerrold essays: one from an 1841 issue of Punch, \"How Mr. Chokepear Keeps a Merry Christmas\" and one from 1843, \"The Beauties of the Police\"."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "When Dickens was young he lived near a tradesman's premises with the sign \"Goodge and Marney\", which may have provided the name for Scrooge's former business partner."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Stave one", "text": "A Christmas Carol opens on a bleak, cold Christmas Eve in London, seven years after the death of Ebenezer Scrooge's business partner, Jacob Marley."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dickens wrote A Christmas Carol during a period when the British were exploring and re-evaluating past Christmas traditions, including carols, and newer customs such as Christmas trees."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Davis considers that in A Christmas Carol, Dickens showed that Christmas could be celebrated in towns and cities, despite increasing modernisation."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dickens had written three Christmas stories prior to the novella, and was inspired following a visit to the Field Lane Ragged School, one of several establishments for London's street children."}, {"section_header": "Themes", "text": "The two figures were created to arouse sympathy with readers\u2014as was Tiny Tim."}], "text": "In A Christmas Carol, Charles Dickens modeled the persona of Tim on his young relative.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "A Christmas Carol"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "She spent her childhood in Philadelphia and attended Roman Catholic schools there."}], "id": "pr1NKU2ywc4vq0TFXfxK", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Private life", "text": "A devout Catholic, Ethel Barrymore never remarried."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "The Ethel Barrymore Theatre in New York City is named for her."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Ethel Barrymore (born Ethel Mae Blythe; August 15, 1879 \u2013 June 18, 1959) was an American actress and a member of the Barrymore family of actors."}, {"section_header": "Film and broadcasting career | Television", "text": "In one episode, Barrymore's character was \"asked by Rob Thompson to direct a play which the workers of his war plant are presenting in order to raise money for war bonds.\" Barrymore also made a number of television appearances in the 1950s, including one memorable encounter with comedian Jimmy Durante on NBC's All Star Revue on December 1, 1951, which is preserved on a kinescope."}, {"section_header": "1920\u20131930s", "text": "In 1928, the Shuberts opened the Ethel Barrymore Theatre, which operates under that name to the present day."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Barrymore was born Ethel Mae Blythe in Philadelphia, the second child of the actors Maurice Barrymore (whose real name was Herbert Blythe) and Georgiana Drew."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "Ethel Barrymore died of cardiovascular disease on June 18, 1959, at her home in Hollywood, after having lived for many years with a heart condition."}, {"section_header": "Film and broadcasting career | Television", "text": "In 1956, she hosted 14 episodes of the TV series Ethel Barrymore Theatre, produced by the DuMont Television Network and presented on the DuMont flagship station WABD just as the network was folding."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "After her season in London, Ethel returned to the U.S."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Winston and Ethel remained friends until the end of her life."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "She spent her childhood in Philadelphia and attended Roman Catholic schools there."}], "text": "Ethel Barrymore was raised in the capital of Pennsylvania.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Ethel Barrymore"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Socratic problem", "text": "As Socrates did not write down any of his teachings, secondary sources provide the only information on his life and thought."}], "id": "psT8YQq7mbf4BJiwvIiW", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Philosophy | Covertness", "text": "According to Olympiodorus the Younger in his Life of Plato, Plato himself \"received instruction from the writers of tragedy\" before taking up the study of philosophy."}, {"section_header": "Socratic problem | Socrates as a figure", "text": "A Saint, a prophet of 'the Sun-God', a teacher condemned for his teachings as a heretic."}, {"section_header": "Socratic problem", "text": "As Socrates did not write down any of his teachings, secondary sources provide the only information on his life and thought."}, {"section_header": "Philosophy | Virtue", "text": "The idea that there are certain virtues formed a common thread in Socrates's teachings."}, {"section_header": "Socratic problem | Socrates as a philosopher", "text": "Also, in Plato's Apology and Symposium, as well as in Xenophon's accounts, Socrates explicitly denies accepting payment for teaching."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Trial and death | Death | Refusal to escape", "text": "If he fled Athens his teaching would fare no better in another country, as he would continue questioning all he met and undoubtedly incur their displeasure."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Immediate influence", "text": "Immediately, the students of Socrates set to work both on exercising their perceptions of his teachings in politics and also on developing many new philosophical schools of thought."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Later historical influence", "text": "While some of the later contributions of Socrates to Hellenistic Era culture and philosophy as well as the Roman Era have been lost to time, his teachings began a resurgence in both medieval Europe and the Islamic Middle East alongside those of Aristotle and Stoicism."}, {"section_header": "Socratic problem", "text": "The sometimes contradictory nature of these sources is known as the Socratic problem, or the Socratic question."}, {"section_header": "Socratic problem", "text": "These writings are the Sokratikoi logoi, or Socratic dialogues, which consist of reports of conversations apparently involving Socrates."}], "text": "Socrates did take notes of all of his teachings.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Socrates"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "After World War II | Presidential campaign of 1952", "text": "President Truman sensed a broad-based desire for an Eisenhower candidacy for president, and he again pressed him to run for the office as a Democrat in 1951."}], "id": "q2rAh6f7lp8kJsouZCwS", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "After World War II | Presidential campaign of 1952", "text": "It was essential to his success that Eisenhower express opposition to Roosevelt's policy at the Yalta Conference and to Truman's policies in Korea and China\u2014matters in which he had once participated."}, {"section_header": "Post-presidency, death and funeral", "text": "Following the presidency, Eisenhower moved to the place where he and Mamie had spent much of their post-war time."}, {"section_header": "Post-presidency, death and funeral", "text": "The following day, his body was moved to the Washington National Cathedral's Bethlehem Chapel, where he lay in repose for 28 hours."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1953\u20131961) | Foreign policy | Southeast Asia", "text": "In the years that followed, Eisenhower increased the number of U.S. military advisors in South Vietnam to 900 men."}, {"section_header": "World War II | Supreme Allied commander and Operation Overlord", "text": "The following month, he resumed command of ETOUSA and the following month was officially designated as the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), serving in a dual role until the end of hostilities in Europe in May 1945."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Following the war, he served under various generals and was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in 1941."}, {"section_header": "World War II | Liberation of France and victory in Europe", "text": "The actual division of Germany followed the lines that Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin had previously agreed upon."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1953\u20131961) | Judicial appointments | Supreme Court", "text": "Eisenhower appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Earl Warren, 1953 (Chief Justice) John Marshall Harlan II, 1954"}, {"section_header": "After World War II | Military Governor in Germany and Army Chief of Staff", "text": "Following the German unconditional surrender, Eisenhower was appointed military governor of the American occupation zone, located primarily in Southern Germany, and headquartered at the IG Farben Building in Frankfurt am Main."}, {"section_header": "After World War II | Military Governor in Germany and Army Chief of Staff", "text": "Eisenhower followed the orders laid down by the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) in directive JCS 1067, but softened them by bringing in 400,000 tons of food for civilians and allowing more fraternization."}, {"section_header": "After World War II | Presidential campaign of 1952", "text": "President Truman sensed a broad-based desire for an Eisenhower candidacy for president, and he again pressed him to run for the office as a Democrat in 1951."}], "text": "Eisenhower's presidency followed Roosevelt's.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Dwight D. Eisenhower"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "He had been suffering from Alzheimer's disease for several years."}], "id": "q81wcpgWPYNSQPvdgf3c", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "After retiring from baseball, Brown was a long time resident of Houston, Texas, where he died in 1996 at the age of 81."}, {"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "He had been suffering from Alzheimer's disease for several years."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Willard Jessie Brown (June 26, 1915 \u2013 August 4, 1996), nicknamed \"Home Run\" Brown, was an American baseball player who played outfielder in the Negro leagues and in Major League Baseball (MLB)."}, {"section_header": "MLB career", "text": "Brown entered the baseball record books on August 13, 1947, when he became the first African-American player to hit a home run in the American League: an inside-the-park homer off"}, {"section_header": "Early Negro league experience", "text": "Brown was one of the fastest players in baseball in the late 1930s and 1940s, as well as a solid outfielder."}, {"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "Brown was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006."}, {"section_header": "MLB career", "text": "It was the first time that two black players appeared in an MLB game together."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "Subsequently, he was a successful minor league player in the Texas League from 1953 through 1956."}, {"section_header": "Early Negro league experience", "text": "In the 1942 season the Monarchs met the Negro National League champion Homestead Grays in the first World Series between the Negro American League and the Negro National League."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He is a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame."}], "text": "American baseball player Willard Brown died at the age of 81 after suffering from Alzheimer's.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Willard Brown"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Scarlet Letter: A Romance is a work of historical fiction by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne, published in 1850."}, {"section_header": "Publication history", "text": "The Scarlet Letter was first published in the spring of 1850 by Ticknor & Fields, beginning Hawthorne's most lucrative period."}], "id": "q8X9SybklOTEO9ZbCFuV", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Publication history", "text": "The first mechanized printing of The Scarlet Letter, 2,500 volumes, sold out within ten days, and was widely read and discussed to an extent not much experienced in the young country up until that time."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Scarlet Letter was one of the first mass-produced books in America."}, {"section_header": "Publication history", "text": "The Scarlet Letter was also one of the first mass-produced books in America."}, {"section_header": "Critical response", "text": "\"On the other hand, 20th-century writer D. H. Lawrence said that there could not be a more perfect work of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter."}, {"section_header": "Publication history", "text": "The Scarlet Letter was first published in the spring of 1850 by Ticknor & Fields, beginning Hawthorne's most lucrative period."}, {"section_header": "Symbols", "text": "It can be viewed as separating the book into the beginning, middle, and end."}, {"section_header": "Symbols", "text": "It is mentioned she \"was the scarlet letter in another form; the scarlet letter endowed in life\u201d (84)."}, {"section_header": "Symbols", "text": "The following are symbols that are embedded in The Scarlet Letter: The Scarlet Letter A: In the beginning of the novel Hester's letter A is a representation of her sin and adultery."}, {"section_header": "Publication history", "text": "In the mid-nineteenth century, bookbinders of home-grown literature typically hand-made their books and sold them in small quantities."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "After several years, Hester returns to her cottage and resumes wearing the scarlet letter."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Scarlet Letter: A Romance is a work of historical fiction by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne, published in 1850."}], "text": "The Scarlet Letter was first printed in the middle of the 19th century.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Scarlet Letter"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is written in the Epic dialect of Ancient Greek and contains 1022 lines."}], "id": "qE3ia44bxatOshxovOXW", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Theogony (Greek: \u0398\u03b5\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, Theogon\u00eda, Attic Greek: [t\u02b0eo\u0261on\u00eda\u02d0], i.e. \"the genealogy or birth of the gods\") is a poem by Hesiod (8th \u2013 7th century BC) describing the origins and genealogies of the Greek gods, composed c. 730\u2013700 BC."}, {"section_header": "Influence on earliest Greek philosophy", "text": "In the language of the archaic period (8th \u2013 6th century BC), arche (or archai) designates the source, origin, or root of things that exist."}, {"section_header": "Influence on earliest Greek philosophy", "text": "Thales (7th \u2013 6th century BC), the first Greek philosopher, claimed that the first principle of all things is water."}, {"section_header": "Descriptions", "text": "The written form of the Theogony was established in the 6th century BC."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is written in the Epic dialect of Ancient Greek and contains 1022 lines."}, {"section_header": "Influence on earliest Greek philosophy", "text": "Anaximander (6th century BC) was the first philosopher who used the term arche for that which writers from Aristotle on call the \"substratum\"."}, {"section_header": "Influence on earliest Greek philosophy", "text": "Pherecydes of Syros (6th century BC), believed that there were three pre-existent divine principles and called the water also Chaos."}, {"section_header": "Influence on earliest Greek philosophy", "text": "A fragment from Xenophanes (6th century BC) shows the transition from Chaos to Apeiron: \"The upper limit of earth borders on air."}, {"section_header": "Selected translations", "text": "Frazer, R.M. (Richard McIlwaine), The Poems of Hesiod, Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, 1983."}, {"section_header": "Influence on earliest Greek philosophy", "text": "In the Theogony, the origin (arche) is Chaos, a divine primordial condition, and there are the roots and the ends of the earth, sky, sea, and Tartarus."}], "text": "The Theogony is a poem by Hesiod (8th \u2013 7th century BC) describing the origins and genealogies of the Greek gods, composed c. 730\u2013700 BC, and contains 1500 lines.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Theogony"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life | Early years", "text": "Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss was born on 30 April 1777 in Brunswick (Braunschweig), in the Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel (now part of Lower Saxony, Germany), to poor, working-class parents."}], "id": "qKr5M27luIPW5T6z7A4r", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (; German: Gau\u00df"}, {"section_header": "Commemorations", "text": "Carl Friedrich Gauss, who also introduced the so-called Gaussian logarithms, sometimes gets confused with Friedrich Gustav Gauss (1829\u20131915), a German geologist, who also published some well-known logarithm tables used up into the early 1980s."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Early years", "text": "Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss was born on 30 April 1777 in Brunswick (Braunschweig), in the Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel (now part of Lower Saxony, Germany), to poor, working-class parents."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Family", "text": "He did not want any of his sons to enter mathematics or science for \"fear of lowering the family name\", as he believed none of them would surpass his own achievements."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Personality", "text": "On Gauss's recommendation, Friedrich Bessel was awarded an honorary doctor degree from G\u00f6ttingen in March 1811."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Family", "text": "Gauss plunged into a depression from which he never fully recovered."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Family", "text": "They had an argument over a party Eugene held, for which Gauss refused to pay."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Family", "text": "Gauss wanted Eugene to become a lawyer, but Eugene wanted to study languages."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Family", "text": "See also the letter from Robert Gauss to Felix Klein on 3 September 1912."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Family", "text": "On 9 October 1805, Gauss married Johanna Osthoff (1780\u20131809), and had two sons and a daughter with her."}], "text": "Carl Friedrich Gauss belonged to a impoverished family.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Carl Friedrich Gauss"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Quiet Man is a 1952 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by John Ford."}], "id": "qMBNRsGYJDadQwSu4Ron", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Home video", "text": "In 2010 there was a documentary called Dreaming The Quiet Man made about the journey and making of The Quiet Man."}, {"section_header": "Home video", "text": "It included the documentary \"The Making of the Quiet Man\" with Leonard Maltin."}, {"section_header": "Home video", "text": "The Special features on this edition include \"The Making of the Quiet Man\" Documentary with Leonard Maltin, and \"The Joy of Ireland\" Documentary with Maureen O'Hara and Andrew V. McLaglen, and \"Remembering The Quiet Man Montage\"."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "The Quiet Man Fan Club holds its annual general meeting in Ashford Castle."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Quiet Man is a 1952 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by John Ford."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Quiet Man won the Academy Award for Best Director for John Ford, his fourth, and for Best Cinematography."}, {"section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "When Maureen O'Hara died in October 2015, her family stated she listened to music from The Quiet Man during her final hours."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "\"On the review-aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, The Quiet Man in 2019 has a 90% approval rating based on reviews from 41 critics."}, {"section_header": "Home video", "text": "On January 22, 2013 Olive Films released The Quiet Man on DVD and for the first time on Blu-ray, as a 60th Anniversary Special edition."}, {"section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "The melody of the \"Isle of Innisfree\", which is first heard over the opening credit sequence with Ashford Castle in the background, becomes the principal musical theme of The Quiet Man."}], "text": "The Quiet Man was a song by Bing Crosby about a soldier who lost his voice from a bomb in World War 2.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "The Quiet Man"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Creation and initial reaction", "text": "Work on the project started on March 21, 2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9:50 p.m. Pacific Standard Time (PST): \"just setting up my twttr\"."}], "id": "qQtfkrm0a39qoWS8nkFV", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Creation and initial reaction", "text": "Work on the project started on March 21, 2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9:50 p.m. Pacific Standard Time (PST): \"just setting up my twttr\"."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets", "text": "The first tweet was posted by Jack Dorsey (creator) at 12:50 PM PST on March 21, 2006 and read \"just setting up my twttr\"."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Logo and font", "text": "The original logo, which was simply the word \"Twitter\", was in use from its launch in March 2006."}, {"section_header": "History | 2017\u20132020", "text": "Twitter announced in March 2020 that it will start marking tweets which may contain misleading information, in some cases it will provide links to pages of fact-checking information."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Trending topics", "text": "These topics help Twitter and their users to understand what is happening in the world and what people's opinions are about it."}, {"section_header": "History | 2017\u20132020", "text": "but, when the looting starts, the shooting starts."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Tweets were originally restricted to 140 characters, but was doubled to 280 for non-CJK languages in November 2017.Twitter was created by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams in March 2006 and launched in July of that year."}, {"section_header": "Finances | Funding", "text": "By March 2009 communications consultant Bill Douglass predicted in an interview that Twitter would be worth $1 billion within six months, which came to pass when the company closed a financing round valuing it at $1 billion in September of that year."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Character limits", "text": "Since March 30, 2017, the Twitter handles are outside the tweet itself, therefore they no longer count towards the character limit."}, {"section_header": "Statistics | Oldest accounts", "text": "As of 20 June 2020, the ten Twitter accounts with the most followers were: The oldest Twitter accounts are 14 accounts that became active on March 21, 2006, all belonging to Twitter employees at the time and including @jack (Jack Dorsey), @biz (Biz Stone), and @noah (Noah Glass)."}], "text": "Twitter was started in March 2006 and the firt tweet happened that month.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Twitter"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The world's highest-paid actress in 2010 and 2012"}], "id": "qVTDwKR7ztZ3PAQz96yF", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | 2013\u20132019: Independent films and critical recognition", "text": "On May 2, 2016, it was announced that Stewart would make her directorial debut with a short film titled Water for female-focused digital publisher Refinery29."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Kristen Jaymes Stewart (born April 9, 1990) is an American actress and filmmaker."}, {"section_header": "Career | 1999\u20132003: Career beginnings", "text": "As she was raised in a family who work in the entertainment industry as non-actors, Stewart thought that she would become a screenwriter/director, but never considered being an actor."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2008\u20132012: The Twilight Saga and worldwide recognition", "text": "On Rotten Tomatoes, the film currently holds a 48% rotten rating, based on 174 reviews with the consensus stating: \"It is the most enjoyable chapter in The Twilight Saga, but that's not enough to make Breaking Dawn Part 2 worth watching for filmgoers who don't already count themselves among the franchise converts."}, {"section_header": "In the media", "text": "Stewart was listed as the highest-earning female actress in the Vanity Fair \"Hollywood Top Earners List of 2010\", with estimated earnings of $28.5 million."}, {"section_header": "Career | 1999\u20132003: Career beginnings", "text": ", I want to be an actor' kid."}, {"section_header": "In the media", "text": "The 25 Hottest Actors Under 25\"."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2013\u20132019: Independent films and critical recognition", "text": "In 2017, Stewart coauthored a computer science preprint about the use of Neural net techniques in the making of her short film Come Swim."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2008\u20132012: The Twilight Saga and worldwide recognition", "text": "\"On \"On December 6, 2011, Stewart was named number one on Forbes magazine's list of \"Hollywood's Best Actors for the Buck\"."}, {"section_header": "In the media", "text": "In 2011, she was named number one on Forbes' list of \"Hollywood's Best Actors for the Buck\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The world's highest-paid actress in 2010 and 2012"}], "text": "Kristen Stewart is currently the female actor that makes the most money annually.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Kristen Stewart"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novel centres on the Ramsay family and their visits to the Isle of Skye in Scotland between 1910 and 1920."}], "id": "qXga3CAQWBX4TdbEx9y0", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot summary | Part III: The Lighthouse", "text": "While they set sail for the lighthouse, Lily attempts to finally complete the painting she has held in her mind since the start of the novel."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part III: The Lighthouse", "text": "The trip almost does not happen, as the children are not ready, but they eventually set off."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part I: The Window", "text": "The novel is set in the Ramsays' summer home in the Hebrides, on the Isle of Skye."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part III: The Lighthouse", "text": "In the final section, \"The Lighthouse\", some of the remaining Ramsays and other guests return to their summer home ten years after the events of Part I. Mr Ramsay finally plans on taking the long-delayed trip to the lighthouse with daughter Cam(illa) and son James (the remaining Ramsay children are virtually unmentioned in the final section)."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part III: The Lighthouse", "text": "Upon finishing the painting (just as the sailing party reaches the lighthouse) and seeing that it satisfies her, she realises that the execution of her vision is more important to her than the idea of leaving some sort of legacy in her work."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "To the Lighthouse is a 1927 novel by Virginia Woolf."}, {"section_header": "Allusions to autobiography and actual geography", "text": "Their brother Adrian was not allowed to go on an expedition to Godrevy Lighthouse, just as in the novel James looks forward to visiting the lighthouse and is disappointed when the trip is cancelled."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "To the Lighthouse, a 15-minute Drama, BBC Radio 4 11/08/2014 - 15/08/2014 dramatised by Linda Marshall Griffiths To the Lighthouse, a 2017 opera composed by Zesses Seglias to an English libretto by Ernst Marianne Binder."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary | Part I: The Window", "text": "The section begins with Mrs Ramsay assuring her son James that they should be able to visit the lighthouse on the next day."}, {"section_header": "Narration and perspective", "text": "Shifts can occur even mid-sentence, and in some sense they resemble the rotating beam of the lighthouse itself."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novel centres on the Ramsay family and their visits to the Isle of Skye in Scotland between 1910 and 1920."}], "text": "To the Lighthouse is set in Northern Ireland.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "To the Lighthouse"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Born in Los Angeles, Snider was nicknamed \"Duke\" by his father at age 5."}], "id": "qfxt2PKPhcWlHFsSXTet", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "On April 16, 1963, Snider recorded his 2,000th hit, doing so at Crosley Field against the Cincinnati Reds on a single off Jim Maloney in the 2nd inning."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "He entered the game as a pinch hitter for Tommy Davis in the top of the ninth inning."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "On June 14, he recorded his 400th home run, once again against the Reds, doing so in the first inning off Bob Purkey."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "He appeared in three different positions for the Giants, playing 26 games in right field and 18 in left field for a combined total of 288.2 innings."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "In 1962 when the Dodgers led the NL for most of the season (only to find themselves tied with the hated Giants at the season's end), it was Snider and third-base coach Leo Durocher who reportedly pleaded with manager Walter Alston to bring in future Hall of Fame pitcher (and Cy Young Award winner that year) Don Drysdale in the ninth inning of the third and deciding playoff game."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | 1955 MVP balloting controversy", "text": "Had Snider received the sixth place vote, the final tally would have created a tie, not a win for Snider."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | 1955 MVP balloting controversy", "text": "Had Snider gotten that now-blank fifth-place vote, the final vote would have favored Snider 227\u2013226."}, {"section_header": "Books", "text": "Snider, Duke; Gilbert, Bill (1988)."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "Snider also saw his average climb from .244 to .292."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "Snider was subsequently sold to the New York Mets."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Born in Los Angeles, Snider was nicknamed \"Duke\" by his father at age 5."}], "text": "Snider was given his moniker from his dad in his childhood.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Duke Snider"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Analysis and criticism | Length", "text": "Hamlet is Shakespeare's longest play."}], "id": "qjNn80B7PHzjCspeYFFN", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Analysis and criticism | Length", "text": "Hamlet is Shakespeare's longest play."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is Shakespeare's longest play with 30,557 words."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Shakespeare's day to the Interregnum", "text": "that the play toured in Germany within five years of Shakespeare's death; and that it was performed before James I in 1619 and Charles I in 1637."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Shakespeare's day to the Interregnum", "text": "Judging by the number of reprints, Hamlet appears to have been Shakespeare's fourth most popular play during his lifetime\u2014only Henry IV Part 1, Richard III and Pericles eclipsed it."}, {"section_header": "Texts", "text": "\"Traditionally , editors of Shakespeare's plays have divided them into five acts."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | 20th century", "text": "Richard Burton received his third Tony Award nomination when he played his second Hamlet, his first under John Gielgud's direction, in 1964 in a production that holds the record for the longest run of the play in Broadway history (137 performances)."}, {"section_header": "Texts", "text": "\"Q1 is considerably shorter than Q2 or F1 and may be a memorial reconstruction of the play as Shakespeare's company performed it, by an actor who played a minor role (most likely Marcellus)."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Film and TV performances", "text": "John Gielgud directed Richard Burton in a Broadway production at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre in 1964\u201365, the longest-running Hamlet in the U.S. to date."}, {"section_header": "Analysis and criticism | Dramatic structure", "text": "For example, in Shakespeare's day, plays were usually expected to follow the advice of Aristotle in his Poetics: that a drama should focus on action, not character."}, {"section_header": "Texts", "text": "Q2 is the longest early edition, although it omits about 77 lines found in F1 (most likely to avoid offending James I's queen, Anne of Denmark)."}], "text": "It is Shakespeare's longest play.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Hamlet"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "She has an elder brother named Jelani, an older sister named Maya, a younger brother named Micaiah, and a younger sister named Ming."}], "id": "qo4pcSOGlTsLCOLQSbig", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "As a small child, Minaj and a sibling lived with her grandmother in Saint James."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2018\u20132019: Queen", "text": "A great Nicki Minaj comeback album would be the first great Nicki Minaj album, period.\"Before"}, {"section_header": "Career | 2012\u20132013: Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded and The Re-Up", "text": "documentary titled Nicki Minaj: My Truth."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2004\u22122009: Career beginnings", "text": "Originally adopting the stage name Nicki Maraj, she eventually changed it to Nicki Minaj stating that \"my real name is Maraj."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Throughout her career, Minaj has received numerous accolades, including six American Music Awards, twelve BET Awards, four MTV Video Music Awards, four Billboard Music Awards, and two Billboard Women in Music Awards."}, {"section_header": "Career | 2012\u20132013: Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded and The Re-Up", "text": "Best Female Hip-Hop Artist Award four consecutive times."}, {"section_header": "Products and endorsements", "text": "She also introduced the \"Nicki Minaj Collection\" clothing line for Kmart, composed of clothing, accessories and housewares."}, {"section_header": "Controversies | Feuds", "text": ", then she picked a fight with Eve, then she picked a fight with Remy, then it was Mrs. Wallace, then it was Nicki Minaj."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Alter egos", "text": "and (later) Nicki Minaj. In November 2010, Minaj assumed the alter ego Nicki Teresa, wearing a colorful headdress and calling herself \"healer to her fans\" during a visit to the Garden of Dreams Foundation at Fuse Studios in New York."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Musical style", "text": "My favorite thing was Nicki Minaj's verse.'"}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "She has an elder brother named Jelani, an older sister named Maya, a younger brother named Micaiah, and a younger sister named Ming."}], "text": "Nicki Minaj has four siblings.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Nicki Minaj"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and career | Early years", "text": "He started piano lessons when he was seven years old, and three years later began to play the viola."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Early years", "text": "Robert Britten's youthful ambition to become a farmer had been thwarted by lack of capital, and he had instead trained as a dentist, a profession he practised successfully but without pleasure."}], "id": "qpn113Ym5807hClnQOI4", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and career | America 1939\u201342", "text": "When the Second World War began, Britten and Pears turned for advice to the British embassy in Washington and were told that they should remain in the US as artistic ambassadors."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Last years", "text": "After the 1976 Aldeburgh Festival, Britten and Pears travelled to Norway, where Britten began writing Praise We Great Men, for voices and orchestra based on a poem by Edith Sitwell."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Early years", "text": "While studying at Charing Cross Hospital in London he met Edith Hockey, the daughter of a civil service clerk in the British Government's Home Office."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Early years", "text": "He started piano lessons when he was seven years old, and three years later began to play the viola."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Return to England", "text": "Before Britten left the US, Koussevitzky, always generous in encouraging new talent, offered him a $1,000 commission to write the opera."}, {"section_header": "Personal life and character | Controversies | Cause of death", "text": "In response, Britten's consultant cardiologist said that, like all the hospital's similar cases, Britten was routinely screened for syphilis before the operation, with negative results."}, {"section_header": "Recordings", "text": "Britten, like Elgar and Walton before him, was signed up by a major British recording company, and performed a considerable proportion of his output on disc."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Last years", "text": "He was determined to finish the opera and worked urgently to complete it before going into hospital for surgery."}, {"section_header": "Music | Legacy", "text": "Britten defined his mission as a composer in very simple terms: composers should aim at \"pleasing people today as seriously as we can\"."}, {"section_header": "Music | Orchestral works", "text": "\" Neither concerto is among Britten's most popular works, but in the 21st century the Violin Concerto has been performed more frequently than before, both in the concert hall and on record."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | Early years", "text": "Robert Britten's youthful ambition to become a farmer had been thwarted by lack of capital, and he had instead trained as a dentist, a profession he practised successfully but without pleasure."}], "text": "Britten was a clerk before he began composing music.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Benjamin Britten"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In his early days, Shaka served as a warrior under the sway of Dingiswayo."}], "id": "qpwbsi8CgCITneiXv3jp", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In his early days, Shaka served as a warrior under the sway of Dingiswayo."}, {"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "There is no evidence to suggest that Shaka betrayed Dingiswayo."}, {"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "These peoples were never defeated in battle by the Zulu; they did not have to be."}, {"section_header": "Successor to Senzangakhona", "text": "When Dingiswayo was murdered by Zwide, Shaka sought to avenge his death."}, {"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "Shaka still recognised Dingiswayo and his larger Mthethwa clan as overlord after he returned to the Zulu"}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Creator of a revolutionary warfare style", "text": "This combination has been compared to the standardisation implemented by the reorganised Roman legions under Marius."}, {"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "In this way a greater sense of cohesion was created, though it never became complete, as subsequent civil wars attest."}, {"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "but, some years later, Dingiswayo was ambushed by Zwide's amaNdwandwe and killed."}, {"section_header": "Successor to Senzangakhona", "text": "In the initial years, Shaka had neither the influence nor reputation to compel any but the smallest of groups to join him, and upon Dingiswayo's death, Shaka moved southwards across the Thukela River, establishing his capital Bulawayo in Qwabe territory; he never did move back into the traditional Zulu heartland."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Shakan methods versus European technology", "text": "There was no need to record messages, he held, since his messengers stood under penalty of death should they bear inaccurate tidings."}], "text": "Shaka never served under Dingiswayo.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Shaka"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "In 1952, the United States established Coronado National Memorial near Sierra Vista, Arizona to commemorate his expedition."}, {"section_header": "Expedition | Expedition end", "text": "V\u00e1zquez de Coronado returned to the Tiguex Province in New Mexico from Quivira and was badly injured in a fall from his horse \"after the winter was over\", according to the chronicler Casta\u00f1eda\u2014probably in March 1542."}], "id": "qqc2MCMnvc2fLPYxUnXD", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Expedition | Expedition | Search for Quivira", "text": "\" Men and horses became lost in the featureless plain and V\u00e1zquez de Coronado felt like he had been swallowed up by the sea."}, {"section_header": "Expedition | Expedition | Querechos and Teyas", "text": "The Querechos were not awed or impressed by the Spanish, their weapons, and their \"big dogs\" (horses)."}, {"section_header": "Expedition | Expedition end", "text": "V\u00e1zquez de Coronado returned to the Tiguex Province in New Mexico from Quivira and was badly injured in a fall from his horse \"after the winter was over\", according to the chronicler Casta\u00f1eda\u2014probably in March 1542."}, {"section_header": "Expedition | Expedition | Querechos and Teyas", "text": "While V\u00e1zquez de Coronado was in the canyon country, his army suffered one of the violent climatic events so common on the plains. \" A tempest came up one afternoon with a very high wind and hail ... The hail broke many tents and tattered many helmets, and wounded many of the horses, and broke all the crockery of the army, and the gourds which was no small loss."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "His name is often Anglicized as \"Vasquez de Coronado\" or just \"Coronado\"."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Coronado Road in Phoenix, Arizona, was named after V\u00e1zquez de Coronado."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Coronado, California is not named after Francisco V\u00e1zquez de Coronado, but is named after Coronado Islands, which were named in 1602 by Sebasti\u00e1n Vizca\u00edno who called them Los Cuatro Coronados (the four crowned ones) to honor four martyrs."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Coronado Center, a two-story indoor shopping mall in Albuquerque, New Mexico is named after V\u00e1zquez de Coronado."}, {"section_header": "Expedition | Expedition | Conquest of C\u00edbola", "text": "V\u00e1zquez de Coronado and his expeditionaries attacked the Zunis."}, {"section_header": "Expedition | Expedition | Conquest of C\u00edbola", "text": "During the battle, V\u00e1zquez de Coronado was injured."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "In 1952, the United States established Coronado National Memorial near Sierra Vista, Arizona to commemorate his expedition."}], "text": "Coronado fell from a horse and got hurt.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Francisco Vasquez de Coronado"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Works modeled on, or inspired by, the Colosseum", "text": "The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum entrance was inspired by the Colosseum."}, {"section_header": "Works modeled on, or inspired by, the Colosseum", "text": "The Palazzo della Civilta Italiana was very closely modelled on the Colosseum."}], "id": "qrnrQ1ueYz5HSfonchub", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Works modeled on, or inspired by, the Colosseum", "text": "It was built for Mussolini for the Universal Exhibition of 1942 but the exhibition never happened due to the outbreak of World War II."}, {"section_header": "Works modeled on, or inspired by, the Colosseum", "text": "The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum entrance was inspired by the Colosseum."}, {"section_header": "Name", "text": "This name is still used in modern English, but generally the structure is better known as the Colosseum."}, {"section_header": "Works modeled on, or inspired by, the Colosseum", "text": "The Palazzo della Civilta Italiana was very closely modelled on the Colosseum."}, {"section_header": "Works modeled on, or inspired by, the Colosseum", "text": "At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens the Colosseum was replaced by a depiction of the Panathinaiko Stadium"}, {"section_header": "Works modeled on, or inspired by, the Colosseum", "text": "The exterior of the Vancouver Public Library in British Columbia resembles the current state of the Colosseum."}, {"section_header": "Physical description | Exterior", "text": "Unlike earlier Greek theatres that were built into hillsides, the Colosseum is an entirely free-standing structure."}, {"section_header": "Works modeled on, or inspired by, the Colosseum", "text": "The Summer Olympic Games medal from 1928 to 2000, designed by Giuseppe Cassioli, features a depiction of the Colosseum."}, {"section_header": "Physical description | Exterior", "text": "This consisted of a canvas-covered, net-like structure made of ropes, with a hole in the center."}, {"section_header": "Works modeled on, or inspired by, the Colosseum", "text": "The Kongresshalle, or \"Congress Hall\", (1935, unfinished) at the Nazi Party Rally grounds, Nuremberg, Germany"}], "text": "The colosseum never inspired other structures.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Colosseum"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Overview", "text": "Several mathematical descriptions of kinetic energy exist that describe it in the appropriate physical situation."}, {"section_header": "Overview", "text": "For objects and processes in common human experience, the formula \u00bdmv\u00b2 given by Newtonian (classical) mechanics is suitable."}], "id": "qsZS0WwHFfSInkJYz1tP", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of rigid bodies", "text": "In formula form:                                    E                        k"}, {"section_header": "Relativistic kinetic energy of rigid bodies", "text": "\\displaystyle E_{0}=mc^{2}\\,}   resulting in the formula"}, {"section_header": "Relativistic kinetic energy of rigid bodies", "text": "This can also be expanded as a Taylor series, the first term of which is the simple expression from Newtonian mechanics:                                    E                        k                             \u2248"}, {"section_header": "Relativistic kinetic energy of rigid bodies", "text": "The mathematical by-product of this calculation is the mass-energy equivalence formula\u2014the body at rest must have energy content"}, {"section_header": "Relativistic kinetic energy of rigid bodies", "text": "If a body's speed is a significant fraction of the speed of light, it is necessary to use relativistic mechanics to calculate its kinetic energy."}, {"section_header": "Relativistic kinetic energy of rigid bodies", "text": "This suggests that the formulae for energy and momentum are not special and axiomatic, but concepts emerging from the equivalence of mass and energy and the principles of relativity."}, {"section_header": "Relativistic kinetic energy of rigid bodies", "text": "This formula shows that the work expended accelerating an object from rest approaches infinity as the velocity approaches the speed of light."}, {"section_header": "Overview", "text": "For objects and processes in common human experience, the formula \u00bdmv\u00b2 given by Newtonian (classical) mechanics is suitable."}, {"section_header": "Overview", "text": "However, if the speed of the object is comparable to the speed of light, relativistic effects become significant and the relativistic formula is used."}, {"section_header": "Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of rigid bodies", "text": "For example, one would calculate the kinetic energy of an 80 kg mass (about 180 lbs) traveling at 18 metres per second (about 40 mph, or 65 km/h) as                                    E"}, {"section_header": "Overview", "text": "Several mathematical descriptions of kinetic energy exist that describe it in the appropriate physical situation."}], "text": "Kinetic Energy is calculated via the simple formula, E=Mc^2.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Kinetic energy"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Star Is Born is a 1954 American musical film written by Moss Hart, starring Judy Garland and James Mason, and directed by George Cukor."}], "id": "quFhOr2Gv3tWgD9frdFB", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Remakes", "text": "The latest remake of A Star Is Born stars Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga, who also created new music for the project."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "A Star Is Born with his then-wife Judy Garland in the lead role."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the second of four official adaptations of A Star Is Born, with the first in 1937 starring Janet Gaynor and Fredric March, the third in 1976 starring Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson and the fourth in 2018 starring Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Star Is Born is a 1954 American musical film written by Moss Hart, starring Judy Garland and James Mason, and directed by George Cukor."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "For her performance in A Star Is Born, Garland was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress."}, {"section_header": "Remakes", "text": "A Star Is Born, itself a remake, was again remade in 1976 with Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "A Star Is Born cost more than $5 million, making it one of the more expensive films made in Hollywood at that time."}, {"section_header": "Remakes", "text": "Filming began April 17, 2017, and the film was released on October 5, 2018.All four of the official \" A Star is Born\" movies have been nominated for at least four Academy Awards."}, {"section_header": "1983 film restoration", "text": "In the spring of 1984, the restored A Star Is Born was reissued and shown at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City and for this engagement, an outtake of Garland's performing \"The Man That Got Away' in a different costume and hairstyle was included."}, {"section_header": "Awards and nominations", "text": "The site's critical consensus reads \" A Star Is Born is a movie of grand scope and intimate moments, featuring Judy Garland's possibly greatest performance.\" National Film Registry \u2014 Inducted in 2000."}], "text": "A Star Is Born stars Bette Davis.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "A Star Is Born (1954 film)"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1849 he began public readings of the story, which proved so successful he undertook 127 further performances until 1870, the year of his death."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Christmas Carol. A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech."}], "id": "qxro6ZXwMNOj4R3ZCuno", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Published on 19 December, the first edition sold out by Christmas Eve; by the end of 1844 thirteen editions had been released."}, {"section_header": "Publication", "text": "By the end of 1844 eleven more editions had been released."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Christmas Carol. A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech."}, {"section_header": "Performances and adaptations", "text": "A Christmas Carol theatrical productions were playing in London."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Stave one", "text": "A Christmas Carol opens on a bleak, cold Christmas Eve in London, seven years after the death of Ebenezer Scrooge's business partner, Jacob Marley."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "\" The Story of the Goblins Who Stole a Sexton\", another Christmas story, appeared in the 1836 novel The Pickwick Papers."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "On 31 December that year he began publishing his novel Martin Chuzzlewit as a monthly serial; the novel was his favourite work, but sales were disappointing and he faced temporary financial difficulties."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "Two days after the release of the Parley version, Dickens sued on the basis of copyright infringement and won."}, {"section_header": "Background | Literary influences", "text": "Dickens was not the first author to celebrate the Christmas season in literature."}, {"section_header": "Performances and adaptations", "text": "By the close of February 1844 eight rival"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1849 he began public readings of the story, which proved so successful he undertook 127 further performances until 1870, the year of his death."}], "text": "The Christmas Carol novel was first released in London in 1844.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "A Christmas Carol"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Works", "text": "His opus list ended at 443. Milhaud (like such contemporaries as Hindemith, Malipiero, Henry Cowell, Hovhaness, Martin\u016f, and Villa-Lobos) was an extremely rapid creator, for whom the art of writing music seemed almost as natural as breathing."}], "id": "qzuCGvhIq9mrb8lIN8dM", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Works", "text": "Darius Milhaud was very prolific and composed for a wide range of genres."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Darius Milhaud (French: [da\u0281jys mijo]; 4 September 1892 \u2013 22 June 1974) was a French composer, conductor, and teacher."}, {"section_header": "Archival collections", "text": "There is a Darius Milhaud Collection at Mills College in California."}, {"section_header": "Works", "text": "His opus list ended at 443. Milhaud (like such contemporaries as Hindemith, Malipiero, Henry Cowell, Hovhaness, Martin\u016f, and Villa-Lobos) was an extremely rapid creator, for whom the art of writing music seemed almost as natural as breathing."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Milhaud is considered one of the key modernist composers."}, {"section_header": "Life and career", "text": "L'Homme et son d\u00e9sir. On his return to France, Milhaud composed works influenced by the Brazilian popular music he had heard, including compositions of Brazilian pianist and composer Ernesto Nazareth."}, {"section_header": "Archival collections", "text": "There is another Darius Milhaud Collection at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts in New York City."}, {"section_header": "Life and career", "text": "\" Brubeck named his first son Darius."}, {"section_header": "Life and career", "text": "And on a trip to the United States in 1922, Darius Milhaud heard \"authentic\" jazz for the first time, on the streets of Harlem, which left a great impact on his musical outlook."}, {"section_header": "Life and career", "text": "In a February 2010 interview with JazzWax, Brubeck said he attended Mills, a women's college (men were allowed in graduate programs), specifically to study with Milhaud, saying, \"Milhaud was an enormously gifted classical composer and teacher who loved jazz and incorporated it into his work."}], "text": "Darius Milhaud is a composer and his opus  at over 400.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Darius Milhaud"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1902 through 1917 for the Chicago Cubs, Boston Braves, and Philadelphia Phillies."}], "id": "r2gGclmL8wCvgK6mjSUT", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal", "text": "Evers' brother, Joe Evers, and uncle, Tom Evers, also played in MLB."}, {"section_header": "Career | Coaching and managing career", "text": "Evers and fellow coach Hank Gowdy played in one game in the 1929 season, coming into the bottom of the ninth inning on October 6, 1929."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1902 through 1917 for the Chicago Cubs, Boston Braves, and Philadelphia Phillies."}, {"section_header": "Career | Chicago Cubs", "text": "He experienced a nervous breakdown in 1911; returning to the Cubs later in the season, he played in only 46 games that year."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Known as one of the smartest ballplayers in MLB, Evers also had a surly temper that he took out on umpires."}, {"section_header": "Career | Coaching and managing career", "text": "In the process, Evers became the oldest player in the league for the year."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Evers, Tinker, and Chance were all inducted in the Hall of Fame in the same year."}, {"section_header": "Career | Boston Braves and Philadelphia Phillies", "text": "Not receiving another offer from an MLB team, Evers traveled to Paris as a member of the Knights of Columbus to promote baseball in France."}, {"section_header": "Career | Chicago Cubs", "text": "Evers made his MLB debut with the Cubs on September 1 at shortstop, as Selee moved Joe Tinker from shortstop to third base."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "He remained bedridden or confined to a wheelchair for most of the next five years."}], "text": "Johnny Evers played 15 years in the MLB.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Johnny Evers"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2016, the total value of the Harry Potter franchise was estimated at $25 billion, making Harry Potter one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time."}], "id": "r6d3lBbn2S994lst6nmT", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2016, the total value of the Harry Potter franchise was estimated at $25 billion, making Harry Potter one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time."}, {"section_header": "Achievements | Commercial success", "text": "The Harry Potter brand has been estimated to be worth as much as $25 billion."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Films", "text": "Daniel Radcliffe portrayed Harry Potter, doing so for all succeeding films in the franchise."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Spin-off Production", "text": "Puffs, or Seven Increasingly Eventful Years at a Certain School of Magic and Magic is a play which is a spin-off from the Harry Potter franchise."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "As of February 2018, the books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide, making them the best-selling book series in history, and have been translated into eighty languages."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Games", "text": "In 2017, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment opened its own Harry Potter themed game design studio, by the name of Portkey Games; before releasing Hogwarts Mystery in 2018, developed by Jam City."}, {"section_header": "Themes", "text": "Rowling also exhibits Christian values in developing Albus Dumbledore as a God-like character, the divine, trusted leader of the series, guiding the long-suffering hero along his quest."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Social impact", "text": "She states that 3 themes throughout the books are widely predominant '1) the value of tolerance and respect for difference; 2) opposition to violence and punitiveness; and 3) the dangers of authoritarianism.'"}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Films | Spin-off prequels", "text": "The first film Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them was released in November 2016, followed by the second Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald in November 2018; the next three are due to be released in 2021, 2022 and 2024 respectively."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Social impact", "text": "Despite the media flurry, research into the popularity of Harry Potter and sales of owls in the UK failed to find any evidence that the Harry Potter franchise had influenced the buying of owls in the country or the number of owls reaching animal shelters and sanctuaries."}], "text": "In 2018 the total value of the franchise was estimated at $35 billion.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Harry Potter"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "King Solomon \"Sol\" White (June 12, 1868 \u2013 August 26, 1955) was an American professional baseball infielder, manager and executive, and one of the pioneers of the Negro leagues."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "An active sportswriter for many years, he wrote the first definitive history of black baseball in 1907."}], "id": "rDLpSYtaUDWNPgmq1T0I", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "King Solomon \"Sol\" White (June 12, 1868 \u2013 August 26, 1955) was an American professional baseball infielder, manager and executive, and one of the pioneers of the Negro leagues."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "He had been the only  deceased member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame left lying in an unmarked grave."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Florence and Sol White appear to have become separated at some point before 1930.When White was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006, no family member was present, so Commissioner of Baseball Bud Selig accepted his plaque on the family's behalf."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "An active sportswriter for many years, he wrote the first definitive history of black baseball in 1907."}, {"section_header": "Managerial career", "text": "Along with Walter Schlichter, a sportswriter for the Philadelphia Item, and Harry Smith, a baseball writer for the Philadelphia Tribune, White founded the Philadelphia Giants in 1902."}, {"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "Sol White's career as a baseball writer would continue with a series of articles on \"colored baseball\" in the Cleveland Advocate, a black newspaper, in 1919."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "He remains the only Hall of Famer buried on Staten Island."}, {"section_header": "Negro league writings", "text": "Without a doubt this record will prove valuable in years to come.\" This second book on black baseball by Sol White never appeared."