Then prime minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency in India and shooting would be impossible.

Release and reception | Critical response

At a time of deep political unrest, economic dislocation and nuclear anxiety, seeing "Gandhi" is an experience that will change many minds and hearts.

Due to the running time, it could only be shown three times a day.

, Jack Kroll stated that "There are very few movies that absolutely must be seen.

Gandhi premiered in New Delhi, India on 30 November 1982.

Gandhi is opposed to the idea, and is even willing to allow Muhammad Ali Jinnah to become the first Prime Minister of India, but the Partition of India is carried out nevertheless.

Gandhi was released in India on 30 November 1982, in the United Kingdom on 3 December, and in the United States on 8 December.

In 1915, as a result of his victory in South Africa, Gandhi is invited back to India, where he is now considered something of a national hero.

He was able to meet prime minister Nehru and his daughter Indira Gandhi through a connection with Lord Louis Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India.

In 1952, Gabriel Pascal secured an agreement with the Prime Minister of India (Jawaharlal Nehru) to produce a film of Gandhi's life.

Filming for the movie Gandhi in India was delayed due to political unrest.


Stargell was born in Earlsboro, Oklahoma, but later moved to Florida with an aunt after his parents divorced.

Later, he returned to Alameda, California, to live with his mother.

"The Willie Stargell Foundation was established to promote research and treatment for kidney disease.

After Stargell died, Joe Morgan said, "When I played, there were 600 baseball players, and 599 of them loved Willie Stargell.

Though he became quickly known as Willie Stargell, his autograph suggests that he preferred his given name, Wilver.

For a decade, BAF, renamed the Willie Stargell Foundation, raised research money and public awareness about the disease.

Champion Enterprises sponsors a Willie Stargell Memorial Awards Banquet which raises money for disadvantaged children in Pittsburgh.

He had an awkward interaction with the Pirates that season when the team wanted to schedule a Willie Stargell Night to honor his Hall of Fame election.

The Sickle Cell Society Inc. The Willie Stargell Foundation transitioned to raising money for treatment of and research into kidney disease.

Wilver “Willie” Stargell Avenue is a major thoroughfare in his adolescent home of Alameda, California, connecting to the former Naval Air Station Alameda, and Stargell is honored with a plaque and plaza at its intersection with 5th Avenue.

Berra said that he obtained amphetamines from Stargell and Bill Madlock; he said he could get them from Stargell "on any given day I asked him for one." Stargell strongly denied these accusations.

Willie Stargell lived with his father after his mother and father  separated.


History | Stroessner's overthrow, post-1989

In May 1993, Colorado Party candidate Juan Carlos Wasmosy was elected as Paraguay's first civilian president in almost forty years, in what international observers deemed free and fair elections.

On 3 February 1989, Stroessner was overthrown in a military coup headed by General Andrés Rodríguez.

Executive power is exercised solely by the President, who is head of state and head of government.

A series of unstable governments ensued until the establishment in 1954 of the regime of dictator Alfredo Stroessner, who remained in office for more than three decades until 1989.

Hermes Rafael Saguier, another key leader of the PLRA, was imprisoned for four months in 1987 on charges of sedition.

With support from the United States, the Organization of American States, and other countries in the region, the Paraguayan people rejected an April 1996 attempt by then Army Chief General Lino Oviedo to oust President Wasmosy.

One of Cubas' first acts after taking office in August was to commute Oviedo's sentence and release him.

Finally, 31% stated that they planned to abstain from voting in the February elections.

On his sixth attempt to re-enter the country in 1986, Laíno returned with three television crews from the U.S., a former United States ambassador to Paraguay, and a group of Uruguayan and Argentine congressmen.

At least 50% of the Paraguayans died during the conflict and took long decades for the country to recover.

In 1537, they established the city of Asunción, which was the first capital of the Governorate of Paraguay and Río de la Plata.

After the overthrow of Stroessner, Paraguay had its first non-military head of state in four decades.


Benedict's reagent: Excess glucose in urine may indicate diabetes in a patient.

During this type of titration, glucose reduces cupric ions to cuprous ions which react with potassium thiocyanate to produce a white precipitate, indicating the endpoint.

Winkler test for dissolved oxygen: Used to determine oxygen concentration in water.

Types of titrations | Acid–base titration

Instead, the titrant and indicator used are much weaker acids, and anhydrous solvents such as THF are used.

For biodiesel fuel: waste vegetable oil (WVO) must be neutralized before a batch may be processed.

Typical titrations require titrant and analyte to be in a liquid (solution) form.

Serial dilutions are performed on a sample in a fixed ratio (such as 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, etc.) until the last dilution does not give a positive test for the presence of the virus.

The analyte is acetylated using acetic anhydride then titrated with KOH.

Saponification is used to determine average chain length of fatty acids in fat.

Benedict's method is the conventional method to quantify glucose in urine using a prepared reagent.

The iodine is released in proportion to the oxygen in the sample, thus the oxygen concentration is determined with a redox titration of iodine with thiosulfate using a starch indicator.

Oxygen in water samples is reduced using manganese(II) sulfate, which reacts with potassium iodide to produce iodine.

Titration is used when doctors test how much sugar is in a patient's liquid waste.


The Song of the Lark is the third novel by American author Willa Cather, written in 1915.

Set in the 1890s in Moonstone, a fictional town in Colorado, The Song of the Lark is the self-portrait of an artist in the making.

The book tells the story of a talented artist born in a small town in Colorado who discovers and develops her singing voice.

He has taught in St Louis and Kansas City.

The novel was inspired by the story of soprano Olive Fremstad.

Her family is owner of a large Kansas City brewery.

Plot summary | Part I: Friends of Childhood

They tell stories of striking it rich in silver mines in the west.

Thor Kronborg: Newborn when the story begins, and eleven-year-old Thea often cares for him.

She recalls hearing the famous Kronborg when the opera travelled to Kansas City, and she is