}, {"section_header": "Managerial career", "text": "But White brought in eventual Hall of Famer John Henry Lloyd to play shortstop along with catcher Bruce Petway, and the Giants finished first in the National Association of Colored Baseball Clubs of the United States and Cuba, an all-black league."}], "text": "Sol was a sportswriter and a pro infielder, director and executive and was voted in to the Baseball Hall of Fame.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Sol White"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Han dynasty (Chinese: \u6f22\u671d; pinyin: H\u00e0nch\u00e1o) was the second imperial dynasty of China (202 BC\u2013220 AD), preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221\u2013206 BC) and a warring interregnum known as the Chu-Han contention (206\u2013202 BC), and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220\u2013280 AD)."}], "id": "rE1rBsJT449R3sQYmCsR", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Science and technology | Cartography, ships, and vehicles", "text": "Evidence found in Chinese literature, and archaeological evidence, show that cartography existed in China before the Han."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "When Cao Pi, King of Wei, usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, the Han dynasty ceased to exist."}, {"section_header": "Culture and society | Education, literature, and philosophy", "text": "The Imperial University grew in importance as the student body grew to over 30,000 by the 2nd century AD."}, {"section_header": "History | End of the Han dynasty", "text": "Shao challenged Cao Cao for control over the emperor."}, {"section_header": "Science and technology | Mathematics", "text": "Three Han mathematical treatises still exist."}, {"section_header": "History | Western Han", "text": "The kingdoms were never entirely abolished and existed throughout the remainder of Western and Eastern Han."}, {"section_header": "History | Western Han", "text": "The liquor monopoly lasted only from 98 to 81 BC, and the salt and iron monopolies were eventually abolished in early Eastern Han."}, {"section_header": "Economy | Taxation and property", "text": "In 168 BC, the land tax rate was reduced from one-fifteenth of a farming household's crop yield to one-thirtieth, and later to a one-hundredth of a crop yield for the last decades of the dynasty."}, {"section_header": "History | End of the Han dynasty", "text": "After Yuan died, Cao killed Yuan Shao's son Yuan Tan (173\u2013205 AD), who had fought with his brothers over the family inheritance."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Han dynasty (Chinese: \u6f22\u671d; pinyin: H\u00e0nch\u00e1o) was the second imperial dynasty of China (202 BC\u2013220 AD), preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221\u2013206 BC) and a warring interregnum known as the Chu-Han contention (206\u2013202 BC), and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220\u2013280 AD)."}], "text": "The Han dynasty existed before the birth of christ and after, lasting over 4 centuries.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Han dynasty"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Master of the Roman East | Death", "text": "With no other refuge to escape to, Antony committed suicide by stabbing himself with his sword in the mistaken belief that Cleopatra had already done so."}], "id": "rJyvuHNfmMSjuLzRmsen", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Master of the Roman East | Antony's Parthian War | Parthian Campaign", "text": "To supplement his own armies, Antony instead looked to Rome's principal vassal in the East: his lover Cleopatra."}, {"section_header": "Master of the Roman East | Antony and Cleopatra", "text": "He married Livia and started to attack Antony in order to raise himself to power."}, {"section_header": "Marriages and issue", "text": "Children with the Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt, the former lover of Julius Caesar: Alexander Helios"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 27 BC, Octavian was granted the title of Augustus, marking the final stage in the transformation of the Roman Republic into an empire, with himself as the first Roman emperor."}, {"section_header": "Master of the Roman East | Antony and Cleopatra", "text": "Surrounded by Cleopatra and her children, Antony ended his alliance with Octavian."}, {"section_header": "Master of the Roman East | Antony and Cleopatra", "text": "Several times Antony was summoned to Rome, but remained in Alexandria with Cleopatra."}, {"section_header": "Master of the Roman East | Death", "text": "With no other refuge to escape to, Antony committed suicide by stabbing himself with his sword in the mistaken belief that Cleopatra had already done so."}, {"section_header": "Master of the Roman East | Antony and Cleopatra", "text": "Both consuls, Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Gaius Sosius, and a third of the senate abandoned Rome to meet Antony and Cleopatra in Greece."}, {"section_header": "Early career | Military service", "text": "This appointment marks the beginning of his military career."}, {"section_header": "Master of the Roman East | Antony and Cleopatra", "text": "As for Cleopatra, she was proclaimed Queen of Kings and Queen of Egypt, to rule with Caesarion (Ptolemy XV Caesar, son of Cleopatra by Julius Caesar), King of Kings and King of Egypt."}], "text": "Mark Antony killed himself after Cleopatra did because they were lovers on the run.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Mark Antony"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "The Acropolis Restoration Project", "text": "The Project began during 1975 but as of 2017 it has almost ground to a halt."}, {"section_header": "The Acropolis Restoration Project", "text": "The goal of the restoration was to reverse the decay of centuries of attrition, pollution, destruction stemming from military use, and misguided past restorations."}], "id": "rKiSGZL7TiUhI0uvBOkz", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Archaic Acropolis", "text": "Arkhaios Ne\u014ds was destroyed as part of the Achaemenid destruction of Athens during the Second Persian invasion of Greece during 480\u2013479 BC; however, the temple was probably reconstructed during 454 BC, since the treasury of the Delian League was transferred in its opisthodomos."}, {"section_header": "History | The Periclean building program", "text": "Little is known about the original plan of the interior which was destroyed by fire during the first century BC and has been rebuilt several times."}, {"section_header": "History | Hellenistic and Roman period", "text": "It was destroyed by the invading Herulians a century later but was reconstructed during the 1950s."}, {"section_header": "The Acropolis Restoration Project", "text": "The Parthenon colonnades, largely destroyed by Venetian bombardment during the 17th century, were restored, with many wrongly assembled columns now properly placed."}, {"section_header": "History | Hellenistic and Roman period", "text": "During the 3rd century, under threat from a Herulian invasion, repairs were made to the Acropolis walls, and the \"Beul\u00e9 Gate\" was constructed to restrict entrance in front of the Propylaia, thus returning the Acropolis to use as a fortress."}, {"section_header": "History | Byzantine, Latin and Ottoman period", "text": "During the Latin Duchy of Athens, the Acropolis functioned as the city's administrative center, with the Parthenon as its cathedral, and the Propylaea as part of the Ducal Palace."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as \"The Acropolis\" without qualification."}, {"section_header": "Geology", "text": "The Acropolis is a klippe consisting of two lithostratigraphic units, the Athens schist and the overlying Acropolis limestone."}, {"section_header": "Archaeological remains | Site plan", "text": "Site plan of the Acropolis at Athens showing the major archaeological remains  Parthenon"}, {"section_header": "Geology", "text": "Many of the hills in the Athens region were formed by the erosion of the same nappe as the Acropolis."}, {"section_header": "The Acropolis Restoration Project", "text": "The Project began during 1975 but as of 2017 it has almost ground to a halt."}, {"section_header": "The Acropolis Restoration Project", "text": "The goal of the restoration was to reverse the decay of centuries of attrition, pollution, destruction stemming from military use, and misguided past restorations."}], "text": "The Acropolis of Athens is an acropolis that was destroyed in the fires during the invasion by Hannibal.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Acropolis of Athens"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Set in Puritan Massachusetts Bay Colony during the years 1642 to 1649, the novel tells the story of Hester Prynne who conceives a daughter through an affair and then struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "She is required to wear a scarlet \"A\" on her dress when she is in front of the townspeople to shame her."}], "id": "rQKFPs3pVlVFGjoxDcoX", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Major theme", "text": "Elmer Kennedy-Andrews remarks that Hawthorne in \"The Custom-house\" sets the context for his story and \"tells us about 'romance', which is his preferred generic term to describe The Scarlet Letter, as his subtitle for the book \u2013 'A Romance' \u2013 would indicate."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Scarlet Letter: A Romance is a work of historical fiction by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne, published in 1850."}, {"section_header": "Publication history", "text": "This is not true: Fields persuaded Hawthorne to publish The Scarlet Letter alone (along with the earlier-completed \"Custom House\" essay) but he had nothing to do with the length of the story."}, {"section_header": "Symbols", "text": "Dimmesdale's name: Dimmesdale's name itself also holds symbolism."}, {"section_header": "Symbols", "text": "It is mentioned she \"was the scarlet letter in another form; the scarlet letter endowed in life\u201d (84)."}, {"section_header": "Symbols", "text": "The following are symbols that are embedded in The Scarlet Letter: The Scarlet Letter A: In the beginning of the novel Hester's letter A is a representation of her sin and adultery."}, {"section_header": "Publication history", "text": "Hawthorne's wife Sophia later challenged Fields' claims a little inexactly: \"he has made the absurd boast that he was the sole cause of the Scarlet Letter being published!\" She noted that her husband's friend Edwin Percy Whipple, a critic, approached Fields to consider its publication."}, {"section_header": "Publication history", "text": "It was long thought that Hawthorne originally planned The Scarlet Letter to be a shorter novelette, part of a collection named Old Time Legends, and that his publisher, James Thomas Fields, convinced him to expand the work to a full-length novel."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "In Puritan Boston, Massachusetts, a crowd gathers to witness the punishment of Hester Prynne, a young woman who has given birth to a baby of unknown parentage."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Being in such close contact with Dimmesdale, Chillingworth begins to suspect that the minister's illness is the result of some unconfessed guilt."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Set in Puritan Massachusetts Bay Colony during the years 1642 to 1649, the novel tells the story of Hester Prynne who conceives a daughter through an affair and then struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "She is required to wear a scarlet \"A\" on her dress when she is in front of the townspeople to shame her."}], "text": "Despite the name The Scarlet Letter: A Romance, is not a romance but instead the story of a woman being harassed by her community and stalked by an ex love.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Scarlet Letter"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early baseball career", "text": "He was easily distracted by opposing fans who held up puppies, which caused him to run over to play with them, and shiny objects, which seemed to put him in a trance."}], "id": "rRwu9m2Izh871vB1cAHc", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later career", "text": "May threatened to prosecute Rube for bigamy because she did not recognize the divorce granted Rube in St. Louis."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "We got Rube out of there without delay."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "Well, the first practice Waddell tackled him and broke his leg."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "Though eccentric and childlike, Waddell was not illiterate as some sources have claimed."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "Schreckengost, a one-time friend who regularly fetched alcohol and fishing poles for Waddell, squabbled with both Waddell and Mack for being treated differently for the same offenses."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Waddell was born on October 13, 1876, just outside Bradford, Pennsylvania."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Born in Bradford, Pennsylvania, Waddell was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Biographer Alan Levy wrote that Waddell was \"a decidedly different sort of child\"."}, {"section_header": "Pitching style", "text": "seen\". Waddell enjoyed waving his teammates off the field and then striking out the side."}, {"section_header": "Early baseball career", "text": "Waddell debuted with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1900, leading the National League (NL) in ERA."}, {"section_header": "Early baseball career", "text": "He was easily distracted by opposing fans who held up puppies, which caused him to run over to play with them, and shiny objects, which seemed to put him in a trance."}], "text": "Rube Waddell loved dogs.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Rube Waddell"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Backstreet Boys  (often abbreviated as BSB) is an American vocal group, formed in Orlando, Florida in 1993."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The group consists of AJ McLean, Howie Dorough, Nick Carter, Kevin Richardson, and Brian Littrell."}], "id": "rSukN1OhczIMvr6OdBAY", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Partnerships and other ventures", "text": "The advertising promoted back-to-school sweepstakes which gave each of five fans the chance to win a $2,000 Sears shopping spree with their favorite Backstreet Boys member, and a trip for four to the group's concert on December 1, 1999, in Tampa, Florida."}, {"section_header": "History | 2011\u201312: NKOTBSB and Richardson's return", "text": "It was the first cruise to feature all five members."}, {"section_header": "History | 2004\u201306: Never Gone and Richardson's departure", "text": "The Backstreet Boys entered the studios in January 2004 to start recording the new album."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Backstreet Boys  (often abbreviated as BSB) is an American vocal group, formed in Orlando, Florida in 1993."}, {"section_header": "History | 2000\u201301: Black and Blue and The Hits \u2013 Chapter One", "text": "On January 28, 2001, the Backstreet Boys performed the American national anthem at the Super Bowl XXXV in Tampa, Florida."}, {"section_header": "History | 2004\u201306: Never Gone and Richardson's departure", "text": "The Backstreet Boys began the first leg of their Never Gone Tour on July 22, 2005, in West Palm Beach, Florida."}, {"section_header": "History | 2011\u201312: NKOTBSB and Richardson's return", "text": "The Backstreet Boys moved into a house together all by themselves in July 2012 as they started working on their new album with producer Martin Terefe in London."}, {"section_header": "History | 2013\u201315: 20th anniversary, In a World Like This, and documentary film", "text": "The Backstreet Boys members were due in court on March 24, 2014 over a claim they filed against their former manager Lou Pearlman."}, {"section_header": "Partnerships and other ventures", "text": "Carter subsequently told Lee about his original concept of a six-issue series of comic books featuring members of the Backstreet Boys as superheroes called \"Cyber Crusaders\"."}, {"section_header": "History | 1993\u201395: Formation and early years", "text": "Richardson moved to Orlando in 1990, where he worked at Walt Disney World and concentrated on music at night."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The group consists of AJ McLean, Howie Dorough, Nick Carter, Kevin Richardson, and Brian Littrell."}], "text": "Backstreet Boys has five members which started in Florida in the 1990s.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Backstreet Boys"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Theogony (Greek: \u0398\u03b5\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, Theogon\u00eda, Attic Greek: [t\u02b0eo\u0261on\u00eda\u02d0], i.e. \"the genealogy or birth of the gods\") is a poem by Hesiod (8th \u2013 7th century BC) describing the origins and genealogies of the Greek gods, composed c. 730\u2013700 BC."}], "id": "rV8P5kmZdhZPjc7FjoJa", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Descriptions", "text": "Rather, the point is that the authority of kingship now belongs to the poetic voice, the voice that is declaiming the Theogony."}, {"section_header": "Descriptions", "text": "In formal terms it is a hymn invoking Zeus and the Muses: parallel passages between it and the much shorter Homeric Hymn to the Muses make it clear that the Theogony developed out of a tradition of hymnic preludes with which an ancient Greek rhapsode would begin his performance at poetic competitions."}, {"section_header": "Other cosmogonies in ancient literature", "text": "The lower limit of earth reaches down to the unlimited (i.e the Apeiron).\" In the Theogony the initial state of the universe, or the origin (arche) is Chaos, a gaping void (abyss) considered as a divine primordial condition, from which appeared everything that exists."}, {"section_header": "Descriptions", "text": "The written form of the Theogony was established in the 6th century BC."}, {"section_header": "The Succession Myth", "text": "One of the principal components of the Theogony is the presentation of the \"Succession Myth\"."}, {"section_header": "Other cosmogonies in ancient literature", "text": "Then came Gaia (Earth), Tartarus (the cave-like space under the earth; the later-born Erebus is the darkness in this space), and Eros (representing sexual desire - the urge to reproduce - instead of the emotion of love as is the common misconception)."}, {"section_header": "Other cosmogonies in ancient literature", "text": "Hesiod made an abstraction because his original chaos is something completely indefinite."}, {"section_header": "Other cosmogonies in ancient literature", "text": "By contrast, in the Orphic cosmogony the unaging Chronos produced Aether and Chaos and made a silvery egg in divine Aether."}, {"section_header": "Other cosmogonies in ancient literature", "text": "From it appeared the androgynous god Phanes, identified by the Orphics as Eros, who becomes the creator of the world."}, {"section_header": "Other cosmogonies in ancient literature", "text": "Some similar ideas appear in the Vedic and Hindu cosmologies."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Theogony (Greek: \u0398\u03b5\u03bf\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, Theogon\u00eda, Attic Greek: [t\u02b0eo\u0261on\u00eda\u02d0], i.e. \"the genealogy or birth of the gods\") is a poem by Hesiod (8th \u2013 7th century BC) describing the origins and genealogies of the Greek gods, composed c. 730\u2013700 BC."}], "text": "Theogony is not poetic literature.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Theogony"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Islington, London, England, that plays in the Premier League, the top flight of English football."}], "id": "rWY8wDXNxw0Yv22TGMon", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Honours | EFL and Premier League", "text": "First Division / Premier League (Level 1)Winners (13): 1930\u201331, 1932\u201333, 1933\u201334, 1934\u201335, 1937\u201338, 1947\u201348, 1952\u201353, 1970\u201371, 1988\u201389, 1990\u201391, 1997\u201398, 2001\u201302, 2003\u201304League Cup / EFL CupWinners (2): 1986\u201387, 1992\u201393League Centenary TrophyWinners (1) (record): 1988"}, {"section_header": "History | 2018\u2013present: Post-Wenger Era", "text": "In Emery's first season, Arsenal finished fifth in the Premier League and finished as runner-up in the Europa League."}, {"section_header": "Arsenal Women", "text": "In the 2008\u201309 season, they won all three major English trophies \u2013 the FA Women's Premier League, FA Women's Cup and FA Women's Premier League Cup, and, as of 2017, were the only English side to have won the UEFA Women's Cup or UEFA Women's Champions League, having won the Cup in the 2006\u201307 season as part of a unique quadruple."}, {"section_header": "Honours", "text": "A special gold version of the Premier League trophy was commissioned and presented to the club the following season."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Islington, London, England, that plays in the Premier League, the top flight of English football."}, {"section_header": "Statistics and records", "text": "As of June 2020, they are one of seven teams, the others being Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, Manchester City, Leicester City and Liverpool, to have won the Premier League since its formation in 1992.They hold the highest number of FA Cup trophies, with 13."}, {"section_header": "Supporters and rivalries", "text": "Arsenal have the seventh highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund, FC Barcelona, Manchester United, Real Madrid, Bayern Munich, and Schalke."}, {"section_header": "Stadiums", "text": "The Taylor Report and Premier League regulations obliged Arsenal to convert Highbury to an all-seater stadium in time for the 1993\u201394 season, thus reducing the capacity to 38,419 seated spectators."}, {"section_header": "History | 2018\u2013present: Post-Wenger Era", "text": "The club were on a seven-game winless run across all competitions and there was an eight-point gap to fourth place in the Premier League after 13 games."}, {"section_header": "Arsenal Women", "text": "Arsenal Women are the most successful team in English women's football having won a total of 58 trophies."}], "text": "Arsenal F.C. is an elite team in the Premier League.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Arsenal F.C."}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (; n\u00e9 Skryabin; (OS 25 February) 9 March 1890 \u2013 8 November 1986) was a Soviet politician and diplomat, an Old Bolshevik, and a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he rose to power as a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of Joseph Stalin."}], "id": "rcKjkLq7m1kqZ2oB1d8Y", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Early life and career (1890\u20131930)", "text": "His Responsible Secretaryship was criticised by Lenin and Leon Trotsky, with Lenin noting his \"shameful bureaucratism\" and stupid behaviour."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life and career (1890\u20131930)", "text": "During the power struggles which followed Lenin's death in 1924, Molotov remained a loyal supporter of Stalin against his various rivals: first Leon Trotsky, later Lev Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev, and finally Nikolai Bukharin."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life and career (1890\u20131930)", "text": "Trotsky and his supporters underestimated Molotov, as did many others."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life and career (1890\u20131930)", "text": "Trotsky called him \"mediocrity personified\", whilst Molotov himself pedantically corrected comrades referring to him as 'Stone Arse' by saying that Lenin had actually dubbed him 'Iron Arse'."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Minister of Foreign Affairs (1939\u20131949)", "text": "Molotov was appointed to succeed him."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Later years and death (1962\u20131986)", "text": "A collection of interviews with Molotov from 1985 was published in 1994 by Felix Chuev as Molotov Remembers: Inside Kremlin Politics."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Post-war career (1949\u20131962)", "text": "A Troika was established immediately after Stalin's death, consisting of Malenkov, Beria, and Molotov, but ended when Malenkov and Molotov deceived Beria."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Minister of Foreign Affairs (1939\u20131949)", "text": "Molotov was succeeded in his post as Premier by Stalin."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Premiership (1930\u20131941)", "text": "Stalin frequently required Molotov and other Politburo members to sign the death warrants of prominent purge victims, and Molotov always did so without question."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Later years and death (1962\u20131986)", "text": "Later, Soviet leader Konstantin Chernenko further rehabilitated Molotov; in 1984, Molotov was even allowed to seek membership in the Communist Party."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (; n\u00e9 Skryabin; (OS 25 February) 9 March 1890 \u2013 8 November 1986) was a Soviet politician and diplomat, an Old Bolshevik, and a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he rose to power as a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of Joseph Stalin."}], "text": "Molotov was a protege' of Leon Trotsky.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Vyacheslav Molotov"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Cooper was born in Waco, Texas, where he attended A. J. Moore High School."}], "id": "rh9hamogHTQRLD3aFouS", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal", "text": "Cooper had one son, Andy Cooper Jr."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "Cooper pitched for the Detroit Stars from 1920 to 1927."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "Cooper returned to the Stars for another season in 1930."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "Cooper became player-manager of the Monarchs in 1937."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "By 1940, Cooper had managed the team to three pennants."}, {"section_header": "Career | Winter leagues and barnstorming teams", "text": "Cooper also played several seasons of winter baseball."}, {"section_header": "Career | Winter leagues and barnstorming teams", "text": "Cooper recorded a .342 batting average on the trip."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Cooper was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Cooper is the Negro league record holder for career saves."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "Cooper became known for his ability to alter the speed of his pitches."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Cooper was born in Waco, Texas, where he attended A. J. Moore High School."}], "text": "Cooper was from Tennessee.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Andy Cooper"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After eighteen and a half years in custody, Mary was found guilty of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586, and was beheaded the following year at Fotheringhay Castle."}], "id": "rmfcTQiV4SrGXAKxP4d0", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Escape and imprisonment in England | Plots", "text": "Elizabeth also rejected the association because she did not trust Mary to cease plotting against her during the negotiations."}, {"section_header": "Escape and imprisonment in England | Plots", "text": "In February 1585, William Parry was convicted of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth, without Mary's knowledge, although her agent Thomas Morgan was implicated."}, {"section_header": "Escape and imprisonment in England | Trial", "text": "From these letters it was clear that Mary had sanctioned the attempted assassination of Elizabeth."}, {"section_header": "Escape and imprisonment in England | Plots", "text": "After the Throckmorton Plot of 1583, Walsingham introduced the Bond of Association and the Act for the Queen's Safety, which sanctioned the killing of anyone who plotted against Elizabeth and aimed to prevent a putative successor from profiting from her murder."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After eighteen and a half years in custody, Mary was found guilty of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586, and was beheaded the following year at Fotheringhay Castle."}, {"section_header": "Escape and imprisonment in England | Plots", "text": "Early the following year, Moray was assassinated."}, {"section_header": "Escape and imprisonment in England | Plots", "text": "In 1571, Cecil and Walsingham uncovered the Ridolfi Plot, a plan to replace Elizabeth with Mary by the help of Spanish troops and the Duke of Norfolk."}, {"section_header": "Escape and imprisonment in England | Casket letters", "text": "Elizabeth, as she had wished, concluded the inquiry with a verdict that nothing was proven against either the confederate lords or Mary."}, {"section_header": "Imprisonment in Scotland and abdication", "text": "Both Protestants and Catholics were shocked that Mary should marry the man accused of murdering her husband."}, {"section_header": "Escape and imprisonment in England | Plots", "text": "Plots centred on Mary continued."}], "text": "Mary was accused of plotting an assassination against Queen Elizabeth.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Mary, Queen of Scots"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Government and politics | Foreign relations", "text": "The United States has a \"Special Relationship\" with the United Kingdom and strong ties with India, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Japan, South Korea, Israel, and several European Union countries, including France, Italy, Germany, Spain and Poland."}], "id": "rnJvJdc7VKY1C5clMhIp", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Government and politics | Foreign relations", "text": "Almost all countries have embassies in Washington, D.C., and many have consulates around the country."}, {"section_header": "History | Effects on and interaction with native populations", "text": "European missionaries and others felt it was important to \"civilize\" the Native Americans and urged them to adopt European agricultural techniques and lifestyles."}, {"section_header": "History | Effects on and interaction with native populations", "text": "In many cases, however, natives and settlers came to depend on each other."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Education", "text": "The United States has many private and public institutions of higher education."}, {"section_header": "History | Effects on and interaction with native populations", "text": "Natives taught many settlers to cultivate corn, beans, and squash."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Government finance", "text": "The United States is one of the only countries in the world to do so."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Health", "text": "According to CDC and Census Bureau data, deaths from suicide, alcohol and drug overdoses hit record highs in 2017.Increasing obesity in the United States and health improvements elsewhere contributed to lowering the country's rank in life expectancy from 11th in the world in 1987, to 42nd in 2007, and as of 2017 the country had the lowest life expectancy among Japan, Canada, Australia, the UK, and seven countries of western Europe."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics", "text": "Some state judges and cabinet officers are appointed by the governors of the respective states, while others are elected by popular vote."}, {"section_header": "History | Effects on and interaction with native populations", "text": "In the early days of colonization, many European settlers were subject to food shortages, disease, and attacks from Native Americans."}, {"section_header": "Culture", "text": "The United States is home to many cultures and a wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Foreign relations", "text": "The United States has a \"Special Relationship\" with the United Kingdom and strong ties with India, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Japan, South Korea, Israel, and several European Union countries, including France, Italy, Germany, Spain and Poland."}], "text": "The United States has friendly interactions with many other countries, but its association with the UK is the friendliest.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "United States"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Origins | Translations", "text": "The series has been translated into 80 languages, placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history."}], "id": "rpyp60lwMnKclxfxTzZ0", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Origins | Translations", "text": "Some of the translators hired to work on the books were well-known authors before their work on Harry Potter, such as Viktor Golyshev, who oversaw the Russian translation of the series' fifth book."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Translations", "text": "The series has been translated into 80 languages, placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Translations", "text": "For reasons of secrecy, translation on a given book could only start after it had been released in English, leading to a lag of several months before the translations were available."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Translations", "text": "The Turkish translation of books two to seven was undertaken by Sevin Okyay, a popular literary critic and cultural commentator."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Translations", "text": "The second volume has also been translated into Latin."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Translations", "text": "The books have seen translations to diverse languages such as Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Arabic, Urdu, Hindi, Bengali, Bulgarian, Welsh, Afrikaans, Albanian, Latvian, Vietnamese and Hawaiian."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Translations", "text": "The first volume has been translated into Latin and even Ancient Greek, making it the longest published work in Ancient Greek since the novels of Heliodorus of Emesa in the 3rd century AD."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "As of February 2018, the books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide, making them the best-selling book series in history, and have been translated into eighty languages."}, {"section_header": "Achievements | Commercial success", "text": "The popularity of the Harry Potter series has translated into substantial financial success for Rowling, her publishers, and other Harry Potter related license holders."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Translations", "text": "This led to more and more copies of the English editions being sold to impatient fans in non-English speaking countries; for example, such was the clamour to read the fifth book that its English language edition became the first English-language book ever to top the best-seller list in France."}], "text": "There has been only 5 translations of the book series.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Harry Potter"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life | Childhood and education", "text": "Verdi, the first child of Carlo Giuseppe Verdi (1785\u20131867) and Luigia Uttini (1787\u20131851), was born at their home in Le Roncole, a village near Busseto, then in the D\u00e9partement Taro and within the borders of  the First French Empire following the annexation of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza in 1808."}], "id": "rrdiwr0jBErLkghXWmBc", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life | Childhood and education", "text": "Additionally, it lists Verdi as being \"born yesterday\", but since days were often considered to begin at sunset, this could have meant either 9 or 10 October."}, {"section_header": "Life | Childhood and education", "text": "Following his mother, Verdi always celebrated his birthday on 9 October, the day he himself believed he was born."}, {"section_header": "Life | 1842\u20131849", "text": "Verdi agreed to conduct the premiere on 22 July 1847 at Her Majesty's Theatre, as well as the second performance."}, {"section_header": "Life | 1834\u20131842: First operas", "text": "While Verdi was working on his second opera Un giorno di regno, Margherita died of encephalitis at the age of 26."}, {"section_header": "Life | 1853\u20131860: Consolidation", "text": "Verdi and Strepponi travelled to Venice in March for the premiere of Simon Boccanegra, which turned out to be \"a fiasco\" (as Verdi reported, although on the second and third nights, the reception improved considerably).With"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means, and developed a musical education with the help of a local patron."}, {"section_header": "Life | 1849\u20131853: Fame", "text": "In January 1851, Verdi broke off relations with his parents, and in April they were  ordered to leave Sant'Agata; Verdi found new premises for them and helped them financially to settle into their new home."}, {"section_header": "Life | 1887\u20131901: Falstaff and last years", "text": "But he still had doubts: his age, his health (which he admits to being good) and his ability to complete the project: \"If I were not to finish the music?\"."}, {"section_header": "Life | Childhood and education", "text": "After learning to play the organ, he showed so much interest in music that his parents finally provided him with a spinet."}, {"section_header": "Life | 1849\u20131853: Fame", "text": "A growing estrangement between Verdi and his parents was perhaps also attributable to Strepponi (the suggestion that this situation was sparked by the birth of a child to Verdi and Strepponi which was given away as a foundling lacks any firm evidence)."}, {"section_header": "Life | Childhood and education", "text": "Verdi, the first child of Carlo Giuseppe Verdi (1785\u20131867) and Luigia Uttini (1787\u20131851), was born at their home in Le Roncole, a village near Busseto, then in the D\u00e9partement Taro and within the borders of  the First French Empire following the annexation of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza in 1808."}], "text": "Giusepe Verdi was the second kid to be born from his parents.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Giuseppe Verdi"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Infrastructure | Energy", "text": "The United States has historically been the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases, and greenhouse gas emissions per capita remain high."}], "id": "rtLuzVtKWhh5I35roTLC", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Economy", "text": "The country ranks ninth in the world in nominal GDP per capita and sixth in GDP per capita at PPP."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "In 2009, the United States had the third-highest workforce productivity per person in the world, behind Luxembourg and Norway."}, {"section_header": "Infrastructure | Transportation", "text": "The United States has the world's second-largest automobile market, and has the highest rate of per-capita vehicle ownership in the world, with 765 vehicles per 1,000 Americans (1996)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Despite income and wealth disparities, the United States continues to rank high in measures of socioeconomic performance, including average wage, median income, median wealth, human development, per capita GDP, and worker productivity."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "The United States is the largest importer of goods and second-largest exporter, though exports per capita are relatively low."}, {"section_header": "Infrastructure | Energy", "text": "The United States has historically been the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases, and greenhouse gas emissions per capita remain high."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "The United States has an annual birth rate of 13 per 1,000, which is five births per 1,000 below the world average."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Cinema", "text": "Hollywood, a northern district of Los Angeles, California, is one of the leaders in motion picture production."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "It was fourth in productivity per hour, behind those two countries and the Netherlands."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country mostly located in central North America, between Canada and Mexico."}], "text": "The United States of America is the world leader in the production of atmospheric pollution per capita.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "United States"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "He won 20 games or more three times for the Cardinals and won three World Series championships (in 1926, 1931, and 1934), though he did not pitch in the 1931 series."}], "id": "rtSWW2Cd1Hw0iwHJTzTv", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jesse Joseph Haines (July 22, 1893 \u2013 August 5, 1978), nicknamed \"Pop\", was a right-handed pitcher in for the Cincinnati Reds and St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB)."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "After failing to gain more than 8.3% of the votes for induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame over a 12-year period, Haines was voted in by the Veterans Committee in 1970."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Haines wanted to play baseball for the local team in Phillipsburg."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Branch Rickey of the St. Louis Cardinals noticed Haines while he was pitching in Kansas City, but the team was struggling with money."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Haines pitched on three World Series championship teams."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "He won 20 games or more three times for the Cardinals and won three World Series championships (in 1926, 1931, and 1934), though he did not pitch in the 1931 series."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "\" Haines threw a no-hitter on July 17, 1924 against the Boston Braves; more than 50 years passed before a St. Louis pitcher threw another no-hitter at home."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Spending several seasons in minor league baseball, Haines also pitched for teams in Saginaw, Fort Wayne, Springfield, Topeka and Tulsa."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "Haines pitched on three World Series championship teams, winning two games in the 1926 World Series."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2014, he was inducted into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum."}], "text": "Haines was a famous pitcher for the St. Louis baseball team with which he was voted the MVP in the 1931 baseball championship.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 8, "wikipedia_page": "Jesse Haines"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "On screen and stage", "text": "Laurence Olivier and Jennifer Jones starred in the 1952 film version, Carrie, directed by William Wyler."}], "id": "rz1dIk9JGh83DPcmwZXy", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Publication history and response", "text": "In 2013, Black Balloon Publishing released Clementine Classics: Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser, a new version of Sister Carrie annotated by Tumblr literary critic Clementine the Hedgehog."}, {"section_header": "On screen and stage", "text": "Laurence Olivier and Jennifer Jones starred in the 1952 film version, Carrie, directed by William Wyler."}, {"section_header": "Publication history and response", "text": "From the outset, his title was Sister Carrie, though he changed it to The Flesh and the Spirit while writing it; he restored the original name once complete."}, {"section_header": "Publication history and response", "text": "Not until 1981 did Dreiser's unaltered version appear when the University of Pennsylvania Press issued a scholarly edition based upon the original manuscript held by the New York Public Library."}, {"section_header": "Publication history and response", "text": "Between 1900 and 1980, all editions of the novel were of a second altered version."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Authoritative edition of the censored version plus a lot of source and critical material."}, {"section_header": "General reception", "text": "An avid supporter and friend, H. L. Mencken referred to Dreiser as \"a man of large originality, of profound feeling, and of unshakable courage\"."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "A pictorial history of Sister Carrie from 1900\u20131981."}, {"section_header": "Publication history and response", "text": "Dreiser had difficulty finding a publisher for Sister Carrie."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "Theodore Dreiser. Sister Carrie: Unexpurgated Edition."}], "text": "the original film version of Sister Carrie was released in the 50s.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Sister Carrie"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Crest", "text": "Unveiled in 1888, Royal Arsenal's first crest featured three cannons viewed from above, pointing northwards, similar to the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich (nowadays transferred to the coat of arms of the Royal Borough of Greenwich)."}], "id": "s1JiIupCaxQkVqC4D4GA", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 1953\u20131986: Mediocrity, Mee and Neill", "text": "At the age of 34, he became the youngest Arsenal manager to date."}, {"section_header": "Crest", "text": "Because of the numerous revisions of the crest, Arsenal were unable to copyright it."}, {"section_header": "Crest", "text": "For the first time, the crest was rendered in colour, which varied slightly over the crest's lifespan, finally becoming red, gold and green."}, {"section_header": "Crest", "text": "To complete the crest, 1886 and 2011 are shown on either sides of the motto \"Forward\" at the bottom of the crest."}, {"section_header": "Crest", "text": "Unveiled in 1888, Royal Arsenal's first crest featured three cannons viewed from above, pointing northwards, similar to the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich (nowadays transferred to the coat of arms of the Royal Borough of Greenwich)."}, {"section_header": "Crest", "text": "Although the club had managed to register the crest as a trademark, and had fought (and eventually won) a long legal battle with a local street trader who sold \"unofficial\" Arsenal merchandise,"}, {"section_header": "Supporters and rivalries", "text": "Arsenal have the seventh highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund, FC Barcelona, Manchester United, Real Madrid, Bayern Munich, and Schalke."}, {"section_header": "Crest", "text": "The celebrations included a modified version of the current crest worn on their jerseys for the season."}, {"section_header": "History | 1886\u20131919: Changing names", "text": "In 1913, soon after relegation back to the Second Division, Woolwich Arsenal moved to the new Arsenal Stadium in Highbury, North London."}, {"section_header": "Crest", "text": "The new crest was criticised by some supporters; the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association claimed that the club had ignored much of Arsenal's history and tradition with such a radical modern design, and that fans had not been properly consulted on the issue."}], "text": "The first crest of Arsenal FC dates back to the 1800s.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Arsenal F.C."}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Trial and death | Death", "text": "Socrates's death is described at the end of Plato's Phaedo, although Plato was not himself present at the execution."}], "id": "s2Ci8JgJMKG6fdML2E4J", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Socrates (; Ancient Greek: \u03a3\u03c9\u03ba\u03c1\u1fb0\u0301\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 S\u014dkr\u00e1t\u0113s [s\u0254\u02d0kr\u00e1t\u025b\u02d0s]; c.\u2009470 \u2013 399 BC) was a Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, and as being the first moral philosopher of the Western ethical tradition of thought."}, {"section_header": "Prose sources | The Socratic dialogues", "text": "\" Apology\" is an anglicized transliteration, not a translation, of the Greek apologia, meaning \"defense\"; in this sense it is not apologetic according to our contemporary use of the term."}, {"section_header": "Socratic problem | Socrates as a philosopher", "text": "Two fragments are extant of the writings by the Pyrrhonist philosopher Timon of Phlius pertaining to Socrates."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Criticism", "text": "Direct criticism of Socrates the man almost disappears after this time, but there is a noticeable preference for Plato or Aristotle over the elements of Socratic philosophy distinct from those of his students, even into the Middle Ages."}, {"section_header": "Socratic problem | Socrates as a philosopher", "text": "These contradictions produce doubt as to the actual philosophical doctrines of Socrates, within his milieu and as recorded by other individuals."}, {"section_header": "Socratic problem | Socrates as a philosopher", "text": "Both appear to be from Timon's Silloi in which Timon ridiculed and lampooned dogmatic philosophers."}, {"section_header": "Philosophy | Covertness", "text": "Perhaps the most interesting facet of this is Socrates's reliance on what the Greeks called his \"daim\u014dnic sign\", an averting (\u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 apotreptikos) inner voice Socrates heard only when he was about to make a mistake."}, {"section_header": "Socratic problem | Socrates as a philosopher", "text": "The problem of understanding Socrates as a philosopher is shown in the following: In Xenophon's Symposium, Socrates is reported as saying he devotes himself only to what he regards as the most important art or occupation,"}, {"section_header": "Biography | Trial and death | Causes", "text": "In this view, the token of appreciation for Asclepius (the Greek god for curing illness) \u2013 the cockerel that he speaks of to Crito \u2013 would represent a cure for Athens's ailments."}, {"section_header": "Socratic problem | Socrates as a philosopher", "text": "The problem with discerning Socrates's philosophical views stems from the perception of contradictions in statements made by the Socrates in the different dialogues of Plato; and in later dialogues Plato used the character, Socrates, to give voice to views that were his own."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Trial and death | Death", "text": "Socrates's death is described at the end of Plato's Phaedo, although Plato was not himself present at the execution."}], "text": "Greek philosopher Socrates died of old age.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Socrates"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception | Controversies", "text": "The popularity and high market value of the series has led Rowling, her publishers, and film distributor Warner Bros. to take legal measures to protect their copyright, which have included banning the sale of Harry Potter imitations, targeting the owners of websites over the \"Harry Potter\" domain name, and suing author Nancy Stouffer to counter her accusations that Rowling had plagiarised her work."}], "id": "s4jOPKbA9w8AUdcHfQoa", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novels chronicle the lives of a young wizard, Harry Potter, and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley, all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Controversies", "text": "The popularity and high market value of the series has led Rowling, her publishers, and film distributor Warner Bros. to take legal measures to protect their copyright, which have included banning the sale of Harry Potter imitations, targeting the owners of websites over the \"Harry Potter\" domain name, and suing author Nancy Stouffer to counter her accusations that Rowling had plagiarised her work."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Films", "text": "Actors Rupert Grint and Emma Watson, who play main characters Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, were also in attendance."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Early years", "text": "Harry meets most of the main characters and gains his two closest friends: Ron Weasley, a fun-loving member of an ancient, large, happy, but poor wizarding family, and Hermione Granger, a gifted, bright, and hardworking witch of non-magical parentage."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling."}, {"section_header": "Themes", "text": "Hermione Granger teaches Harry Potter that the meaning of these verses from the Christian Bible are \"living beyond death."}, {"section_header": "Attractions | The Wizarding World of Harry Potter", "text": "After the success of the films and books, Universal and Warner Brothers announced they would create The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, a new Harry Potter-themed expansion to the Islands of Adventure theme park at Universal Orlando Resort in Florida."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Games", "text": "The Harry Potter universe is also featured in Lego Dimensions, with the settings and side characters featured in the Harry Potter Adventure World, and Harry, Voldemort, and Hermione as playable characters."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Voldemort returns", "text": "Harry, Ron and Hermione drop out of school so that they can find and destroy Voldemort's remaining Horcruxes."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Voldemort returns", "text": "In the epilogue, Harry and Ginny are married with three children, and Ron and Hermione are married with two children."}], "text": "The fantasy series Harry Potter, which follows the adventures of a young wizard and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley, has been accused by Nancy Stouffer for plagiarizing her work and Rowling sued her in response.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Harry Potter"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Three Baseball Players \u2013 who mock George at the wedding"}], "id": "s7O2waS8J7mK8Q0STSiX", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Our Town is a 1938 metatheatrical three-act play by American playwright Thornton Wilder which won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Three Baseball Players \u2013 who mock George at the wedding"}, {"section_header": "Synopsis | Act II: Love and Marriage", "text": "Three years have passed, and George and Emily prepare to wed."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Our Town (1946 radio), on September 29, 1946, a radio version was performed on the Theatre Guild on the Air featuring Thornton Wilder himself as the Stage Manager and Dorothy McGuire as Emily."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis | Act III: Death and Eternity", "text": "Town undertaker Joe Stoddard is introduced, as is a young man named Sam Craig who has returned to Grover's Corners for his cousin's funeral."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis | Act III: Death and Eternity", "text": "Nine years have passed. The Stage Manager opens the act with a lengthy monologue emphasizing eternity, bringing the audience's attention to the cemetery outside of town and the characters who have died since the wedding, including Mrs. Gibbs (pneumonia, while traveling),"}, {"section_header": "Synopsis | Act III: Death and Eternity", "text": "Once the funeral ends, Emily emerges to join the dead."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Throughout, Wilder uses metatheatrical devices, setting the play in the actual theatre where it is being performed."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "The cast included Orson Welles as the Stage Manager, John Craven of the original stage production as George Gibbs, and Patricia Newton as Emily Webb."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations", "text": "Our Town, a 1977 television adaptation of the play, starring Hal Holbrook as the Stage Manager, Robby Benson as George Gibbs and Glynnis O'Connor as Emily Webb."}], "text": "The three act play Our Town by Thornton Wilder, includes three football players that heckle George at a funeral.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Our Town"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and career", "text": "In 1930 she gave birth to a son, the painter and sculptor Daniel Milhaud, who was the couple's only child."}, {"section_header": "Life and career", "text": "In 1925, Milhaud married his cousin, Madeleine (1902\u20132008), an actress and reciter."}], "id": "sAlVzXI6EZX48G7KVGLU", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Darius Milhaud (French: [da\u0281jys mijo]; 4 September 1892 \u2013 22 June 1974) was a French composer, conductor, and teacher."}, {"section_header": "Works", "text": "Darius Milhaud was very prolific and composed for a wide range of genres."}, {"section_header": "Life and career", "text": "In 1925, Milhaud married his cousin, Madeleine (1902\u20132008), an actress and reciter."}, {"section_header": "Life and career", "text": "In 1930 she gave birth to a son, the painter and sculptor Daniel Milhaud, who was the couple's only child."}, {"section_header": "Archival collections", "text": "There is a Darius Milhaud Collection at Mills College in California."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Milhaud is considered one of the key modernist composers."}, {"section_header": "Life and career", "text": "Milhaud dedicated his Fifth String Quartet (1920) to Arnold Schoenberg, and the following year conducted both the French and British premieres of Pierrot lunaire after multiple rehearsals."}, {"section_header": "Life and career", "text": "L'Homme et son d\u00e9sir. On his return to France, Milhaud composed works influenced by the Brazilian popular music he had heard, including compositions of Brazilian pianist and composer Ernesto Nazareth."}, {"section_header": "Archival collections", "text": "There is another Darius Milhaud Collection at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts in New York City."}, {"section_header": "Life and career", "text": "From 1917 to 1919, he served as secretary to Paul Claudel, the eminent poet and dramatist who was then the French ambassador to Brazil, and with whom Milhaud collaborated for many years, setting music for many of Claudel's poems and plays."}], "text": "Darius Milhaud was a French composer that had a child that was also his second Cousin.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Darius Milhaud"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Aroostook War (sometimes called the Pork and Beans War) was a military and civilian-involved confrontation in 1838\u20131839 between the United States and the United Kingdom over the international boundary between the British colony of New Brunswick and the U.S. state of Maine."}], "id": "sBTaqORY6tQaphjne0Pg", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Posses, arrests, and the mobilization of militia", "text": "In 1836 Maine took a special census."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Aroostook War (sometimes called the Pork and Beans War) was a military and civilian-involved confrontation in 1838\u20131839 between the United States and the United Kingdom over the international boundary between the British colony of New Brunswick and the U.S. state of Maine."}, {"section_header": "Growing tensions", "text": "Some itinerant lumbermen eventually settled year-round in the Saint John valley."}, {"section_header": "Settlement", "text": "The evidence is that the British map placed the entire disputed area on the American side of the border."}, {"section_header": "Posses, arrests, and the mobilization of militia", "text": "The Maine side then took the New Brunswick military commander himself into custody."}, {"section_header": "Settlement", "text": "The British retained the northern area of the disputed territory, including the Halifax Road with its year-round overland military communications between Quebec and Nova Scotia."}, {"section_header": "American and British governments step in", "text": "Sir John Harvey had supervised Winfield Scott during his time as prisoner of war during the War of 1812, and the President and his advisers saw that relationship as a point of mutual respect."}, {"section_header": "Crisis of 1830", "text": "The British case was not a sound one, and a decision based solely upon justice would, in all probability, have given Maine more than was ultimately received."}, {"section_header": "Settlement", "text": "Neither nation wanted a war that would have greatly interfered with the two nations' trade."}, {"section_header": "Crisis of 1830", "text": "Although the king had not made a judicial decision for one side as expected, he had followed the arbitration agreement's request to \"make a decision on the points of difference\"."}], "text": "The Aroostook War took place for one year.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Aroostook War"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Set in Puritan Massachusetts Bay Colony during the years 1642 to 1649, the novel tells the story of Hester Prynne who conceives a daughter through an affair and then struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity."}], "id": "sCBe4quLeThQPfmNlZtK", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Scarlet Letter was one of the first mass-produced books in America."}, {"section_header": "Publication history", "text": "The Scarlet Letter was also one of the first mass-produced books in America."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Set in Puritan Massachusetts Bay Colony during the years 1642 to 1649, the novel tells the story of Hester Prynne who conceives a daughter through an affair and then struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Because Dimmesdale's health has begun to fail, the townspeople are happy to have Chillingworth, the newly arrived physician, take up lodgings with their beloved minister."}, {"section_header": "Allusions", "text": "He was a Puritan minister involved with the government of the colony, and also the Salem Witch Trials."}, {"section_header": "Allusions", "text": "John Winthrop (1588\u20131649), second governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony."}, {"section_header": "Allusions", "text": "Increase Mather (1639\u20131723), a powerful leader of the early Massachusetts Bay Colony."}, {"section_header": "Symbols", "text": "Rosebush: The rosebush is mentioned twice within the course of the story."}, {"section_header": "Symbols", "text": "The rosebush is perceived as a symbol of brightness in a story filled with human sorrow."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "When the husband sees Hester's shame, he asks a man in the crowd about her and is told the story of his wife's adultery."}], "text": "The story takes place in Colonial America.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Scarlet Letter"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is Shakespeare's longest play with 30,557 words."}], "id": "sDPo57b4keDClyPxsEgg", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet (), is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601."}, {"section_header": "Influence", "text": "While Milton did not ultimately go that route, the poem still shows distinct echoes of Shakespearean revenge tragedy, and of Hamlet in particular."}, {"section_header": "Context and interpretation | Religious", "text": "Some scholars have observed that revenge tragedies come from Catholic countries like Italy and Spain, where the revenge tragedies present contradictions of motives, since according to Catholic doctrine the duty to God and family precedes civil justice."}, {"section_header": "Context and interpretation | Psychoanalytic | Sigmund Freud", "text": "Freud does not offer over-all interpretations of the plays, but uses the two tragedies to illustrate and corroborate his psychological theories, which are based on his treatments of his patients and on his studies."}, {"section_header": "Influence", "text": "As John Kerrigan discusses, Milton originally considered writing his epic poem Paradise Lost (1667) as a tragedy."}, {"section_header": "Texts", "text": "First Folio (F1): In 1623 Edward Blount and William and Isaac Jaggard published The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke in the First Folio, the first edition of Shakespeare's Complete Works."}, {"section_header": "Context and interpretation | Psychoanalytic | Sigmund Freud", "text": "Sigmund Freud\u2019s thoughts regarding Hamlet were first published in his book The Interpretation of Dreams (1899), as a footnote to a discussion of Sophocles\u2019 tragedy, Oedipus Rex, all of which is part of his consideration of the causes of neurosis."}, {"section_header": "Context and interpretation | Psychoanalytic | Sigmund Freud", "text": "In the Bloom's Shakespeare Through the Ages volume on Hamlet, editors Bloom and Foster express a conviction that the intentions of Shakespeare in portraying the character of Hamlet in the play exceeded the capacity of the Freudian Oedipus complex to completely encompass the extent of characteristics depicted in Hamlet throughout the tragedy: \"For once, Freud regressed in attempting to fasten the Oedipus Complex upon Hamlet: it will not stick, and merely showed that Freud did better than T.S. Eliot, who preferred Coriolanus to Hamlet, or so he said."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | Stage pastiches", "text": "Several times since 1995, the American Shakespeare Center has mounted repertories that included both Hamlet and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, with the same actors performing the same roles in each; in their 2001 and 2009 seasons the two plays were \"directed, designed, and rehearsed together to make the most out of the shared scenes and situations\".W. S. Gilbert wrote a short comic play titled Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, in which Hamlet's play is presented as a tragedy written by Claudius in his youth of which he is greatly embarrassed."}, {"section_header": "Context and interpretation | Psychoanalytic | Sigmund Freud", "text": "Freud considered that Sophocles\u2019 tragedy, Oedipus Rex, with its story that involves crimes of parricide and incest, \"has furnished us with legendary matter which corroborates\" these ideas, and that the \"profound and universal validity of the old legends\" is understandable only by recognizing the validity of these theories of \"infantile psychology\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is Shakespeare's longest play with 30,557 words."}], "text": "Hamlet or The Tragedy of Hamlet, is William's lengthiest tragedy play.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Hamlet"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 1985\u20131988: Building a following, drug abuse, and Slovak's death", "text": "Slovak died from a heroin overdose on June 25, 1988, soon after the conclusion of the Uplift tour."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Red Hot Chili Peppers (commonly abbreviated as RHCP) are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983."}], "id": "sEA7bEjkkUAME0kaBMBP", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Musical style", "text": "However, he changed this style when Red Hot Chili Peppers formed."}, {"section_header": "History | 1998\u20132001: Return of Frusciante and Californication", "text": "With no guitarist, the Red Hot Chili Peppers were on the verge of breaking up."}, {"section_header": "Musical style", "text": "The musical style of the Red Hot Chili Peppers has been characterized as funk rock, alternative rock, funk metal and rap rock, with influences from hard, psychedelic and punk rock."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1998, following Navarro's dismissal, Frusciante returned to Red Hot Chili Peppers."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After the Stadium Arcadium tour, Red Hot Chili Peppers went on an extended hiatus."}, {"section_header": "History | 1983\u20131984: Early history", "text": "The band released their debut album, The Red Hot Chili Peppers, in August 1984."}, {"section_header": "History | 2010\u20132014: I'm with You", "text": "I'm with You, the tenth Red Hot Chili Peppers album, was released in the US in August 2011."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "His replacement, Dave Navarro, played on the sixth Red Hot Chili Peppers album, One Hot Minute (1995)."}, {"section_header": "History | 1983\u20131984: Early history", "text": "The band changed its name to Red Hot Chili Peppers, playing several shows at LA venues."}, {"section_header": "History | 1983\u20131984: Early history", "text": "had also obtained a record deal with MCA, and in December Slovak and Irons quit Red Hot Chili Peppers to focus on What Is This?."}, {"section_header": "History | 1985\u20131988: Building a following, drug abuse, and Slovak's death", "text": "Slovak died from a heroin overdose on June 25, 1988, soon after the conclusion of the Uplift tour."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Red Hot Chili Peppers (commonly abbreviated as RHCP) are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983."}], "text": "The Red Hot Chili Peppers is a musical group and has had a member died.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Red Hot Chili Peppers"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Culture and society | Food", "text": "Beer and wine were regularly consumed."}], "id": "sExymrSkcGf3QliSV4JS", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Culture and society | Food", "text": "The most common staple crops consumed during Han were wheat, barley, foxtail millet, proso millet, rice, and beans."}, {"section_header": "Culture and society | Food", "text": "Beer and wine were regularly consumed."}, {"section_header": "Science and technology", "text": "The Han dynasty was a unique period in the development of premodern Chinese science and technology, comparable to the level of scientific and technological growth during the Song dynasty (960\u20131279)."}, {"section_header": "Culture and society | Education, literature, and philosophy", "text": "Han dynasty poetry was dominated by the fu genre, which achieved its greatest prominence during the reign of Emperor Wu."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Han dynasty saw an age of economic prosperity and witnessed a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050\u2013256 BC)."}, {"section_header": "Culture and society | Food", "text": "Commonly hunted game, such as owl, pheasant, magpie, sika deer, and Chinese bamboo partridge were consumed."}, {"section_header": "History | End of the Han dynasty", "text": "This formally ended the Han dynasty and initiated an age of conflict between three states: Cao Wei, Eastern Wu, and Shu Han."}, {"section_header": "Science and technology | Metallurgy and agriculture", "text": "The heavy moldboard iron plow, also invented during the Han dynasty, required only one man to control it, two oxen to pull it."}, {"section_header": "History | End of the Han dynasty", "text": "Although the Yellow Turbans were defeated, many generals appointed during the crisis never disbanded their assembled militia forces and used these troops to amass power outside of the collapsing imperial authority."}, {"section_header": "Science and technology | Structural and geotechnical engineering", "text": "Timber was the chief building material during the Han dynasty; it was used to build palace halls, multi-story residential towers and halls and single-story houses."}], "text": "Alcohol was not consumed during the Han dynasty.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Han dynasty"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Final years", "text": "His health never recovered, and he was placed in a sanitarium in nearby Elmendorf until he died at the age of 37 on April 1, 1914."}], "id": "sG1Rpfp9OuJBdyS34BHz", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "He was supposed to be pretty good, but we never found out.\" Waddell returned to his family's home in Pennsylvania and played with local football clubs there."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "Further drinking and marital problems with his third wife, Madge Maguire, plagued Waddell; he passed out in the middle of a game against New York in 1909."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "At the age of three, he wandered over to a local fire station and stayed there for several days."}, {"section_header": "Early baseball career", "text": "On August 19, Waddell pitched the first game of a doubleheader for Milwaukee, winning in the 17th inning on his own triple."}, {"section_header": "Early baseball career", "text": "He was easily distracted by opposing fans who held up puppies, which caused him to run over to play with them, and shiny objects, which seemed to put him in a trance."}, {"section_header": "Final years", "text": "His health never recovered, and he was placed in a sanitarium in nearby Elmendorf until he died at the age of 37 on April 1, 1914."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "On July 1, 1902, Waddell became the second pitcher to strike out three batters on nine pitches in the third inning of a 2\u20130 win over the Baltimore Orioles."}, {"section_header": "Pitching style", "text": "Pitching an exhibition game in Memphis, he took the field alone with his catcher, Doc Powers, for the last three innings."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "His career stats were 193\u2013143, 2,316 strikeouts, and a 2.16 earned run average, with 50 shutouts and 261 complete games in 2961.1 innings pitched."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "Well, the first practice Waddell tackled him and broke his leg."}], "text": "Waddell was put in a nursing home and passed at the age of 73.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Rube Waddell"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "After the war | Legacy and film story", "text": "In 1941 the movie Sergeant York, directed by Howard Hawks with Gary Cooper in the title role, told about his life and Medal of Honor action."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Medal of Honor controversy", "text": "York received the Medal of Honor, and over the years, eight of the others who lived through that day's fighting also received valor awards, including the Distinguished Service Cross for Early in 1929, and the Silver Star for Cutting (aka Otis B. Merrithew) in 1965."}], "id": "sGBF70F5ehW1OEgpoOhU", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "York was immediately promoted to sergeant and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross; an investigation resulted in the upgrading of the award to the Medal of Honor."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Medal of Honor controversy", "text": "York received the Medal of Honor, and over the years, eight of the others who lived through that day's fighting also received valor awards, including the Distinguished Service Cross for Early in 1929, and the Silver Star for Cutting (aka Otis B. Merrithew) in 1965."}, {"section_header": "After the war | Legacy and film story", "text": "In 1941 the movie Sergeant York, directed by Howard Hawks with Gary Cooper in the title role, told about his life and Medal of Honor action."}, {"section_header": "World War I | Medal of Honor action", "text": "His actions that day earned him the Medal of Honor."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Medal of Honor controversy", "text": "Corporal William Cutting, who was present with York during his Medal of Honor action, and Bernard Early, the noncommissioned officer under whom York was serving during his Medal of Honor actions, were among those who argued against the official version."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Monuments and memorials", "text": "In At Heaven's Gate (1943), a Tennessee mountaineer who was awarded the Medal of Honor in World War"}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Medal of Honor controversy", "text": "Of the 17 American soldiers who were involved in York's Medal of Honor action, six were killed."}, {"section_header": "World War I | Medal of Honor action", "text": "Early's men were contending with the prisoners when German machine gun fire suddenly peppered the area, killing six Americans and wounding three others."}, {"section_header": "World War I | Post-battle", "text": "A few months later, an investigation by York's chain of command resulted in an upgrade of his Distinguished Service Cross to the Medal of Honor, which was presented by the commanding general of the American Expeditionary Forces, General John J. Pershing."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Monuments and memorials", "text": "In 1993, York was among 35 Medal of Honor recipients whose portraits were painted and biographies included in a boxed set of \"Congressional Medal of Honor Trading Cards,\" issued by Eclipse Enterprises under license from the Medal of Honor Society."}], "text": "Sergeant York was awarded the medal of honor, a few other medals and a movie was made about him.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Sergeant York"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "Dictionaries report that \"mugguomp\" is an Algonquian word  meaning \"person of importance\" or \"war leader\"."}], "id": "sIYvtAoAEHMi9IdqLbf5", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "The party was divided into two warring factions, each with creative names."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Mugwumps were Republican political activists in the United States who switched parties from the Republican Party by supporting Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the presidential election of 1884."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After the election, \"mugwump\" survived for more than a decade as an epithet for a party bolter in American politics."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "Dictionaries report that \"mugguomp\" is an Algonquian word  meaning \"person of importance\" or \"war leader\"."}, {"section_header": "Notable Mugwumps", "text": "Charles Francis Adams Jr., president of the Union Pacific Railroad and the American Historical Association Henry Adams, author"}, {"section_header": "Historical appraisals", "text": "Several historians of the 1960s and 1970s portrayed the Mugwumps as members of an insecure elite, one that felt threatened by changes in American society."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The jocular word \"mugwump\", noted as early as 1832, is from Algonquian mugquomp, \"important person, kingpin\" (from mugumquomp, \"war leader\"), implying that they were \"sanctimonious\" or \"holier-than-thou\" in holding themselves aloof from party politics."}, {"section_header": "Historical appraisals", "text": "Yet they felt threatened by the rise of machine politics, one aspect of which was the spoils system; and by the rising power of immigrants in American society."}, {"section_header": "Notable Mugwumps", "text": "Mark Twain, author self-identified as a Mugwump in his essay Christian Science"}, {"section_header": "Patronage and politics", "text": "Blaine was from the reform wing of his own party, but the Mugwumps rejected his candidacy."}], "text": "The activist group The Mugwumps were named after a Native American word.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Mugwump"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was the best-selling novel in the United States in both 1931 and 1932, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1932, and was influential in Buck's winning the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1938."}], "id": "sJrbfdt0z4lLrHMLttlP", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Good Earth is a novel by Pearl S. Buck published in 1931 that dramatizes family life in a Chinese village in the early 20th century."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "However, the 1937 film, The Good Earth, which was based on the stage version, was more successful."}, {"section_header": "Political influence", "text": "Some scholars have seen The Good Earth as creating sympathy for China in the oncoming war with Japan."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "When armies approach the city he can only work at night hauling merchandise out of fear of being conscripted."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "However, the House of Hwang slowly declines due to opium use, frequent spending, uncontrolled borrowing and a general unwillingness to work."}, {"section_header": "Chronology", "text": "The novel is set in a timeless China and provides no explicit dates."}, {"section_header": "Political influence", "text": "If they had, Americans would have been fighting in Asia long before 1941.\"The Columbia University political scientist Andrew J. Nathan praised Hilary Spurling's book Pearl Buck in China: Journey to The Good Earth, saying that it should move readers to rediscover Buck's work as a source of insight into both revolutionary China and the United States' interactions with it."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Wang Lung uses this money to bring the family home, buy a new ox and farm tools, and hire servants to work the land for him."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the first book in her House of Earth trilogy, continued in Sons (1932) and A House Divided (1935)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novel was included in Life Magazine's list of the 100 outstanding books of 1924\u20131944."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was the best-selling novel in the United States in both 1931 and 1932, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1932, and was influential in Buck's winning the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1938."}], "text": "The Good Earth used to be the most sold novel in America.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Good Earth"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "Snider was sold to the San Francisco Giants on Opening Day in 1964."}], "id": "sKvHmMSXk1r2BQKMAaeK", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "On June 14, he recorded his 400th home run, once again against the Reds, doing so in the first inning off Bob Purkey."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "He appeared in three different positions for the Giants, playing 26 games in right field and 18 in left field for a combined total of 288.2 innings."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "In 91 games played with the Giants, he batted a line of .210/.302/.323 while having four home runs and 17 RBIs."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "In 1949, Snider became a regular major leaguer hitting 23 home runs with 92 runs batted in, helping the Dodgers into the World Series."}, {"section_header": "MLB highlights", "text": "All-Star (1950\u201356, 1963) All-Star (1950\u201356, 1963) NL MVP runner-up (1955) NL home run leader (1956) NL RBI leader (1955) NL leader in fielding average as center fielder (1951, 1952, 1955) World Series champion team (1955, 1959) Los Angeles Dodgers: career leader in home runs (389), RBI (1,271), strikeouts (1,123), and extra-base hits (814) Los Angeles Dodgers: single-season record holder for most intentional walks (26 in 1956) Only player to hit four home runs (or more) in two different World Series (1952, 1955) One of two players (besides Gil Hodges) with over 1,000 RBI during the 1950s"}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "He entered the game as a pinch hitter for Tommy Davis in the top of the ninth inning."}, {"section_header": "MLB highlights", "text": "Hit 19 home runs off of Robin Roberts; the all-time record for most home runs off of a single pitcher"}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "On April 16, 1963, Snider recorded his 2,000th hit, doing so at Crosley Field against the Cincinnati Reds on a single off Jim Maloney in the 2nd inning."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "Following his retirement from baseball, Snider became a popular and respected TV/radio analyst and play-by-play announcer for the San Diego Padres from 1969 to 1971 and for the Montreal Expos from 1973 to 1986."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "He led the National League (NL) in runs scored, home runs, and RBI in separate seasons."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "Snider was sold to the San Francisco Giants on Opening Day in 1964."}], "text": "Duke Snider played for the Giants in 1943 and became the all-time leader in home runs.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Duke Snider"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "One of 19 children, he was the third son and fifth child of Robert Walpole, a member of the local gentry and a Whig politician who represented the borough of Castle Rising in the House of Commons, and his wife Mary Walpole, the daughter and heiress of Sir Geoffrey Burwell of Rougham, Suffolk."}], "id": "sYV73Ft1i99ZKaUwgDzm", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "His influence on the development of the uncodified constitution of Great Britain was less momentous even though he is regarded as Great Britain's first Prime Minister."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford,  (26 August 1676 \u2013 18 March 1745), known between 1721 and 1742 as Sir Robert Walpole, was a British politician who is generally regarded as the de facto first Prime Minister of Great Britain."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "One of 19 children, he was the third son and fifth child of Robert Walpole, a member of the local gentry and a Whig politician who represented the borough of Castle Rising in the House of Commons, and his wife Mary Walpole, the daughter and heiress of Sir Geoffrey Burwell of Rougham, Suffolk."}, {"section_header": "Premiership under George I", "text": "Great Britain, free from Jacobite threats, from war, and from financial crises, grew prosperous, and Robert Walpole acquired the favour of George I."}, {"section_header": "Rise to power", "text": "Walpole's de facto tenure as \"Prime Minister\" is often dated to his appointment as First Lord of the Treasury in 1721."}, {"section_header": "Premiership under George I", "text": "Walpole's first year as Prime Minister was also marked by the discovery of a plot formed by Francis Atterbury, the Bishop of Rochester."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "W. A. Speck wrote that Walpole's uninterrupted run of 20 years as Prime Minister \"is rightly regarded as one of the major feats of British political history."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Walpole's strategy of keeping Great Britain at peace contributed greatly to the country's prosperity."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Scholars rank him highly among all British prime ministers."}, {"section_header": "Decline", "text": "These constituencies returned members of parliament hostile to the Prime Minister."}], "text": "The first Prime Minister of Great Britain Robert Walpole was one of 19 children.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Robert Walpole"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the second of four official adaptations of A Star Is Born, with the first in 1937 starring Janet Gaynor and Fredric March, the third in 1976 starring Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson and the fourth in 2018 starring Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper."}], "id": "siMALqlPiSfSs68zi4hG", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Star Is Born is a 1954 American musical film written by Moss Hart, starring Judy Garland and James Mason, and directed by George Cukor."}, {"section_header": "Remakes", "text": "The latest remake of A Star Is Born stars Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga, who also created new music for the project."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "A Star Is Born with his then-wife Judy Garland in the lead role."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "At its final running time of 154 minutes, the film lost two major musical numbers and crucial dramatic scenes, and Cukor called it \"very painful\" to watch."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "What Price Hollywood? What Price Hollywood? , but the opportunity to direct his first Technicolor film, first musical film, and work with screenwriter Moss Hart and especially Garland appealed to him, and he accepted."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the second of four official adaptations of A Star Is Born, with the first in 1937 starring Janet Gaynor and Fredric March, the third in 1976 starring Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson and the fourth in 2018 starring Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "In March 1954, a rough cut still missing several musical numbers was assembled, and Cukor had mixed feelings about it."}, {"section_header": "Remakes", "text": "Filming began April 17, 2017, and the film was released on October 5, 2018.All four of the official \" A Star is Born\" movies have been nominated for at least four Academy Awards."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "A Star Is Born cost more than $5 million, making it one of the more expensive films made in Hollywood at that time."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "When the last scene was filmed in the early morning hours of July 28, 1954, Cukor already had departed the production and was unwinding in Europe."}], "text": "A Star Is Born is a 1954 American musical movie and the first of two productions by the same name.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "A Star Is Born (1954 film)"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "As George apparently takes pity on her, Alice tries to stand up in the boat, causing it to capsize, and Alice drowns."}], "id": "sly2RbJRs47GlF3pfP6u", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1991, A Place in the Sun was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Place in the Sun is a 1951 American drama film based on the 1925 novel An American Tragedy by Theodore Dreiser and the 1926 play, also titled An American Tragedy."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Critics cite the soporific pace, the exaggerated melodrama, and the outdated social commentary as qualities present in A Place in the Sun that are not present in the great films of the era, such as those by Alfred Hitchcock and Elia Kazan, although the performances by Clift, Taylor, and Winters continue to receive praise."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "An attempt to procure an abortion for Alice fails, and she renews her insistence on marriage."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "As George apparently takes pity on her, Alice tries to stand up in the boat, causing it to capsize, and Alice drowns."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "George and Angela spend time at secluded Loon Lake, where Angela tells George the story of a couple's supposed drowning there, with the man's body never being found."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "All these works were inspired by the real-life murder of Grace Brown by Chester Gillette in 1906, which resulted in Gillette's conviction and execution by electric chair in 1908.A Place in the Sun was directed by George Stevens from a screenplay by Harry Brown and Michael Wilson, and stars Montgomery Clift, Elizabeth Taylor, and Shelley Winters; its supporting actors included Anne Revere, and Raymond Burr."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "George is relieved. Remembering the story Angela had told him about the drowned couple, and knowing that Alice can't swim, George suggests spending the day at the nearby lake; Alice unsuspectingly agrees."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Reappraisals of the film find that much of what was exciting about the film in 1951 is not as potent in the 21st century."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Still, many consider the film to be a classic."}], "text": "In the film A Place in the Sun, George attempts to drown his old girlfriend while she is bathing.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "A Place in the Sun (film)"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\u201cGreat State\u201d in Turkic was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire."}], "id": "sobFk33Bmwi9VUnlXTIe", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Crimean Khanate and the Kazakh Khanate, the last remnants of the Golden Horde, survived until 1783 and 1847 respectively."}, {"section_header": "Disintegration | Great Horde (1459\u20131502)", "text": "According to other sources, he was released from the Lithuanian prison in 1527.Records of Golden Horde existence reach however as far as end of 18th century"}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th-18th Century)."}, {"section_header": "Name", "text": "It was not until the 16th century that Russian chroniclers begin explicitly using the term \"Golden Horde\" to refer to this particular successor khanate of the Mongol Empire."}, {"section_header": "Mongol origins (1225\u20131241)", "text": "While the Mongolian language was undoubtedly in general use at the court of Batu, few Mongol texts written in the territory of the Golden Horde have survived, perhaps because of the prevalent general illiteracy."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After the death of Batu Khan (the founder of the Golden Horde) in 1255, his dynasty flourished for a full century, until 1359, though the intrigues of Nogai instigated a partial civil war in the late 1290s."}, {"section_header": "Name", "text": "In contemporary Persian, Armenian and Muslim writings, and in the records of the thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries such as the Yuanshi and the Jami' al-tawarikh, the khanate was called the \"Ulus of Jochi\" (\"realm of Jochi\" in Mongolian), \"Dasht-i-Qifchaq\" (Qipchaq Steppe) or \"Khanate of the Qipchaq\" and \"Comania\" ("}, {"section_header": "Golden Age | General peace (1299\u20131312)", "text": "The Yuan influence seemed to have increased in the Golden Horde as some of Toqta's coins carried 'Phags-pa script in addition to Mongolian script and Persian characters."}, {"section_header": "Mongol origins (1225\u20131241)", "text": "His brother Orda returned to take part in the succession."}, {"section_header": "Trade | A change in trade routes", "text": "An important part of this trade was slaves for the Mamluk army."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\u201cGreat State\u201d in Turkic was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire."}], "text": "The Golden Horde, a Mongolian Khanate, had parts that survived until the 18th century.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Golden Horde"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Prime Minister of Italy", "text": "His regular doctor would have refused, but he was not available; so Cavour was bled several times until it was nearly impossible to draw any blood from him."}], "id": "sog1xpVm5eapCnzzEgZy", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "In 1865, the Collegio dei Nobili, the oldest high school in Turin (founded 1568), and among the oldest and most prominent ones in Italy, was renamed the Liceo Ginnasio statale \"Camillo Benso di Cavour\" (Liceo classico Cavour)."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "Camillo Benso was born in Turin during Napoleonic rule, into a family that had gained a fair amount of land during the French occupation."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "His godparents were Napoleon's sister Pauline, and her husband, Prince Camillo Borghese, after whom Camillo was named."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Prime Minister of Italy", "text": "His regular doctor would have refused, but he was not available; so Cavour was bled several times until it was nearly impossible to draw any blood from him."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso, Count of Cavour, Isolabella and Leri (10 August 1810 \u2013 6 June 1861), generally known as Cavour ( k\u0259-VOOR, Italian: [ka\u02c8vur]), was an Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "Camillo and his older brother Gustavo were initially educated at home."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Prime minister of Piedmont\u2013Sardinia", "text": "Cavour attempted to annex Sicily to Piedmont, but Garibaldi and his comrade Francesco Crispi would not allow it."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Prime minister of Piedmont\u2013Sardinia", "text": "Cavour, who hoped that the allies would support Piedmont's expansion in Italy, agreed as soon as his colleagues' support would allow and entered the war on 10 January 1855."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early political career", "text": "It allowed Cavour to begin his railway expansion program, giving Piedmont 800 kilometres of track by the year 1860, one third of the railways in Italy at the time."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Prime minister of Piedmont\u2013Sardinia", "text": "When he became Prime Minister Piedmont had just suffered a major defeat by Austria, but when he died, Victor Emmanuel II ruled a state five times as large, which dominated Italy and ranked among Europe's great powers."}], "text": "Camillo Benso died after allowing doctors to bleed him.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Leading man (1938\u20131941)", "text": "So well-known had his slow drawl become that comedians began impersonating him."}], "id": "spVkIDl5a9zVD6rwqNCf", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "In 2011, the United States Post Office located at 47 South 7th Street in Indiana, Pennsylvania, was designated the \"James M. 'Jimmy' Stewart Post Office Building.\" Additionally, the Indiana County\u2013Jimmy Stewart Airport was named in his honor."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "James Maitland Stewart was born on May 20, 1908, in Indiana, Pennsylvania, the eldest child and only son born to Elizabeth Ruth (n\u00e9e Jackson; 1875\u20131953) and Alexander Maitland Stewart (1872\u20131962)."}, {"section_header": "Career | Leading man (1938\u20131941)", "text": "So well-known had his slow drawl become that comedians began impersonating him."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "Stewart has several memorials in his childhood hometown, Indiana, Pennsylvania."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Born and raised in Indiana, Pennsylvania, Stewart started acting while studying at Princeton University."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Known for his distinctive drawl and everyman screen persona, Stewart had a film career that spanned over 55 years from 1935 and 1991 and 80 films."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Memorials", "text": "A large statue of Stewart stands on the lawn of the Indiana County Courthouse and a plaque marks his birthplace."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "David Thomson has explained Stewart's appeal by stating that \"we wanted to be him, and we wanted to be liked by him,\" while Roger Ebert has stated that \"whether he played everyman, or everyman's hidden psyche, Stewart was an innately likable man whose face, loping gait and distinctive drawl became famous all over the world.\" Among Stewart's most recognizable qualities was his manner of speaking with a hesitant drawl."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "During summer breaks, he returned to Indiana, working first as a brick loader and then as a magician's assistant."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Friendships, interests, and character", "text": "An award for Boy Scouts, \"The James M. Stewart Good Citizenship Award\" has been presented since 2003."}], "text": "James Stewart had a drawl and was from Indiana.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "James Stewart"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Economy", "text": "Both are financed on a pay as you go system by worker contributions; the first, Instituto de Previsi\u00f3n Social is for private sector employees, and the caja fiscal for public employees (including university professors, teachers, judicial employees, army officers and police officers) and veterans of the Chaco War (or their descendants).100% of Paraguay's electricity is produced using hydroelectricity, making it one of the cleanest in the world."}], "id": "ssxqe5J1804Cx8DhfZMz", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Economy | Social issues | Social issues of the indigenous", "text": "Only 2.5% of Paraguay's indigenous population has access to clean drinking water and only 9.5% have electricity."}, {"section_header": "History | Rule of the L\u00f3pez family", "text": "They planted, in a few days, enough tobacco, maize and mandioca for their own consumption [...]."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "Paraguay has an installed electrical production capacity of 8,110 MW, producing 63 billion kWh/year in 2016; with domestic consumption of just 15 billion kWh, the excess production is sold to Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay, making Paraguay the world's largest exporter of electric power."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "Both are financed on a pay as you go system by worker contributions; the first, Instituto de Previsi\u00f3n Social is for private sector employees, and the caja fiscal for public employees (including university professors, teachers, judicial employees, army officers and police officers) and veterans of the Chaco War (or their descendants).100% of Paraguay's electricity is produced using hydroelectricity, making it one of the cleanest in the world."}, {"section_header": "Economy | Industry and manufacturing", "text": "Paraguay's primary manufacturing focus is on food and beverages."}, {"section_header": "Culture", "text": "Paraguay's culinary heritage is also deeply influenced by this cultural fusion."}, {"section_header": "History | Stroessner's overthrow, post-1989", "text": "In December 1998, Paraguay's Supreme Court declared these actions unconstitutional."}, {"section_header": "Economy | Industry and manufacturing", "text": "Production of cement, iron ore, and steel occurs commonly throughout Paraguay's industrial sector."}, {"section_header": "Demographics", "text": "According to the census of 2002, the indigenous people made up 1.7% of Paraguay's total population."}, {"section_header": "Culture", "text": "Paraguay's cultural heritage can be traced to the extensive intermarriage between the original male Spanish settlers and indigenous Guaran\u00ed women."}], "text": "Paraguay's electricity source comes from water plants.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Paraguay"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Universal Pictures and Focus Features produced an American film adaptation, which was released on 13 February 2015, and also received unfavourable reviews even though it was a box office success."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is notable for its explicitly erotic scenes featuring elements of sexual practices involving BDSM (bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, and sadism/masochism)."}], "id": "suZsyLBbkVDXiQ96LUO6", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A version of the novel from Christian's point of view, Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian, was published in June 2015 as the fourth book."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2011 erotic romance novel by British author E. L. James."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best-seller lists around the world, including those of the United Kingdom and the United States."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best-seller lists around the world, selling over 125 million copies worldwide by June 2015."}, {"section_header": "Background and publication", "text": "The first, titled Fifty Shades of Grey, was released as an e-book and a print on demand paperback in May 2011 by The Writers' Coffee Shop, a virtual publisher based in Australia."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Controversy", "text": "Archbishop Dennis Schnurr of Cincinnati said in an early February 2015 letter, \"The story line is presented as a romance; however, the underlying theme is that bondage, dominance, and sadomasochism are normal and pleasurable.\" The feminist anti-pornography organization Stop Porn Culture called for a boycott of the movie based on the book because of its sex scenes involving bondage and violence."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It became the first instalment in the Fifty Shades novel series that follows the deepening relationship between a college graduate, Anastasia Steele, and a young business magnate, Christian Grey."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The second and third volumes of the original trilogy, Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed, were published in 2012."}, {"section_header": "Background and publication", "text": "On 1 August 2012, Amazon UK announced that it had sold more copies of Fifty Shades of Grey than it had any individual book in the Harry Potter series, though worldwide the Harry Potter series sold more than 450 million copies compared with Fifty Shades of Grey's sales of 60 million copies."}, {"section_header": "Background and publication", "text": "The second volume, Fifty Shades Darker, was released in September 2011; and the third, Fifty Shades Freed, followed in January 2012."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Universal Pictures and Focus Features produced an American film adaptation, which was released on 13 February 2015, and also received unfavourable reviews even though it was a box office success."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is notable for its explicitly erotic scenes featuring elements of sexual practices involving BDSM (bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, and sadism/masochism)."}], "text": "Fifty Shades of Grey is a movie that had explicit scenes of misogyny.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Fifty Shades of Grey"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Animal Farm is an allegorical novella by George Orwell, first published in England on 17 August 1945."}], "id": "sv8KQqkSTio3CsJlqhCl", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It won a Retrospective Hugo Award in 1996 and is included in the Great Books of the Western World selection."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "It won a Retrospective Hugo Award in 1996 and is included in the Great Books of the Western World selection."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Animal Farm is an allegorical novella by George Orwell, first published in England on 17 August 1945."}, {"section_header": "Publication | Publishing", "text": "Eventually, Secker and Warburg published the first edition in 1945."}, {"section_header": "Publication | Preface", "text": "Secker and Warburg published the first edition of Animal Farm in 1945 without an introduction."}, {"section_header": "Publication | Publishing", "text": "During the Second World War, it became clear to Orwell that anti-Soviet literature was not something which most major publishing houses would touch \u2013 including his regular publisher Gollancz."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "The Guardian on 24 August 1945 called Animal Farm \"a delightfully humorous and caustic satire on the rule of the many by the few\"."}, {"section_header": "Publication | Preface", "text": "Although the first edition allowed space for the preface, it was not included, and as of June 2009 most editions of the book have not included it."}, {"section_header": "Analysis | Significance and allegory", "text": "During the battle, Orwell first wrote, \"All the animals, including Napoleon\" took cover."}, {"section_header": "Publication | Publishing", "text": "Orwell was suspicious of Smollett/Smolka, and he would be one of the names Orwell included in his list of Crypto-Communists and Fellow-Travellers sent to the Information Research Department in 1949."}], "text": "Animal Farm is an allegorical novella by George Orwell, first published in England on 17 August 1945 that won a Retrospective Hugo Award in 1996 and is included in the Great Books of the Western World selection.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Animal Farm"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated."}], "id": "sxC4AxWfKP2PS4vwnKZp", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reflection of light | Diffuse reflection", "text": "When light strikes the surface of a (non-metallic) material it bounces off in all directions due to multiple reflections by the microscopic irregularities inside the material (e.g. the grain boundaries of a polycrystalline material, or the cell or fiber boundaries of an organic material) and by its surface, if it is rough."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light | Laws of reflection | Mechanism", "text": "Light waves incident on a material induce small oscillations of polarisation in the individual atoms (or oscillation of electrons, in metals), causing each particle to radiate a small secondary wave in all directions, like a dipole antenna."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light | Complex conjugate reflection", "text": "In this process (which is also known as phase conjugation), light bounces exactly back in the direction from which it came due to a nonlinear optical process."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light | Diffuse reflection", "text": "The exact form of the reflection depends on the structure of the material."}, {"section_header": "Other types of reflection | Sound reflection", "text": "For example, porous materials will absorb some energy, and rough materials (where rough is relative to the wavelength) tend to reflect in many directions\u2014to scatter the energy, rather than to reflect it coherently."}, {"section_header": "Other types of reflection | Neutron reflection", "text": "Materials that reflect neutrons, for example beryllium, are used in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light", "text": "In contrast, when light reflects off of a material with lower refractive index the reflected light is in phase with the incident light."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light", "text": "When light reflects off of a material with higher refractive index than the medium in which is traveling, it undergoes a 180\u00b0 phase shift."}, {"section_header": "Other types of reflection | Neutron reflection", "text": "In the physical and biological sciences, the reflection of neutrons off of atoms within a material is commonly used to determine the material's internal structure."}], "text": "A reflection is when waves bounce off a change in materials.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Reflection (physics)"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Johannes Peter \"Honus\" Wagner (; February 24, 1874 \u2013 December 6, 1955), sometimes referred to as \"Hans\" Wagner, was an American baseball shortstop who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates."}], "id": "sxc8nxL0aI7zMaEZGVoT", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "Wagner was offered a $20,000 contract by the Chicago White Sox, but turned it down and continued to play with the Pirates."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "Prior to 1904, Wagner had played several positions, but settled into the shortstop role full-time that season, where he became a skilled fielder."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | 1903 and 1909 World Series", "text": "They had me by a foot. You just booted the play, so come on, let's play ball."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Life after baseball", "text": "Wagner was not finished playing baseball after his retirement from major league baseball."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Louisville Colonels", "text": "Tommy Leach recounted his impressions of joining the Louisville club in 1898 with hopes of winning the starting job at third base:  I hardly had time to get settled before it hits me that this guy the Louisville club had at third base was practically doing the impossible."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "The move to the Pittsburgh Pirates signified Wagner's emergence as a premier hitter."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | 1903 and 1909 World Series", "text": "Cobb denied it in his autobiography, and the play-by-play of the 1909 World Series confirms that the event could not have happened as stated: Cobb was never tagged out by Wagner in a caught-stealing."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | 1903 and 1909 World Series", "text": "Since Wagner hit .354 with 109 RBI in an environment when half as many runs were scored as today, he asks, \"if you had a Gold Glove shortstop, like Wagner, who drove in 218 runs, what would he be worth?\" In 1903, the Pirates played the Boston Americans in Major League Baseball's inaugural World Series."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates", "text": "In desperation, owner Barney Dreyfuss offered him $10,000 per year, making him the highest paid Pirate for many years."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Later career", "text": "Wagner has been considered one of the very best all-around players to ever play baseball since the day he retired in 1917."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Johannes Peter \"Honus\" Wagner (; February 24, 1874 \u2013 December 6, 1955), sometimes referred to as \"Hans\" Wagner, was an American baseball shortstop who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates."}], "text": "Wagner played practically his whole career for the Pirates.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Honus Wagner"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "As a test to determine if a grown-up is enlightened and like a child, he shows them a picture that he drew at the age of 6 depicting a snake which has eaten an elephant."}], "id": "sxwynQsNlaqyO3e4oN4H", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Adaptations and sequels", "text": "Other: a number of musical references, game boards and a video game version of the novella have been released."}, {"section_header": "Background | Dedication", "text": "Without having yet heard of The Little Prince, in November, Werth discovered that Saint-Exup\u00e9ry had published a fable the previous year in the U.S., which he had illustrated himself, and that it was dedicated to him."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The prince encountered a whole row of rosebushes, becoming downcast at having once thought that his own rose was unique and that she had lied."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "As a test to determine if a grown-up is enlightened and like a child, he shows them a picture that he drew at the age of 6 depicting a snake which has eaten an elephant."}, {"section_header": "Tone and writing style", "text": "\" The Little Prince was created when Saint-Exup\u00e9ry was \"an expatriate and distraught about what was going on in his country and in the world.\" According to one analysis, \"the story of the Little Prince features a lot of fantastical, unrealistic elements.... You can't ride a flock of birds to another planet... The fantasy of the Little Prince works because the logic of the story is based on the imagination of children, rather than the strict realism of adults."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The six absurd people the prince encountered earlier comprise, according to the narrator, just about the entire adult world."}, {"section_header": "Honours and legacy | Insignia and awards", "text": "Several other Little Prince Awards have also been established in Europe, meant to promote achievement and excellence in a variety of fields such as in assistance to autistic children, child literacy, children's literature (by adults), Puppetry theatre and theatre arts."}, {"section_header": "Honours and legacy | Museums and exhibits | Morgan exhibitions", "text": "One painting depicted the prince floating above Earth wearing a yellow scarf was wrinkled, having been crumpled up and thrown away before being retrieved for preservation."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The prince has since visited six other planets, each of which was inhabited by a single, irrational, narrow-minded adult, each meant to critique an element of society."}, {"section_header": "Inspirations | Prince", "text": "\"I'm the Little Prince\" was the reply."}], "text": "The Little Prince tests adults by having them participate in a game of chance with him.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "The Little Prince"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Christ the Redeemer (Portuguese: Cristo Redentor, standard Brazilian Portuguese: [\u02c8k\u027eistu \u0281eden\u02c8to\u0281], local pronunciation: [\u02c8k\u027ei\u0255t\u016d\u033b xe\u031eden\u02c8to\u0266]) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot."}], "id": "sz8jMVNNhTKSMsVIE7Hd", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Spain - 12 m Jesus de Greatest in Imo, Nigeria, Africa's tallest statue of Jesus and fifth tallest statue on the continent (8.53 m) Cristo del Picacho in Tegucigalpa, Honduras"}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ the Redeemer in Rio Verde, Goi\u00e1s, Brazil Christ in the Mount in Pitangui, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The restoration involved one hundred people and used more than 60,000 pieces of stone taken from the same quarry as the original statue."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A symbol of Christianity across the world, the statue has also become a cultural icon of both Rio de Janeiro and Brazil, and is listed as one of the New7Wonders of the World."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Christ the Redeemer (Portuguese: Cristo Redentor, standard Brazilian Portuguese: [\u02c8k\u027eistu \u0281eden\u02c8to\u0281], local pronunciation: [\u02c8k\u027ei\u0255t\u016d\u033b xe\u031eden\u02c8to\u0266]) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of V\u0169ng T\u00e0u in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of V\u0169ng T\u00e0u in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ the Redeemer of the Andes (Argentina/Chile) Christ the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Ibiza, Spain, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Blanco in Cusco, Peru"}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Statue of Jesus Christ on the top of Sagrat Cor, Barcelona, Spain"}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms, a symbol of peace, was chosen."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Tas-Salvatur, Malta (12 m) Statue of Jesus Christ, Monte Urgull, Donostia-San Sebastian,"}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The original pale stone is no longer available in sufficient quantity, and replacement stones are increasingly darker in hue."}], "text": "Christ the redeemer is not the tallest stone Jesus statue on Earth, but was made entirely by a guy from Brazil.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Christ the Redeemer (statue)"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Professional career | Life after baseball", "text": "A sporting goods store bearing the name \"Honus Wagner\" operated in downtown Pittsburgh for 93 years before closing permanently in 2011.The Pirates hosted the 1944 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at Forbes Field."}], "id": "szyGRfusMGydmCU4DJej", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Professional career | Life after baseball", "text": "A sporting goods store bearing the name \"Honus Wagner\" operated in downtown Pittsburgh for 93 years before closing permanently in 2011.The Pirates hosted the 1944 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at Forbes Field."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Life after baseball", "text": "He also ran a well-known sporting goods company."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | T206 Baseball card", "text": "On April 6, 2013, a 1909\u201311 T206 baseball card featuring Honus Wagner sold at auction for $2.1 million."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Career before Major League Baseball", "text": "Barrow proved to be a good talent scout, as Wagner could play wherever he was needed, including all three bases and the outfield."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Louisville Colonels", "text": "I'm sitting on the bench the first day I reported, and along about the third inning an opposing batter smacks a line drive down the third-base line that looked like at least a sure double."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Baseball legacy", "text": "The stadium serves as the home field for Carlynton High School varsity sports."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Film legacy", "text": "He starred as a sports hero in 1919's Spring Fever with Moe Howard and Shemp Howard of the Three Stooges."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | T206 Baseball card", "text": "According to an October 12, 1912 issue of The Sporting News, Wagner did not give his consent to appear on the baseball card."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Baseball legacy", "text": "The Historical Society of Carnegie History Center houses the Honus Wagner Sports Museum which includes many Wagner collectibles and memorabilia."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Baseball legacy", "text": "A 1942 Sporting News poll of 100 former players and managers confirmed this opinion, with Wagner finishing 43 votes behind Cobb and six ahead of Ruth."}], "text": "Honus Wagner's sporting goods store permanently closed in 2013.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Honus Wagner"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Historiographical debates and \"Vichy Syndrome\"", "text": "While the criminal behaviour of Vichy France was consistently acknowledged, this point of view denied any responsibility of the state of France, alleging that acts committed between 1940 and 1944 were unconstitutional acts devoid of legitimacy."}], "id": "t4N8OzlRwHdpjWB00EVR", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Decline of the regime | 1980s trials", "text": "In 1994 former Vichy official Paul Touvier (1915\u20131996) was convicted of crimes against humanity."}, {"section_header": "Historiographical debates and \"Vichy Syndrome\" | \"Sword and shield\" argument", "text": "Today, the few remaining Vichy supporters continue to maintain the official argument advanced by P\u00e9tain and Laval: the state collaboration was supposed to protect the French civilian population from the hardships of the Occupation."}, {"section_header": "Historiographical debates and \"Vichy Syndrome\"", "text": "Critics contend that this itinerary, shared by others (although few had such public roles), demonstrates France's collective amnesia, while others point out that the perception of the war and of the state collaboration has evolved during these years."}, {"section_header": "Decline of the regime | 1980s trials", "text": "In 1993, former Vichy official Ren\u00e9 Bousquet was assassinated while he awaited prosecution in Paris following a 1991 inculpation for crimes against humanity; he had been prosecuted but partially acquitted and immediately amnestied in 1949."}, {"section_header": "Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government | Conditions of armistice and 10 July 1940 vote of full powers | Vichy government", "text": "Marseilles had a reputation as an organized crime hub."}, {"section_header": "Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government", "text": "Many officials, including Prime Minister Paul Reynaud, wanted to move the government to French territories in North Africa, and continue the war with the French Navy and colonial resources."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Most of the overseas French colonies were originally under Vichy control, though a few rallied to Charles de Gaulle's Allied-oriented Free France."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Only four senior Vichy officials were tried for crimes against humanity, although many more had participated in the deportation of Jews for internment in Nazi concentration camps, abuses of prisoners, and severe acts against members of the Resistance."}, {"section_header": "Historiographical debates and \"Vichy Syndrome\"", "text": "Papon was convicted in 1998 as having been complicit with the Nazis in crimes against humanity."}, {"section_header": "Notable figures", "text": "Condemned for crimes against humanity in 1998."}, {"section_header": "Historiographical debates and \"Vichy Syndrome\"", "text": "While the criminal behaviour of Vichy France was consistently acknowledged, this point of view denied any responsibility of the state of France, alleging that acts committed between 1940 and 1944 were unconstitutional acts devoid of legitimacy."}], "text": "Vichy France only had a few officials repremanded for war crimes.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Vichy France"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After the declaration of a united Kingdom of Italy, Cavour took office as the first Prime Minister of Italy; he died after only three months in office, and thus did not live to see Venetia or Rome added to the new Italian nation."}], "id": "t83laCuoXaoFntnFTd9y", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso, Count of Cavour, Isolabella and Leri (10 August 1810 \u2013 6 June 1861), generally known as Cavour ( k\u0259-VOOR, Italian: [ka\u02c8vur]), was an Italian statesman and a leading figure in the movement toward Italian unification."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "In 1865, the Collegio dei Nobili, the oldest high school in Turin (founded 1568), and among the oldest and most prominent ones in Italy, was renamed the Liceo Ginnasio statale \"Camillo Benso di Cavour\" (Liceo classico Cavour)."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "He was the second of two sons of Michele Giuseppe Francesco Antonio Benso, 4th Marquess of Cavour and Count of Isolabella and Leri, Lord of Corveglia, Dusino, Mondonio, Ottiglio and Ponticelli, Co-Lord of Castagnole, Cellarengo and Menabi, Cereaglio, Chieri, San Salvatore Monferrato, Santena and Valfenera, 1st Baron of the French Empire (1781\u20131850) and his wife (1805) Ad\u00e9la\u00efde (Ad\u00e8le) Suzanne, Marchioness of Sellon (1780\u20131846), herself of French origin."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "Camillo Benso was born in Turin during Napoleonic rule, into a family that had gained a fair amount of land during the French occupation."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Prime Minister of Italy", "text": "In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II declared the Kingdom of Italy, making Cavour  Prime Minister of Italy."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Prime Minister of Italy", "text": "Most Italians thought Rome must be capital of a united Italy, but this conflicted with the temporal power of the Pope and also the independence of the Church."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Prime Minister of Italy", "text": "After his death, Italy would gain Venice in 1866 in the course of the Third Italian War of Independence, connected to the Austro-Prussian War."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "His godparents were Napoleon's sister Pauline, and her husband, Prince Camillo Borghese, after whom Camillo was named."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After the declaration of a united Kingdom of Italy, Cavour took office as the first Prime Minister of Italy; he died after only three months in office, and thus did not live to see Venetia or Rome added to the new Italian nation."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Prime Minister of Italy", "text": "Creating Italy was no easy task, but ruling it proved a worse strain on the Prime Minister."}], "text": "Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, was an Italian statesman that was the 1st Prime Minister of Italy.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Borobudur, or Barabudur (Indonesian: Candi Borobudur, Javanese: \ua995\ua9a4\ua9c0\ua9a3\ua9b6\ua9a7\ua9ab\ua9a7\ua9b8\ua9a3\ua9b8\ua982, romanized: Candhi Barabudhur) is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple in Magelang Regency, not far from the town of Muntilan, in Central Java, Indonesia."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the world's largest Buddhist temple."}], "id": "tEZaoB8VuWxxOZTPj2dO", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Contemporary events | Religious ceremony", "text": "Vesak is an official national holiday in Indonesia, and the ceremony is centered at the three Buddhist temples by walking from Mendut to Pawon and ending at Borobudur."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The rediscovery and reconstruction of Borobudur has been hailed by Indonesian Buddhist as the sign of the Buddhist revival in Indonesia."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Borobudur remains popular for pilgrimage, with Buddhists in Indonesia celebrating Vesak Day at the monument."}, {"section_header": "Location | The three temples", "text": "During the restoration in the early 20th century, it was discovered that three Buddhist temples in the region, Borobudur, Pawon and Mendut, are positioned along a straight line."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Borobudur, or Barabudur (Indonesian: Candi Borobudur, Javanese: \ua995\ua9a4\ua9c0\ua9a3\ua9b6\ua9a7\ua9ab\ua9a7\ua9b8\ua9a3\ua9b8\ua982, romanized: Candhi Barabudhur) is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple in Magelang Regency, not far from the town of Muntilan, in Central Java, Indonesia."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Once a year, thousands of Buddhist from Indonesia and neighboring countries flock to Borobudur to commemorate national Vesak ceremony."}, {"section_header": "History | Construction", "text": "Construction of Buddhist temples, including Borobudur, at that time was possible because Sanjaya's immediate successor, Rakai Panangkaran, granted his permission to the Buddhist followers to build such temples."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the world's largest Buddhist temple."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "This opportunity was used by a few local Buddhists to revive Buddhism in Indonesia."}, {"section_header": "History | Construction", "text": "The Buddhist monuments, including Borobudur, were erected around the same period as the Hindu Shiva Prambanan temple compound."}], "text": "Borobudur is the biggest Buddhist temple in Indonesia.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Borobudur"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In addition, the Norwegian languages share mutual intelligibility with Danish and Swedish."}], "id": "tF2O33mDN267k2JYAFmc", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Demographics | Languages", "text": "Students who are children of immigrant parents are encouraged to learn the Norwegian language."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Migration", "text": "Emigration  Particularly in the 19th century, when economic conditions were difficult in Norway, tens of thousands of people migrated to the United States and Canada, where they could work and buy land in frontier areas."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Population", "text": "Norwegians are an ethnic North Germanic people."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Human rights", "text": "The Norwegian constitution Article 6 states that \"For those born before the year 1990 it shall...be the case that a male shall take precedence over a female.\" The S\u00e1mi people have for centuries been the subject of discrimination and abuse by the dominant cultures in Scandinavia and Russia, those countries claiming possession of S\u00e1mi lands."}, {"section_header": "Geography", "text": "Norway comprises the western and northernmost part of Scandinavia in Northern Europe."}, {"section_header": "History | Union with Denmark", "text": "The harvest failed in Scandinavia at least nine times between 1740 and 1800, with great loss of life."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Literature", "text": "The arrival of Christianity around the year 1000 brought Norway into contact with European medieval learning, hagiography and history writing."}, {"section_header": "History | Dissolution of the union", "text": "After centuries of close ties between Norway and Denmark, a prince from the latter was the obvious choice for a European prince who could best relate to the Norwegian people."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Literature", "text": "Strong authors were inspired who became recognised first in Scandinavia, and then worldwide; among them were Henrik Wergeland, Peter Christen Asbj\u00f8rnsen, J\u00f8rgen Moe and Camilla Collett."}, {"section_header": "Economy | Resources", "text": "In this way, the losses incurred by the market turmoil was recuperated by November 2009.Other nations with economies based on natural resources, such as Russia, are trying to learn from Norway by establishing similar funds."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In addition, the Norwegian languages share mutual intelligibility with Danish and Swedish."}], "text": "Norwegian is difficult for people in Scandinavia to learn.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Norway"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In turn, he was ultimately assassinated by his own half brothers, Dingane and Mhlangana."}], "id": "tIxi7nhtnyi2G84g3Xan", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide", "text": "In the mid-1820s Henry Francis Fynn provided medical treatment to the king after an assassination attempt by a rival tribe member hidden in a crowd (see account of Nathaniel Isaacs)."}, {"section_header": "Social and military revolution | Mobility of the army", "text": "Historian John Laband dismisses these stories as myth, writing: \"What are we to make, then, of [European trader Henry Francis]"}, {"section_header": "Scholarship studies | The Mfecane | Disruptions of the Mfecane", "text": "One (Nathaniel Isaacs) wrote to Henry Fynn, a white adventurer, trader and sometime local chieftain: Here you are about to publish."}, {"section_header": "Scholarship studies | Biographical sources", "text": "Isaacs was aided in this by Henry Francis Fynn, whose diary (actually a rewritten collage of various papers) was edited by James Stuart only in 1950.Their accounts may be balanced by the rich resource of oral histories collected around 1900 by the same James Stuart, now published in six volumes as The James Stuart Archive."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In turn, he was ultimately assassinated by his own half brothers, Dingane and Mhlangana."}, {"section_header": "Scholarship studies | The Mfecane | Disruptions of the Mfecane", "text": "[Fynn] stated that Shaka had killed 'a million people.'"}, {"section_header": "Popular culture", "text": "Shaka Zulu, an SABC TV miniseries about Shaka, which starred Henry Cele in the title role."}, {"section_header": "Death and succession", "text": "Shaka's corpse was dumped by his assassins in an empty grain pit, which was then filled with stones and mud."}, {"section_header": "Scholarship studies | The Mfecane | Disruptions of the Mfecane", "text": "Fynn complies, and Wylie notes that he had an additional motive to distort Shaka's image"}, {"section_header": "Death and succession", "text": "The Zulu monarch was killed by three assassins sometime in 1828; September is the most frequently cited date, when almost all available"}], "text": "Shaka was assassinated by Henry Francis Fynn.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Shaka"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He was signed by the Detroit Tigers in 1939 at the age of 18."}], "id": "tJyvNC8jj4sDuSOa8H4e", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Playing career | Later career", "text": "After being released by the Tigers following the 1953 season, Newhouser signed on with the Cleveland Indians and was their top long reliever in 1954, when Cleveland won 111 games and the pennant."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "Eventually, he served as a scout for the Baltimore Orioles, Cleveland Indians,  Detroit Tigers, and Houston Astros."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In Major League Baseball (MLB), he pitched 17 seasons on the Detroit Tigers and Cleveland Indians, from 1939 through 1955."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Ten minutes after he signed, someone arrived from the Cleveland Indians; that employee had been prepared to offer $15,000 to his parents in addition to a $4,000 car."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He was signed by the Detroit Tigers in 1939 at the age of 18."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "During his playing days, Newhouser's teammates nicknamed him \"Prince Hal\" because of the way he carried himself."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "He won the pitcher's Triple Crown, leading the AL in wins (25, against nine losses), ERA (1.81) and strikeouts (212); he also led the league in innings pitched, games started, complete games and shutouts."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "Newhouser won the second Sporting News Pitcher of the Year Award."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Early career", "text": "He became the youngest player (24) to win the award in two consecutive years."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Later career", "text": "Newhouser continued to rate among the game's best pitchers for the next five years."}], "text": "Hal started playing for the Cleveland Indians when he was 18 years old.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Hal Newhouser"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life | Views and activism", "text": "Thompson has said of her religious views: I'm an atheist ... I regard religion with fear and suspicion."}], "id": "tPDVTrNx2MffKDHapHg0", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Acting career | 2000s: Smaller roles", "text": "I Am Legend (2007), Thompson played the devoutly Catholic Lady Marchmain in a 2008 film adaptation of Brideshead Revisited."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Views and activism", "text": "Thompson has been a campaigner since her youth."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Views and activism", "text": "Thompson is also an active environmentalist."}, {"section_header": "Books", "text": "In 2018, Thompson said she would like to write about"}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 2010s: Veteran performer", "text": "Thompson plays Elizabeth Eastlake and"}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 1990\u20131993: A leading British actress", "text": "Thompson was widely praised for the on-screen chemistry with Branagh and the natural ease with which she played the role marking another critical success for Thompson."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "\" The couple have a daughter, Gaia, a pregnancy that was achieved through IVF treatment when Thompson was 39.In 2003, Thompson and Wise were married in Dunoon."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "She has one sister, Sophie Thompson, who also works as an actress."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Thompson graduated with upper second-class honours."}, {"section_header": "Acting career | 2010s: Veteran performer", "text": "In 2008, Thompson announced that she and Wise \"had written a script together about John Ruskin, the Victorian art critic, which we want to make into a film.\" After meeting with Thompson and her producers, Potboiler Productions, Murphy was offered a screenwriting fee and co-screenwriting credit with Thompson in settlement of his claim."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Views and activism", "text": "Thompson has said of her religious views: I'm an atheist ... I regard religion with fear and suspicion."}], "text": "Thompson is a devout Catholic.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Emma Thompson"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The marriage lasted until McLean's death in 1994; Stewart died of a pulmonary embolism three years later."}], "id": "tTpuLpNyMvyGE6hpNeHS", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life | Final years", "text": "Stewart's wife Gloria died of lung cancer on February 16, 1994."}, {"section_header": "Career | Leading man (1938\u20131941)", "text": "Stewart was recast in Vivacious Lady at Rogers's insistence and due to his performance in Of Human Hearts."}, {"section_header": "Career | Television and semi-retirement (1971\u20131991)", "text": "Stewart remained in the public eye due to his frequent visits to the Reagan White House."}, {"section_header": "Career | Television and semi-retirement (1971\u20131991)", "text": "Stewart was offered the role of Howard Beale in Network (1976), but refused it due to its explicit language."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Final years", "text": "In December 1996, he was due to have the battery in his pacemaker changed but opted not to."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Friendships, interests, and character", "text": "An award for Boy Scouts, \"The James M. Stewart Good Citizenship Award\" has been presented since 2003."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Romantic relationships, marriage and family", "text": "Stewart and Hatrick were married at Brentwood Presbyterian Church on August 9, 1949, and remained married until her death from lung cancer in 1994.Stewart and Hatrick made their home in Beverly Hills, living in a house they purchased in 1951 until their deaths."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "To his disappointment, he was relegated to the third-tier football team due to his slender physique."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "According to his teachers this was not from a lack of intelligence, but due to being creative and having a tendency to daydream."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Political views", "text": "Following the assassination of Senator Robert F. Kennedy in 1968, Stewart, Charlton Heston, Kirk Douglas and Gregory Peck issued a statement calling for support of President Lyndon B. Johnson's Gun Control Act of 1968.Stewart actively supported Reagan's bid for the Republican presidential nomination in 1976."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The marriage lasted until McLean's death in 1994; Stewart died of a pulmonary embolism three years later."}], "text": "James Stewart expired due to issues with his lungs.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "James Stewart"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Commodores", "text": "The Commodores then became established as a popular soul group."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Beginning in 1968, Richie was a member of the funk and soul band the Commodores."}], "id": "tffwdutrWnCjqeEAhRKt", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Solo career", "text": "He broke the silence in 1996 with Louder Than Words, on which he resisted any change of style or the musical fashion-hopping of the past decade, sticking instead with his chosen path of well-crafted soul music, which in the intervening years has become known as contemporary R&B."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Beginning in 1968, Richie was a member of the funk and soul band the Commodores."}, {"section_header": "Career | Commodores", "text": "The Commodores then became established as a popular soul group."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "Richie was also awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Commodores became established as a popular soul group; their first several albums had a danceable, funky sound, as in such tracks as \"Machine Gun\" and \"Brick House\"."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Richie considered studying divinity to become a priest in the Episcopal Church, but he ultimately decided he was not \"priest material\" and decided to continue his musical career."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "In May 2017, Lionel Richie was honored at Berklee College of Music during the 2017 Commencement Concert where graduating students performed a medley of his discography."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Religious views", "text": "He considered becoming an Episcopalian priest instead of taking up a career in music."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "\"My Love\". The album hit No. 3 on the music charts and sold over four million copies."}, {"section_header": "Career | Solo career", "text": "\"My Love\". The album hit No. 3 on the music charts and sold over 4 million copies."}], "text": "Richie invented soul music.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Lionel Richie"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Remakes", "text": "The film was remade in Bollywood as Aashiqui 2 in 2013."}], "id": "tlIEHCZemJ7TGwDuQryI", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Remakes", "text": "A Star Is Born, itself a remake, was again remade in 1976 with Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson."}, {"section_header": "Remakes", "text": "The film was remade in Bollywood as Aashiqui 2 in 2013."}, {"section_header": "Remakes", "text": "Filming began April 17, 2017, and the film was released on October 5, 2018.All four of the official \" A Star is Born\" movies have been nominated for at least four Academy Awards."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "A Star Is Born with his then-wife Judy Garland in the lead role."}, {"section_header": "Remakes", "text": "The latest remake of A Star Is Born stars Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga, who also created new music for the project."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "For her performance in A Star Is Born, Garland was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Star Is Born is a 1954 American musical film written by Moss Hart, starring Judy Garland and James Mason, and directed by George Cukor."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the second of four official adaptations of A Star Is Born, with the first in 1937 starring Janet Gaynor and Fredric March, the third in 1976 starring Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson and the fourth in 2018 starring Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "A Star Is Born cost more than $5 million, making it one of the more expensive films made in Hollywood at that time."}, {"section_header": "1983 film restoration", "text": "In the spring of 1984, the restored A Star Is Born was reissued and shown at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City and for this engagement, an outtake of Garland's performing \"The Man That Got Away' in a different costume and hairstyle was included."}], "text": "A Star Is Born has been remade in Bollywood in 2012, and again most recently in 2017.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "A Star Is Born (1954 film)"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Character and sexuality", "text": "Contemporaries considered Richard as both a king and a knight famed for personal martial prowess; this was, apparently, the first such instance of this combination."}], "id": "tqqX9YyoHHONztlHCFrV", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy | Modern reception", "text": "His ambition was that of a mere warrior: he would fight for anything whatever, but he would sell everything that was worth fighting for."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Final years of Henry II's reign", "text": "His opponents turned to Philip II of France for support, and the fighting spread through the Limousin and P\u00e9rigord."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He remains one of the few kings of England remembered more commonly by his epithet than his regnal number, and is an enduring iconic figure both in England and in France."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Childhood", "text": "Although he was born in Oxford and brought up in England up to his eighth year, it is not known to what extent he used or understood English; he was an educated man who composed poetry and wrote in Limousin (lenga d'\u00f2c) and also in French."}, {"section_header": "Life after the Third Crusade | Captivity, ransom and return", "text": "His mishap was soon known to England, but the regents were for some weeks uncertain of his whereabouts."}, {"section_header": "Legacy | Heraldry", "text": "The coat of three lions continues to represent England on several coins of the pound sterling, forms the basis of several emblems of English national sports teams (such as the England national football team, and the team's \"Three Lions\" anthem), and endures as one of the most recognisable national symbols of England."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Childhood", "text": "One of the specific charges laid against Longchamp, by John's supporter Hugh Nonant, was that he could not speak English."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Final years of Henry II's reign", "text": "On this campaign, Richard acquired the name \"the Lion\" or \"the Lionheart\" due to his noble, brave and fierce leadership."}, {"section_header": "Life after the Third Crusade | Captivity, ransom and return", "text": "The Emperor demanded that 150,000 marks (100,000 pounds of silver) be delivered to him before he would release the King, the same amount raised by the Saladin tithe only a few years earlier, and 2\u20133 times the annual income for the English Crown under Richard."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Childhood", "text": "This indicates that by the late 12th century a knowledge of English was expected of those in positions of authority in England."}, {"section_header": "Character and sexuality", "text": "Contemporaries considered Richard as both a king and a knight famed for personal martial prowess; this was, apparently, the first such instance of this combination."}], "text": "Richard I of England is one of the few English kings that could not actually hold his own in a fight, and is known for losing fights one-on-one, despite his warmongering leadership style.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Richard I of England"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "During the course of this work, he wrote After the Thin Man and Another Thin Man, which, discovered amongst Hammett's papers in 2011, together with instructions by Hammett for incorporation of additional elements written by screenwriters Albert Hackett and Frances Goodrich, were edited by Hammett's biographer Richard Layman in collaboration with Hammett's granddaughter Julie M. Rivett and published as novellas in Return of the Thin Man in 2012."}], "id": "ttzpqOa2lycwohmvPxnh", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Thin Man (1934) is a detective novel by Dashiell Hammett, originally published in the December 1933 issue of Redbook."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Following the success of the movie version of The Thin Man in 1934, Hammett was commissioned to work on screenplays for sequels."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Although Hammett lived until 1961, The Thin Man was his last published novel."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Thin Man television series aired on NBC from 1957\u201359, and starred  Peter Lawford and Phyllis Kirk .In 1999, Knopf published a collection of Hammett's early works, including an early draft of The Thin Man."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Hammett never wrote a sequel but the book became the basis for a successful six-part film series, which also began in 1934 with The Thin Man and starred William Powell and Myrna Loy."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "While some story elements were used in one of the sequel movies, this early draft is very different from the final published novel."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "During the course of this work, he wrote After the Thin Man and Another Thin Man, which, discovered amongst Hammett's papers in 2011, together with instructions by Hammett for incorporation of additional elements written by screenwriters Albert Hackett and Frances Goodrich, were edited by Hammett's biographer Richard Layman in collaboration with Hammett's granddaughter Julie M. Rivett and published as novellas in Return of the Thin Man in 2012."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Lillian Hellman, in an introduction to a compilation of Hammett's five novels, contemplated several explanations for Hammett's retirement as a novelist,  I have been asked many times over the years why he did not write another novel after The Thin Man."}], "text": "No sequels to The Thin Man by Dashiell Hammet were ever published.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Thin Man"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Edwin Donald \"Duke\" Snider (September 19, 1926 \u2013 February 27, 2011), nicknamed \"The Silver Fox\" and \"The Duke of Flatbush\", was an American professional baseball player."}], "id": "tu5RsNS29JKqQhOxqrWH", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "MLB highlights", "text": "Some of Snider's MLB achievements:  NL"}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "He was named to the All-Star Game in Cleveland, his eighth and final selection."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | 1955 MVP balloting controversy", "text": "Posnanski writes that there was a writer who did leave Snider off his ballot and write in Campanella's name twice, but it was in first and sixth positions, not first and fifth."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Snider was named to the National League (NL) All-Star roster eight times and was the NL Most Valuable Player (MVP) runner-up in 1955."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues | 1955 MVP balloting controversy", "text": "It was assumed that the writer had meant to write Snider's name into one of those slots."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "On April 16, 1963, Snider recorded his 2,000th hit, doing so at Crosley Field against the Cincinnati Reds on a single off Jim Maloney in the 2nd inning."}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "He entered the game as a pinch hitter for Tommy Davis in the top of the ninth inning."}, {"section_header": "MLB highlights", "text": "All-Star (1950\u201356, 1963) All-Star (1950\u201356, 1963) NL MVP runner-up (1955) NL home run leader (1956) NL RBI leader (1955) NL leader in fielding average as center fielder (1951, 1952, 1955) World Series champion team (1955, 1959) Los Angeles Dodgers: career leader in home runs (389), RBI (1,271), strikeouts (1,123), and extra-base hits (814) Los Angeles Dodgers: single-season record holder for most intentional walks (26 in 1956) Only player to hit four home runs (or more) in two different World Series (1952, 1955) One of two players (besides Gil Hodges) with over 1,000 RBI during the 1950s"}, {"section_header": "MLB highlights", "text": "Hit 19 home runs off of Robin Roberts; the all-time record for most home runs off of a single pitcher"}, {"section_header": "Major leagues", "text": "On June 14, he recorded his 400th home run, once again against the Reds, doing so in the first inning off Bob Purkey."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Edwin Donald \"Duke\" Snider (September 19, 1926 \u2013 February 27, 2011), nicknamed \"The Silver Fox\" and \"The Duke of Flatbush\", was an American professional baseball player."}], "text": "Snider had 2 other names he was referred to in MLB.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Duke Snider"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History", "text": "Diplomatic negotiations with China resulted in the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, in which the United Kingdom agreed to transfer the colony in 1997 and China would guarantee Hong Kong's economic and political systems for 50 years after the transfer."}], "id": "tv6JfpdNbYjYk8U7MmYZ", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History", "text": "By the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global financial centre and shipping hub."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics", "text": "Chinese national law does not generally apply in the region and Hong Kong is treated as a separate jurisdiction."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Sport and recreation", "text": "Hong Kong represents itself separately from mainland China, with its own sports teams in international competitions."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics", "text": "Public finances are handled separately from the national government; taxes levied in Hong Kong do not fund the central authority."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "As a special administrative region, Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under a principle of \"one country, two"}, {"section_header": "Government and politics", "text": "The central government and Ministry of Foreign Affairs handle diplomatic matters, but Hong Kong retains the ability to maintain separate economic and cultural relations with foreign nations."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Political reforms and sociopolitical issues", "text": "Hong Kong's political and judicial systems may be integrated with China's at that time, or the territory may continue to be administered separately."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Music", "text": "The genre's popularity peaked in the 1990s, when the Four Heavenly Kings dominated Asian record charts."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Cinema", "text": "At the height of the local movie industry in the early 1990s, over 400 films were produced each year; since then, industry momentum shifted to mainland China."}, {"section_header": "Culture", "text": "This was influenced by British-style education, a separate political system, and the territory's rapid development during the late 20th century."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Diplomatic negotiations with China resulted in the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, in which the United Kingdom agreed to transfer the colony in 1997 and China would guarantee Hong Kong's economic and political systems for 50 years after the transfer."}], "text": "Hong Kong separated from the U.K. in the 1990s.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Hong Kong"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., and has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams in 1800."}, {"section_header": "Early history | Construction", "text": "Construction of the White House began with the laying of the cornerstone on October 13, 1792, although there was no formal ceremony."}], "id": "u5jDMI2EJXeG5j5d9DpZ", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "The White House since the Kennedy restoration | Grounds", "text": "During the mid-to-late 19th century a series of ever larger greenhouses were built on the west side of the house, where the current West Wing is located."}, {"section_header": "Early history | 1789\u20131800", "text": "He lived at the first, known as the Franklin House and owned by Treasury Commissioner Samuel Osgood, at 3 Cherry Street through late February 1790."}, {"section_header": "Early history | Construction", "text": "The sandstone walls were erected by Scottish immigrants, employed by Hoban, as were the high-relief rose and garland decorations above the north entrance and the \"fish scale\" pattern beneath the pediments of the window hoods."}, {"section_header": "Evolution of the White House | Early use, the 1814 fire, and rebuilding", "text": "Employees and slaves rescued a painting of George Washington, and in 1939, a Canadian man returned a jewelry box to President Franklin Roosevelt, claiming that his grandfather had taken it from Washington."}, {"section_header": "Evolution of the White House | Early use, the 1814 fire, and rebuilding", "text": "In 1814, during the War of 1812, the White House was set ablaze by British troops during the Burning of Washington, in retaliation for burning of Port Dover and other towns in Upper Canada; much of Washington was affected by these fires as well."}, {"section_header": "Public access and security | Closure of Pennsylvania Avenue", "text": "The Pennsylvania Avenue closing has been opposed by organized civic groups in Washington,"}, {"section_header": "Early history | Design influences", "text": "On his return to the U.S. he then shared the influence with Washington, Hoban, Monroe, and Benjamin Henry Latrobe."}, {"section_header": "Evolution of the White House | Early use, the 1814 fire, and rebuilding", "text": "Italian artisans, brought to Washington to help in constructing the U.S. Capitol, carved the decorative stonework on both porticos."}, {"section_header": "Early history | Architectural competition", "text": "The President's House was a major feature of Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant's 1791 plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D.C. Washington and his Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, who both had personal interests in architecture, agreed that the design of the White House, and the Capital, would be chosen in a design competition."}, {"section_header": "Early history | 1789\u20131800", "text": "Since the house was too small to accommodate the thirty people that made up the presidential family, staff, and servants, Washington had it enlarged."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., and has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams in 1800."}, {"section_header": "Early history | Construction", "text": "Construction of the White House began with the laying of the cornerstone on October 13, 1792, although there was no formal ceremony."}], "text": "The White is a house in Washington D.C. and was erected in the late 1700s.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "White House"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "Maintenance work needs to be conducted periodically due to the strong winds and erosion to which the statue is exposed, as well as lightning strikes."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Lightning struck the statue during a violent thunderstorm on February 10, 2008, causing some damage to the fingers, head and eyebrows."}], "id": "u7pt1WRVmRMZYewtNO1E", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of V\u0169ng T\u00e0u in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of V\u0169ng T\u00e0u in Vietnam (32 m) Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland (33 m) Christ the Redeemer of the Andes (Argentina/Chile) Christ the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Ibiza, Spain, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Blanco in Cusco, Peru"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Christ the Redeemer (Portuguese: Cristo Redentor, standard Brazilian Portuguese: [\u02c8k\u027eistu \u0281eden\u02c8to\u0281], local pronunciation: [\u02c8k\u027ei\u0255t\u016d\u033b xe\u031eden\u02c8to\u0266]) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The designs considered for the \"Statue of the Christ\" included a representation of the Christian cross, a statue of Jesus with a globe in his hands, and a pedestal symbolizing the world."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms, a symbol of peace, was chosen."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Christ the Redeemer in Rio Verde, Goi\u00e1s, Brazil Christ in the Mount in Pitangui, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The donations came mostly from Brazilian Catholics."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Cristo del Otero in Palencia , Spain built in 1930 (21 m) Cristo Rey (statue, Mexico) located on the Cerro del Cubilete in Guanajuato, Mexico, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Rey in Tenancingo, M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico (30 m) Christ Blessing in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia (30 m) Christ of Havana in Havana, Cuba, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of the Abyss in various underwater locations"}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "The King Lebanon Another imitation statue of Christ the Redeemer is at Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India.(Shrish Patil) imitation at Kovalam, near Trivandrum, Kerala, India."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "A group of engineers and technicians studied Landowski's submissions and felt building the structure of reinforced concrete (designed by Albert Caquot) instead of steel was more suitable for the cross-shaped statue."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Statue of Jesus Christ on the top of Sagrat Cor, Barcelona, Spain"}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "Maintenance work needs to be conducted periodically due to the strong winds and erosion to which the statue is exposed, as well as lightning strikes."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Lightning struck the statue during a violent thunderstorm on February 10, 2008, causing some damage to the fingers, head and eyebrows."}], "text": "The Christ the Redeemer statue has been divinely protected from fire-bolts and storms crossing the Brazilian skies.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Christ the Redeemer (statue)"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "In Quinn's autobiography, The Original Sin: A Self-portrait by Anthony Quinn, he denied being the son of an \"Irish adventurer\" and attributed that tale to Hollywood publicists."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Quinn was born Manuel Antonio (according to his baptismal record) Rodolfo Quinn Oaxaca on April 21, 1915, in Chihuahua, Mexico, during the Mexican Revolution to Manuela \"Nellie\" (n\u00e9e Oaxaca) and Francisco \"Frank\" Quinn."}], "id": "u8b5UZDGYPNOJrENLFc7", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Frank Quinn was born to an Irish immigrant father from County Cork and a Mexican mother."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "In Quinn's autobiography, The Original Sin: A Self-portrait by Anthony Quinn, he denied being the son of an \"Irish adventurer\" and attributed that tale to Hollywood publicists."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Quinn was born Manuel Antonio (according to his baptismal record) Rodolfo Quinn Oaxaca on April 21, 1915, in Chihuahua, Mexico, during the Mexican Revolution to Manuela \"Nellie\" (n\u00e9e Oaxaca) and Francisco \"Frank\" Quinn."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "1966).In the 1970s, during his marriage to Addolori, Quinn also had two children with an event producer in Los Angeles named Friedel Dunbar: Sean Quinn (born February 7, 1973) and Alexander Anthony Quinn (born December 30, 1976)."}, {"section_header": "Tributes and legacy", "text": "In his birthplace Chihuahua, Mexico, there is a statue of Quinn doing his famous \"Zorba the Greek\" dance."}, {"section_header": "Career | Return to Hollywood and Broadway", "text": "In fact, Quinn left the production for a film, never having played Becket, and director Peter Glenville suggested a road tour with Olivier as Henry."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "They had three children: Francesco Quinn (March 22, 1963 \u2013 August 5, 2011), Danny Quinn (born April 16, 1964), and Lorenzo Quinn (born May 7,"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Manuel Antonio Rodolfo Quinn Oaxaca (April 21, 1915 \u2013 June 3, 2001), known professionally as Anthony Quinn, was a Mexican-American actor, painter, writer and film director who achieved international renown."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "By the 1990s, Quinn then had two children with his secretary, Katherine Benvin; daughter Antonia Patricia Rose Quinn (born July 23, 1993) and son Ryan Nicholas Quinn (born July 5, 1996)."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "The couple had five children: Christopher (1938\u20131941), Christina (born December 1, 1941), Catalina (born November 21, 1942), Duncan (born August 4, 1945), and Valentina (born December 26, 1952)."}], "text": "Anthony Quinn was a Latinx actor who was born in Chihuahua and claimed to not have an Irish father.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Anthony Quinn"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Atmosphere | Other features", "text": "Cassini observed a series of cloud features nicknamed \"String of Pearls\" found in northern latitudes."}], "id": "uAekEsLLXi6xlDXBFyjd", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Natural satellites", "text": "Saturn has 82 known moons, 53 of which have formal names."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Saturn is named after the Roman god of wealth and agriculture; its astronomical symbol (\u2644) represents the god's sickle."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "At least 82 moons are known to orbit Saturn, of which 53 are officially named; this does not include the hundreds of moonlets in its rings."}, {"section_header": "Natural satellites", "text": "Traditionally, most of Saturn's moons have been named after Titans of Greek mythology."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Atmosphere | Cloud layers", "text": "In the upper cloud layers, with the temperature in the range 100\u2013160 K and pressures extending between 0.5\u20132 bar, the clouds consist of ammonia ice."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Atmosphere | Cloud layers", "text": "The composition of the clouds varies with depth and increasing pressure."}, {"section_header": "History of observation and exploration | Ancient observations", "text": "In ancient Roman mythology, the planet Phainon was sacred to this agricultural god, from which the planet takes its modern name."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Atmosphere | North pole hexagonal cloud pattern", "text": "The hexagonal feature does not shift in longitude like the other clouds in the visible atmosphere."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Atmosphere | Cloud layers", "text": "Saturn's finer cloud patterns were not observed until the flybys of the Voyager spacecraft during the 1980s."}, {"section_header": "History of observation and exploration | Ancient observations", "text": "In Ottoman Turkish, Urdu and Malay, the name of Zazel is 'Zuhal', derived from the Arabic language (Arabic: \u0632\u062d\u0644\u200e, romanized: Zuhal)."}, {"section_header": "Physical characteristics | Atmosphere | Other features", "text": "Cassini observed a series of cloud features nicknamed \"String of Pearls\" found in northern latitudes."}], "text": "Saturn has clouds that are named after plants that are farmed.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Saturn"}
{"category": "NOCAT", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pope Innocent III (Latin: Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 \u2013 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei"}], "id": "uBrbXshKQfwyLaNeCXhR", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Death and legacy", "text": "The Council had set the beginning of the Fifth Crusade for 1217, under the direct leadership of the Church."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Francis of Assisi", "text": "The Cardinal, who was the confessor of Pope Innocent III, was immediately sympathetic to Francis and agreed to represent Francis to the pope."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Reassertion of papal power", "text": "As pope, Innocent III began with a very wide sense of his responsibility and of his authority."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Crusades and suppression of heresy", "text": "Pope Innocent III spent a majority of his tenure as Pope (1198\u20131216) preparing for a great crusade on the Holy Land."}, {"section_header": "General sources", "text": "Moore, John C. \" Pope Innocent III, Sardinia, and the Papal State."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pope Innocent III (Latin: Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 \u2013 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei"}, {"section_header": "General sources", "text": "Moore, John C. Pope Innocent III (1160/61-1216): To Root Up and to Plant."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Feudal power over Europe", "text": "At the request of England's King John, Pope Innocent III declared the Magna Carta annulled, resulting in a rebellion by the English Barons who rejected the disenfranchisement."}, {"section_header": "General sources", "text": "Bolton, Brenda, Innocent III."}, {"section_header": "General sources", "text": ", 2 vol. , 2 vol. Tillman, Helen, Pope Innocent III, New York, 1980. (in French) Th\u00e9ry-Astruc, Julien, \"Introduction\", in Innocent III et le Midi (Cahiers de Fanjeaux, 50), Toulouse, Privat, 2015,"}], "text": "Pope Innocent III passed away in 1217.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Pope Innocent III"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Name", "text": "Despite its pagan links, the statue remained standing well into the medieval era and was credited with magical powers."}], "id": "uEjPwyvX1iZJjkAnXIeK", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Physical description | Exterior", "text": "However, it has suffered extensive damage over the centuries, with large segments having collapsed following earthquakes."}, {"section_header": "Name", "text": "The building was constructed by emperors of the Flavian dynasty, following the reign of Nero."}, {"section_header": "History | Construction, inauguration, and Roman renovations", "text": "Vespasian's decision to build the Colosseum on the site of Nero's lake can be seen as a populist gesture of returning to the people an area of the city which Nero had appropriated for his own use."}, {"section_header": "History | Construction, inauguration, and Roman renovations", "text": "It was devastated by the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, following which Nero seized much of the area to add to his personal domain."}, {"section_header": "Name", "text": "In antiquity, Romans may have referred to the Colosseum by the unofficial name Amphitheatrum Caesareum (with Caesareum an adjective pertaining to the title Caesar), but this name may have been strictly poetic as it was not exclusive to the Colosseum; Vespasian and Titus, builders of the Colosseum, also constructed an amphitheater of the same name in Puteoli (modern Pozzuoli).The name Colosseum is believed to be derived from a colossal statue of Nero that once stood nearby."}, {"section_header": "Physical description | Exterior", "text": "The north side of the perimeter wall is still standing; the distinctive triangular brick wedges at each end are modern additions, having been constructed in the early 19th century to shore up the wall."}, {"section_header": "History | Construction, inauguration, and Roman renovations", "text": "The existing Aqua Claudia aqueduct was extended to supply water to the area and the gigantic bronze Colossus of Nero was set up nearby at the entrance to the Domus Aurea."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Colosseum could hold an estimated 50,000 to 80,000 spectators at various points of its history over the centuries, having an average audience of some 65,000; it was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles (for only a short time as the hypogeum was soon filled in with mechanisms to support the other activities), animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Roman mythology."}, {"section_header": "Works modeled on, or inspired by, the Colosseum", "text": "The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum entrance was inspired by the Colosseum."}, {"section_header": "Works modeled on, or inspired by, the Colosseum", "text": "The Palazzo della Civilta Italiana was very closely modelled on the Colosseum."}, {"section_header": "Name", "text": "Despite its pagan links, the statue remained standing well into the medieval era and was credited with magical powers."}], "text": "An effigy of Nero, near the Colosseum, was thought to have mystical properties.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Colosseum"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946."}], "id": "uHGmpsZVLlS1XdsNNdX9", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He is one of two modern (post-1901) pitchers to win 40 or more games in a single season."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "From 1906 to 1912, he had several seasons where he was one of the best pitchers in baseball."}, {"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "Walsh was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Peak years", "text": "He also struck out at least one batter each inning of that game; this feat has since been duplicated only once, by Bob Gibson in the 1968 World Series opener."}, {"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "In 2011, he was inducted into the Irish American Baseball Hall of Fame."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He is the last pitcher from any team to throw more than 400 innings in a single season, a feat that he most recently accomplished in 1908."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Edward Augustine \"Big Ed\" Walsh (May 14, 1881 \u2013 May 26, 1959) was an American pitcher and manager in Major League Baseball."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Peak years", "text": "Interviewed for the book The Glory of Their Times, Hall of Famer Sam Crawford referred to Walsh's use of a pitch that was later outlawed: \"Big Ed Walsh."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Peak years", "text": "Walsh also set an American League record by pitching 464 innings in a season."}], "text": "Ed Walsh is one of the two pitchers to win 40 or more games in one season but was banned from joining the baseball hall of fame due to gambling.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Ed Walsh"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is written in the Epic dialect of Ancient Greek and contains 1022 lines."}], "id": "uK9DavxcKBY25PmNqrc8", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Descriptions", "text": "Although it is often used as a sourcebook for Greek mythology, the Theogony is both more and less than that."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is written in the Epic dialect of Ancient Greek and contains 1022 lines."}, {"section_header": "Prometheus", "text": "Prometheus asked Zeus' opinion on which offering pile he found more desirable, hoping to trick the god into selecting the less desirable portion."}, {"section_header": "The genealogies | Descendants of Gaia and Pontus", "text": "After Uranus's castration, Gaia mated with her son, Pontus (Sea), producing a descendent line consisting primarily of sea deities, sea nymphs, and hybrid monsters."}, {"section_header": "Descriptions", "text": "The written form of the Theogony was established in the 6th century BC."}, {"section_header": "The Succession Myth", "text": "One of the principal components of the Theogony is the presentation of the \"Succession Myth\"."}, {"section_header": "Descriptions", "text": "Rather, the point is that the authority of kingship now belongs to the poetic voice, the voice that is declaiming the Theogony."}, {"section_header": "Selected translations", "text": "Johnson, Kimberly, Theogony and Works and Days: A New Critical Edition, Northwestern University Press, 2017."}, {"section_header": "Influence on earliest Greek philosophy", "text": "In the Theogony, the origin (arche) is Chaos, a divine primordial condition, and there are the roots and the ends of the earth, sky, sea, and Tartarus."}, {"section_header": "The genealogies | Descendants of Gaia and Pontus", "text": "The last offspring of Ceto and Phorcys was a serpent (unnamed in the Theogony, later called Ladon, by Apollodorus) who guards the golden apples."}], "text": "Theogony has less than 100 lines.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Theogony"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Hamlet is considered among the most powerful and influential works of world literature, with a story capable of \"seemingly endless retelling and adaptation by others\"."}], "id": "uKRO9MK59ofnJdFUKXxU", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Hamlet is considered among the most powerful and influential works of world literature, with a story capable of \"seemingly endless retelling and adaptation by others\"."}, {"section_header": "Influence", "text": "Hamlet is one of the most quoted works in the English language, and is often included on lists of the world's greatest literature."}, {"section_header": "Context and interpretation | Psychoanalytic | Sigmund Freud", "text": "\"These ideas, which became a cornerstone of Freud's psychological theories, he named the \"Oedipus Complex\", and, at one point, he considered calling it the \"Hamlet Complex\"."}, {"section_header": "Date", "text": "Other scholars consider this inconclusive."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was one of Shakespeare's most popular works during his lifetime and still ranks among his most performed, topping the performance list of the Royal Shakespeare Company and its predecessors in Stratford-upon-Avon since 1879."}, {"section_header": "Performance history | 20th century", "text": "Konstantin Stanislavski and Edward Gordon Craig\u2014two of the 20th century's most influential theatre practitioners\u2014collaborated on the Moscow Art Theatre's seminal production of 1911\u201312."}, {"section_header": "Analysis and criticism | Critical history", "text": "By the mid-18th century, however, the advent of Gothic literature brought psychological and mystical readings, returning madness and the ghost to the forefront."}, {"section_header": "Analysis and criticism | Language", "text": "This work specifically advises royal retainers to amuse their masters with inventive language."}, {"section_header": "Date", "text": "In 1598, Francis Meres published his Palladis Tamia, a survey of English literature from Chaucer to its present day, within which twelve of Shakespeare's plays are named."}, {"section_header": "Influence", "text": "As John Kerrigan discusses, Milton originally considered writing his epic poem Paradise Lost (1667) as a tragedy."}], "text": "It has been considered as one of the most influential works of literature.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Hamlet"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Achievements of his reign", "text": "King Henry IV, a promoter of the arts by all classes of people, invited hundreds of artists and craftsmen to live and work on the building's lower floors."}], "id": "uSoI73dW1vxiVCFRDzXj", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Achievements of his reign", "text": "The art and architecture of his reign have become known as the \"Henry IV style\" since that time."}, {"section_header": "Achievements of his reign", "text": "King Henry IV, a promoter of the arts by all classes of people, invited hundreds of artists and craftsmen to live and work on the building's lower floors."}, {"section_header": "International relations under Henry IV", "text": "During the reign of Henry IV, rivalry continued among France, the Habsburg rulers of Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire for the mastery of Western Europe."}, {"section_header": "International relations under Henry IV | Ottoman Empire", "text": "It granted numerous advantages to France in the Ottoman Empire."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Henry IV (French: Henri IV; 13 December 1553 \u2013 14 May 1610), also known by the epithet Good King Henry or Henry the Great, was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 and King of France from 1589 to 1610."}, {"section_header": "International relations under Henry IV | Spain and Italy", "text": "Their conflicts were settled in the Treaty of Lyon of 1601, which mandated territorial exchanges between France and the Duchy of Savoy."}, {"section_header": "International relations under Henry IV | East Asia", "text": "The Corbin was wrecked in the Maldives, leading to the adventure of Fran\u00e7ois Pyrard de Laval, who managed to return to France in 1611."}, {"section_header": "Achievements of his reign", "text": "France laid claim to New France (now Canada)."}, {"section_header": "International relations under Henry IV | Ottoman Empire", "text": "In 1604, a \"Peace Treaty and Capitulation\" was signed between Henry IV and the Ottoman Sultan Ahmet I."}, {"section_header": "Early life | Wars of Religion", "text": "When Henry III died, Henry of Navarre nominally became king of France."}], "text": "Henry IV of France was a patron of the arts.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Henry IV of France"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jacob Ruppert Jr. (August 5, 1867 \u2013 January 13, 1939) was an American brewer, businessman, National Guard colonel and politician who served for four terms representing New York in the United States House of Representatives from 1899 to 1907."}], "id": "uVrlgSL7MxLa6vUuk2Bc", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Baseball", "text": "Ruppert and Tillinghast L'Hommedieu Huston, a former United States Army engineer and colonel, purchased the Yankees from Farrell and Devery before the 1915 season for $480,000 ($12,131,053 in current dollar terms)."}, {"section_header": "Career | Baseball", "text": "Nevertheless, they were personal friends; according to Ruth, Ruppert called him \"Babe\" only once, and that was the night before he died."}, {"section_header": "Career | Baseball", "text": "In 1929, Ruppert added numbers to the Yankees' uniforms, which became a feature of every team."}, {"section_header": "Career | Baseball", "text": "Ruppert, interested in baseball since his childhood, began to pursue ownership of a Major League Baseball team and attempted to purchase the New York Giants on numerous occasions."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy | Legacy", "text": "His brother George, who served as the Yankees' vice president, declined to take over the team presidency, and instead recommended that general manager Ed Barrow be given control of the club."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy | Legacy", "text": "This was managed by his heirs."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jacob Ruppert Jr. (August 5, 1867 \u2013 January 13, 1939) was an American brewer, businessman, National Guard colonel and politician who served for four terms representing New York in the United States House of Representatives from 1899 to 1907."}, {"section_header": "Career | Baseball", "text": "After the 1917 season, Ban Johnson, president of the AL, suggested that Ruppert hire St. Louis Cardinals manager Miller Huggins to take over the same position with the Yankees."}, {"section_header": "Career | Baseball", "text": "Huston, who was in Europe at the time that Ruppert was considering the appointment, disliked Huggins and wanted to hire the manager of the National League's crosstown Brooklyn Robins, Wilbert Robinson, his drinking buddy."}, {"section_header": "Career | Baseball", "text": "Ruppert's 24 years as a Yankee owner saw him build the team from near-moribund to a baseball powerhouse."}], "text": "Ruppert was in army and a politician before he managed a baseball team.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Jacob Ruppert"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In turn, he was ultimately assassinated by his own half brothers, Dingane and Mhlangana."}], "id": "uXd3Q5U6gP8wbZ8yb5ux", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In turn, he was ultimately assassinated by his own half brothers, Dingane and Mhlangana."}, {"section_header": "Death and succession", "text": "It was all the conspirators needed\u2014they being Shaka's half-brothers, Dingane and Mhlangana, and an iNduna called Mbopa."}, {"section_header": "Death and succession", "text": "Dingane and Mhlangana, Shaka's half-brothers, appear to have made at least two attempts to assassinate Shaka before they succeeded, with perhaps support from Mpondo elements and some disaffected iziYendane people."}, {"section_header": "Death and succession", "text": "Shaka's half-brother Dingane assumed power and embarked on an extensive purge of pro-Shaka elements and chieftains, running over several years, in order to secure his position."}, {"section_header": "Death and succession", "text": "A diversion was created by Mbopa, and Dingane and Mhlangana struck the fatal blows."}, {"section_header": "Death and succession", "text": "Dingane ruled for some twelve years, during which time he fought, disastrously, against the Voortrekkers, and against another half-brother, Mpande, who, with Boer and British support, took over the Zulu leadership in 1840, ruling for some 30 years."}, {"section_header": "Successor to Senzangakhona", "text": "When Senzangakhona (Shaka's father) died in 1816, Shaka's younger half-brother Sigujana assumed power as the legitimate heir to the Zulu chiefdom."}, {"section_header": "Death and succession", "text": "Shaka's corpse was dumped by his assassins in an empty grain pit, which was then filled with stones and mud."}, {"section_header": "Death and succession", "text": "The Zulu monarch was killed by three assassins sometime in 1828; September is the most frequently cited date, when almost all available"}, {"section_header": "Death and succession", "text": "Loyalty was also maintained through fear, as anyone who was suspected of rivaling Dingane was killed."}], "text": "Shaka was assassinated by his own half brothers, Dingane and Mhlangana.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Shaka"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Scarlet Letter: A Romance is a work of historical fiction by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne, published in 1850."}, {"section_header": "Publication history", "text": "The Scarlet Letter was first published in the spring of 1850 by Ticknor & Fields, beginning Hawthorne's most lucrative period."}], "id": "uYPJ8DtrhRiQR8Nl8pKM", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was popular when first published and is considered a classic work today."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Scarlet Letter: A Romance is a work of historical fiction by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne, published in 1850."}, {"section_header": "Publication history", "text": "The Scarlet Letter was first published in the spring of 1850 by Ticknor & Fields, beginning Hawthorne's most lucrative period."}, {"section_header": "Publication history", "text": "This is not true: Fields persuaded Hawthorne to publish The Scarlet Letter alone (along with the earlier-completed \"Custom House\" essay) but he had nothing to do with the length of the story."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations and influence", "text": "In March 2015, Manga Classics Inc. published a manga adaptation of The Scarlet Letter, was adopted by Crystal S. Chan, art by Sunneko Lee."}, {"section_header": "Publication history", "text": "It was long thought that Hawthorne originally planned The Scarlet Letter to be a shorter novelette, part of a collection named Old Time Legends, and that his publisher, James Thomas Fields, convinced him to expand the work to a full-length novel."}, {"section_header": "Publication history", "text": "Hawthorne's wife Sophia later challenged Fields' claims a little inexactly: \"he has made the absurd boast that he was the sole cause of the Scarlet Letter being published!\" She noted that her husband's friend Edwin Percy Whipple, a critic, approached Fields to consider its publication."}], "text": "It was published in 1849.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "The Scarlet Letter"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Widowed, Mary returned to Scotland, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561."}], "id": "ue5aoBrdMeGpdqUllFgw", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Four years later, she married her half-cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, and in June 1566 they had a son, James."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign | Treaty of Greenwich", "text": "In May 1544, the English Earl of Hertford (later Duke of Somerset) raided Edinburgh, and the Scots took Mary to Dunkeld for safety."}, {"section_header": "Marriage to Lord Darnley | Murder of Darnley", "text": "A week later, Bothwell managed to convince more than two dozen lords and bishops to sign the Ainslie Tavern Bond, in which they agreed to support his aim to marry the queen."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Widowed, Mary returned to Scotland, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561."}, {"section_header": "Return to Scotland", "text": "She sent an ambassador, Thomas Randolph, to tell Mary that if she married an English nobleman, Elizabeth would \"proceed to the inquisition of her right and title to be our next cousin and heir\"."}, {"section_header": "Marriage to Lord Darnley", "text": "They married at Holyrood Palace on 29 July 1565, even though both were Catholic and a papal dispensation for the marriage of first cousins had not been obtained."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign | Life in France", "text": "Twenty days later, she married the Dauphin at Notre Dame de Paris, and he became king consort of Scotland."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After an unsuccessful attempt to regain the throne, she fled southward seeking the protection of her first cousin once removed, Queen Elizabeth I of England."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 \u2013 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, reigned over Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign | Treaty of Greenwich", "text": "King Henry II of France proposed to unite France and Scotland by marrying the young queen to his three-year-old son, the Dauphin Francis."}], "text": "Mary, Queen of Scots, was a widow who later married her cousin.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Mary, Queen of Scots"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "There are also several streets and avenues bearing his name throughout Venezuela."}], "id": "ugGO3ehYTkSNVAJOTLr1", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "I think sometimes that you in the United States know more about Mr. Aparicio than many Venezuelans."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "There are also several streets and avenues bearing his name throughout Venezuela."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "The full name of the stadium is Estadio Luis Aparicio El Grande (Luis Aparicio \"the Great\" Stadium) in honor to Luis Aparicio Ortega."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "Also, the sports complex where the stadium is located is named Polideportivo Luis Aparicio Montiel."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His father, Luis Aparicio Sr., was a notable shortstop in Venezuela and owned a Winter League team with Aparicio's uncle, Ernesto Aparicio."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Aparicio was born in Maracaibo, Zulia State, Venezuela."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "There is a stadium in Maracaibo, Venezuela, bearing his father's name."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "The Chicago White Sox also retired Aparicio's uniform number 11 that year."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "Vizquel said that wearing the number would preserve the name of a great Venezuelan shortstop."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "In 2010, the White Sox gave number 11 to shortstop Omar Vizquel, with Aparicio's permission."}], "text": "There are streets that have Luis Aparicio's name in the United States.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Luis Aparicio"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life | Politics", "text": "After all, fascism is really nationalism... I believe very strongly in fascism, people have always responded with greater efficiency under a regimental leadership.\" He was also quoted as saying: \"Adolf Hitler was one of the first rock stars\" and \"You've got to have an extreme right front come up and sweep everything off its feet and tidy everything up."}], "id": "uiqCkfzmyaYhBGK9iETS", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Music career | 1974\u20131976: \"Plastic soul\" and the Thin White Duke", "text": "Discussing his flirtations with fascism in a 1980 interview with NME, Bowie explained that Los Angeles was \"where it had all happened."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1974\u20131976: \"Plastic soul\" and the Thin White Duke", "text": "He later commented that the accompanying live album, David Live, ought to have been titled \"David Bowie Is Alive and"}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Politics", "text": "\"In the 1980s and 1990s, Bowie's public statements shifted sharply towards anti-racism and anti-fascism."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Bowie was born David Robert Jones on 8 January 1947 in Brixton, London."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1974\u20131976: \"Plastic soul\" and the Thin White Duke", "text": "He later blamed his pro-fascism comments and his behaviour during the period on his addictions and the character of the Thin White Duke."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 2013\u20132016: Final years", "text": "An exhibition of Bowie artefacts, called David Bowie Is, was organised by the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, and shown there in 2013."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Politics", "text": "The album Tin Machine took a more direct stance against fascism and Neo-Nazism, and was criticised for being too preachy."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "David Robert Jones (8 January 1947 \u2013 10 January 2016), better known by his stage name David Bowie ( BOH-ee), was an English singer-songwriter and actor."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Politics", "text": "After all, fascism is really nationalism... I believe very strongly in fascism, people have always responded with greater efficiency under a regimental leadership.\" He was also quoted as saying: \"Adolf Hitler was one of the first rock stars\" and \"You've got to have an extreme right front come up and sweep everything off its feet and tidy everything up."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 2013\u20132016: Final years", "text": "In May 2015, \"Let's Dance\" was announced to be reissued as a yellow vinyl single on 16 July 2015 in conjunction with the David Bowie"}], "text": "David Bowie unironically advocated for fascism.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "David Bowie"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 \u2013 January 17, 1893) was the 19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881, after serving in the U.S. House of Representatives and as governor of Ohio."}], "id": "ujstPX3kHArlj1bxDY0d", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A lawyer and staunch abolitionist, he had defended refugee slaves in court proceedings during the antebellum years."}, {"section_header": "Family and early life | Cincinnati law practice and marriage", "text": "A staunch abolitionist, Hayes found his work on behalf of fugitive slaves personally gratifying as well as politically useful, as it raised his profile in the newly formed Republican Party."}, {"section_header": "Family and early life | Cincinnati law practice and marriage", "text": "Hayes also defended slaves who had escaped and been accused under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850."}, {"section_header": "Family and early life | Cincinnati law practice and marriage", "text": "As Cincinnati was just across the Ohio River from Kentucky, a slave state, it was a destination for escaping slaves and many such cases were tried in its courts."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1877\u20131881) | Great Railroad Strike", "text": "In his first year in office, Hayes was faced with the United States' largest labor uprising to date, the Great Railroad Strike of 1877."}, {"section_header": "Family and early life | Cincinnati law practice and marriage", "text": "Hayes courted his future wife, Lucy Webb, during his time there."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 \u2013 January 17, 1893) was the 19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881, after serving in the U.S. House of Representatives and as governor of Ohio."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1877\u20131881) | Currency debate", "text": "The second issue concerned United States Notes (commonly called greenbacks), a form of fiat currency first issued during the Civil War."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1877\u20131881) | Foreign policy", "text": "Hayes vetoed the bill, believing that the United States should not abrogate treaties without negotiation."}, {"section_header": "Presidency (1877\u20131881) | Judicial appointments", "text": "Woods served six years on the Court, ultimately proving a disappointment to Hayes as he interpreted the Constitution in a manner more similar to that of Southern Democrats than to Hayes's own preferences."}], "text": "Rutherford B. Hayes was not only the 18th president of the United States, but also a lawyer and staunch abolitionist, he had defended refugee slaves in court proceedings during the antebellum years", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Rutherford B. Hayes"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Origins | Publishing history", "text": "The seventh and final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was published on 21 July 2007."}], "id": "ulQDbkO0v6HxtWvB0vqy", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Adaptations | Spin-off production", "text": "While all the readings were free, the donations from watchers combined came out to $10,200."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Voldemort returns", "text": "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the last original novel in the series, begins directly after the events of the sixth book."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Publishing history", "text": "The seventh and final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was published on 21 July 2007."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Social impact", "text": "The trouble is that one Harry Potter novel every few years is not enough to reverse the decline in reading.\"Jennifer"}, {"section_header": "Plot | Early years", "text": "In this book, a recurring theme throughout the series is emphasised \u2013 in every book there is a new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher, none of whom lasts more than one school year."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling."}, {"section_header": "Achievements | Awards, honours, and recognition", "text": "In November 2019, the BBC listed the Harry Potter series on its list of the 100 most influential novels."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Completion of the series", "text": "\" Updates then followed in her online diary chronicling the progress of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, with the release date of 21 July 2007."}, {"section_header": "Supplementary works | In-universe books", "text": "In 2007, Rowling composed seven handwritten copies of The Tales of Beedle the Bard, a collection of fairy tales that is featured in the final novel, one of which was auctioned to raise money for the Children's High Level Group, a fund for mentally disabled children in poor countries."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Completion of the series", "text": "It read: \"J. K. Rowling finished writing Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in this room (552) on 11 January 2007.\"Rowling herself has stated that the last chapter of the final book (in fact, the epilogue) was completed \"in something like 1990\"."}], "text": "Harry Potter is a series of novels and the last one came out in 2007.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Harry Potter"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Wagner dropped out of school at age 12 to help his father and brothers in the coal mines."}], "id": "umJp29DBzROFvfpSGqg0", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Wagner dropped out of school at age 12 to help his father and brothers in the coal mines."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Career before Major League Baseball", "text": "Honus' brother Albert \"Butts\" Wagner was considered the ballplayer of the family."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Career before Major League Baseball", "text": "Albert suggested Honus in 1895 when his Inter-State League team was in need of help."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Later career", "text": "Nevertheless, he aged exceptionally well; the three highest OPS+ seasons by any shortstop aged 35 or older belong to Wagner, and even his age-41 season ranks 8th on the list."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Wagner's older brother, Albert \"Butts\" Wagner, who had a brief major league career himself, is often credited with getting Honus his first tryout."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | 1903 and 1909 World Series", "text": "Wagner recounted: \"We had him out at second."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Following his brother, Wagner trained to be a barber before becoming successful in baseball."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "In their free time, he and his brothers played sandlot baseball and developed their skills to such an extent that three of his brothers went on to become professionals as well."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Baseball legacy", "text": "The stadium serves as the home field for Carlynton High School varsity sports."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Baseball legacy", "text": "Wagner is honored in the form of a small stadium residing behind Carnegie Elementary School on Washington Avenue in Carnegie, Pennsylvania."}], "text": "Honus Wagner dropped out of school at age 14 to help his father and brothers.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Honus Wagner"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He also owned the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball from 1915 until his death in 1939."}], "id": "umQZFIlSwbnak5Qk3RMk", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jacob Ruppert Jr. (August 5, 1867 \u2013 January 13, 1939) was an American brewer, businessman, National Guard colonel and politician who served for four terms representing New York in the United States House of Representatives from 1899 to 1907."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Ruppert grew up in the Jacob Ruppert Sr. House on Fifth Avenue."}, {"section_header": "Career | Baseball", "text": "Ruppert eventually organized opposition to Johnson among other AL owners."}, {"section_header": "Career | Political and business career", "text": "Upon his father's death in 1915, Ruppert inherited the Jacob Ruppert Brewing Company and became the company's president."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Ruppert was born in New York City, the son of brewer Jacob Ruppert Sr., and his wife, the former Anna Gillig."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Jacob Jr. attended the Columbia Grammar School."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy | Legacy", "text": "Ruppert's father, Jacob Sr., left behind an estate of $6,382,758 ($119,155,573 in current dollar terms) when he died in 1915, which Ruppert increased to $40 million by the time of his death in 1939."}, {"section_header": "Career | Baseball", "text": "Ruppert and Huston financed the project with $2.5 million of their own money ($38,185,885 in current dollar terms).In May 1922, Ruppert bought out Huston for $1.5 million ($22,508,789 in current dollar terms), and he became the sole owner."}, {"section_header": "Career | Baseball", "text": "Ruppert's 24 years as a Yankee owner saw him build the team from near-moribund to a baseball powerhouse."}, {"section_header": "Career | Baseball", "text": "However, Frank J. Farrell and William S. Devery, owners of the New York Yankees, were looking to sell their franchise."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He also owned the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball from 1915 until his death in 1939."}], "text": "Jacob Ruppert was a politician and owner of the Detroit Tigers.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Jacob Ruppert"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sir Ben Kingsley (born Krishna Pandit Bhanji; 31 December 1943) is an English actor."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Kingsley was born as Krishna Pandit Bhanji on 31 December 1943 in Snainton, North Riding of Yorkshire, the son of actress and model Anna Lyna Mary (n\u00e9e Goodman; 1914\u20132010) and doctor Rahimtulla Harji Bhanji (1914\u20131968)."}], "id": "uny9JNopBIK1PEL5V2LY", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Honours", "text": "Since then, Kingsley appears to have altered his stance; credits for his latest films refer to him as Ben Kingsley."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "Kingsley studied at De La Salle College in Salford, which later became home to the Ben Kingsley Theatre."}, {"section_header": "Career | Film and television", "text": "Kingsley has since appeared in a variety of roles."}, {"section_header": "Honours", "text": "Kingsley is a Quaker. Kingsley was made a Knight Bachelor in the 2002 New Year Honours for services to the British film industry."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Kingsley grew up in Pendlebury, Lancashire."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Kingsley stated in 1994, \"I'm not Jewish, and though there might be some Russian-Jewish heritage way back on my mother's side, the thread is so fine there's no real evidence.\" Kingsley has been married four times and has four children: Thomas Bhanji and artist Jasmin Bhanji, with actress Angela Morant, and Edmund Kingsley and Ferdinand Kingsley, both of whom became actors, with theatrical director Alison Sutcliffe."}, {"section_header": "Honours", "text": "In May 2010, Kingsley was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "Later, he was spotted by music producer and manager Dick James, who offered to mould Kingsley into a pop star, but Kingsley chose to join the Royal Shakespeare Company after an audition before Trevor Nunn."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Kingsley was appointed Knight Bachelor in 2002 for services to the British film industry."}, {"section_header": "Honours", "text": "In April 2013, Kingsley was honoured with the Fellowship Award at The Asian Awards in London."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sir Ben Kingsley (born Krishna Pandit Bhanji; 31 December 1943) is an English actor."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Kingsley was born as Krishna Pandit Bhanji on 31 December 1943 in Snainton, North Riding of Yorkshire, the son of actress and model Anna Lyna Mary (n\u00e9e Goodman; 1914\u20132010) and doctor Rahimtulla Harji Bhanji (1914\u20131968)."}], "text": "Kingsley is Welsh, his parents are from England but he was raised in Wales.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Ben Kingsley"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Women | American nurses", "text": "First Lieutenant Sharon Lane was the only female military nurse to be killed by enemy gunfire during the war, on 8 June 1969."}, {"section_header": "Black servicemen", "text": "Points he makes on the latter topic include: the higher proportion of combat casualties in Vietnam among African American servicemen than among American soldiers of other races, the shift toward and different attitudes of black military careerists versus black draftees, the discrimination encountered by black servicemen \"on the battlefield in decorations, promotion and duty assignments\" as well as their having to endure \"the racial insults, cross-burnings and Confederate flags of their white comrades\"\u2014and"}], "id": "uoMdHcO8I2GbQ0KEFt2k", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Aftermath | Casualties", "text": "Estimates of the number of casualties vary, with one source suggesting up to 3.8 million violent war deaths in Vietnam for the period 1955 to 2002."}, {"section_header": "Black servicemen", "text": "The experience of American military personnel of African ancestry during the Vietnam War had received significant attention."}, {"section_header": "Johnson's escalation, 1963\u20131969 | The 1964 Offensive", "text": "During this phase, the use of captured equipment decreased, while greater numbers of ammunition and supplies were required to maintain regular units."}, {"section_header": "War crimes", "text": "A large number of war crimes took place during the Vietnam War."}, {"section_header": "Black servicemen", "text": "Points he makes on the latter topic include: the higher proportion of combat casualties in Vietnam among African American servicemen than among American soldiers of other races, the shift toward and different attitudes of black military careerists versus black draftees, the discrimination encountered by black servicemen \"on the battlefield in decorations, promotion and duty assignments\" as well as their having to endure \"the racial insults, cross-burnings and Confederate flags of their white comrades\"\u2014and"}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | Effect on the United States | Cost of the war", "text": "More than 3 million Americans served in the Vietnam War, some 1.5 million of whom actually saw combat in Vietnam."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | Casualties", "text": "A detailed demographic study calculated 791,000\u20131,141,000 war-related deaths during the war for all of Vietnam, for both military and civilians."}, {"section_header": "Women | American nurses", "text": "They faced a plethora of challenges, one of which was the relatively small number of female soldiers."}, {"section_header": "Black servicemen", "text": "Civil rights leaders protested the disproportionate casualties and the overrepresentation in hazardous duty and combat roles experienced by African American servicemen, prompting reforms that were implemented beginning in 1967\u201368."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | Casualties", "text": "Other estimates point to higher figures of 313,000 casualties."}, {"section_header": "Women | American nurses", "text": "First Lieutenant Sharon Lane was the only female military nurse to be killed by enemy gunfire during the war, on 8 June 1969."}], "text": "African American soldiers saw a greater number of casualties than their white counterparts during the Vietnam War.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Vietnam War"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jesse Joseph Haines (July 22, 1893 \u2013 August 5, 1978), nicknamed \"Pop\", was a right-handed pitcher in for the Cincinnati Reds and St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB)."}], "id": "up7SnQqBVdQhu6gnVQW7", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "Haines began to pitch fewer games in 1932."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "After the committee selected Haines, Frisch commented that Haines was \"a worthy, worthy man... a great competitor, a fine fellow off and on the field.\" Sabermetrician Bill James has listed Haines as one of ten examples of Hall of Fame inductees who do not deserve the honor."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Haines pitched on three World Series championship teams."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Haines wanted to play baseball for the local team in Phillipsburg."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "Haines worked on the coaching staff of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1938."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "During his minor league days, Haines married Carrie M. Weidner."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "They had one child. Haines became a fixture in the Cardinals starting rotation in 1920."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Though he had a kind personality off the field, Haines was known as a fiery competitor during games."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "As his career went on, Haines became known as \"Pop\" because of the influence he exerted on younger teammates."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After retiring in 1937 with a 210\u2013158 win-loss record, Haines was a coach with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1938."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jesse Joseph Haines (July 22, 1893 \u2013 August 5, 1978), nicknamed \"Pop\", was a right-handed pitcher in for the Cincinnati Reds and St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB)."}], "text": "Haines was referred to as \"Pappi\".", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Jesse Haines"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film is a fictionalized account about the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and stars Alice Brady as Mrs. O'Leary, the owner of the cow which started the fire, and Tyrone Power and Don Ameche as her sons."}], "id": "usZyweuROypHWbGxlyDW", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In Old Chicago is a 1938 American drama disaster film directed by Henry King."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "Despite crediting the Chicago Historical Society for assistance with historical research, much of the film is fictionalized."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "Some sources claim that MGM offered to loan both Harlow and Clark Gable to Fox for In Old Chicago if they reciprocated by loaning Shirley Temple to MGM for their upcoming production of The Wizard of Oz."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Belle and Dion are reconciled, and Mrs. O'Leary predicts that the city will be rebuilt and flourish after her son's sacrifice for its future."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film is a fictionalized account about the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and stars Alice Brady as Mrs. O'Leary, the owner of the cow which started the fire, and Tyrone Power and Don Ameche as her sons."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "The Mayor of Chicago in 1871 was Roswell B. Mason, not an O'Leary son."}, {"section_header": "Awards", "text": "The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture."}, {"section_header": "Home media release", "text": "The film was released and restored to its full length on DVD in 2005."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "In the years before the film was made it had been supplanted by the Levee, an area renowned for its corrupt politicians, known as the Gray Wolves, whose deeds resemble those of the characters in the film."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The O'Leary family are traveling to Chicago to start a new life when Patrick O'Leary tries to race a steam train in his wagon."}], "text": "The film In Old Chicago is about a storm that destroys the city.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "In Old Chicago"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "George Edward Waddell (October 13, 1876 \u2013 April 1, 1914) was an American southpaw pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Over a career spanning 13 years, he played for the Louisville Colonels, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Chicago Orphans in the National League, as well as the Philadelphia Athletics and St. Louis Browns in the American League."}], "id": "uulhIWqShtvY3MbovPEP", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later career", "text": "May threatened to prosecute Rube for bigamy because she did not recognize the divorce granted Rube in St. Louis."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "George Edward Waddell (October 13, 1876 \u2013 April 1, 1914) was an American southpaw pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB)."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "We got Rube out of there without delay."}, {"section_header": "Final years", "text": "After his major league career was over, Waddell pitched for parts of three more years in the minor leagues, including a 20-win season for the Minneapolis Millers in 1911."}, {"section_header": "Early baseball career", "text": "On August 19, Waddell pitched the first game of a doubleheader for Milwaukee, winning in the 17th inning on his own triple."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "Not much was known about these mental conditions, or their diagnoses, at the time."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "He played with various football teams in his later years and had a brief stint as a goalkeeper in the St. Louis Soccer League."}, {"section_header": "Final years", "text": "That same year, while in Minneapolis, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis and moved to live with his sister in San Antonio, Texas."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "Shortly after the 1902 baseball season, reports indicated Waddell would play for Connie Mack's Athletics football team."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "On July 1, 1902, Waddell became the second pitcher to strike out three batters on nine pitches in the third inning of a 2\u20130 win over the Baltimore Orioles."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Over a career spanning 13 years, he played for the Louisville Colonels, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Chicago Orphans in the National League, as well as the Philadelphia Athletics and St. Louis Browns in the American League."}], "text": "Rube Waddell, also known as Robert Waddell, played thirteen years in the MLB.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Rube Waddell"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "He had several sets of false teeth made which he wore during his presidency\u2014none of which were made of wood, contrary to common lore."}], "id": "uxETL1sUNkaxGPnh9hoK", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Washington suffered frequently from severe tooth decay and ultimately lost all his teeth but one."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "He had several sets of false teeth made which he wore during his presidency\u2014none of which were made of wood, contrary to common lore."}, {"section_header": "Early republic (1783\u20131789) | Constitutional Convention of 1787", "text": "Washington wrote Alexander Hamilton on July 10: \"I almost despair of seeing a favorable issue to the proceedings of our convention and do therefore repent having had any agency in the business."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Memorials", "text": "The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745\u20131799 (1931\u20131944) is a 39-volume set edited by John Clement Fitzpatrick, who was commissioned by the George Washington Bicentennial Commission."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Memorials | Universities", "text": "Numerous universities, including George Washington University and Washington University in St. Louis, were named in honor of Washington."}, {"section_header": "Commander in chief (1775\u20131783) | Battle of Long Island", "text": "Howe, emboldened by his Long Island victory, dispatched Washington as \"George Washington, Esq.\", in futility to negotiate peace."}, {"section_header": "Colonial military career (1752\u20131758) | French and Indian War", "text": "In May, having set up a defensive position at Great Meadows, he learned that the French had made camp seven miles (11 km) away; he decided to take the offensive."}, {"section_header": "Burial, net worth, and aftermath", "text": "The outer vault has the sarcophagi of both George and Martha Washington; the inner vault has the remains of other Washington family members and relatives."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Memorials | Currency and postage", "text": "George Washington appears on contemporary U.S. currency, including the one-dollar bill and the quarter-dollar coin (the Washington quarter)."}, {"section_header": "Commander in chief (1775\u20131783) | Demobilization and resignation", "text": "On November 25, the British evacuated New York City, and Washington and Governor George Clinton took possession."}], "text": "George Washington did not have wooden teeth.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "George Washington"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of King James V of Scotland, was six days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne."}], "id": "uxkYYrgG3CBM9lu9otID", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Mary was queen consort of France from his accession in 1559 until his death in December 1560."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign | Treaty of Greenwich", "text": "In May 1546, Beaton was murdered by Protestant lairds, and on 10 September 1547, nine months after the death of Henry VIII, the Scots suffered a heavy defeat at the Battle of Pinkie."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 \u2013 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, reigned over Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567."}, {"section_header": "Escape and imprisonment in England", "text": "16 May. She landed at Workington in Cumberland in the north of England and stayed overnight at Workington Hall."}, {"section_header": "Escape and imprisonment in England | Plots", "text": "His death coincided with a rebellion in the North of England, led by Catholic earls, which persuaded Elizabeth that Mary was a threat."}, {"section_header": "Return to Scotland", "text": "Her privy council of 16 men, appointed on 6 September 1561, retained those who already held the offices of state."}, {"section_header": "Childhood and early reign | Treaty of Greenwich", "text": "In May 1544, the English Earl of Hertford (later Duke of Somerset) raided Edinburgh, and the Scots took Mary to Dunkeld for safety."}, {"section_header": "Escape and imprisonment in England | Casket letters", "text": "There are incomplete printed transcriptions in English, Scots, French, and Latin from the 1570s."}, {"section_header": "Escape and imprisonment in England | Casket letters", "text": "As an anointed queen, Mary refused to acknowledge the power of any court to try her."}, {"section_header": "Escape and imprisonment in England | Execution", "text": "Cecil's nephew, who was present at the execution, reported to his uncle that after her death \"Her lips stirred up and down a quarter of an hour after her head was cut off\" and that a small dog owned by the queen emerged from hiding among her skirts\u2014though eye-witness Emanuel Tomascon does not include those details in his \"exhaustive report\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of King James V of Scotland, was six days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne."}], "text": "Mary, Queen of Scots was 16 at her father's death.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Mary, Queen of Scots"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The statue weighs 635 metric tons (625 long, 700 short tons), and is located at the peak of the 700-metre (2,300 ft) Corcovado mountain in the Tijuca Forest National Park overlooking the city of Rio de Janeiro."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Christ the Redeemer (Portuguese: Cristo Redentor, standard Brazilian Portuguese: [\u02c8k\u027eistu \u0281eden\u02c8to\u0281], local pronunciation: [\u02c8k\u027ei\u0255t\u016d\u033b xe\u031eden\u02c8to\u0266]) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot."}], "id": "v3rLkTXwTHRpZRl2pGXt", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The lightning rods located in the statue's head and arms were also repaired, and new lighting fixtures were installed at the foot of the statue."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The statue weighs 635 metric tons (625 long, 700 short tons), and is located at the peak of the 700-metre (2,300 ft) Corcovado mountain in the Tijuca Forest National Park overlooking the city of Rio de Janeiro."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Cristo del Otero in Palencia , Spain built in 1930 (21 m) Cristo Rey (statue, Mexico) located on the Cerro del Cubilete in Guanajuato, Mexico, inspired by Rio's Christ the Redeemer (23 m) Cristo Rey in Tenancingo, M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico (30 m) Christ Blessing in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia (30 m) Christ of Havana in Havana, Cuba, inspired by Christ the Redeemer (20 m) Christ of the Abyss in various underwater locations"}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The designs considered for the \"Statue of the Christ\" included a representation of the Christian cross, a statue of Jesus with a globe in his hands, and a pedestal symbolizing the world."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "In 2010, a massive restoration of the statue began."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "The four-month restoration in 2010 focused on the statue itself."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "The statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms, a symbol of peace, was chosen."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Local engineer Heitor da Silva Costa designed the statue."}, {"section_header": "Restoration", "text": "More work on the statue and its environs was conducted in 2003 and early 2010."}, {"section_header": "Similar structures", "text": "Statue of Jesus Christ on the top of Sagrat Cor, Barcelona, Spain"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Christ the Redeemer (Portuguese: Cristo Redentor, standard Brazilian Portuguese: [\u02c8k\u027eistu \u0281eden\u02c8to\u0281], local pronunciation: [\u02c8k\u027ei\u0255t\u016d\u033b xe\u031eden\u02c8to\u0266]) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot."}], "text": "The statue is located in Argentina.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Christ the Redeemer (statue)"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1902 through 1917 for the Chicago Cubs, Boston Braves, and Philadelphia Phillies."}], "id": "vB3nYzNt0McFZqZ4ZCah", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "John Joseph Evers (July 21, 1881 \u2013 March 28, 1947) was an American professional baseball second baseman and manager."}, {"section_header": "Career | Boston Braves and Philadelphia Phillies", "text": "He signed with the Boston Red Sox as a player-coach for the 1918 season, but was released without playing a game for them."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Cubs traded Evers to the Braves in 1914; that season, Evers led the Braves to victory in the World Series, and was named the league's Most Valuable Player."}, {"section_header": "Personal", "text": "Evers' brother, Joe Evers, and uncle, Tom Evers, also played in MLB."}, {"section_header": "Career | Coaching and managing career", "text": "In the process, Evers became the oldest player in the league for the year."}, {"section_header": "Career | Minor league career", "text": "Evers made his professional debut in minor league baseball for the Troy Trojans of the Class-B New York State League in 1902 as a shortstop."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Known as one of the smartest ballplayers in MLB, Evers also had a surly temper that he took out on umpires."}, {"section_header": "Career | Boston Braves and Philadelphia Phillies", "text": "Not receiving another offer from an MLB team, Evers traveled to Paris as a member of the Knights of Columbus to promote baseball in France."}, {"section_header": "Career | Chicago Cubs", "text": "Evers made his MLB debut with the Cubs on September 1 at shortstop, as Selee moved Joe Tinker from shortstop to third base."}, {"section_header": "Career | Chicago Cubs", "text": "Only three players in the National League (NL) were younger than Evers: Jim St. Vrain, Jimmy Sebring, and Lave Winham."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1902 through 1917 for the Chicago Cubs, Boston Braves, and Philadelphia Phillies."}], "text": "Johnny Evers was an American professional MLB player for 15 seasons.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Johnny Evers"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Death", "text": "On 10 January 2016, two days after his 69th birthday and the release of the album Blackstar, Bowie died from liver cancer in his New York City apartment."}], "id": "vKo4KkMG63YNw7J2Hvo5", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Death", "text": "As he wished in his will, his ashes were scattered in a Buddhist ceremony in Bali, Indonesia."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "On 10 January 2016, two days after his 69th birthday and the release of the album Blackstar, Bowie died from liver cancer in his New York City apartment."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He remained musically active until he died of liver cancer at his home in New York City, two days after his 69th birthday and the release of his final album, Blackstar (2016)."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Spirituality and religion", "text": "\" In his will, Bowie stipulated that he be cremated and his ashes scattered in Bali \"in accordance with the Buddhist rituals\"."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 2013\u20132016: Final years", "text": "Blackstar was released on 8 January 2016, Bowie's 69th birthday, and was met with critical acclaim."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Two years later, he started attending Burnt Ash Junior School."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 1992\u20131998: Electronic period", "text": "\"Everyone Says 'Hi'\". The reunion led to other collaborations including a limited-edition single release version of Placebo's track \" Without You I'm Nothing\", co-produced by Visconti, with Bowie's harmonised vocal added to the original recording."}, {"section_header": "Legacy and influence", "text": "A David Bowie walking tour through Brixton was also launched, and other events marking his birthday weekend included concerts in New York, Los Angeles, Sydney, and Tokyo."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Family", "text": "On 24 April 1992, Bowie married Somali-American model Iman in a private ceremony in Lausanne."}, {"section_header": "Music career | 2016\u2013present: Posthumous releases", "text": "On 8 January 2020, on what would have been Bowie's 73rd birthday, a previously unreleased version of the song \"The Man Who Sold the World\" was released, and two new releases were announced: a streaming-only EP entitled Is It Any Wonder?"}], "text": "David Bowie died two days after his 69th birthday to liver cancer, and his ashes were scattered in a Buddhist ceremony in Bali, Indonesia", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "David Bowie"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gerty was not a nickname, but rather she was named after an Austrian warship."}], "id": "vLp4YXqQh7ZnQqc6zmeS", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gerty Theresa Cori (n\u00e9e Radnitz; August 15, 1896 \u2013 October 26, 1957) was an Austro-Hungarian-American biochemist who in 1947 was the third woman to win a Nobel Prize in science, and the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for her role in the discovery of glycogen metabolism."}, {"section_header": "Awards and recognitions", "text": "She was the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine."}, {"section_header": "Awards and recognitions", "text": "In 1947, Gerty Cori became the third woman\u2014and the first American woman\u2014to win a Nobel Prize in science, the previous recipients being Marie Curie and Ir\u00e8ne Joliot-Curie."}, {"section_header": "Awards and recognitions", "text": "In 1947, the couple was awarded a half share of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine."}, {"section_header": "Washington University", "text": "Gerty and Carl Cori collaborated on most of their work, including that which won them the 1947 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine \"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen\"."}, {"section_header": "Awards and recognitions", "text": "Although prejudiced against in her time for being a woman, today she is the more celebrated of the Coris as she considered a pioneer as a woman of science."}, {"section_header": "Awards and recognitions", "text": "Six of the scientists mentored by Cori and her husband went on to win Nobel Prizes, which is only superseded by the mentored scientists of British physicist J.J. Thomson."}, {"section_header": "Final years", "text": "Just before winning the Nobel prize, while they were on a mountain climbing trip, the Coris learned that Gerty Cori was ill with myelosclerosis, a fatal disease of the bone marrow."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": ", Gerty Cori received the Nobel Prize in 1947 for the discovery of the mechanism by which glycogen\u2014a derivative of glucose\u2014is broken down in muscle tissue into lactic acid and then resynthesized in the body and stored as a source of energy (known as the Cori cycle)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Gerty was not a nickname, but rather she was named after an Austrian warship."}], "text": "Gerty Theresa Cori, named after an English warship, was an Austro-Hungarian-American biochemist who in 1947 was the third woman to win a Nobel Prize in science, and the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for her role in the discovery of glycogen metabolism.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Gerty Theresa Cori"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "All these works were inspired by the real-life murder of Grace Brown by Chester Gillette in 1906, which resulted in Gillette's conviction and execution by electric chair in 1908.A Place in the Sun was directed by George Stevens from a screenplay by Harry Brown and Michael Wilson, and stars Montgomery Clift, Elizabeth Taylor, and Shelley Winters; its supporting actors included Anne Revere, and Raymond Burr."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "When Alice announces that she is pregnant and makes it clear that she expects George to marry her, he puts her off, spending more and more of his time with Angela and his new well-heeled friends."}], "id": "vRDZ4On4f0dzEFKk9Orv", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It tells the story of a working-class young man who is entangled with two women: one who works in his wealthy uncle's factory, and the other a beautiful socialite."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Place in the Sun is a 1951 American drama film based on the 1925 novel An American Tragedy by Theodore Dreiser and the 1926 play, also titled An American Tragedy."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 1991, A Place in the Sun was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "All these works were inspired by the real-life murder of Grace Brown by Chester Gillette in 1906, which resulted in Gillette's conviction and execution by electric chair in 1908.A Place in the Sun was directed by George Stevens from a screenplay by Harry Brown and Michael Wilson, and stars Montgomery Clift, Elizabeth Taylor, and Shelley Winters; its supporting actors included Anne Revere, and Raymond Burr."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Near the end, he agrees when the priest suggests that, although he did not kill Alice, he did not act to save her because he was thinking of Angela."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Critics cite the soporific pace, the exaggerated melodrama, and the outdated social commentary as qualities present in A Place in the Sun that are not present in the great films of the era, such as those by Alfred Hitchcock and Elia Kazan, although the performances by Clift, Taylor, and Winters continue to receive praise."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "When Alice announces that she is pregnant and makes it clear that she expects George to marry her, he puts her off, spending more and more of his time with Angela and his new well-heeled friends."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Later, Angela visits George in prison, saying that she will always love him, and George slowly marches toward his execution."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "The film's acclaim did not completely hold up over time."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "The elder Eastman invites George to visit him if and when he ever comes to town, and the ambitious young man takes advantage of the offer."}], "text": "A Place in the Sun is a movie based on a real-life man who gets a women pregnant and ends up being executed.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "A Place in the Sun (film)"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He represented Michigan in the United States Senate and served in the Cabinets of two U.S. Presidents, Andrew Jackson and James Buchanan."}], "id": "vTckhNRZCGvOuh9AiHNn", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Commemoration", "text": "A statue of Cass is one of the two that were submitted by Michigan to the National Statuary Hall collection in the U.S. Capitol in Washington,"}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Cass was one of the founders of the Grand Lodge of Ohio, representing the Lodge of Amity at the first meeting on January 4, 1808."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Lewis Cass (October 9, 1782 \u2013 June 17, 1866) was an American military officer, politician, and statesman."}, {"section_header": "Career | Territorial Governor of Michigan", "text": "In 1817, Cass was one of the two commissioners (along with Duncan McArthur), who negotiated the Treaty of Fort Meigs, which was signed on September 29 with several Native American tribes of the region, under which they ceded large amounts of territory to the United States."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Lewis and Elizabeth were the parents of seven children, five of whom lived past infancy: Isabella Cass (1805\u20131879), who married Theodorus Marinus Roest van Limburg, a Dutch journalist, diplomat, and politician."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Cass resigned from the Cabinet in December 1860 in protest of Buchanan's handling of the threatened secession of several Southern states."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He represented Michigan in the United States Senate and served in the Cabinets of two U.S. Presidents, Andrew Jackson and James Buchanan."}, {"section_header": "Commemoration", "text": "Cass Technical High School in Detroit, Cass High School in Bartow County, Georgia, Lewis Cass High School in Walton, Indiana, and Lewis Cass Elementary in Livonia, Michigan were named in honor of Lewis Cass."}, {"section_header": "Career | Presidential ambitions and U.S. Senate", "text": "In the 1844 Democratic convention Cass stood as a candidate for the presidential nomination, losing on the 9th ballot to dark horse candidate James K. Polk."}, {"section_header": "Commemoration", "text": "Lewis Cass is the namesake of Cass Street in Green Bay, Wisconsin."}], "text": "Lewis Cass was a pro-slavery politician who was on one Presidential Cabinet.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Lewis Cass"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Final years", "text": "Lieutenant Pike, in his travels to the sources of the Mississippi, remarked, \" By killing the celebrated Sauk chief, Pontiac, the Illinois, Cahokias, Kaskaskias, and Peorias kindled a war with the allied nations of the Sauks and Reynards, which has been the cause of the almost entire destruction of the former nations.\" According to a story recorded by historian Francis Parkman in The Conspiracy of Pontiac (1851), a terrible war of retaliation against the Peoria resulted from Pontiac's murder."}], "id": "vYGOj9dAWvlVjCDtx5Hr", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pontiac or Obwandiyag (c. 1714/20 \u2013 April 20, 1769) was an Odawa war chief known for his role in the war named for him, from 1763 to 1766 leading Native Americans in a struggle against British military occupation of the Great Lakes region."}, {"section_header": "Early years", "text": "Some sources also state that he may have been born a Catawba and taken as prisoner, then adopted as Odawa."}, {"section_header": "Final years", "text": "He was summoned to Detroit in August 1767 to testify in the investigation of the murder of Elizabeth \"Betty\" Fisher, a seven-year-old English colonist."}, {"section_header": "Final years", "text": "He was apparently avenging his uncle, a Peoria chief named Makachinga (Black Dog), whom Pontiac had stabbed and badly wounded in 1766."}, {"section_header": "Early years", "text": "In one of the earliest accounts of Pontiac, Robert Rogers, a noted British frontier soldier, claimed to have met with the warrior chief in 1760, although many details in Rogers' story are unreliable."}, {"section_header": "Final years", "text": "On May 10, 1768, he dictated a letter to British officials in which he explained that he was no longer recognized as a chief by the people of his village on the Maumee."}, {"section_header": "Final years", "text": "Lieutenant Pike, in his travels to the sources of the Mississippi, remarked, \" By killing the celebrated Sauk chief, Pontiac, the Illinois, Cahokias, Kaskaskias, and Peorias kindled a war with the allied nations of the Sauks and Reynards, which has been the cause of the almost entire destruction of the former nations.\" According to a story recorded by historian Francis Parkman in The Conspiracy of Pontiac (1851), a terrible war of retaliation against the Peoria resulted from Pontiac's murder."}, {"section_header": "Legacy and honors", "text": "\" The British assumed that chiefs held more authority than they usually did, and failed to recognize the decentralized nature of the Indian bands and tribes."}, {"section_header": "Pontiac's War", "text": "Pontiac's War began on May 7, 1763, when Pontiac and 300 followers attempted to take Fort Detroit by surprise."}, {"section_header": "Pontiac's War", "text": "The British further increased his stature by making Pontiac the focus of their diplomacy and not understanding the decentralized Indian approach to war."}], "text": "Pontiac, an Odawa war chief, did not die of old age.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Pontiac (person)"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Quiet Man is a 1952 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by John Ford."}], "id": "va2UKXqUf8RQabbUR8ED", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2013, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Quiet Man is a 1952 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by John Ford."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Portrayed in a flashback earlier in the film, scenes depict the event, which occurred during his career as a professional heavyweight boxer in the United States."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It was an official selection of the 1952 Venice Film Festival."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "It was also the seventh most popular film for British audiences in 1952."}, {"section_header": "Production | Music", "text": "When Maureen O'Hara died in October 2015, her family stated she listened to music from The Quiet Man during her final hours."}, {"section_header": "Home video", "text": "In 2010 there was a documentary called Dreaming The Quiet Man made about the journey and making of The Quiet Man."}, {"section_header": "Home video", "text": "On January 22, 2013 Olive Films released The Quiet Man on DVD and for the first time on Blu-ray, as a 60th Anniversary Special edition."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "Among those are Lettergesh beach, where the horse race scene was filmed, \"The Quiet Man Bridge\", signposted off the N59 road between Maam Cross and Oughterard and the \"White O'Morn\" cottage."}, {"section_header": "Home video", "text": "It included the documentary \"The Making of the Quiet Man\" with Leonard Maltin."}], "text": "The 1952 film The Quiet Man is preserved in the United States National Film Registry.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "The Quiet Man"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball as a right-handed pitcher for eight different teams from 1962 to 1983."}], "id": "vbsLuAMRLsFwtalQxmlt", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Professional career | Minor leagues", "text": "He spent 1958 with the St. Cloud, Minnesota team in Class A Northern League, compiling a 9\u20135 record and a 2.39 ERA."}, {"section_header": "Post-playing career", "text": "Of the four, only Mays, as a member of the 1954 team, had previously received a World Series ring while playing for the Giants."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | San Francisco Giants (1962\u20131971)", "text": "In 1969, Perry led the league in innings pitched, but the Giants finished second in the pennant race for the fifth straight season."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | San Francisco Giants (1962\u20131971)", "text": "Marichal missed much of the 1967 season with a leg injury, and Perry was thrust into the role of team ace."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | San Francisco Giants (1962\u20131971)", "text": "While he finished the season with a disappointing 15\u201317 record, he had a low ERA and allowed only 7 hits per 9 innings pitched."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Atlanta Braves (1981)", "text": "During the strike-shortened 1981 season, Perry, the oldest player at the time in Major League baseball, started 23 games (150.2 innings) and had an 8\u20139 record."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball as a right-handed pitcher for eight different teams from 1962 to 1983."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | San Francisco Giants (1962\u20131971)", "text": "The lone run came on a first-inning home run by light-hitting Ron Hunt\u2014the second of the only two he would hit that season."}, {"section_header": "Post-playing career", "text": "Despite his admission of illegal pitches, he was elected to the Hall of Fame in 1991 and was nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Jim and Gaylord both began playing baseball with their father during their lunch break on the farm as youths, and later all three would play on the same local semi-pro team."}], "text": "Perry spent 19 seasons in the MLB and played for at least 6 teams.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Gaylord Perry"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "When she was 15, her grandfather died of stomach cancer, and being with him during his last moments inspired the multi talented Gertrude to pursue a career in science and medicine in college."}], "id": "vc2VjN3aaxxgoDmRCt9b", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Selected works by Gertrude B. Elion", "text": "Elion, G. (1989). \" The Purine Path to Chemotherapy\"."}, {"section_header": "Selected works by Gertrude B. Elion", "text": "Elion's research contributed to the development of: \"Antagonists of Nucleic Acid Derivatives."}, {"section_header": "Career and research", "text": "Most of Elion's early work came from the use and development of purine derivatives."}, {"section_header": "Career and research", "text": "She also was crucial in the development of Nelarabine, which she worked on until her death in 1999.Rather than relying on trial-and-error, Elion and Hitchings discovered new drugs using rational drug design, which used the differences in biochemistry and metabolism between normal human cells and pathogens (disease-causing agents such as cancer cells, protozoa, bacteria, and viruses) to design drugs that could kill or inhibit the reproduction of particular pathogens without harming human cells."}, {"section_header": "Career and research", "text": "Even after her retirement from Burroughs Wellcome, Gertrude continued almost full time work at the lab."}, {"section_header": "Early life and education", "text": "When she was 15, her grandfather died of stomach cancer, and being with him during his last moments inspired the multi talented Gertrude to pursue a career in science and medicine in college."}, {"section_header": "Selected works by Gertrude B. Elion", "text": "VI. VI. Purines\" (PDF). Journal of Biological Chemistry."}, {"section_header": "Selected works by Gertrude B. Elion", "text": "192 192 : 505\u2013518. 1951. \u201cInteraction of Anticancer Drugs with Enzymes.\u201d"}, {"section_header": "Selected works by Gertrude B. Elion", "text": "In Pharmacological Basis of Cancer Chemotherapy (1975)."}, {"section_header": "Selected works by Gertrude B. Elion", "text": "Science. Science. 244: 41\u201347. doi:10.1126"}], "text": "Gertrude B. Elion's grandmother helped her decide her career path after her death.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Gertrude B. Elion"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Design and construction process | Origin", "text": "The defiant lion, 73 feet (22 m) long and half that in height, displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism, which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty."}], "id": "ve92QfyNJLyQubS8ggYV", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "After dedication | Early National Park Service years (1933\u20131982)", "text": "The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail, a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4, 1976, and sailed around Liberty Island."}, {"section_header": "Depictions", "text": "A replica 30 feet (9.1 m) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years; it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum."}, {"section_header": "Historical designations", "text": "President Calvin Coolidge officially designated the Statue of Liberty as part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1924."}, {"section_header": "After dedication | Closures and reopenings (2001\u2013present)", "text": "On October 7, 2016, construction started on the new Statue of Liberty Museum on Liberty Island."}, {"section_header": "Access and attributes | Location and access", "text": "The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island, which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The statue is a figure of Libertas, a robed Roman liberty goddess."}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Announcement and early work", "text": "With the announcement, the statue was given a name, Liberty Enlightening the World."}, {"section_header": "Access and attributes | Inscriptions, plaques, and dedications", "text": "There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty."}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Construction in France | Design", "text": "Joachim Goschen Gi\u00e6ver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty."}, {"section_header": "After dedication | Lighthouse Board and War Department (1886\u20131933)", "text": "One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled: I saw the Statue of Liberty."}, {"section_header": "Design and construction process | Origin", "text": "The defiant lion, 73 feet (22 m) long and half that in height, displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism, which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty."}], "text": "Statue of Liberty is 18 meters tall.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Statue of Liberty"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A neutrino ( or ) (denoted by the Greek letter \u03bd) is a fermion (an elementary particle with spin of 1/2) that interacts only via the weak subatomic force and gravity."}], "id": "vrIM8mJmtPAJY6vV4kUP", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "-ino) that it was long thought to be zero."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The neutrino is so named because it is electrically neutral and because its rest mass is so small ("}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A neutrino ( or ) (denoted by the Greek letter \u03bd) is a fermion (an elementary particle with spin of 1/2) that interacts only via the weak subatomic force and gravity."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The weak force has a very short range, the gravitational interaction is extremely weak, and neutrinos do not participate in the strong interaction."}, {"section_header": "History | Pauli's proposal", "text": "The name (the Italian equivalent of \"little neutral one\") was jokingly coined by Edoardo Amaldi during a conversation with Fermi at the Institute of Physics of via Panisperna in Rome, in order to distinguish this light neutral particle from Chadwick's heavy neutron."}, {"section_header": "Properties and reactions | Flavor, mass, and their mixing", "text": "A non-zero mass allows neutrinos to possibly have a tiny magnetic moment; if so, neutrinos would interact electromagnetically, although no such interaction has ever been observed."}, {"section_header": "Properties and reactions", "text": "Neutrinos are leptons. They have only been observed to interact through the weak force, although it is assumed that they also interact gravitationally."}, {"section_header": "History | Pauli's proposal", "text": "James Chadwick discovered a much more massive neutral nuclear particle in 1932 and named it a neutron also, leaving two kinds of particles with the same name."}, {"section_header": "Research | Mass", "text": "This particle would have the Yukawa interactions with the neutral component of the Higgs doublet, but otherwise would have no interactions with Standard Model particles, so is called a \"sterile\" neutrino."}, {"section_header": "Scientific interest", "text": "Neutrinos' low mass and neutral charge mean they interact exceedingly weakly with other particles and fields."}], "text": "A neutrino is a fermion that interacts only via the strong subatomic force and gravity was named because it is electrically neutral and because its rest mass is so small ( -ino) that it was long thought to be zero.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Neutrino"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal", "text": "Carlton has an orchard and 150 fruit trees, saying, \"Before Al Gore was green"}], "id": "vuaRd8pFapkMtKbn8eOW", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | Retirement", "text": "Carlton subsequently retired at age"}, {"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | Retirement", "text": "44.Nolan Ryan pitched until 1993 and extended his strikeout lead over Carlton to almost 1,600 before retiring."}, {"section_header": "Personal", "text": ", I was green,\" Of his healthy partnership with St. Lukes, he added \"I'm interested in this 'fit for life' idea, we're trying to get people off the couch, move a little bit, not a sedentary life. ... St. Luke's and myself, we're on the same page as far as how we think about that."}, {"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | Chicago White Sox (1986)", "text": "Carlton's retirement was brief; he had not submitted paperwork for the voluntary retired list nor did he submit a letter of retirement to the National League."}, {"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | San Francisco Giants (1986) | 4,000th strikeout", "text": "The day after the milestone, Carlton announced his retirement on August 7, 1986."}, {"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | Retirement", "text": "Carlton remained unsigned in 1989."}, {"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | Retirement", "text": "Carlton eventually fell to third and"}, {"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | Philadelphia Phillies (1972\u20131986) | Media silence | Race with Nolan Ryan and Gaylord Perry for the all\u2013time strikeout record", "text": "He retired while on top of his game."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The Philadelphia Phillies retired Carlton's number 32 in 1989."}, {"section_header": "Major league career (1965\u20131988) | Retirement", "text": "The New York Yankees offered him the use of their facilities for training purposes, but guaranteed no spot in spring training."}, {"section_header": "Personal", "text": "Carlton has an orchard and 150 fruit trees, saying, \"Before Al Gore was green"}], "text": "Carlton retired to a simple life of farming.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Steve Carlton"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Marvin Lee Aday was born in Dallas, Texas, the only child of Wilma Artie (n\u00e9e Hukel), a school teacher and a member of the Vo-di-o-do Girls gospel quartet, and Orvis Wesley Aday, a former police officer who went into business with his wife and one of their friends as the Griffin Grocery Company, selling a homemade cough remedy."}], "id": "vuzZeC6pgNUIoGgZNCpw", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Michael Lee Aday (born Marvin Lee Aday, September 27, 1947), known professionally as Meat Loaf, is an American singer and actor."}, {"section_header": "Music career | The Rocky Horror Picture Show", "text": "As on the \"Stoney & Meatloaf\" album, he was credited as Meatloaf (one word) on the \"Free-for-All\" liner notes."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Bad Attitude", "text": "The title track features a duet with the Who's lead singer Roger Daltrey."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Bat Out of Hell II: Back into Hell", "text": "Meat Loaf promoted the song with American vocalist Patti Russo who performed lead female vocals on tour with him."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Blind Before I Stop", "text": "Released as a single (in the United Kingdom) was Rock 'n' Roll Mercenaries, which was a duet with rock singer John Parr."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Hang Cool Teddy Bear", "text": "The album is based on a short story by L.A.-based screenwriter and director Kilian Kerwin, a long-time friend of the singer."}, {"section_header": "In media", "text": "After being booed off stage and almost deciding to quit, Chef tells him that his name might be the problem, and then hands him a plate of meatloaf to cheer him up."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Bad Attitude", "text": "The American release on RCA Records was in April 1985 and features a slightly different track list, as well as alternate mixes for some songs."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Stoney & Meat Loaf", "text": "The album, titled Stoney & Meatloaf (with Meat Loaf misspelled as one word) was completed in the summer of 1971 and released in September of that year."}, {"section_header": "Music career | Bat Out of Hell III: The Monster Is Loose", "text": "In 2007, a newer, bigger worldwide tour began, The Seize the Night Tour, with Marion Raven, serving as a supporting act, throughout the European and American tour."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Marvin Lee Aday was born in Dallas, Texas, the only child of Wilma Artie (n\u00e9e Hukel), a school teacher and a member of the Vo-di-o-do Girls gospel quartet, and Orvis Wesley Aday, a former police officer who went into business with his wife and one of their friends as the Griffin Grocery Company, selling a homemade cough remedy."}], "text": "The American singer, Meat-Loaf is a Texan.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Meat Loaf"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception | Controversies", "text": "Various religious fundamentalists have claimed that the books promote witchcraft and religions such as Wicca and are therefore unsuitable for children, while a number of critics have criticised the books for promoting various political agendas."}], "id": "vwRcQLw1Z0sQdD8o0ak1", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception | Literary criticism", "text": "On publication, the first book, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, attracted attention from the Scottish newspapers, such as The Scotsman, which said it had \"all the makings of a classic,\" and The Glasgow Herald, which called it \"Magic stuff."}, {"section_header": "Structure and genre", "text": "The stories are told from a third person limited point of view with very few exceptions (such as the opening chapters of Philosopher's Stone, Goblet of Fire and Deathly Hallows and the first two chapters of Half-Blood Prince)."}, {"section_header": "Achievements | Cultural impact", "text": "The events, commonly featuring mock sorting, games, face painting, and other live entertainment have achieved popularity with Potter fans and have been highly successful in attracting fans and selling books with nearly nine million of the 10.8 million initial print copies of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince sold in the first 24 hours."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Social impact", "text": "In contrast Emily Griesinger described Harry's first passage through to Platform \u200b9 3\u20444 as an application of faith and hope, and his encounter with the Sorting Hat as the first of many in which Harry is shaped by the choices he makes."}, {"section_header": "Themes", "text": "Academics and journalists have developed many other interpretations of themes in the books, some more complex than others, and some including political subtexts."}, {"section_header": "Supplementary works | Pottermore website", "text": "Pottermore allows users to be sorted, be chosen by their wand and play various minigames."}, {"section_header": "Plot | Early years", "text": "When the first novel of the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, opens, it is apparent that some significant event has taken place in the wizarding world \u2013 an event so very remarkable that even Muggles (non-magical people) notice signs of it."}, {"section_header": "Attractions | The Making of Harry Potter", "text": "The attraction is located at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden, where all eight of the Harry Potter films were made."}, {"section_header": "Attractions | The Wizarding World of Harry Potter", "text": "The flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts roller coaster ride."}, {"section_header": "Achievements | Commercial success", "text": "In the United States, the book's initial printing run was 3.8 million copies."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Controversies", "text": "Various religious fundamentalists have claimed that the books promote witchcraft and religions such as Wicca and are therefore unsuitable for children, while a number of critics have criticised the books for promoting various political agendas."}], "text": "The book series' first run didn't attract negative attention by anybody except Christians, the pope, and other very theistic sorts.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Harry Potter"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Economy", "text": "According to the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. GDP of $16.8 trillion constitutes 24% of the gross world product at market exchange rates and over 19% of the gross world product at purchasing power parity (PPP)."}], "id": "w4xhO7vOStQN1wN8fKaI", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Economy | Income, poverty and wealth", "text": "Accounting for 4.24% of the global population, Americans collectively possess 29.4% of the world's total wealth, and Americans make up roughly half of the world's population of millionaires."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A highly developed country, the United States is the world's largest economy and accounts for approximately a quarter of global gross domestic product (GDP)."}, {"section_header": "Economy | Income, poverty and wealth", "text": "The rise in the share of total annual income received by the top one percent, which has more than doubled from nine percent in 1976 to 20 percent in 2011, has significantly affected income inequality, leaving the United States with one of the widest income distributions among OECD nations."}, {"section_header": "Law enforcement and crime", "text": "Capital punishment is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes, and at the state level in 30 states."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the foremost military power in the world, making up more than a third of global military spending, and is a leading political, cultural, and scientific force internationally."}, {"section_header": "History | Contemporary history", "text": "As of July 2020, the United States has over 4 million COVID-19 cases and over 145,000 deaths."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics", "text": "The Constitution has been amended 27 times; the first ten amendments, which make up the Bill of Rights, and the Fourteenth Amendment form the central basis of Americans' individual rights."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "According to the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. GDP of $16.8 trillion constitutes 24% of the gross world product at market exchange rates and over 19% of the gross world product at purchasing power parity (PPP)."}, {"section_header": "Economy", "text": "In 2009, the United States had the third-highest workforce productivity per person in the world, behind Luxembourg and Norway."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The United States is the world's largest importer and the second-largest exporter of goods, by value."}], "text": "The United States makes up over 30 percent of the of the world's products.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "United States"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film is set in a mid-sized American town, where people with loved ones in the Armed Forces try to cope with their changed circumstances and make their own contributions to the war effort."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Anne has just returned from seeing her husband off to Camp Claiborne, and she and her daughters must adjust to Tim's absence and make other sacrifices for the war effort, including food rationing; planting a victory garden; giving up the services of their loyal maid Fidelia who nevertheless offers to continue working part-time for the Hiltons while foregoing wages; and taking in a boarder, the curmudgeonly retired Colonel Smollett."}], "id": "w8HnBZS6j0B0xIQefu9U", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Since You Went Away is a 1944 American drama film directed by John Cromwell for Selznick International Pictures and distributed by United Artists."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Though famously sentimental in places, Since You Went Away is somber at times about the effects of war on ordinary people."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film is set in a mid-sized American town, where people with loved ones in the Armed Forces try to cope with their changed circumstances and make their own contributions to the war effort."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is an epic about the American home front during World War II that was adapted and produced by David O. Selznick from the 1943 novel Since You Went Away: Letters to a Soldier from His Wife by Margaret Buell Wilder."}, {"section_header": "Accolades", "text": "The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:  2006: AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers \u2013 Nominated"}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "When the Hiltons travel by train in a failed attempt to see Tim one last time before he ships out, they encounter or travel with many other people whose lives have been affected by the war, and they end up not getting to see Tim because their train is delayed to allow a defense supply train to go through first."}, {"section_header": "Home media", "text": "Since You Went Away was released to DVD by MGM Home Video on October 19, 2004 in a Region 1"}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "According to Bosley Crowther, Since You Went Away, Selznick's first screen production in four years, features a script with an \"excess of exhausting emotional detail\"; Crowther was impressed with the performances, but had issues with the film as a whole: As the mother and center of the family, Claudette Colbert gives an excellent show of gallantly self-contained emotion, and Jennifer Jones is surpassingly sweet as a well-bred American daughter in the first bloom of womanhood and love."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Bill finally is sent overseas and Jane tearfully runs after his departing train to tell him goodbye."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "The Colonel, who under his gruff exterior really does care about his grandson, conveys his good wishes to Bill via Anne, but arrives too late to say goodbye in person."}, {"section_header": "Plot summary", "text": "Anne has just returned from seeing her husband off to Camp Claiborne, and she and her daughters must adjust to Tim's absence and make other sacrifices for the war effort, including food rationing; planting a victory garden; giving up the services of their loyal maid Fidelia who nevertheless offers to continue working part-time for the Hiltons while foregoing wages; and taking in a boarder, the curmudgeonly retired Colonel Smollett."}], "text": "Since You Went Away is a 1944 American drama film about ordinary people in a mid-size downtown with a large church to organize sending out care packages filled with vegetables and rations to the men at war overseas.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Since You Went Away"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Society | Impact | Religion", "text": "More than twenty Roman Catholic cardinals manage active Twitter accounts, nine of whom were cardinal electors for the 2013 Papal conclave."}], "id": "wCeayfCZFYgQLPM0sUrP", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Society | Impact | Religion", "text": "More than twenty Roman Catholic cardinals manage active Twitter accounts, nine of whom were cardinal electors for the 2013 Papal conclave."}, {"section_header": "Developers", "text": "Twitter is recognized for having one of the most open and powerful developer APIs of any major technology company."}, {"section_header": "User accounts | Twitter bots | Effects", "text": "With more followers, users' profiles gain more attention, thus increasing their popularity."}, {"section_header": "Usage | Demographics", "text": "According to Quancast, twenty-seven million people in the US used Twitter as of September 3, 2009."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Polls", "text": "Initially, polls could have only two options with a maximum of twenty characters per option."}, {"section_header": "History | 2007\u20132010", "text": "As noted on Compete.com, Twitter moved up to the third-highest-ranking social networking site in January 2009 from its previous rank of twenty-second."}, {"section_header": "Society | Impact | World leaders", "text": "However, only 30 of these do their own tweeting, more than 80 do not subscribe to other politicians and many do not follow any accounts."}, {"section_header": "User accounts | Twitter bots | Effects", "text": "so their fakery is more convincing, making them less prone to repetitive patterns that flag them as mere programs."}, {"section_header": "Television", "text": "Twitter is increasingly used for TV to be more interactive."}, {"section_header": "Developers", "text": "In early 2016, Twitter announced that Fabric was installed on more than 2 billion active devices and used by more than 225,000 developers."}], "text": "More than twenty Roman Catholic cardinals have a Twitter account.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Twitter"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later life", "text": "Evers died of a cerebral hemorrhage in 1947 at St. Peter's Hospital in Albany, and is buried in Saint Mary's Cemetery in Troy."}], "id": "wCvKwpKzQAD0nP7iU6Mt", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later life", "text": "The store was passed down to Evers' descendants."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "Evers suffered a stroke in August 1942, which paralyzed the right side of his body."}, {"section_header": "Career | Coaching and managing career", "text": "In the process, Evers became the oldest player in the league for the year."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Evers, Tinker, and Chance were all inducted in the Hall of Fame in the same year."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "He remained bedridden or confined to a wheelchair for most of the next five years."}, {"section_header": "Personal", "text": "When his son was 11 years old, Evers bought part of the Albany Senators and gave him the stock."}, {"section_header": "Personal", "text": "They went several years without speaking to each other after one argument."}, {"section_header": "Career | Chicago Cubs", "text": "Team owner Charles W. Murphy named Evers manager in 1913, signing him to a five-year contract, succeeding Chance."}, {"section_header": "Career | Chicago Cubs", "text": "He experienced a nervous breakdown in 1911; returning to the Cubs later in the season, he played in only 46 games that year."}, {"section_header": "Career | Coaching and managing career", "text": "However, Evers suffered from appendicitis during the season, missing time during the year, and the White Sox opened up a managerial search when Chance died in September."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "Evers died of a cerebral hemorrhage in 1947 at St. Peter's Hospital in Albany, and is buried in Saint Mary's Cemetery in Troy."}], "text": "Johnny Evers passed away the year after he had a stroke.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Johnny Evers"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Casablanca (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u200e, romanized: Ad-d\u0101r al-Bay\u1e0d\u0101' [ad\u02c8da\u02d0ru \u026bbajd\u02e4a\u02d0\u0294] or \u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627, the white house, Darija Accent [\u00e6nf\u00e6] incline) is the largest city of Morocco."}], "id": "wDXrfexZ2hiBjfriCcy9", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | World War II | Anfa Conference", "text": "Casablanca hosted the Anfa Conference (also called the Casablanca Conference) in January 1943."}, {"section_header": "Tourism", "text": "The Hassan II Mosque, which is the second largest mosque in Africa and the seventh largest in the world, is the city's main tourist attraction."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Judaism in Casablanca", "text": "A Sephardic Jewish community was in Anfa up to the destruction of the city by the Portuguese in 1468."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Port of Casablanca is one of the largest artificial ports in the world, and the second largest port of North Africa, after Tanger-Med 40 km (25 mi) east of Tangier."}, {"section_header": "History | Portuguese conquest and Spanish influence", "text": "The town that grew up around it was called Casa Branca, meaning \"white house\" in Portuguese."}, {"section_header": "History | Portuguese conquest and Spanish influence", "text": "The Portuguese used the ruins of Anfa to build a military fortress in 1515."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Located in the central-western part of Morocco bordering the Atlantic Ocean, it is the largest city in the Maghreb region and the eighth-largest in the Arab world."}, {"section_header": "Etymology", "text": "The original name of Casablanca was Anfa (Neo-Tifinagh: \u2d30\u2d4f\u2d3c\u2d30), in Berber language, by at least the seventh century BC."}, {"section_header": "History | Portuguese conquest and Spanish influence", "text": "The town was called ad-D\u0101r al-Bay\u1e0d\u0101\u02bc (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621), the Arabic translation of the Portuguese Casa Branca."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Casablanca (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u200e, romanized: Ad-d\u0101r al-Bay\u1e0d\u0101' [ad\u02c8da\u02d0ru \u026bbajd\u02e4a\u02d0\u0294] or \u0643\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627, the white house, Darija Accent [\u00e6nf\u00e6] incline) is the largest city of Morocco."}], "text": "The second largest city in Morocco, Casablanca was originally called Anfa and then later renamed by the Portuguese.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Casablanca"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 8, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Since the release of the first novel, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, on 26 June 1997, the books have found immense popularity, critical acclaim and commercial success worldwide."}], "id": "wHNpIbjaK3sTD56HZIvE", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Adaptations | Films", "text": "In 1998, Rowling sold the film rights of the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported \u00a31 million ($1,982,900)."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Publishing history", "text": "It was released in the United States on 1 September 1998 by Scholastic \u2013 the American publisher of the books \u2013 as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, after Rowling had received US$105,000 for the American rights \u2013 a record amount for a children's book by an unknown author."}, {"section_header": "Achievements | Cultural impact", "text": "The final book in the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows became the fastest selling book in history, moving 11 million units in the first twenty-four hours of release."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Publishing history", "text": "The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Since the release of the first novel, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, on 26 June 1997, the books have found immense popularity, critical acclaim and commercial success worldwide."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Cover art", "text": "The first releases of the successive books in the series followed in the same style but somewhat more realistic, illustrating scenes from the books."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Publishing history", "text": "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was published on 16 July 2005; it sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Controversies", "text": "From 1997 to 1998, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone won almost all the UK awards judged by children, but none of the children's book awards judged by adults, and Sandra Beckett suggested the reason was intellectual snobbery towards books that were popular among children."}, {"section_header": "Origins | Publishing history", "text": "The book sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of release, breaking down to 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Games", "text": "The film/book-based games are produced by Electronic Arts, as was Harry Potter: Quidditch World Cup, with the game version of the first entry in the series, Philosopher's Stone, being released in November 2001."}], "text": "The first Harry Potter book was released in 1998.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 9, "wikipedia_page": "Harry Potter"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "I's American Expeditionary Forces, while the media referred to them as the \"Bonus Army\" or \"Bonus Marchers\"."}], "id": "wJwXGuuHuYk8ItRR3Bpy", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Organizers called the demonstrators the \"Bonus Expeditionary Force\", to echo the name of World War"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Bonus Army was a group of 43,000 demonstrators \u2013 made up of 17,000 U.S. World War"}, {"section_header": "Police shooting", "text": "When the US entered World War I in 1917, he sold his butcher shop in St. Louis, Missouri, and joined the army."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "I's American Expeditionary Forces, while the media referred to them as the \"Bonus Army\" or \"Bonus Marchers\"."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "She reminisced about her memories of seeing troops off to World War I and welcoming them home."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath", "text": "Joe Angelo, a decorated hero from the war who had saved Patton's life during the Meuse-Argonne offensive on September 26, 1918, approached him the day after to sway him."}, {"section_header": "Police shooting", "text": "William Hushka (1895\u20131932) was an immigrant to the United States from Lithuania."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "Breaking with tradition, the veterans of the Spanish\u2013American War did not receive a bonus and after World War I, that became a political matter when they received only a $60 bonus."}, {"section_header": "Police shooting | Army report", "text": "It also conjectured that at least part of the Marine Corps garrison in Washington would side with the revolutionaries, hence Marine units"}, {"section_header": "Police shooting", "text": "Eric Carlson (1894\u20131932) was a veteran from Oakland, California who fought in the trenches of France in World War I."}], "text": "The name \"Bonus Army\" came from this unit being a supplementary force for the regular army during World War I.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Bonus Army"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Death", "text": "Ott was injured in an auto accident in Bay Saint Louis, Mississippi, in November of 1958."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "He was transferred to a hospital in New Orleans, where he died a week later at the age of 49."}], "id": "wakRjOKfIEerCL28jgZB", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The Mel Ott Little League began in 1959, named for Ott soon after his death."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Post-season", "text": "In Game 1, he had four hits, including a two-run home run in the first inning."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "Ott was injured in an auto accident in Bay Saint Louis, Mississippi, in November of 1958."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "Ott died in a similar manner to two other New York Giants Hall of Famers: Frankie Frisch in 1973 and Carl Hubbell in 1988."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Since 1959, the National League has honored the league's annual home run champion with the Mel Ott Award."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "He was transferred to a hospital in New Orleans, where he died a week later at the age of 49."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "He was interred in Metairie Cemetery."}, {"section_header": "Managerial career", "text": "The injury effectively ended his career; he only appeared in 29 more games for the rest of 1946, and retired after making only four cameo appearances in 1947."}, {"section_header": "Playing career | Regular season", "text": "Because of this, his home run record historically has been downplayed, suggesting that a 257-foot (78 m) foul line at the Polo Grounds resulted in higher numbers at home."}, {"section_header": "Playing career", "text": "Ott was skeptical at first, so Williams bought Ott a train ticket to New York .Ott"}], "text": "Mel Ott received a critical injury in a car crash that resulted in his death.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Mel Ott"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions | Chinese editions", "text": "It is reported that there are more than 70 Chinese translations of the novella."}], "id": "wf6RphB5jRJrNrkBEIvM", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions | Chinese editions", "text": "The Little Prince is one of the most popular and beloved foreign works of literature in China."}, {"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions | Chinese editions", "text": "It is reported that there are more than 70 Chinese translations of the novella."}, {"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions", "text": "As an example: as of 2011 there are approximately 47 translated editions of The Little Prince in Korean, and there are also about 50 different translated editions in Chinese (produced in both mainland China and Taiwan)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Little Prince became Saint-Exup\u00e9ry's most successful work, selling an estimated 140 million copies worldwide, which makes it one of the best-selling and most translated books ever published."}, {"section_header": "Background | Dedication", "text": "Saint-Exup\u00e9ry dedicated two books to him, Lettre \u00e0 un otage (Letter to a Hostage) and Le Petit Prince (The Little Prince), and referred to Werth in three more of his works."}, {"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions", "text": "Mistranslations aside, one reviewer noted that Wood's almost \"poetic\" English translation has long been admired by many Little Prince lovers, who have spanned generations (it stayed in print until 2001), as her work maintains Saint-Exup\u00e9ry's story-telling spirit and charm, if not its literal accuracy."}, {"section_header": "Background | Reception", "text": "Its publisher had anticipated such reactions to a work that fell neither exclusively into a children's nor adult's literature classification."}, {"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions", "text": "Anthropologist Florence Tola, commenting on the suitability of the work for Toban translation, said there is \"nothing strange [when] the Little Prince speaks with a snake or a fox and travels among the stars, it fits perfectly into the Toba mythology\"."}, {"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions | Extension of copyrights in France", "text": "French law allows for a copyright of 70 years from the author's death."}, {"section_header": "Literary translations and printed editions", "text": "Many of them are titled Prince From a Star, while others carry the book title that is a direct translation of The Little Prince."}], "text": "The Little Prince is one of the most popular and beloved foreign works of literature in China with more than 70 Chinese translations of the novella.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Little Prince"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "In her first years in Hollywood, Russell was characterized, both in her personal life and film career, as a sophisticated lady."}], "id": "whFIytVbqYrb2NJ5vjtr", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "All of them refused. Russell found out about this while riding on a train to New York, when she read an article in The New York Times stating that she had been cast in the film and listing all the actresses who had turned the part down."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "Although the role was small, she received good notices, with one critic saying that she was \"convincing as the woman scorned\"."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "Before her being cast, Howard Hawks had asked Katharine Hepburn, Irene Dunne, Claudette Colbert, Jean Arthur, Margaret Sullavan, and Ginger Rogers if they would like to play the brash, fast-talking reporter in his film."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "Russell approached director Frank Lloyd for help changing her image, but instead of helping her, Lloyd cast her as a wealthy aristocrat in Under Two Flags (1936)."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "She was next cast as catty gossip Sylvia Fowler in the all-female comedy The Women (1939), directed by George Cukor."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "One critic wrote: \"Rosalind Russell as the 'other woman' in the story gives an intelligent and deft handling to her scenes with Young.\" She quickly rose to fame, and by 1935, was seen as a replacement for actress Myrna Loy, as she took many roles for which Loy was initially set."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "Russell had been, as she put it, \"Everyone's fifteenth choice\" for the role of Hildy in the film."}, {"section_header": "Death", "text": "In 2009, the documentary film Life Is a Banquet: The Life of Rosalind Russell, narrated by Kathleen Turner, was shown at film festivals across the U.S. and on some PBS stations."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "In her first years in Hollywood, Russell was characterized, both in her personal life and film career, as a sophisticated lady."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "After hearing the audio for the film day after day while traveling, Brisson decided he had better sit down and watch the whole film."}], "text": "Russell was cast in her beginning work in the LA film industry as the well-dressed, worldly woman.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Rosalind Russell"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "George III was dubbed \"Farmer George\" by satirists, at first to mock his interest in mundane matters rather than politics, but later to contrast his homely thrift with his son's grandiosity and to portray him as a man of the people."}], "id": "wjoSVbiHk9VqJNjYYcOt", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "William Pitt", "text": "For George III, Pitt's appointment was a great victory."}, {"section_header": "William Pitt", "text": "During and after Pitt's ministry, George III was extremely popular in Britain."}, {"section_header": "William Pitt | Slavery and the slave trade", "text": "During most of his reign, King George III opposed the abolitionist movement."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "George III hoped that \"the tongue of malice may not paint my intentions in those colours she admires, nor the sycophant extoll me beyond what I deserve\", but in the popular mind George III has been both demonised and praised."}, {"section_header": "American War of Independence", "text": "\" The gilded equestrian statue of George III in New York was pulled down."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "George III was buried on 16 February in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle."}, {"section_header": "French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars", "text": "George III claimed that to emancipate Catholics would be to violate his coronation oath, in which Sovereigns promise to maintain Protestantism."}, {"section_header": "American War of Independence", "text": "George III is often accused of obstinately trying to keep Great Britain at war with the revolutionaries in America, despite the opinions of his own ministers."}, {"section_header": "French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars", "text": "George used the opportunity to abandon the title \"king of France\", which English and British Sovereigns had maintained since the reign of Edward III."}, {"section_header": "Early reign", "text": "The actions of Lord Chatham and George III in repealing the Act were so popular in America that statues of them both were erected in New York City."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "George III was dubbed \"Farmer George\" by satirists, at first to mock his interest in mundane matters rather than politics, but later to contrast his homely thrift with his son's grandiosity and to portray him as a man of the people."}], "text": "George III was nicknamed \"Farmer George\" by some.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "George III of the United Kingdom"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The book tells the story of a group of farm animals who rebel against their human farmer, hoping to create a society where the animals can be equal, free, and happy."}], "id": "wlMNbX746cwur9P9qwM8", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Characters | Other animals", "text": "The hens are among the first to rebel, albeit unsuccessfully, against Napoleon."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The book tells the story of a group of farm animals who rebel against their human farmer, hoping to create a society where the animals can be equal, free, and happy."}, {"section_header": "Analysis | Animalism", "text": "This is an ironic twist to the original purpose of the Seven Commandments, which were supposed to keep order within Animal Farm by uniting the animals together against the humans and preventing animals from following the humans' evil habits."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Films", "text": "Animal Farm (1999) is a live-action TV version that shows Napoleon's regime collapsing in on itself, with the farm having new human owners, reflecting the collapse of Soviet communism."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Humans", "text": "Mr. Jones \u2013 A heavy drinker who is the original owner of Manor Farm, a farm in disrepair with farmhands who often loaf on the job."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Humans", "text": "Mr. Pilkington \u2013 The easy-going but crafty and well-to-do owner of Foxwood, a large neighbouring farm overgrown with weeds."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Humans", "text": "Mr. Frederick \u2013 The tough owner of Pinchfield, a small but well-kept neighbouring farm, who briefly enters into an alliance with Napoleon."}, {"section_header": "Analysis | Significance and allegory", "text": "\"The revolt of the animals against Farmer Jones is Orwell's analogy with the October 1917 Bolshevik Revolution."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In a letter to Yvonne Davet, Orwell described Animal Farm as a satirical tale against Stalin (\"un conte satirique contre Staline\"), and in his essay \"Why I Write\" (1946), wrote that Animal Farm was the first book in which he tried, with full consciousness of what he was doing, \"to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole\"."}, {"section_header": "Characters | Other animals", "text": "Similarly to Benjamin, Muriel is one of the few animals on the farm who is not a pig but can read."}], "text": "Animal Farm is about some animals who rebel against their owner.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Animal Farm"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The phrase \"Merry Christmas\" had been around for many years \u2013 the earliest known written  use was in a letter in 1534 \u2013 but Dickens's use of the phrase in A Christmas Carol popularised it among the Victorian public."}], "id": "wuJPiUJLQ2dzBmJ5BbxX", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Christmas Carol. A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "The phrase \"Merry Christmas\" had been around for many years \u2013 the earliest known written  use was in a letter in 1534 \u2013 but Dickens's use of the phrase in A Christmas Carol popularised it among the Victorian public."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "A Christmas Carol recounts the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, an elderly miser who is visited by the ghost of his former business partner Jacob Marley and the spirits of Christmas Past, Present and Yet to Come."}, {"section_header": "Themes", "text": "Some writers, including Grace Moore, the Dickens scholar, consider that there is a Christian theme running through A Christmas Carol, and that the novella should be seen as an allegory of the Christian concept of redemption."}, {"section_header": "Performances and adaptations", "text": "In 1901 it was produced as Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost, a silent black-and-white British film; it was one of the first known adaptations of a Dickens work on film, but it is now largely lost."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Dickens had written three Christmas stories prior to the novella, and was inspired following a visit to the Field Lane Ragged School, one of several establishments for London's street children."}, {"section_header": "Themes", "text": "Dickens wrote A Christmas Carol in response to British social attitudes towards poverty, particularly child poverty, and wished to use the novella as a means to put forward his arguments against it."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "British-made films showed a traditional telling of the story, while US-made works showed Cratchit in a more central role, escaping the depression caused by European bankers and celebrating what Davis calls \"the Christmas of the common man\"."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "The Christmas tree had been introduced in Britain during the 18th century, and its use was popularised by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert."}, {"section_header": "Performances and adaptations", "text": "Some of Dickens's scenes\u2014such as visiting the miners and lighthouse keepers\u2014have been forgotten by many, while other events often added\u2014such as Scrooge visiting the Cratchits on Christmas Day\u2014are now thought by many to be part of the original story."}], "text": "The novella A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, a.k.a. a Ghost Story of Christmas, popularised the now common phrase \"Merry Christmas.\"", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "A Christmas Carol"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Culture | Fashion and clothing", "text": "Beauty pageant festivals inside Iran were not held after the 1979 revolution, and the last selection ceremony of the \"beauty queen of Iran\" was held in 1978 in this country."}], "id": "wxRcutMiXUhrmauA6pf0", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Culture | Fashion and clothing", "text": "Since then, a high number of Iranian girls participated in the Beauty pageant and Miss Universe outside of Iran."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Fashion and clothing", "text": "Beauty pageant festivals inside Iran were not held after the 1979 revolution, and the last selection ceremony of the \"beauty queen of Iran\" was held in 1978 in this country."}, {"section_header": "History | Since the 1979 Islamic Revolution", "text": "The election results were widely disputed, and resulted in widespread protests, both within Iran and in major cities outside the country, and the creation of the Iranian Green Movement."}, {"section_header": "Education, science and technology", "text": "Iranian scientists outside Iran have also made some major contributions to science."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Religion", "text": "Iran has the largest Jewish population in the Middle East outside of Israel."}, {"section_header": "Culture | Sports", "text": "In 2016, Iran made global headlines for international female champions boycotting tournaments in Iran in chess (U.S. Woman Grandmaster Naz\u00ed Paikidze) and in shooting (Indian world champion Heena Sidhu), as they refused to enter a country where they would be forced to wear a hijab."}, {"section_header": "History | Medieval period", "text": "In 999, large portions of Iran came briefly under the rule of the Ghaznavids, whose rulers were of mamluk Turkic origin, and longer subsequently under the Seljuk and Khwarezmian empires."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Military | Mandatory military service", "text": "The conscription exempted women from military service after 1979 revolution."}, {"section_header": "History | Classical antiquity", "text": "Cyrus entered Babylon and presented himself as a traditional Mesopotamian monarch."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Foreign relations", "text": "Since the time of the 1979 Revolution, Iran's foreign relations have often been portrayed as being based on two strategic principles; eliminating outside influences in the region, and pursuing extensive diplomatic contacts with developing and non-aligned countries."}], "text": "Iran no longer has beauty pageants and women must enter them outside of the country.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Iran"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "King and crusader | Coronation and anti-Jewish violence", "text": "Among those killed was Jacob of Orl\u00e9ans, a respected Jewish scholar."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | Coronation and anti-Jewish violence", "text": "Tradition barred all Jews and women from the investiture, but some Jewish leaders arrived to present gifts for the new king."}], "id": "wxn9qwTCRrKWwNhsAx9E", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "King and crusader | Coronation and anti-Jewish violence", "text": "When a rumour spread that Richard had ordered all Jews to be killed, the people of London attacked the Jewish population."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | Coronation and anti-Jewish violence", "text": "Among those killed was Jacob of Orl\u00e9ans, a respected Jewish scholar."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | Coronation and anti-Jewish violence", "text": "Many Jewish homes were destroyed by arsonists, and several Jews were forcibly converted."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | In the Holy Land", "text": "Richard also allied with Humphrey IV of Toron, Isabella's first husband, from whom she had been forcibly divorced in 1190."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | Coronation and anti-Jewish violence", "text": "Tradition barred all Jews and women from the investiture, but some Jewish leaders arrived to present gifts for the new king."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | In the Holy Land", "text": "In the first half of 1192, he and his troops refortified Ascalon."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Final years of Henry II's reign", "text": "Richard first destroyed and looted the farms and lands surrounding the fortress, leaving its defenders no reinforcements or lines of retreat."}, {"section_header": "Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Childhood", "text": "Little is known about Richard's education."}, {"section_header": "King and crusader | Marriage", "text": "Richard first grew close to her at a tournament held in her native Navarre."}, {"section_header": "Life after the Third Crusade | Death", "text": "The lack of any direct heirs from Richard was the first step in the dissolution of the Angevin Empire."}], "text": "Richard the First was known for his compassion for the Jewish people's of the land.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Richard I of England"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Aniston was born on February 11, 1969, in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Sherman Oaks, the daughter of Greek-born actor John Aniston and actress Nancy Dow."}], "id": "xAptWKIO9JFfeJfUl9Ib", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Aniston's godfather was actor Telly Savalas, one of her father's best friends."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jennifer Joanna Aniston (born February 11, 1969) is an American actress, film producer, and businesswoman."}, {"section_header": "Career | Recent roles and return to television (2014\u2013present)", "text": "Aniston won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series, and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series and two Golden Globe Awards for Best Actress \u2013 Television Series Drama and Best Television Series \u2013 Drama as the series' producer."}, {"section_header": "Career | Recent roles and return to television (2014\u2013present)", "text": "\" For her portrayal, Aniston was nominated for the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress, Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture \u2013 Drama, and SAG Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Aniston was born on February 11, 1969, in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Sherman Oaks, the daughter of Greek-born actor John Aniston and actress Nancy Dow."}, {"section_header": "Career | Friends and breakout (1994\u20132004)", "text": "The actress received five Primetime Emmy Award nominations (two for Supporting Actress, three for Lead Actress), including a win for Lead Actress."}, {"section_header": "Career | Friends and breakout (1994\u20132004)", "text": "Aniston's biggest commercial success in film has been the comedy"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Divorced from actor Brad Pitt, to whom she was married for five years, Aniston is separated from actor Justin Theroux, whom she married in 2015."}, {"section_header": "Other ventures", "text": "Original plans called for the perfume to be named \"Lolavie by Jennifer Aniston\", but to avoid confusion with a similarly named perfume, the name was changed to simply \"Jennifer Aniston\"."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Relationships", "text": "She was romantically involved with actor Tate Donovan."}], "text": "The actress Jennifer Aniston's father was an actor.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Jennifer Aniston"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Winesburg, Ohio (full title: Winesburg, Ohio: A Group of Tales of Ohio Small-Town Life) is a 1919 short story cycle by the American author Sherwood Anderson."}], "id": "xDXnLXbHmYlOCZIXS1KK", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is set in the fictional town of Winesburg, Ohio (not to be confused with the actual Winesburg), which is based loosely on the author's childhood memories of Clyde, Ohio."}, {"section_header": "Setting", "text": "It is widely acknowledged that the fictional model of the book's town, Winesburg, is based on Sherwood Anderson's boyhood memories of Clyde, Ohio, where Anderson lived between the ages of eight and nineteen (1884\u20131896), and not the actual town of Winesburg, Ohio."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "In 2008 Winesburg, Ohio, a filmed adaptation of the novel, was produced by Jennifer Granville."}, {"section_header": "Literary and cultural connections | In film", "text": "Daniel Nearing's 2009 independent film Chicago Heights was based on Winesburg, Ohio."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "A companion documentary, Lost in Winesburg, directed by Tommy Britt, examined the legacy of Anderson's book by documenting present day small town Ohio and the attempt to adapt Anderson's book for the screen by the local community and Ohio University students, alumni, staff and faculty."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Winesburg, Ohio (full title: Winesburg, Ohio: A Group of Tales of Ohio Small-Town Life) is a 1919 short story cycle by the American author Sherwood Anderson."}, {"section_header": "Setting", "text": "A direct relationship between the real Clyde and the fictional Winesburg, however, remains the supposition of scholars."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Stage", "text": "A loose musical adaptation of Winesburg, Ohio written by Kevin Kuhlke with music by Heaven Phillips premiered in 2003 as Winesburg: Small Town Life at the Perseverance Theatre in Juneau, Alaska."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Film", "text": "Noted film critic Roger Ebert said \"it is a beautiful book, and has inspired this beautiful film,\" and later listed Chicago Heights among the Best Art Films of 2010."}, {"section_header": "Literary and cultural connections | In television", "text": "In the 13th and final episode of the 6th Season of the Netflix series, Orange is the New Black, the character Nicky Nichols is seen carrying a copy of Winesburg, Ohio. Nathaniel Halpern, the writer of the 2020 Amazon television series Tales from the Loop, drew inspiration from Winesburg, Ohio, its themes of loneliness and isolation, and its focus on small town characters."}], "text": "Winesburg, Ohio is a film about a fictional town in Ohio.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Winesburg, Ohio"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early years and family", "text": "One of nine children, Guerrero is the younger brother of ex-major leaguer Wilton Guerrero, who also played with the Montreal Expos (the two were teammates for several seasons)."}], "id": "xHbSymtOPGgQxGp3zGt3", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early years and family", "text": "His son, Vladimir Guerrero Jr., was born in Montreal, Canada in 1999 during the elder Guerrero's time with the Expos."}, {"section_header": "Early years and family", "text": "One of nine children, Guerrero is the younger brother of ex-major leaguer Wilton Guerrero, who also played with the Montreal Expos (the two were teammates for several seasons)."}, {"section_header": "Career | Dominican Professional Baseball League", "text": "He started playing in the Dominican Professional Baseball League with the San Pedro de Macor\u00eds team Estrellas Orientales."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Vladimir Alvino Guerrero Sr. (born February 9, 1975), is a Dominican former professional baseball player and Hall of Famer, who spent 16 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a right fielder and designated hitter."}, {"section_header": "Career | Retirement", "text": "Having played his last game in 2011, he became eligible for induction to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2017."}, {"section_header": "Career | Dominican Professional Baseball League", "text": "He only played eight games with Tigres logging a batting average of .188 without a home run."}, {"section_header": "World Baseball Classic", "text": "Guerrero was named to the Dominican Republic's roster for the 2006 World Baseball Classic, although he eventually withdrew due to the death of three cousins in a car accident immediately before the tournament."}, {"section_header": "Career | Montreal Expos", "text": "Guerrero's 2003 season was shortened due to a back injury."}, {"section_header": "Career | Montreal Expos", "text": "That contest is also significant, in that it marks Guerrero's first multi-hit game."}, {"section_header": "Career | Montreal Expos", "text": "Despite Guerrero's freeswinging style, he never struck out 100 times in a season."}], "text": "Vladimir Guerrero's brother does not play baseball.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Vladimir Guerrero"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "A star tennis player in Joliet, he accepted a tennis scholarship to attend Tuskegee Institute, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in economics."}], "id": "xNhYsrrPeFP3DFyZhrJD", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Lionel Brockman Richie Jr. (born June 20, 1949) is an American singer, songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist, record producer and actor."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "A star tennis player in Joliet, he accepted a tennis scholarship to attend Tuskegee Institute, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in economics."}, {"section_header": "Career | Commodores", "text": "They signed a recording contract with Atlantic Records in 1968 for one record before moving on to Motown Records initially as a support act to The Jackson 5."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "In May 2017, Lionel Richie was honored at Berklee College of Music during the 2017 Commencement Concert where graduating students performed a medley of his discography."}, {"section_header": "Career | Commodores", "text": "He composed \"Lady\" for Kenny Rogers, which hit No. 1 in 1980, and produced Rogers' album Share Your Love the following year."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "In October 2017, it was reported that Lionel Richie had secured the rights to produce a Curtis Mayfield biopic."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "His recordings with the Commodores and in his solo career made him one of the most successful balladeers of the 1980s."}, {"section_header": "Personal life | Family", "text": "On October 18, 1975, Richie married his college sweetheart, Brenda Harvey."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Over the course of his career, Richie has sold over 90 million records worldwide, making him one of the world's best-selling artists of all time."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "In an interview with American Songwriter magazine, Richie stated \"I'm just gonna stand next to them again with great country artists and hug them.\" After years of mediocre sales in the U.S., the album returned him to the top of the Billboard 200 chart, his first number one album there for more than 25 years, and achieved Platinum status within six weeks of release."}], "text": "Lionel Richie, an American singer, songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist, record producer and actor, went to college on a tennis scholarship.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Lionel Richie"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Finances | Advertising bans", "text": "In October 2017, Twitter banned the Russian media outlets RT and Sputnik from advertising on their website following the conclusions of the U.S. national intelligence report the previous January that both Sputnik and RT had been used as vehicles for Russia's interference in the 2016 US presidential election."}], "id": "xWLm6VR4o6YTqmZccsqK", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Finances | Advertising bans", "text": "In October 2019, Twitter announced it would stop running political ads on its ad platform effective 22 November."}, {"section_header": "Finances | Revenue sources", "text": "In April 2013, Twitter announced that its Twitter Ads self-service platform, consisting of promoted tweets and promoted accounts, was available to all U.S. users without an invite."}, {"section_header": "Finances | Advertising bans", "text": "In October 2017, Twitter banned the Russian media outlets RT and Sputnik from advertising on their website following the conclusions of the U.S. national intelligence report the previous January that both Sputnik and RT had been used as vehicles for Russia's interference in the 2016 US presidential election."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Adding and following content", "text": "There are numerous tools for adding content, monitoring content and conversations including Twitter's own TweetDeck, Salesforce.com, HootSuite, and Twitterfeed.com."}, {"section_header": "User accounts | Privacy, security and harassment", "text": "Twitter announced new reporting and blocking policies in December 2014, including a blocking mechanism devised by Randi Harper, a target of GamerGate."}, {"section_header": "Finances | Revenue sources", "text": "On August 3, 2016, Twitter launched Instant Unlock Card, a new feature that encourages people to tweet about a brand in order to earn rewards and utilize the social media network's conversational ads."}, {"section_header": "History | 2011\u20132014", "text": "In July 2014, Twitter announced that it intended to buy a young company called CardSpring for an undisclosed sum."}, {"section_header": "Society | Usage | Protesters", "text": "A result of the Iranian election protests saw the government of Iran block Twitter in censorship."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Account archival | New machine-readable archive format", "text": "Another disadvantage is that one can only generate one of these archives per 30 days."}, {"section_header": "Appearance and features | Tweets | Format | Twitter Lists", "text": "In late 2009, the \"Twitter Lists\" feature was added, making it possible for users to follow ad hoc lists of authors instead of individual authors."}], "text": "Twitter blocked Putin-controlled media outlets from buying ads on the platform.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Twitter"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Han dynasty (Chinese: \u6f22\u671d; pinyin: H\u00e0nch\u00e1o) was the second imperial dynasty of China (202 BC\u2013220 AD), preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221\u2013206 BC) and a warring interregnum known as the Chu-Han contention (206\u2013202 BC), and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220\u2013280 AD)."}], "id": "xYhDa6lZGgHcz865CDQe", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history."}, {"section_header": "History | Western Han", "text": "China's first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty (221\u2013207 BC)."}, {"section_header": "History | End of the Han dynasty", "text": "This formally ended the Han dynasty and initiated an age of conflict between three states: Cao Wei, Eastern Wu, and Shu Han."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Han dynasty saw an age of economic prosperity and witnessed a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050\u2013256 BC)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Han dynasty (Chinese: \u6f22\u671d; pinyin: H\u00e0nch\u00e1o) was the second imperial dynasty of China (202 BC\u2013220 AD), preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221\u2013206 BC) and a warring interregnum known as the Chu-Han contention (206\u2013202 BC), and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220\u2013280 AD)."}, {"section_header": "Science and technology | Cartography, ships, and vehicles", "text": "Although ox-carts and chariots were previously used in China, the wheelbarrow was first used in Han China in the 1st century BC."}, {"section_header": "Culture and society | Education, literature, and philosophy", "text": "The Imperial University grew in importance as the student body grew to over 30,000 by the 2nd century AD."}, {"section_header": "Science and technology | Mechanical and hydraulic engineering", "text": "The chain pump was first mentioned in China by the philosopher Wang Chong in his 1st-century Balanced Discourse."}, {"section_header": "History | End of the Han dynasty", "text": "Shao challenged Cao Cao for control over the emperor."}, {"section_header": "Government and politics | Military", "text": "At the beginning of the Han dynasty, every male commoner aged twenty-three was liable for conscription into the military."}], "text": "The Han dynasty was the first imperial dynasty of China spanning over four centuries, and is considered a golden age in Chinese history.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Han dynasty"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life (1732\u20131752)", "text": "George Washington was born February 22, 1732, at Popes Creek in Westmoreland County, Virginia, and was the first of six children of Augustine and Mary Ball Washington."}], "id": "xYoQcYYAuil1fiG4xfAB", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Colonial military career (1752\u20131758) | French and Indian War", "text": "This incident ignited the French and Indian War, which later became part of the larger Seven Years' War."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Memorials", "text": "The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745\u20131799 (1931\u20131944) is a 39-volume set edited by John Clement Fitzpatrick, who was commissioned by the George Washington Bicentennial Commission."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Memorials | Universities", "text": "Numerous universities, including George Washington University and Washington University in St. Louis, were named in honor of Washington."}, {"section_header": "Commander in chief (1775\u20131783) | Battle of Long Island", "text": "Howe, emboldened by his Long Island victory, dispatched Washington as \"George Washington, Esq.\", in futility to negotiate peace."}, {"section_header": "Colonial military career (1752\u20131758) | French and Indian War", "text": "In May, having set up a defensive position at Great Meadows, he learned that the French had made camp seven miles (11 km) away; he decided to take the offensive."}, {"section_header": "Burial, net worth, and aftermath", "text": "The outer vault has the sarcophagi of both George and Martha Washington; the inner vault has the remains of other Washington family members and relatives."}, {"section_header": "Historical reputation and legacy | Memorials | Currency and postage", "text": "George Washington appears on contemporary U.S. currency, including the one-dollar bill and the quarter-dollar coin (the Washington quarter)."}, {"section_header": "Commander in chief (1775\u20131783) | Demobilization and resignation", "text": "On November 25, the British evacuated New York City, and Washington and Governor George Clinton took possession."}, {"section_header": "Slavery | Abolition and emancipation", "text": "On January 1, 1801, one year after George Washington's death, Martha Washington signed an order freeing his slaves."}, {"section_header": "Early life (1732\u20131752)", "text": "George Washington was born February 22, 1732, at Popes Creek in Westmoreland County, Virginia, and was the first of six children of Augustine and Mary Ball Washington."}], "text": "Georges Washington had seven siblings.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "George Washington"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His parents did not approve of him playing baseball on Sundays, so Haines used to sneak away, hiding his uniform in a corn crib and changing clothes in a cornfield."}], "id": "xZRShvdt3f4TwIKZOJrp", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Haines wanted to play baseball for the local team in Phillipsburg."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Soon thereafter, he was signed to play for a minor league team in Dayton."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He left town to play semipro baseball in Dayton in 1912."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jesse Joseph Haines (July 22, 1893 \u2013 August 5, 1978), nicknamed \"Pop\", was a right-handed pitcher in for the Cincinnati Reds and St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB)."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "During his minor league days, Haines married Carrie M. Weidner."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "They had one child. Haines became a fixture in the Cardinals starting rotation in 1920."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After a lengthy stint in minor league baseball, he played briefly in 1918, then from 1920 to 1937."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Spending several seasons in minor league baseball, Haines also pitched for teams in Saginaw, Fort Wayne, Springfield, Topeka and Tulsa."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His parents did not approve of him playing baseball on Sundays, so Haines used to sneak away, hiding his uniform in a corn crib and changing clothes in a cornfield."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "By June, he made relief pitching appearances three days in a row."}], "text": "Jesse Haines told his first team that he wouldn't be able to play baseball on the Lord's Day.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Jesse Haines"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History", "text": "Chromatography was first employed in Russia by the Italian-born scientist Mikhail Tsvet in 1900."}], "id": "xZXolU2k5cB03000wfUu", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The mixture is dissolved in a fluid called the mobile phase, which carries it through a structure holding another material called the stationary phase."}, {"section_header": "Chromatography terms", "text": "This is also called effluent."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Chromatography was first employed in Russia by the Italian-born scientist Mikhail Tsvet in 1900."}, {"section_header": "Techniques by chromatographic bed shape | Planar chromatography | Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)", "text": "Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a widely employed laboratory technique used to separate different biochemicals on the basis of their relative attractions to the stationary and mobile phases."}, {"section_header": "Techniques by chromatographic bed shape | Column chromatography", "text": "In 1978, W. Clark Still introduced a modified version of column chromatography called flash column chromatography (flash)."}, {"section_header": "Chromatography terms", "text": "In the case of an optimal separation, different peaks or patterns on the chromatogram correspond to different components of the separated mixture."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The various constituents of the mixture travel at different speeds, causing them to separate."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The purpose of preparative chromatography is to separate the components of a mixture for later use, and is thus a form of purification."}, {"section_header": "Chromatography terms", "text": "It is also normally what is needed from the mixture."}], "text": "The laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture called chromatography was invented in 1900.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Chromatography"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2014, he was inducted into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After retiring in 1937 with a 210\u2013158 win-loss record, Haines was a coach with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1938."}], "id": "xZhEWLSEOPCr5vMeIFVN", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later life", "text": "After failing to gain more than 8.3% of the votes for induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame over a 12-year period, Haines was voted in by the Veterans Committee in 1970."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1970."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Across his minor league career, he compiled a 107\u201361 record and 1.93 ERA over 187 games."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2014, he was inducted into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "In January 2014, the Cardinals announced Haines among 22 former players and personnel to be inducted into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum for the inaugural class of 2014."}, {"section_header": "Later life", "text": "After the committee selected Haines, Frisch commented that Haines was \"a worthy, worthy man... a great competitor, a fine fellow off and on the field.\" Sabermetrician Bill James has listed Haines as one of ten examples of Hall of Fame inductees who do not deserve the honor."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "Despite a 13\u201320 record, he pitched 301\u200b2\u20443 innings, the highest output of his career, and recorded a 2.98 ERA."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After retiring in 1937 with a 210\u2013158 win-loss record, Haines was a coach with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1938."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jesse Joseph Haines (July 22, 1893 \u2013 August 5, 1978), nicknamed \"Pop\", was a right-handed pitcher in for the Cincinnati Reds and St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB)."}, {"section_header": "Major league career", "text": "He retired with a 210\u2013158 record, 981 strikeouts, 3.64 ERA, and 3208\u200b2\u20443 innings pitched."}], "text": "Jesse Haines had over a .500 record and is a member of a hall of fame.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Jesse Haines"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Covertly financed and directed by the U.S. government, the operation took place at the height of the Cold War, and its failure led to major shifts in international relations between Cuba, the United States, and the Soviet Union."}], "id": "xZkPT9iNQEAxiTPQKOSn", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later analysis | Invasion legacy in Cuba", "text": "The conference was titled Bay of Pigs: 40 Years After."}, {"section_header": "Background | Causes", "text": "The hypothesis of a landing at the Bay of Pigs, or the invasion of Cuba, had political and economic causes."}, {"section_header": "Preparation | Early plans", "text": "Richard M. Bissell Jr. was charged with overseeing plans for the Bay of Pigs Invasion."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | Political reaction", "text": "Immediately following the Bay of Pigs invasion, the Kennedy Administration considered complete trade restrictions with Cuba."}, {"section_header": "Prelude to invasion | Fleet sets sail (14 April)", "text": "Under cover of darkness, the invasion fleet set sail from Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua and headed towards the Bay of Pigs on the night of 14 April."}, {"section_header": "Invasion | Invasion day (17 April)", "text": "A flotilla containing equipment that broadcast sounds and other effects of a shipborne invasion landing provided the source of Cuban reports that briefly lured Fidel Castro away from the Bay of Pigs battlefront area."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "On the night of 17 April, the main invasion force landed on the beach at Playa Gir\u00f3n in the Bay of Pigs, where it overwhelmed a local revolutionary militia."}, {"section_header": "Later analysis | Invasion legacy in Cuba", "text": "Historians often attest the Bay of Pigs fiasco made Castro even more popular, adding nationalistic sentiments in support of his economic policies."}, {"section_header": "Aftermath | Political reaction", "text": "Rasenberger elaborated on the fact that almost every decision that was made by Kennedy following the Bay of Pigs had some correlation with the destruction of the Castro administration."}, {"section_header": "Invasion | Invasion day (17 April)", "text": "The ships were to return to the Bay of Pigs the following day to unload more ammunition, however the captains of the Atlantico and Caribe decided to abandon the invasion and head out to open sea fearing further air attacks by the FAR."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Covertly financed and directed by the U.S. government, the operation took place at the height of the Cold War, and its failure led to major shifts in international relations between Cuba, the United States, and the Soviet Union."}], "text": "The Bay of Pigs invasion was financed and organized by Canada.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 7, "wikipedia_page": "Bay of Pigs Invasion"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The son of Hungarian immigrants, Medwick was born and raised in Carteret, New Jersey."}], "id": "xcK7jreSyaMIUagYOMqZ", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career", "text": "Upon being asked by the Pope what his vocation was, Medwick replied, \"Your Holiness, I'm Joe Medwick."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "When asked about the incident after the game, Medwick replied, \"I knew why they threw them."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "University of Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne made arrangements for Medwick to play football there, however Medwick decided to forgo college and enter professional baseball."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "When Medwick strode forward, the ball hit him in the temple and rendered him unconscious."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The son of Hungarian immigrants, Medwick was born and raised in Carteret, New Jersey."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Medwick remains the only known player to be thrown out of a game for his own personal safety."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Medwick helped lead the Dodgers to a pennant in 1941, but had lost much of his dominance."}, {"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "\" Medwick died in 1975 of a heart attack in St. Petersburg, Florida."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Medwick entered professional baseball with the Scottdale Scotties of the Middle Atlantic League in 1930."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Though Medwick swung at any pitch near the strike zone, he was difficult to strike out."}], "text": "Joe Medwick is from Manchester.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Joe Medwick"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He excelled in baseball, basketball, football, and track at Carteret High School."}], "id": "xgKOxAR8PIOu2C0gah69", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career", "text": "Upon being asked by the Pope what his vocation was, Medwick replied, \"Your Holiness, I'm Joe Medwick."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He excelled in baseball, basketball, football, and track at Carteret High School."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "When asked about the incident after the game, Medwick replied, \"I knew why they threw them."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "University of Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne made arrangements for Medwick to play football there, however Medwick decided to forgo college and enter professional baseball."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "When Medwick strode forward, the ball hit him in the temple and rendered him unconscious."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The son of Hungarian immigrants, Medwick was born and raised in Carteret, New Jersey."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Medwick remains the only known player to be thrown out of a game for his own personal safety."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Medwick helped lead the Dodgers to a pennant in 1941, but had lost much of his dominance."}, {"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "\" Medwick died in 1975 of a heart attack in St. Petersburg, Florida."}, {"section_header": "Career", "text": "Medwick entered professional baseball with the Scottdale Scotties of the Middle Atlantic League in 1930."}], "text": "Joe Medwick did shine in other sports such as basketball.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Joe Medwick"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Manuel Antonio Rodolfo Quinn Oaxaca (April 21, 1915 \u2013 June 3, 2001), known professionally as Anthony Quinn, was a Mexican-American actor, painter, writer and film director who achieved international renown."}], "id": "xiYe7bHRw9hIr2ygvHlE", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "In Quinn's autobiography, The Original Sin: A Self-portrait by Anthony Quinn, he denied being the son of an \"Irish adventurer\" and attributed that tale to Hollywood publicists."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "1966).In the 1970s, during his marriage to Addolori, Quinn also had two children with an event producer in Los Angeles named Friedel Dunbar: Sean Quinn (born February 7, 1973) and Alexander Anthony Quinn (born December 30, 1976)."}, {"section_header": "Career | 1940s-1950s", "text": "Named Desire on Broadway. In 1947, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States."}, {"section_header": "Career | Later career", "text": "1996).In 1994 Quinn played the role of Zeus in five television movies focusing on the legendary journeys of Hercules."}, {"section_header": "Career | 1970s", "text": "Quinn's subsequent television appearances were sporadic, including Jesus of Nazareth."}, {"section_header": "Career | 1970s", "text": "In 1971, after the success of a TV movie named The City, where Quinn played Mayor Thomas Jefferson Alcala, he starred in the television series, The Man and the City."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In addition, he received two Academy Award nominations in the Best Leading Actor category, along with five Golden Globe nominations and two BAFTA Award nominations."}, {"section_header": "Personal life", "text": "Quinn's first wife was the adopted daughter of Cecil B. DeMille, actress Katherine DeMille; they wed in 1937."}, {"section_header": "Tributes and legacy", "text": "His widow, Katherine Benvin Quinn, established the Anthony Quinn Foundation which advocates the importance of arts in education."}, {"section_header": "Painting and writing", "text": "Art critic Donald Kuspit explains, \"Examining Quinn's many expressions of creativity together\u2014his art, collecting, and acting\u2014we can see that he was a creative genius\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Manuel Antonio Rodolfo Quinn Oaxaca (April 21, 1915 \u2013 June 3, 2001), known professionally as Anthony Quinn, was a Mexican-American actor, painter, writer and film director who achieved international renown."}], "text": "Anthony Quinn's full name has five words in it.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 8, "wikipedia_page": "Anthony Quinn"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a 1963 American comedy film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer with a screenplay by William Rose and Tania Rose from a story by Tania Rose."}], "id": "xp31izV5ng1BY6l12TAu", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Widescreen process", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World to be as close as possible to the original 197-minute version envisioned by Kramer."}, {"section_header": "Production | Background", "text": "and then It's a Mad World, with Rose and Kramer adding additional Mads to the title as time progressed."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a 1963 American comedy film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer with a screenplay by William Rose and Tania Rose from a story by Tania Rose."}, {"section_header": "Influence", "text": "Films having a comedic search for money with an ensemble cast modeled after It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World include Scavenger Hunt (1979), Million Dollar Mystery (1987) and Rat Race. (2001) There are similar Bollywood movies like Journey Bombay to Goa: Laughter Unlimited (2007), Dhamaal (2007) and Total Dhamaal (2019)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Who's Coming to Dinner. His first attempt at directing a comedy film paid off immensely as It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World became a critical and commercial success in 1963 and was nominated for six Academy Awards, winning for Best Sound Editing, and two Golden Globe Awards."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": ", Mad, Mad, Mad World featured at number 40 in the American Film Institute's list 100 Years ... 100 Laughs."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Years later, Kramer announced a possible Mad World sequel, which was to be titled"}, {"section_header": "Home media", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World aficionados Mark Evanier, Michael Schlesinger, and Paul Scrabo, a new documentary on the film's visual and sound effects, an excerpt from a 1974 talk show hosted by Stanley Kramer featuring Sid Caesar, Buddy Hackett, and Jonathan Winters, a press interview from 1963 featuring Kramer and cast members, excerpts about the film's influence taken from the 2000 American Film Institute program 100 Years ... 100 Laughs, a two-part 1963 episode of Canadian TV program Telescope that follows the film's press junket and premiere, a segment from the 2012 special"}, {"section_header": "Cast | Cast notes", "text": "During the production of Mad World, Hope was arguing with the studio about the future projects that he was due in his contract, and they ultimately refused to allow him to appear."}], "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World was an action adventure movie about a group of mentally ill patients that escaped from a hospital to rob a bank.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World"}
{"category": "Technology", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Elon Reeve Musk (; born June 28, 1971) is an engineer, industrial designer, technology entrepreneur and philanthropist."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He is the founder, CEO, CTO and chief designer of SpaceX; early investor, CEO and product architect of Tesla, Inc.; founder of The Boring Company; co-founder of Neuralink; and co-founder and initial co-chairman of OpenAI."}], "id": "xq7ES09xHRqZbOvepCBK", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | The Boring Company", "text": "Musk sees Neuralink and OpenAI as related: \"OpenAI is a nonprofit dedicated to minimizing the dangers of artificial intelligence, while Neuralink is working on ways to implant technology into our brains to create mind-computer interfaces.\" On December 17, 2016, while stuck in traffic, Musk tweeted \"[I] am going to build a tunnel boring machine and just start digging ...\" The company was named 'The Boring Company' (TBC)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In December 2016, Musk founded The Boring Company, an infrastructure and tunnel construction company focused on tunnels optimized for electric vehicles."}, {"section_header": "Career | The Boring Company", "text": "As merchandising, Musk said the company sold 2,000 \"flamethrowers\" in 2018, inspired by the movie Spaceballs."}, {"section_header": "Career | The Boring Company", "text": "In February 2017, the company began digging a 30-foot (9.1 m) In February 2017, the company began digging a 30-foot (9.1 m) wide, 50-foot (15 m) long, and 15-foot (4.6 m) deep \"test trench\" on the premises of Space X's offices in Los Angeles, since the construction requires no permits."}, {"section_header": "Career | The Boring Company", "text": "Musk had said in early 2017 that a 10-fold decrease in tunnel boring cost per mile is necessary for economic feasibility of the proposed tunnel network."}, {"section_header": "Career | The Boring Company", "text": "TBC has claimed that design is complete for their next tunnel boring machine (TBM), Prufrock, and that assembly and engineering testing would begin in 2019."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2015, Musk co-founded OpenAI, a nonprofit research company that aims to promote friendly artificial intelligence."}, {"section_header": "Career | Neuralink", "text": "In 2016, Musk co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology startup company to integrate the human brain with artificial intelligence."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In July 2016, he co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology company focused on developing brain\u2013computer interfaces."}, {"section_header": "Career | Tham Luang cave rescue", "text": "Musk, responding to requests for help from Twitter users, offered help; his The Boring Company contacted the Thai government."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Elon Reeve Musk (; born June 28, 1971) is an engineer, industrial designer, technology entrepreneur and philanthropist."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He is the founder, CEO, CTO and chief designer of SpaceX; early investor, CEO and product architect of Tesla, Inc.; founder of The Boring Company; co-founder of Neuralink; and co-founder and initial co-chairman of OpenAI."}], "text": "Elon Musk is an entrepreneur and founded many companies like Boring Company.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Elon Musk"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Plumed Serpent is a 1926 political novel by D. H. Lawrence; Lawrence conceived the idea for the novel while visiting Mexico in 1923, and its themes reflect his experiences there."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "However, this response was later displaced by Mexican post-revolutionary nationalism and post-colonial studies."}], "id": "y16xGEZ749Hd8qvQCr9s", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The novel received attention in Mexico, where its early reception was positive, and it was praised by the poet Octavio Paz."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "However, he stated that \"Mexican post-revolutionary nationalism and the rise of post-colonial studies\" later displaced such positive views of the novel in Mexico."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "However, this response was later displaced by Mexican post-revolutionary nationalism and post-colonial studies."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "She noted that of those Mexican writers who had discussed the novel, the poet Jos\u00e9 Emilio Pacheco warned against its \"proto-fascism\", while Paz praised its \"depiction of landscape\"."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Plumed Serpent is a 1926 political novel by D. H. Lawrence; Lawrence conceived the idea for the novel while visiting Mexico in 1923, and its themes reflect his experiences there."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "He also noted the similar appreciative views of the intellectual Antonio Castro Leal and the poet Octavio Paz."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Luis G\u00f3mez Romero compared the novel to Kangaroo, writing that in both works Lawrence, \"exposes the advent of discrete crises resulting from the failure of human ideals and institutions to prevent and tame violence.\" He noted that critics had often regarded the work as a \"direct expression of Lawrence\u2019s proto-fascist propensities.\" He questioned the view that its plot had little to do with actual Mexican politics, arguing that it should be viewed \"in a specifically Mexican context.\" He also observed that the early reception of The Plumed Serpent in Mexico was positive, citing the views of the newspaper Exc\u00e9lsior and the poet Bernardo Ortiz de Montellano, who both credited Lawrence with understanding Mexico and the Mexicans."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "He wrote that most reactions to it were either strongly positive or strongly negative, and stated that Lawrence later rejected \"both the political and the sexual ideology\" of the novel."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "However, Moore writes that it received a more mixed assessment, discussing both its good and bad aspects, from the poet Edwin Muir in The Nation and Athenaeum."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Juliette Feyel compared The Plumed Serpent to Kangaroo, describing them as Lawrence's \"most explicitly political novels\"."}], "text": "The Plumed Serpent is a 1926 political novel in which the novel received attention in Mexico, where its early reception was positive, and it was praised by the poet Octavio Paz, however, this response was later displaced by Mexican post-revolutionary nationalism and post-colonial studies.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "The Plumed Serpent"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "History", "text": "Since these components have different colors (green, orange, and yellow, respectively) they gave the technique its name."}], "id": "y1URPMINVvOMi7Nf9ONM", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Special techniques | Periodic counter-current chromatography", "text": "The process then continues in a cyclic fashion."}, {"section_header": "Special techniques | Periodic counter-current chromatography", "text": "In contrast to Counter current chromatography (see above) , periodic counter-current chromatography (PCC) uses a solid stationary phase and only a liquid mobile phase."}, {"section_header": "Chromatography terms", "text": "The detector refers to the instrument used for qualitative and quantitative detection of analytes after separation."}, {"section_header": "Special techniques | Counter current chromatography", "text": "HPCCC is the latest and best performing version of the instrumentation available currently."}, {"section_header": "Special techniques | Periodic counter-current chromatography", "text": "It thus is much more similar to conventional affinity chromatography than to counter current chromatography."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "New types of chromatography developed during the 1930s and 1940s made the technique useful for many separation processes."}, {"section_header": "Special techniques | Counter current chromatography", "text": "Counter current chromatography (CCC) is a type of liquid-liquid chromatography, where both the stationary and mobile phases are liquids."}, {"section_header": "History", "text": "Since these components have different colors (green, orange, and yellow, respectively) they gave the technique its name."}, {"section_header": "Special techniques | Chiral chromatography", "text": "Conventional chromatography or other separation processes are incapable of separating them."}, {"section_header": "Techniques by separation mechanism | Ion exchange chromatography", "text": "Ion exchange chromatography (usually referred to as ion chromatography) uses an ion exchange mechanism to separate analytes based on their respective charges."}], "text": "Chromatography has little to do with color in current processes, the moniker is a reference to the original use of the technique.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 4, "wikipedia_page": "Chromatography"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Set in the mid through late 19th century, the film depicts Zola's early friendship with Post-Impressionist painter Paul C\u00e9zanne, and his rise to fame through his prolific writing."}], "id": "y3DXdzi5VtEY2xrqZsEG", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "21st century controversy about collaboration", "text": "They had been criticized on moral grounds for the personal relationships portrayed in some movies, for instance, for sexual content or suggestive dialogue, and for political criticism of the US."}, {"section_header": "Cast", "text": "Paul Muni as \u00c9mile Zola Gloria Holden as Alexandrine Zola"}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "As expected, Zola is charged with libel."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Life of Emile Zola is a 1937 American biographical film about 19th-century French author \u00c9mile Zola, starring Paul Muni and directed by William Dieterle, a German \u00e9migr\u00e9."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Zola is found guilty and sentenced to a year in prison and a 3000 Franc fine."}, {"section_header": "21st century controversy about collaboration", "text": "She disputes that he ever gave an order about taking \"Jew\" out of dialogue in the film about Zola."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Zola is reluctant to give up a comfortable life, but she brings forth new evidence to pique his curiosity."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "He accuses Zola of having become complacent because of his success,  a far cry from the zealous reformer of his youth and terminates their friendship."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Finally, Dreyfus's loyal wife Lucie (Gale Sondergaard) pleads with Zola to take up her husband's cause."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Zola barely escapes from an angry mob incited by military agents provocateurs as riots erupt in the city streets."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "Set in the mid through late 19th century, the film depicts Zola's early friendship with Post-Impressionist painter Paul C\u00e9zanne, and his rise to fame through his prolific writing."}], "text": "Zola had a platonic relationship with Cezanne.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "The Life of Emile Zola"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early baseball career", "text": "He would disappear for months at a time during the offseason, and it was not known where he went until it was discovered that he was wrestling alligators in a circus."}, {"section_header": "Early baseball career", "text": "He was notably unpredictable; early in his career, he would often leave in the middle of a game to go fishing."}], "id": "y65EXii23KxHkaSrArhb", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early baseball career", "text": "Milwaukee was in the newly named American League (AL), formerly known as the Western League, which was not yet directly competing with the NL."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "May threatened to prosecute Rube for bigamy because she did not recognize the divorce granted Rube in St. Louis."}, {"section_header": "Dominant seasons", "text": "We got Rube out of there without delay."}, {"section_header": "Early baseball career", "text": "When the season ended, he was loaned to the Detroit Tigers of the Western League to gain professional experience."}, {"section_header": "Early baseball career", "text": "Louisville's top players, including Waddell, Honus Wagner, and Fred Clarke, were transferred to Pittsburgh."}, {"section_header": "Early baseball career", "text": "He would disappear for months at a time during the offseason, and it was not known where he went until it was discovered that he was wrestling alligators in a circus."}, {"section_header": "Later career", "text": "Not much was known about these mental conditions, or their diagnoses, at the time."}, {"section_header": "Early baseball career", "text": "Waddell's first professional contract was with Louisville (for $500), where he pitched two league games and a couple of exhibitions with the team at the end of the 1897 season."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "George Edward Waddell (October 13, 1876 \u2013 April 1, 1914) was an American southpaw pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB)."}, {"section_header": "Honors", "text": "Waddell was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946 by the Veterans Committee that looked to enshrine a number of players from his era and the previous century who had contributed to the growth of the game."}, {"section_header": "Early baseball career", "text": "He was notably unpredictable; early in his career, he would often leave in the middle of a game to go fishing."}], "text": "American baseball player Rube Waddell was known for his focus and professionalism.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Rube Waddell"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the first published and best known of seven novels in The Chronicles of Narnia (1950\u20131956)."}, {"section_header": "Reading order", "text": "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was originally published as the first book in the Narnia Chronicles."}], "id": "y72nzbQijrJGuHBkWNCO", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a fantasy novel for children by C. S. Lewis, published by Geoffrey Bles in 1950."}, {"section_header": "Religious themes", "text": "One of the most significant themes seen in C. S. Lewis's The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe is the theme of Christianity."}, {"section_header": "Writing", "text": "Lewis described the origin of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe in an essay titled"}, {"section_header": "Reading order", "text": "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was originally published as the first book in the Narnia Chronicles."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Lewis very much enjoyed writing The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and embarked on the sequel Prince Caspian soon after finishing the first novel."}, {"section_header": "Writing", "text": "The manuscript of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was complete by the end of March 1949."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Audio", "text": "Both are the first in a series of adaptations of all seven of the Narnia books."}, {"section_header": "Adaptations | Audio", "text": "The Focus on the Family version is also longer, with a full orchestra score, narration, a larger cast of actors, and introductions by Douglas Gresham, C. S. Lewis's stepson."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2003, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe was ranked ninth on the BBC's The Big Read poll."}, {"section_header": "Writing", "text": "Lewis had written fourteen years earlier in his alliterative poem The Planets:  ... Of wrath ended And woes mended, of winter passed"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It is the first published and best known of seven novels in The Chronicles of Narnia (1950\u20131956)."}], "text": "The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe is 1 of the 7 books in the series written by  C. S. Lewis.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 \u2013 October 8, 1869) was the 14th president of the United States (1853\u20131857), a northern Democrat who saw the abolitionist movement as a fundamental threat to the unity of the nation."}], "id": "yBuTj9MLZiYZMo6Grc6T", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Presidency | Foreign and military affairs", "text": "The Pierce administration aligned with the expansionist Young America movement, with William L. Marcy leading the charge as Secretary of State."}, {"section_header": "Early life and family | State politics", "text": "Franklin and Benjamin Pierce were among the prominent citizens who welcomed President Jackson to the state on his visit in mid-1833."}, {"section_header": "Sites, memorials, and honors", "text": "When the school was renamed in 2010, a Franklin Pierce Center for Intellectual Property was established."}, {"section_header": "Sites, memorials, and honors", "text": "The Franklin Pierce House in Concord, where Pierce died, was destroyed by fire in 1981, but is nevertheless listed on the register."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Historian Kenneth Nivison, writing in 2010, takes a more favorable view of Pierce's foreign policy, stating that his expansionism prefaced those of later presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt, who served at a time when America had the military might to make her desires stick. \" American foreign and commercial policy beginning in the 1890s, which eventually supplanted European colonialism by the middle of the twentieth century, owed much to the paternalism of Jacksonian Democracy cultivated in the international arena by the Presidency of Franklin Pierce."}, {"section_header": "Early life and family | Childhood and education", "text": "Franklin Pierce was born on November 23, 1804 in a log cabin in Hillsborough, New Hampshire."}, {"section_header": "Sites, memorials, and honors", "text": "The Franklin Pierce Homestead in Hillsborough is a state park and a National Historic Landmark, open to the public."}, {"section_header": "Sites, memorials, and honors", "text": "The University of New Hampshire School of Law was founded in 1973 as the Franklin Pierce Law Center."}, {"section_header": "Presidency | Foreign and military affairs", "text": "While the administration negotiated with Britain over the Canada\u2013US border, U.S. interests were also threatened in Central America, where the Clayton\u2013Bulwer Treaty of 1850 had failed to keep Great Britain from expanding its influence."}, {"section_header": "Presidency | Train crash and transition", "text": "Both Franklin and Jane Pierce survived, but in the wreckage found their only remaining son, 11-year-old Benjamin, crushed to death, his body nearly decapitated."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 \u2013 October 8, 1869) was the 14th president of the United States (1853\u20131857), a northern Democrat who saw the abolitionist movement as a fundamental threat to the unity of the nation."}], "text": "Franklin Pierce is the tenth president of the America.", "total_likes": 2, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "Franklin Pierce"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "At the time of its release, it was one of the most expensive movies ever made."}], "id": "yFxQNHld7XeFvoS2989i", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In Old Chicago is a 1938 American drama disaster film directed by Henry King."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "In the years before the film was made it had been supplanted by the Levee, an area renowned for its corrupt politicians, known as the Gray Wolves, whose deeds resemble those of the characters in the film."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "Despite crediting the Chicago Historical Society for assistance with historical research, much of the film is fictionalized."}, {"section_header": "Awards", "text": "She was the first person to win the Supporting Oscar after being nominated in the prior year."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "At the time of its release, it was one of the most expensive movies ever made."}, {"section_header": "Production", "text": "Some sources claim that MGM offered to loan both Harlow and Clark Gable to Fox for In Old Chicago if they reciprocated by loaning Shirley Temple to MGM for their upcoming production of The Wizard of Oz."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film is a fictionalized account about the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and stars Alice Brady as Mrs. O'Leary, the owner of the cow which started the fire, and Tyrone Power and Don Ameche as her sons."}, {"section_header": "Historical accuracy", "text": "The Mayor of Chicago in 1871 was Roswell B. Mason, not an O'Leary son."}, {"section_header": "Awards", "text": "The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture."}, {"section_header": "Home media release", "text": "The film was released and restored to its full length on DVD in 2005."}], "text": "In old Chicago used to be the cheapest film that has ever been made.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "In Old Chicago"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Personal", "text": "Evers' brother, Joe Evers, and uncle, Tom Evers, also played in MLB."}], "id": "yIhz7JrXipJrAuSuKW09", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1902 through 1917 for the Chicago Cubs, Boston Braves, and Philadelphia Phillies."}, {"section_header": "Career | Coaching and managing career", "text": "Evers and fellow coach Hank Gowdy played in one game in the 1929 season, coming into the bottom of the ninth inning on October 6, 1929."}, {"section_header": "Career | Minor league career", "text": "Evers made his professional debut in minor league baseball for the Troy Trojans of the Class-B New York State League in 1902 as a shortstop."}, {"section_header": "Career | Minor league career", "text": "Evers batted .285 and led the New York State League with 10 home runs."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "After playing for the local minor league baseball team for one season, Frank Selee, manager of the Cubs, purchased Evers's contract and soon made him his starting second baseman."}, {"section_header": "Career | Boston Braves and Philadelphia Phillies", "text": "Evers insisted he was a free agent, but the league assigned him to the Braves."}, {"section_header": "Career | Coaching and managing career", "text": "In the process, Evers became the oldest player in the league for the year."}, {"section_header": "Career | Chicago Cubs", "text": "Evers played 152 games in the 1904 season."}, {"section_header": "Personal", "text": "Evers' brother, Joe Evers, and uncle, Tom Evers, also played in MLB."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Evers continued to play for the Braves and Phillies through 1917."}], "text": "Johnny Evers played in the major leagues along with his cousin, Lloyd.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Johnny Evers"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Walsh started his professional baseball career with the 1902 Wilkes-Barre Barons."}], "id": "yM26DZBydxM0gxywsEit", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "Walsh's son Ed Walsh Jr. played for the White Sox from 1928 to 1932."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Walsh started his professional baseball career with the 1902 Wilkes-Barre Barons."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Edward Augustine \"Big Ed\" Walsh (May 14, 1881 \u2013 May 26, 1959) was an American pitcher and manager in Major League Baseball."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Later career", "text": "Walsh's playing time began dwindling in 1913."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Peak years", "text": "Walsh also set an American League record by pitching 464 innings in a season."}, {"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "Walsh was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Later career", "text": "Walsh was a workhorse who pitched an average of 375 innings annually during the six seasons of 1907 through 1912."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Peak years", "text": "In 1910, he posted the lowest ERA (1.27) for a pitcher with at least 20 starts and a losing record."}, {"section_header": "MLB career | Peak years", "text": "Interviewed for the book The Glory of Their Times, Hall of Famer Sam Crawford referred to Walsh's use of a pitch that was later outlawed: \"Big Ed Walsh."}, {"section_header": "Later life and legacy", "text": "In 1999, Walsh was ranked number 82 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team."}], "text": "Ed Walsh started play pro baseball in 1900", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Ed Walsh"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the neoclassical style."}], "id": "yOKAG7efUmAupIQ3QVg8", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early history | Architectural competition", "text": "Hoban was born in Ireland and trained at the Dublin Society of Arts."}, {"section_header": "Early history | Design influences", "text": "The building has classical inspiration sources, that can be found in the Roman architect Vitruvius or in Andrea Palladio styles; Palladio being an Italian architect of the Renaissance which had a considerable influence on the Western architecture (Palladian architecture)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the neoclassical style."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of \"America's Favorite Architecture\"."}, {"section_header": "Evolution of the White House | Early use, the 1814 fire, and rebuilding", "text": "Contrary to speculation, the North Portico was not modeled on a similar portico on another Dublin building, the Viceregal Lodge (now \u00c1ras an Uachtar\u00e1in, residence of the President of Ireland), for its portico postdates the White House porticos' design."}, {"section_header": "Evolution of the White House | Early use, the 1814 fire, and rebuilding", "text": "Meanwhile, both architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe and Hoban contributed to the design and oversight of the reconstruction, which lasted from 1815 until 1817."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage."}, {"section_header": "Evolution of the White House | Overcrowding and building the West Wing", "text": "President William Howard Taft enlisted the help of architect Nathan C. Wyeth to add additional space to the West Wing, which included the addition of the Oval Office."}, {"section_header": "Early history | Architectural competition", "text": "The following year, he summoned the architect to Philadelphia and met with him in June 1792.On July 16, 1792, the president met with the commissioners of the federal city to make his judgment in the architectural competition."}, {"section_header": "The White House since the Kennedy restoration", "text": "The White House retains the right to have these items returned.:29Out of respect for the historic character of the White House, no substantive architectural changes have been made to the house since the Truman renovation."}], "text": "The White House was configured by an architect from Ireland.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "White House"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Despite Perry's notoriety for doctoring baseballs (e.g. throwing a spitball), and perhaps even more so for making batters think he was throwing them on a regular basis \u2013 he even went so far as to title his 1974 autobiography Me and the Spitter \u2013 he was not ejected for the illegal practice until August 23, 1982, in his 21st season in the majors."}], "id": "yRoXHt6VOtmXbfgojb3t", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Professional career | Minor leagues", "text": "At Tacoma, he led the Pacific Coast League in wins and inning pitched in 1961.He had a brief call-up to the Major Leagues in 1962, making his debut on April 14 against the Cincinnati Reds."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "He played in Major League Baseball as a right-handed pitcher for eight different teams from 1962 to 1983."}, {"section_header": "Pitching style", "text": "The spitball was not his only method for upsetting batters."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | Minor leagues", "text": "With the addition of Perry, Bill James called that 1962 Tacoma squad, which featured numerous future major league players, the best minor league lineup of the 1960s."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Despite Perry's notoriety for doctoring baseballs (e.g. throwing a spitball), and perhaps even more so for making batters think he was throwing them on a regular basis \u2013 he even went so far as to title his 1974 autobiography Me and the Spitter \u2013 he was not ejected for the illegal practice until August 23, 1982, in his 21st season in the majors."}, {"section_header": "Post-playing career", "text": "Despite his admission of illegal pitches, he was elected to the Hall of Fame in 1991 and was nominated as a finalist for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | San Diego Padres (1978\u201379)", "text": "In this season he became the third pitcher to strike out 3,000 batters, accomplishing the feat two weeks after his 40th birthday."}, {"section_header": "Pitching style", "text": "Perry claims he was taught the spitball in 1964 by pitcher Bob Shaw."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | San Francisco Giants (1962\u20131971)", "text": "Perry and Marichal became known as a \"1\u20132 punch\" to rival the famous Koufax/Drysdale combination of the Los Angeles Dodgers."}, {"section_header": "Professional career | San Francisco Giants (1962\u20131971)", "text": "The very next day, the Cardinals returned the favor on the Giants on a 2\u20130 no-hitter by Ray Washburn\u2014the first time in Major League history that back-to-back no-hitters had been pitched in the same series."}], "text": "Gaylord Perry was known as a Major League pitcher who liked to add saliva to his pitch, or at least make batters believe that he was.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Gaylord Perry"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Natural satellites", "text": "Traditionally, most of Saturn's moons have been named after Titans of Greek mythology."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Saturn is named after the Roman god of wealth and agriculture; its astronomical symbol (\u2644) represents the god's sickle."}], "id": "yUwJ5B3E8dusOO4ExWmV", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History of observation and exploration | Ancient observations", "text": "In ancient Roman mythology, the planet Phainon was sacred to this agricultural god, from which the planet takes its modern name."}, {"section_header": "Natural satellites", "text": "Traditionally, most of Saturn's moons have been named after Titans of Greek mythology."}, {"section_header": "History of observation and exploration | Ancient observations", "text": "The Romans considered the god Saturnus the equivalent of the Greek god Cronus; in modern Greek, the planet retains the name Cronus\u2014\u039a\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2: Kronos."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Saturn is named after the Roman god of wealth and agriculture; its astronomical symbol (\u2644) represents the god's sickle."}, {"section_header": "Natural satellites | Planetary rings", "text": "Some ice in the E ring comes from the moon Enceladus's geysers."}, {"section_header": "History of observation and exploration | Ancient observations", "text": "Saturn has been known since prehistoric times, and in early recorded history it was a major character in various mythologies."}, {"section_header": "Natural satellites", "text": "Saturn has 82 known moons, 53 of which have formal names."}, {"section_header": "Natural satellites", "text": "Evidence of this possibility includes the satellite's salt-rich particles having an \"ocean-like\" composition that indicates most of Enceladus's expelled ice comes from the evaporation of liquid salt water."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "At least 82 moons are known to orbit Saturn, of which 53 are officially named; this does not include the hundreds of moonlets in its rings."}, {"section_header": "History of observation and exploration | Ancient observations", "text": "In Ottoman Turkish, Urdu and Malay, the name of Zazel is 'Zuhal', derived from the Arabic language (Arabic: \u0632\u062d\u0644\u200e, romanized: Zuhal)."}], "text": "Saturn's name comes from mythological gods.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Saturn"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Life and career | 1980\u20131998: Early life and career beginnings", "text": "Christina Mar\u00eda Aguilera was born in Staten Island, New York City, on December 18, 1980, to musician Shelly Loraine Kearns (n\u00e9e Fidler) and United States Army soldier Fausto Xavier Aguilera."}], "id": "yYTuvdHOF7EEY5PIQnd7", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Artistry | Voice", "text": "Every time she'd start going into 'hoo-ha', I'd stop the tape."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Musical style and themes", "text": "Christina Aguilera (1999) prominently displayed teen pop and dance-pop music, while Mi Reflejo (2000) takes inspiration from Latin music."}, {"section_header": "Image", "text": "Fashion has also been a part of Aguilera's music career and image."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1980\u20131998: Early life and career beginnings", "text": "Her mother later remarried to Jim Kearns and had a son with him named Michael."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1980\u20131998: Early life and career beginnings", "text": "Her father was born in Ecuador, and her mother has German, Irish, Welsh, and Dutch ancestry."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Influences", "text": "The Voice. Aguilera's debut album producer Ron Harris revealed that Aguilera during her recording sessions for Christina Aguilera would constantly listen to Brandy's music, studying and trying to replicate her adlibs."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Musical style and themes", "text": "Aguilera's not shy of the odd feministic declaration herself."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Voice", "text": "In a review for Liberation, Jon Pareles of The New York Times commented on Aguilera's vocal versatility: \"Nothing less than high drama suits Christina Aguilera's voice."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 2002\u20132003: Stripped", "text": "It received mixed reviews from music critics, who viewed the employment of various musical styles incoherent, but praised Aguilera's vocals."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 2004\u20132009: Marriage, Back to Basics, and first child", "text": "Two other singles, \"Slow Down Baby\" and \" Oh Mother\", were released exclusively in Australia and Europe, respectively."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1980\u20131998: Early life and career beginnings", "text": "Christina Mar\u00eda Aguilera was born in Staten Island, New York City, on December 18, 1980, to musician Shelly Loraine Kearns (n\u00e9e Fidler) and United States Army soldier Fausto Xavier Aguilera."}], "text": "Christina Aguilera's mother has musical talent too.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Christina Aguilera"}
{"category": "NOCAT", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Death and legacy", "text": "He was buried in the cathedral of Perugia, where his body remained until Pope Leo XIII had it transferred to the Lateran in December 1891.Innocent"}], "id": "yZJH2JT7sr0BUh6gUja0", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Death and legacy", "text": "Innocent III, however, died suddenly at Perugia on 16 June 1216."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Death and legacy", "text": "He was buried in the cathedral of Perugia, where his body remained until Pope Leo XIII had it transferred to the Lateran in December 1891.Innocent"}, {"section_header": "Biography | Election to the papacy", "text": "Before his death he had urged the College of Cardinals to elect Giovanni di San Paolo as his successor, but Lotario de' Conti was elected pope in the ruins of the ancient Septizodium, near the Circus Maximus in Rome after only two ballots on the very day on which Celestine III died."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Election to the papacy", "text": "Celestine III died on 8 January 1198."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni), held office from 8 January 1198 to his death."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Francis of Assisi", "text": "The Cardinal, who was the confessor of Pope Innocent III, was immediately sympathetic to Francis and agreed to represent Francis to the pope."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Reassertion of papal power", "text": "As pope, Innocent III began with a very wide sense of his responsibility and of his authority."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Crusades and suppression of heresy", "text": "Pope Innocent III spent a majority of his tenure as Pope (1198\u20131216) preparing for a great crusade on the Holy Land."}, {"section_header": "General sources", "text": "Moore, John C. \" Pope Innocent III, Sardinia, and the Papal State."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pope Innocent III (Latin: Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 \u2013 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei"}], "text": "The Pope Innocent III died a slow death and was buried in a cemetery.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Pope Innocent III"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 7, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a 1963 American comedy film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer with a screenplay by William Rose and Tania Rose from a story by Tania Rose."}], "id": "yey8Bm07oQkWtyy0eTAK", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Production | Widescreen process", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World to be as close as possible to the original 197-minute version envisioned by Kramer."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a 1963 American comedy film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer with a screenplay by William Rose and Tania Rose from a story by Tania Rose."}, {"section_header": "Production | Background", "text": "and then It's a Mad World, with Rose and Kramer adding additional Mads to the title as time progressed."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": ", Mad, Mad, Mad World featured at number 40 in the American Film Institute's list 100 Years ... 100 Laughs."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Who's Coming to Dinner. His first attempt at directing a comedy film paid off immensely as It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World became a critical and commercial success in 1963 and was nominated for six Academy Awards, winning for Best Sound Editing, and two Golden Globe Awards."}, {"section_header": "Influence", "text": "Films having a comedic search for money with an ensemble cast modeled after It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World include Scavenger Hunt (1979), Million Dollar Mystery (1987) and Rat Race. (2001) There are similar Bollywood movies like Journey Bombay to Goa: Laughter Unlimited (2007), Dhamaal (2007) and Total Dhamaal (2019)."}, {"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Years later, Kramer announced a possible Mad World sequel, which was to be titled"}, {"section_header": "Home media", "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World aficionados Mark Evanier, Michael Schlesinger, and Paul Scrabo, a new documentary on the film's visual and sound effects, an excerpt from a 1974 talk show hosted by Stanley Kramer featuring Sid Caesar, Buddy Hackett, and Jonathan Winters, a press interview from 1963 featuring Kramer and cast members, excerpts about the film's influence taken from the 2000 American Film Institute program 100 Years ... 100 Laughs, a two-part 1963 episode of Canadian TV program Telescope that follows the film's press junket and premiere, a segment from the 2012 special"}, {"section_header": "Cast | Cast notes", "text": "During the production of Mad World, Hope was arguing with the studio about the future projects that he was due in his contract, and they ultimately refused to allow him to appear."}], "text": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a sci-fi thriller film.", "total_likes": 3, "total_votes": 8, "wikipedia_page": "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Thoroughly Modern Millie is a 1967 American musical-romantic comedy film directed by George Roy Hill and starring Julie Andrews."}], "id": "yi7aUpJVfSjORKvXlr8L", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reception", "text": "Thoroughly Modern Millie was her last film of the 1960s to make money."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "A DVD was issued in 2003. In 1922 New York City, flapper Millie Dillmount is determined to find work as a stenographer to a wealthy businessman and then marry him \u2013 a \"thoroughly modern\" goal."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "Also, the film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:  2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs: \"Thoroughly Modern Millie\" \u2013 Nominated 2006: AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals \u2013 Nominated"}, {"section_header": "Critical reception", "text": "After Thoroughly Modern Millie, he made Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, The Great Waldo Pepper, and the Oscar-winning hit The Sting."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Thoroughly Modern Millie is a 1967 American musical-romantic comedy film directed by George Roy Hill and starring Julie Andrews."}, {"section_header": "Critical reception", "text": "\"Variety observed \"The first half of Thoroughly Modern Mille (sic) is quite successful in striking and maintaining a gay spirit and pace."}, {"section_header": "Critical reception", "text": "Liberties taken with reality, not to mention period, in the first half are redeemed by wit and characterization."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2000, it was adapted for a successful stage musical of the same name."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "However, she carries on with her plan to work for and then marry a rich man, and when she gets a job at Sincere Trust, she sets her sights on the attractive but self-absorbed Trevor Graydon."}, {"section_header": "Plot", "text": "One morning, she goes to work dressed as a flapper and attempts to seduce him, but her effort fails."}], "text": "Thoroughly Modern Millie is a modern drama movie about a flapper named Millie who witnesses the murder of a man with a candlestick while attending a dinner party.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Thoroughly Modern Millie"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Early life and career (1890\u20131930)", "text": "Molotov was born Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Skryabin in the village of Kukarka, Yaransk Uyezd, Vyatka Governorate (now Sovetsk in Kirov Oblast), the son of a butter churner."}], "id": "ywssUHwo6MjRlMpBW8IZ", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Post-war career (1949\u20131962)", "text": "According to Roy Medvedev, Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva recalled Molotov's wife telling her: \"Your father was a genius."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Premiership (1930\u20131941)", "text": "This left a legacy of chronic agricultural inefficiencies and under-production which the Soviet regime never fully rectified."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life and career (1890\u20131930)", "text": "Throughout his teen years, he was described as \"shy\" and \"quiet\", always assisting his father with his business."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Legacy", "text": "The Molotov cocktail is a term coined by the Finns during the Winter War, as a generic name used for a variety of improvised incendiary weapons."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life and career (1890\u20131930)", "text": "Molotov was born Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Skryabin in the village of Kukarka, Yaransk Uyezd, Vyatka Governorate (now Sovetsk in Kirov Oblast), the son of a butter churner."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Legacy", "text": "During the Winter War, the Soviet air force made extensive use of incendiaries and cluster bombs against Finnish civilians, troops and fortifications."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Premiership (1930\u20131941)", "text": "He followed Stalin's line by using a combination of force and propaganda to crush peasant resistance to collectivisation, including the deportation of millions of kulaks (peasants with property) to gulags."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Minister of Foreign Affairs (1939\u20131949)", "text": "Molotov's detestation for Litvinov was purely of a personal nature."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov (; n\u00e9 Skryabin; (OS 25 February) 9 March 1890 \u2013 8 November 1986) was a Soviet politician and diplomat, an Old Bolshevik, and a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he rose to power as a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of Joseph Stalin."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Post-war career (1949\u20131962)", "text": "In 1962, all of Molotov's party documents and files were destroyed by the authorities."}], "text": "Vyacheslav Molotov's father used to dairy products.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Vyacheslav Molotov"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His mother was English; she was born out of wedlock, and \"was loath to speak of her background\"."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His father was born in Kenya and was of Gujarati Indian descent."}], "id": "yz5FtqLltvdGtmXuFnw4", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Kingsley's paternal grandfather was a successful spice trader who had moved from India to Zanzibar, where Kingsley's father lived until moving to the UK at the age of 14."}, {"section_header": "Honours", "text": "The award was announced on 31 December 2001, which happened to be Kingsley's 58th birthday."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "At about this time, he changed his name to Ben Kingsley, fearing that a foreign name would hamper his career."}, {"section_header": "Honours", "text": "Since then, Kingsley appears to have altered his stance; credits for his latest films refer to him as Ben Kingsley."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sir Ben Kingsley (born Krishna Pandit Bhanji; 31 December 1943) is an English actor."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Kingsley's maternal grandfather was believed by the family to have been of Russian- or German-Jewish descent, while his maternal grandmother was English and worked in the garment district of London's East End."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "Kingsley studied at De La Salle College in Salford, which later became home to the Ben Kingsley Theatre."}, {"section_header": "Honours", "text": "Co-star Pen\u00e9lope Cruz was reportedly unsure what to call him during the filming of Elegy as someone had told her she needed to refer to him as \"Sir Ben\"."}, {"section_header": "Career | Early career", "text": "Kingsley played Mosca in Peter Hall's 1977 production of Ben Jonson's Volpone for the Royal National Theatre, and in Peter Brook's acclaimed production of A Midsummer Night's Dream."}, {"section_header": "Career | Film and television", "text": "Kingsley's 2014 film roles included Exodus: Gods and Kings, as Nun, a Hebrew slave, and Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb, as Merenkahre, a simulacrum of an Egyptian pharaoh and father of Ahkmenrah (in one scene, the character discusses his Hebrew slaves).In 2015, Kingsley played a driving instructor in the film Learning to Drive."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His mother was English; she was born out of wedlock, and \"was loath to speak of her background\"."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His father was born in Kenya and was of Gujarati Indian descent."}], "text": "Ben Kingsley's parents are from India.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Ben Kingsley"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 2, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Even hard X-rays and gamma rays can be reflected at shallow angles with special \"grazing\" mirrors."}], "id": "z1GkHh1g6gEeUThgameY", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Reflection of light", "text": "As the waves interact at low angle with the surface of this tunnel they are reflected toward the focus point (or toward another interaction with the tunnel surface, eventually being directed to the detector at the focus)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In acoustics, reflection causes echoes and is used in sonar."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light", "text": "Total internal reflection is used as a means of focusing waves that cannot effectively be reflected by common means."}, {"section_header": "Other types of reflection | Neutron reflection", "text": "Materials that reflect neutrons, for example beryllium, are used in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light | Complex conjugate reflection", "text": "A conjugate reflector can be used to remove aberrations from a beam by reflecting it and then passing the reflection through the aberrating optics a second time."}, {"section_header": "Other types of reflection | Seismic reflection", "text": "Shallower reflections are used in reflection seismology to study the Earth's crust generally, and in particular to prospect for petroleum and natural gas deposits."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light | Retroreflection", "text": "This is used to make traffic signs and automobile license plates reflect light mostly back in the direction from which it came."}, {"section_header": "Other types of reflection | Neutron reflection", "text": "In the physical and biological sciences, the reflection of neutrons off of atoms within a material is commonly used to determine the material's internal structure."}, {"section_header": "Reflection of light | Multiple reflections", "text": "When light reflects off a mirror, one image appears."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Mirrors exhibit specular reflection."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Even hard X-rays and gamma rays can be reflected at shallow angles with special \"grazing\" mirrors."}], "text": "By using a specific kind of mirror, an X-ray can be reflected.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 2, "wikipedia_page": "Reflection (physics)"}
{"category": "NOCAT", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Background and publication history", "text": "The collection includes several previously-published short stories, and was named in honor of The Old Manse where Hawthorne and his wife lived for the first three years of their marriage."}], "id": "z3dNjx1jMWu1F8FARnpa", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Mosses from an Old Manse is a short story collection by Nathaniel Hawthorne, first published in 1846."}, {"section_header": "Analysis", "text": "Many of the tales collected in Mosses from an Old Manse are allegories and, typical of Hawthorne, focus on the negative side of human nature."}, {"section_header": "Critical reception", "text": "Regarding the second edition, published in 1854, Hawthorne wrote to publisher James Thomas Fields that he no longer understood the messages he was sending in these stories."}, {"section_header": "Background and publication history", "text": "The collection includes several previously-published short stories, and was named in honor of The Old Manse where Hawthorne and his wife lived for the first three years of their marriage."}, {"section_header": "Critical reception", "text": "He wrote, \"Let him mend his pen, get a bottle of visible ink, come out from the Old Manse, cut Mr. Alcott, hang (if possible) the editor of 'The Dial,' and throw out of the window to the pigs all his odd numbers of the North American Review.\" A young Walt Whitman wrote that Hawthorne was underpaid, and it was unfair that his book competed with imported European books."}, {"section_header": "Analysis", "text": "Hawthorne's friend Herman Melville noted this aspect in his review \"Hawthorne and His Mosses\": This black conceit pervades him through and through."}], "text": "Mosses from an Old Manse is a historical film that was shown in 1854.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Mosses from an Old Manse"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2009, Yonath received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas A. Steitz for her studies on the structure and function of the ribosome, becoming the first Israeli woman to win the Nobel Prize out of ten Israeli Nobel laureates, the first woman from the Middle East to win a Nobel prize in the sciences, and the first woman in 45 years to win the Nobel Prize for Chemistry."}], "id": "z4F9SIDJlJZ0bRRwnFbA", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "In 2009, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (co-recipient with Thomas Steitz and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "In 2009, Yonath received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry along with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas A. Steitz for her studies on the structure and function of the ribosome, becoming the first Israeli woman to win the Nobel Prize out of ten Israeli Nobel laureates, the first woman from the Middle East to win a Nobel prize in the sciences, and the first woman in 45 years to win the Nobel Prize for Chemistry."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "She was the first Israeli woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "Her awards and honors include the following:  In 2002, Israel Prize"}, {"section_header": "Scientific career", "text": "Nobel Prize winner William N. Lipscomb, Jr. of Harvard University where she was inspired to pursue very large structures."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "In 2002, Harvey Prize In 2004, Massry Prize"}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "In 2006, Rothschild Prize in Life Sciences."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "In 2006, Wolf Prize in Chemistry along with George Feher."}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "In 2004, Paul Karrer Gold Medal In 2005, Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize"}, {"section_header": "Awards and honors", "text": "In 2006, The EMET Prize for Art, Science and Culture in Life Sciences, along with Professor Peretz Lavie (Medicine) and Professor Eli Keshet (Biology) In 2007, Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize along with Harry Noller"}], "text": "Yonath was awarded a Nobel Prize in 2009.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Ada Yonath"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Demographics | Judaism in Casablanca", "text": "Today, the Jewish cemetery of Casablanca is one of the major cemeteries of the city, and many synagogues remain in service, but the city's Jewish community has dwindled."}], "id": "z5J7oSL5bjRs42Wsz8fn", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Culture | Music", "text": "al-Haja al-Hamdawiya, one of the most iconic figures in aita music, was born in Casablanca."}, {"section_header": "Notable people", "text": "Amal Ayouch (born 1966) \u2013 stage and film actress Salaheddine Bassir \u2013 Moroccan footballer Laarbi Batma \u2013 Moroccan musician and artist, founding member of Nas El Ghiwan"}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Judaism in Casablanca", "text": "Jews have a long history in Casablanca."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Judaism in Casablanca", "text": "In 2018 only 2,500 Moroccan Jews left in Casablanca, while according to the World Jewish Congress only 1,000 Moroccan Jews left in Casablanca."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Judaism in Casablanca", "text": "Casablanca then became a departure point in Operation Yachin, the covert Mossad-organized migration operation from 1961\u20131964."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Judaism in Casablanca", "text": "Jews were slow to return to the town, but by 1750, the Rabbi Elijah Synagogue was built as the first Jewish synagogue in Casablanca."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Judaism in Casablanca", "text": "Approximately 28,000 Moroccan Jews immigrated to the State of Israel between 1948 and 1951, many through Casablanca."}, {"section_header": "Demographics | Judaism in Casablanca", "text": "Today, the Jewish cemetery of Casablanca is one of the major cemeteries of the city, and many synagogues remain in service, but the city's Jewish community has dwindled."}, {"section_header": "History | Since independence | Casablanca Group", "text": "January 4\u20137, 1961, the city hosted an ensemble of progressive African leaders during the Casablanca Conference of 1961."}, {"section_header": "Administrative divisions", "text": "Casablanca is a commune, part of the region of Casablanca-Settat."}], "text": "Freddie Mercury was born in Casablanca.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Casablanca"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His mother Elizabeth Parry was 18 years old at the time of his birth."}], "id": "z9qkMGnorzP4M3FYt0rg", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Later years", "text": "He became Sir Henry Morton Stanley when he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the 1899 Birthday Honours, in recognition of his service to the British Empire in Africa."}, {"section_header": "Later years", "text": "His grave is in the churchyard of St Michael and All Angels' Church in Pirbright, Surrey, marked by a large piece of granite inscribed with the words \"Henry Morton Stanley, Bula Matari, 1841\u20131904, Africa\"."}, {"section_header": "New country, new name", "text": "Rowlands emigrated to the United States in 1859 at age 18."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "His mother Elizabeth Parry was 18 years old at the time of his birth."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "As his parents were unmarried, his birth certificate describes him as a bastard; he was baptised in the parish of Denbigh on 19 February 1841,"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Sir Henry Morton Stanley (born John Rowlands; 28 January 1841 \u2013  10 May 1904) was a Welsh-American journalist, explorer, soldier, colonial administrator, author and politician who was famous for his exploration of central Africa and his search for missionary and explorer David Livingstone, whom he later claimed to have greeted with the now-famous line: \"Dr Livingstone, I presume?"}, {"section_header": "New country, new name", "text": "Later, he wrote that his adoptive parent died two years after their meeting, but in fact the elder Stanley did not die until 1878."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "He was knighted in 1899. Henry Stanley was born in 1841 as John Rowlands in Denbigh, Denbighshire, Wales."}, {"section_header": "Controversies | Accounts of cruel treatment toward African people", "text": "The legacy for Stanley, of being a helpless illegitimate boy, deserted by both parents, was a deep sense of inferiority that could only be kept at bay by claims of being much more powerful and feared than he was."}, {"section_header": "New country, new name", "text": "He disembarked at New Orleans and, according to his own declarations, became friends by accident with Henry Hope Stanley, a wealthy trader."}], "text": "Henry Morton Stanley's female parent got him when she was only 18.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "Henry Morton Stanley"}
{"category": "Sports", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Career | Political and business career", "text": "In the 1898 elections, Ruppert was elected to the United States House of Representatives as a member of the Democratic Party to the 56th United States Congress, defeating incumbent Philip B. Low of the Republican Party in New York's 15th congressional district."}], "id": "zK0bfQnqMIyCgk68k5hy", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Jacob Ruppert Jr. (August 5, 1867 \u2013 January 13, 1939) was an American brewer, businessman, National Guard colonel and politician who served for four terms representing New York in the United States House of Representatives from 1899 to 1907."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Ruppert was born in New York City, the son of brewer Jacob Ruppert Sr., and his wife, the former Anna Gillig."}, {"section_header": "Career | Political and business career", "text": "In the 1898 elections, Ruppert was elected to the United States House of Representatives as a member of the Democratic Party to the 56th United States Congress, defeating incumbent Philip B. Low of the Republican Party in New York's 15th congressional district."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Jacob Jr. attended the Columbia Grammar School."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Ruppert grew up in the Jacob Ruppert Sr. House on Fifth Avenue."}, {"section_header": "Career | Political and business career", "text": "Ruppert was not a candidate for reelection in 1906, and he left office in 1907."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "In 1886, Ruppert enlisted in the Seventh Regiment, National Guard of New York, serving in the rank of private through 1889."}, {"section_header": "Career | Political and business career", "text": "Ruppert was also president of the Astoria Silk Works and the United States Brewers Association from 1911 through 1914."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy | Legacy", "text": "The plaque called Ruppert \"Gentleman, American, sportsman, through whose vision and courage this imposing edifice, destined to become the home of champions, was erected and dedicated to the American game of baseball."}, {"section_header": "Death and legacy | Legacy", "text": "Ruppert Park in Manhattan, is part of the Ruppert Yorkville Towers housing complex was built on the site the brewery in Yorkville, Manhattan."}], "text": "American Brewer Jacob Ruppert Jr. represented New York in the US House as a Republican from 1899 to 1907.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Jacob Ruppert"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 3, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "About the title", "text": "The Moon and Sixpence is at once a satire of Edwardian mores and a Gauguin biography.\" According to some sources, the title, the meaning of which is not explicitly revealed in the book, was taken from a review of Maugham's novel Of Human Bondage in which the novel's protagonist, Philip Carey, is described as \"so busy yearning for the moon that he never saw the sixpence at his feet.\" According to a 1956 letter from Maugham, \"If you look on the ground in search of a sixpence, you don't look up, and so miss the moon."}], "id": "zSFS68BN01ptyI8tpY6c", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Moon and Sixpence is a novel by W. Somerset Maugham first published in April 15th, 1919."}, {"section_header": "About the title", "text": "The Moon and Sixpence is at once a satire of Edwardian mores and a Gauguin biography.\" According to some sources, the title, the meaning of which is not explicitly revealed in the book, was taken from a review of Maugham's novel Of Human Bondage in which the novel's protagonist, Philip Carey, is described as \"so busy yearning for the moon that he never saw the sixpence at his feet.\" According to a 1956 letter from Maugham, \"If you look on the ground in search of a sixpence, you don't look up, and so miss the moon."}, {"section_header": "Inspiration", "text": "The idea remained in his mind for ten years, until a visit to Tahiti in 1914, where Maugham was able to meet people who had known Gauguin, inspired him to start writing."}, {"section_header": "Inspiration", "text": "Maugham took inspiration from the published writings about Gauguin available at the time, as well as personal experience living among the artistic community in Paris in 1904, and a visit to Tahiti in 1914."}, {"section_header": "Inspiration", "text": "Writing in 1953, Maugham describes the idea for the book arising during a year that he spent living in Paris in 1904: \"... I met men who had known him and worked with him at Pont-Aven."}, {"section_header": "Inspiration", "text": "To have done otherwise I would consider myself a brigand -- which is what many people think I am.\" Dickson sums up the novel as follows: \"Maugham was fascinated by the impact of the arrival of modernism from Europe on an insular British consciousness and the emergence of the cult of the modernist artist-genius --"}], "text": "Maugham wrote the satire in 1919", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 3, "wikipedia_page": "The Moon and Sixpence"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Background", "text": "The news story described how in 1941\u201343 the Wright Aeronautical Corporation based in Ohio had conspired with army inspection officers to approve defective aircraft engines destined for military use."}], "id": "zTSVjMmbH0OydZ2JoEeA", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Synopsis | Timeline", "text": "Autumn 1943: Joe encourages Steve to supply the USAAF with faulty cylinder heads for aircraft engines"}, {"section_header": "Synopsis | Act II", "text": "Their next door neighbor Sue emerges, revealing that everyone on the block thinks Joe is equally guilty of the crime of supplying faulty aircraft engines."}, {"section_header": "Background", "text": "The news story described how in 1941\u201343 the Wright Aeronautical Corporation based in Ohio had conspired with army inspection officers to approve defective aircraft engines destined for military use."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis | Act I", "text": "At Kate's request, Frank is trying to figure out the horoscope of the Kellers' missing son Larry, who disappeared three years earlier while serving in the military during World War II."}, {"section_header": "Revivals", "text": "Suchet played Joe Keller and Wanamaker played his wife Kate."}, {"section_header": "Revivals", "text": "Shell played Joe Keller and Croll played his wife Kate."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Ann is the truth-bearer in the play."}, {"section_header": "Revivals", "text": "This production received three 2019 Tony Award nominations: Best Revival of a Play, Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play (Bening), and Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play (Walker)."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The play was adapted for films in 1948 and 1987."}, {"section_header": "Synopsis | Act I", "text": "The play starts in the middle of the action, abruptly."}], "text": "\"All My Sons\" is a dramatic play about a family's struggle to succeed in the railroad industry by supplying the military with supply transportation.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "All My Sons"}
{"category": "NOCAT", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Reassertion of papal power", "text": "This determination meant, among other things, that princes should not be involved in the selection of bishops, and it was focused especially on the \"patrimonium\" of the papacy, the section of central Italy claimed by the popes and later called the Papal States."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "Lotario was the nephew of Pope Clement III; his mother, Claricia Scotti (Romani de Scotti), was from the same noble Roman family."}], "id": "zXWF5FqvPEMcU2B7NWKP", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Biography | Crusades and suppression of heresy", "text": "Unlike past popes, Innocent III displayed interest in leading the crusade himself, rather than simply instigating it and allowing secular leaders to organize the expedition according to their own aspirations."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Reassertion of papal power", "text": "She was as eager to remove German power from the kingdom of Sicily as was Innocent III."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Reassertion of papal power", "text": "As pope, Innocent III began with a very wide sense of his responsibility and of his authority."}, {"section_header": "General sources", "text": "Sayers, Janet E. Innocent III: Leader of Europe 1198\u20131216, London, New York, Longman (The Medieval World), 1994."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Pope Innocent was one of the most powerful and influential of the medieval popes."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Crusades and suppression of heresy", "text": "This caused Innocent to change his methods from words to weapons, calling upon King Philip II Augustus of France to suppress the Albigenses."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Feudal power over Europe", "text": "At the request of England's King John, Pope Innocent III declared the Magna Carta annulled, resulting in a rebellion by the English Barons who rejected the disenfranchisement."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Crusades and suppression of heresy", "text": "Erroneously, he felt that the Latin presence would bring about a reconciliation between the Eastern and Western Churches."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Reassertion of papal power", "text": "During Innocent III's reign, the papacy was at the height of its powers."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Reassertion of papal power", "text": "This determination meant, among other things, that princes should not be involved in the selection of bishops, and it was focused especially on the \"patrimonium\" of the papacy, the section of central Italy claimed by the popes and later called the Papal States."}, {"section_header": "Biography | Early life", "text": "Lotario was the nephew of Pope Clement III; his mother, Claricia Scotti (Romani de Scotti), was from the same noble Roman family."}], "text": "Pope Innocent III of a Romanian prince lineage, was Europe's powerful leader who felt duty bound to motivate the cause of paganism.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Pope Innocent III"}
{"category": "Science", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Types", "text": "Over 90% of the collagen in the human body is type I collagen."}], "id": "zcCAlVOtErchx8pcTvN2", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Types", "text": "Type VIII, X) Basement membrane (Type IV) Multiplexin (Multiple Triple Helix domains with Interruptions) (Type XV, XVIII) MACIT (Membrane Associated Collagens with Interrupted Triple Helices) (Type XIII, XVII) Microfibril forming (Type VI) Type VIII, X) Basement membrane (Type IV) Multiplexin (Multiple Triple Helix domains with Interruptions) (Type XV, XVIII) MACIT (Membrane Associated Collagens with Interrupted Triple Helices) (Type XIII, XVII) Microfibril forming (Type VI) Anchoring fibrils (Type VII)The five most common types are: Type I: skin, tendon, vasculature, organs, bone (main component of the organic part of bone) Type II: cartilage (main collagenous component of cartilage) Type III: reticulate (main component of reticular fibers), commonly found alongside type I"}, {"section_header": "Types", "text": "Over 90% of the collagen in the human body is type I collagen."}, {"section_header": "Types", "text": "However, as of 2011, 30 types of collagen have been identified, described, and divided into several groups according to the structure they form: All of the types contain at least one triple helix."}, {"section_header": "Types", "text": "Fibrillar (Type I, II, III, V, IX) Non-fibrillar FACIT (Fibril Associated Collagens with Interrupted Triple Helices) (Type IX, XII, XIV, XIX, XXI) Short chain ("}, {"section_header": "Types", "text": "The number of types shows collagen's diverse functionality."}, {"section_header": "Types", "text": "Type V: cell surfaces, hair, and placenta"}, {"section_header": "Types", "text": "Type IV: forms basal lamina, the epithelium-secreted layer of the basement membrane"}, {"section_header": "Synthesis", "text": "This step is absent when synthesizing type III, a type of fibrilar collagen."}, {"section_header": "Synthesis | Collagen I formation", "text": "Most collagen forms in a similar manner, but the following process is typical for type"}, {"section_header": "Molecular structure", "text": "Type I collagen gives bone its tensile strength."}], "text": "Type I collagens are the predominant type of collagen found in people.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Collagen"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Suez Canal (Arabic: \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u200e qan\u0101t as-suw\u0113s) is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez."}], "id": "zfeV7y4LhjotJB4nL7Ep", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | Interim period", "text": "Lieutenant Waghorn established his \"Overland Route\", which transported post and passengers to India via Egypt."}, {"section_header": "Precursors | Canals dug by Necho, Darius I and Ptolemy", "text": "According to Pliny the Elder, Necho's extension to the canal was about 57 English miles, equal to the total distance between Bubastis and the Great Bitter Lake, allowing for winding through valleys."}, {"section_header": "History | Bypass expansion", "text": "The project was called the New Suez Canal, as it would allow ships to transit the canal in both directions simultaneously."}, {"section_header": "Layout and operation | Capacity", "text": "Others can offload part of their cargo onto a canal-owned boat to reduce their draft, transit, and reload at the other end of the canal."}, {"section_header": "Suez Canal Economic Zone", "text": "The zone incorporates the three \"Qualifying Industrial Zones\" at Port Said, Ismailia and Suez, a 1996 American initiative to encourage economic ties between Israel and its neighbors."}, {"section_header": "History | Inauguration (17 November 1869)", "text": "The following boats had to anchor in the canal itself until the P\u00e9luse was hauled clear the next morning, making it difficult for them to join that night's celebration in Ismailia."}, {"section_header": "History | Inauguration (17 November 1869)", "text": "Except for the Newport. Nares sent out a boat to carry out soundings, and was able to manoeuver around the P\u00e9luse to enter the lake and anchor there for the night."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Constructed by the Suez Canal Company between 1859 and 1869, it officially opened on 17 November 1869."}, {"section_header": "Layout and operation | Operation", "text": "This will allow navigation in both directions simultaneously in the 72 km long central section of the canal."}, {"section_header": "History | Arab\u2013Israeli wars of 1967 and 1973", "text": "Unwilling to allow the Israelis to use the canal, Egypt immediately imposed a blockade which closed the canal to all shipping."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Suez Canal (Arabic: \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u200e qan\u0101t as-suw\u0113s) is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez."}], "text": "The Suez Canal allows for boat transportation between Spain and Morocco.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Suez Canal"}
{"category": "History", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "When reports of an army cover-up and Dreyfus's possible innocence were leaked to the press, a heated debate ensued about anti-Semitism and France's identity as a Catholic nation or a republic founded on equal rights for all citizens."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The protest would later count against Dreyfus."}], "id": "zfmyHQjXt4Bo4mDh9UwH", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Alfred Dreyfus ( DRAY-f\u0259s, also US:  DRY-, French: [alf\u0281\u025bd d\u0281\u025bfys]; 9 October 1859 \u2013 12 July 1935) was a French artillery officer of Jewish ancestry whose trial and conviction in 1894 on charges of treason became one of the most controversial and polarizing political dramas in modern French history."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Bonnefond's assessment lowered Dreyfus's overall grade; he did the same to another Jewish candidate, Lieutenant Picard."}, {"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "When reports of an army cover-up and Dreyfus's possible innocence were leaked to the press, a heated debate ensued about anti-Semitism and France's identity as a Catholic nation or a republic founded on equal rights for all citizens."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The protest would later count against Dreyfus."}, {"section_header": "Legacy", "text": "Alfred Dreyfus's grandchildren donated over three thousand documents to the Mus\u00e9e d'art et d'histoire du juda\u00efsme (Museum of Jewish art and history), including personal letters, photographs of the trial, legal documents, writings by Dreyfus during his time in prison, personal family photographs, and his officer stripes that were ripped out as a symbol of treason."}, {"section_header": "Bibliography", "text": "innocent (Letters from an innocent man) (1898) Les lettres"}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "The French army of the period was relatively open to entry and advancement by talent, with an estimated 300 Jewish officers, of whom ten were generals."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "On graduation he was assigned to the Thirty-first Artillery Regiment, which was in garrison at Le Mans."}, {"section_header": "The Dreyfus affair", "text": "the new chief of French military intelligence, Lieutenant Colonel Georges Picquart, reported to his superiors that he had found  evidence to the effect that the real traitor was the Major Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy."}, {"section_header": "Early life", "text": "Two years later, he graduated ninth in his class with honorable mention and was immediately designated as a trainee in the French Army's General Staff headquarters, where he would be the only Jewish officer."}], "text": "Alfred Dreyfus's character was a dividing source of protest and debate as a Jewish French Military man.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Alfred Dreyfus"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "They also starred as Kevin, Joe, and Nick Lucas from the band, JONAS, in their own Disney Channel series Jonas, which was rebranded as Jonas L.A. after the first season and cancelled after the second."}], "id": "zn95FRWHFT04oxuuW5q8", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "History | 2007\u20132008: Jonas Brothers", "text": "They also performed \"We Got the Party\" with Miley Cyrus in the episode, which premiered after High School Musical 2 and was viewed by 10.7 million people that night."}, {"section_header": "History | 2007\u20132008: Jonas Brothers", "text": "On March 24, two additional songs on two different albums were released: \"Kids of the Future\", from the Meet the Robinsons soundtrack (based on Kim Wilde's \"Kids in America\"), and \"I Wanna Be Like You\", from Disneymania 5."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The song became the 34th song in history to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, and became the Jonas Brothers' first number one single on the chart."}, {"section_header": "History | 2005\u20132007: It's About Time", "text": "For the album, the Jonas Brothers covered two hit songs by UK band Busted \u2013 \"Year 3000\" and \"What I Go to School For\"."}, {"section_header": "Philanthropy", "text": "Something's \"Battle of the Bands\" campaign for the advancement of music education in schools."}, {"section_header": "History | 2019\u2013present: Return and Happiness Begins", "text": "The song debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and the US Hot Digital Songs chart, with 88,000 copies sold in its first week, becoming the Jonas Brothers' first number-one song and the first number one by a boy band on the chart since 2003's \"Bump, Bump, Bump\" by B2K."}, {"section_header": "History | 2009\u20132010: Jonas and Lines, Vines and Trying Times", "text": "It debuted at number one. On July 7, 2009, the Jonas Brothers announced that they had signed Honor Society to the record label they started with Hollywood Records."}, {"section_header": "History | 2005\u20132007: It's About Time", "text": "According to the band's manager, it was only a \"limited release\" of 50,000 copies, so the album's price can rise as high as $200\u2013$300 USD on auction sites like eBay."}, {"section_header": "History | 2008\u20132009: A Little Bit Longer and acting", "text": "Each song occupied the number one spot on iTunes for at least three days."}, {"section_header": "Philanthropy", "text": "Further, Nick filmed another public service announcement, this one in support of Do"}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "They also starred as Kevin, Joe, and Nick Lucas from the band, JONAS, in their own Disney Channel series Jonas, which was rebranded as Jonas L.A. after the first season and cancelled after the second."}], "text": "The Jonas Brothers participated as themselves in a dramedy on MTV about rich kids at a NYC high school.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Jonas Brothers"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 6, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Public image | As a gay icon", "text": "Cher is considered a gay icon, and has often been imitated by drag queens."}], "id": "znOAU8lc7ge4xKyamFm6", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Public image | As a gay icon", "text": "Cher thrives on a version of nakedness and honesty that is rarely celebrated in the public eye.\" Monica Heisey of The Guardian called Cher's Twitter account \"a jewel in the bizarro crown of the internet\", and stated, \"While many celebrities use Twitter for carefully crafted self-promotion, Cher just lets it all hang out.\" The reverence held for Cher by members of the LGBT community has been attributed to her career accomplishments, her sense of style, and her longevity."}, {"section_header": "Public image | As a gay icon", "text": "Cher is considered a gay icon, and has often been imitated by drag queens."}, {"section_header": "Other interests | Philanthropy", "text": "She was the keynote speaker for the 1997 national Parents, Families, & Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) convention, and has since become one of the LGBT community's most vocal advocates."}, {"section_header": "Public image | As a gay icon", "text": "The NBC sitcom Will & Grace acknowledged Cher's status by making her the idol of gay character Jack McFarland."}, {"section_header": "Other interests | Philanthropy", "text": "\" Her support enabled the school to acquire land and build permanent housing and school facilities, and in partnership with Malaria No More and other organizations, she piloted an effort to eliminate malaria mortality and morbidity for the children, their caregivers and the surrounding community."}, {"section_header": "Public image | As a gay icon", "text": "Cher's role as a lesbian in the film Silkwood, as well as her transition to dance music and social activism, have further contributed to her becoming a gay icon."}, {"section_header": "Public image | As a gay icon", "text": "According to Salon magazine's Thomas Rogers, \"[d]rag queens imitate women like Judy Garland, Dolly Parton and Cher because they overcame insult and hardship on their path to success, and because their narratives mirror the pain that many gay men suffer on their way out of the closet.\" According to Maclean's magazine's Elio Iannacci, Cher was \"one of the first to bring drag to the masses\", as she hired two drag queens to perform with her at her Las Vegas residency in 1979."}, {"section_header": "Other interests | Philanthropy", "text": "Cher has been a vocal supporter of American soldiers and returning veterans."}, {"section_header": "Other interests | Politics", "text": "\"Cher supported Hillary Clinton in her 2008 presidential campaign."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1982\u20131987: Film career breakthrough, musical hiatus", "text": "For her performance, Cher received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress \u2013 Motion Picture."}], "text": "Cher does not support gay marriage and the LGBT community.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "Cher"}
{"category": "Literature", "correct_votes": 1, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Like Kafka's other novels, The Trial was never completed, although it does include a chapter which appears to bring the story to an intentionally abrupt ending."}], "id": "zsjlz9yYeDswG9236zOr", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Interpretation | Relations to other texts by Kafka | A few selected aspects of interpretation", "text": "The Trial as a humorous story"}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "In his trial, he confuses K. with a Wall Painter."}, {"section_header": "Stage adaptations", "text": "The writer Serge Lamothe adapted The Trial for the stage."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "He repeatedly takes advantage of K.'s preoccupation with the trial to advance his own ambitions."}, {"section_header": "Interpretation | Relations to other texts by Kafka", "text": "There are many parallels between Kafka's The Trial and his other major novel, The Castle."}, {"section_header": "Stage adaptations", "text": "His version of The Trial was first performed in 1970 in London and published in 1981."}, {"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Upon learning about the trial, Karl insists that K. hire Herr Huld, the lawyer."}, {"section_header": "Interpretation | Relations to other texts by Kafka | A few selected aspects of interpretation", "text": "It is thus reasonable to look for humorous aspects in The Trial despite its dark and serious essence."}, {"section_header": "Stage adaptations", "text": "Chicago based writer, Greg Allen, wrote and directed K., based on The Trial."}, {"section_header": "Interpretation | Relations to other texts by Kafka | Diversity of interpretations", "text": "In July 1914, shortly before beginning work on The Trial, Kafka had broken his engagement with Bauer."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Like Kafka's other novels, The Trial was never completed, although it does include a chapter which appears to bring the story to an intentionally abrupt ending."}], "text": "The Trial has an eloquent and surprising conclusion.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 1, "wikipedia_page": "The Trial"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It aired on NBC from March 24, 2005, to May 16, 2013, lasting a total of nine seasons."}], "id": "zv8gYDWfDXNSr3ILyepK", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Characters", "text": "Initially the actors who portray the supporting office workers were credited as guest stars, but then were named series regulars during the second season."}, {"section_header": "Other media | Online releases", "text": "In 2006, ten internet-exclusive webisodes featuring some of the characters on The Office aired on NBC.com. \" Producer's Cuts\" (containing approximately ten additional minutes of material) of the episodes \"Branch Closing\" and"}, {"section_header": "Season synopses | Season 2", "text": "The general threat of downsizing continues throughout the season as well."}, {"section_header": "Season synopses | Season 1", "text": "Rumors spread throughout the office that Dunder Mifflin's corporate headquarters is planning to downsize an entire branch, leading to general anxiety, but Michael chooses to deny or downplay the realities of the situation in order to maintain employee morale."}, {"section_header": "Season synopses | Season 6", "text": "In the season finale, Dwight buys the office park."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The Office was met with mixed reviews during its short first season, but the following seasons, particularly those featuring Carell, received significant acclaim from television critics as the show's content, structure, and tone diverged considerably from the British version."}, {"section_header": "Other media | Promotional", "text": "In 2009, The Office Clue was released, and The Office Monopoly was released in 2010."}, {"section_header": "Reception and legacy | Cultural impact", "text": "Relient K. Frontman Matt Thiessen is a fan of The Office, and during concerts will often perform a self-described \"love song\" about the series, titled \"The Ballad of Dunder Mifflin,\" followed by him and the band playing the show's opening theme."}, {"section_header": "Season synopses | Season 4", "text": "Phyllis then catches Dwight and Angela having sex in the office."}, {"section_header": "Season synopses | Season 2", "text": "Many workers seen in the background of the first season are developed into secondary characters and romantic relationships begin to develop between some of them."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "It aired on NBC from March 24, 2005, to May 16, 2013, lasting a total of nine seasons."}], "text": "The Office follows a group of office workers throughout ten seasons.", "total_likes": 1, "total_votes": 6, "wikipedia_page": "The Office (US)"}
{"category": "Music", "correct_votes": 0, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Artistry | Music and voice", "text": "Cher has a contralto singing voice, described by author Nicholas E. Tawa as \"bold, deep, and with a spacious vibrato\"."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Music and voice", "text": "According to Rolling Stone's Christopher R. Weingarten, the \"producers ... used the pitch correction software not as a way to fix mistakes in Cher's iconic voice, but as an aesthetic tool.\" After the success of the song, the technique became known as the \"Cher effect\" and has since been widely used in popular music."}], "id": "zvcxtOOjEoazNREOoIA8", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Cher (; born Cherilyn Sarkisian; May 20, 1946) is an American singer, actress and television personality."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1974\u20131979: Divorce from Sonny Bono, second marriage, decline in popularity", "text": "That year, she legally changed her name from Cherilyn Sarkisian La Piere Bono Allman to Cher, to eliminate the use of four surnames."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Music and voice", "text": "Cher has a contralto singing voice, described by author Nicholas E. Tawa as \"bold, deep, and with a spacious vibrato\"."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1946\u20131961: Early life", "text": "Cher was born Cherilyn Sarkisian in El Centro, California, on May 20, 1946."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Films, videos, and stage", "text": "She's comfortable enough to see such imitation as flattery, not theft.\" American singer Pink, who is recognized by her acrobatic stage presence, started studying Aerial silks after watching Cher's Living Proof: The Farewell Tour in 2004.Cher was ranked 17th on VH1's list of the \"50 Greatest Women of the Video Era\"."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1962\u20131965: Solo career breakthrough", "text": "The single \"Dream Baby\", released under the name \"Cherilyn\", received airplay in Los Angeles."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Music and voice", "text": "According to Rolling Stone's Christopher R. Weingarten, the \"producers ... used the pitch correction software not as a way to fix mistakes in Cher's iconic voice, but as an aesthetic tool.\" After the success of the song, the technique became known as the \"Cher effect\" and has since been widely used in popular music."}, {"section_header": "Life and career | 1946\u20131961: Early life", "text": "She had wanted to be famous since childhood but felt unattractive and untalented, later commenting, \"I couldn't think of anything that I could do ... I didn't think I'd be a singer or dancer."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Cher is known for her distinctive contralto singing voice and for having worked in numerous areas of entertainment, as well as adopting a variety of styles and appearances throughout her six-decade-long career."}, {"section_header": "Artistry | Films, videos, and stage", "text": "Moonstruck was acknowledged by the American Film Institute as the eighth best romantic comedy film of all time."}], "text": "American singer Cherilyn Sarkisian better known for her stage name Cher is famous for her deep sultry voice.", "total_likes": 0, "total_votes": 0, "wikipedia_page": "Cher"}
{"category": "Geography", "correct_votes": 5, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Etymology and nicknames", "text": "Henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the eponymous wild \"garlic\" grew abundantly in the area."}, {"section_header": "Etymology and nicknames", "text": "The name \"Chicago\" is derived from a French rendering of the indigenous Miami-Illinois word shikaakwa for a wild relative of the onion; it is known to botanists as Allium tricoccum and known more commonly as \"ramps\"."}], "id": "zy67yhfwcM5Osg4qRXfC", "label": "REFUTES", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Geography | Topography", "text": "An informal name for the entire Chicago metropolitan area is \"Chicagoland\", which generally means the city and all its suburbs."}, {"section_header": "Etymology and nicknames", "text": "Henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the eponymous wild \"garlic\" grew abundantly in the area."}, {"section_header": "Etymology and nicknames", "text": "The name \"Chicago\" is derived from a French rendering of the indigenous Miami-Illinois word shikaakwa for a wild relative of the onion; it is known to botanists as Allium tricoccum and known more commonly as \"ramps\"."}, {"section_header": "History | Beginnings", "text": "In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by the Potawatomi, a Native American tribe who had succeeded the Miami and Sauk and Fox peoples in this region."}, {"section_header": "History | Beginnings", "text": "In 1795, following the victory of the new United States in the Northwest Indian War, an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the US for a military post by native tribes in accordance with the Treaty of Greenville."}, {"section_header": "Infrastructure | Transportation | Expressways", "text": "Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, with three of them named after former U.S. Presidents (Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Reagan) and one named after two-time Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson."}, {"section_header": "Sports", "text": "Sporting News named Chicago the \"Best Sports City\" in the United States in 1993, 2006, and 2010."}, {"section_header": "Infrastructure | Transportation | Freight rail", "text": "As of 2002, severe freight train congestion caused trains to take as long to get through the Chicago region as it took to get there from the West Coast of the country (about 2 days)."}, {"section_header": "Geography | Streetscape", "text": "A scattering of diagonal streets, many of them originally Native American trails, also cross the city (Elston, Milwaukee, Ogden, Lincoln, etc.)."}, {"section_header": "History | Beginnings", "text": "This was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn by the British and their native allies."}], "text": "The city of Chicago took it's name from a wild thorny tree native to the area.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Chicago"}
{"category": "Popular Culture", "correct_votes": 4, "gold_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Inception is a 2010 science fiction action film written and directed by Christopher Nolan, who also produced the film with his wife, Emma Thomas."}], "id": "zz3KQLKtBMH5p0ZulHRx", "label": "SUPPORTS", "retrieved_evidence": [{"section_header": "Summary", "text": "The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio as a professional thief who steals information by infiltrating the subconscious of his targets."}, {"section_header": "Production | Visual effects", "text": "Later during principal photography, Nolan was able to direct Leonardo DiCaprio and Ellen Page based on this rough computer animation that Franklin had created."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "\"Nolan had been trying to work with Leonardo DiCaprio for years and met him several times, but was unable to recruit him for any of his films until Inception."}, {"section_header": "Cast", "text": "Leonardo DiCaprio as Dom Cobb, a professional thief who specializes in conning secrets from his victims by infiltrating their dreams."}, {"section_header": "Production | Locations and sets", "text": "The rhythm of it is unique, and when you watch it, even if you know how it was done, it confuses your perceptions."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Box office", "text": "Inception is the third most lucrative production in Christopher Nolan's career\u2014behind The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises\u2014 and the second most for Leonardo DiCaprio\u2014behind Titanic."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "\" The New York Post's Lou Lumenick gave the film a four-star rating and wrote, \"DiCaprio, who has never been better as the tortured hero, draws you in with a love story that will appeal even to non-sci-fi fans.\" Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film a full four stars and said that Inception \"is all about process, about fighting our way through enveloping sheets of reality and dream, reality within dreams, dreams without reality."}, {"section_header": "Summary", "text": "Inception is a 2010 science fiction action film written and directed by Christopher Nolan, who also produced the film with his wife, Emma Thomas."}, {"section_header": "Production | Development", "text": "\" DiCaprio and Nolan spent months talking about the screenplay."}, {"section_header": "Reception | Critical response", "text": "\"Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote, \"I found myself wishing Inception were weirder, further out [...]"}], "text": "The production and direction of the movie, Inception, starring Leonardo DiCaprio was done by a husband-wife duo.", "total_likes": 4, "total_votes": 5, "wikipedia_page": "Inception"}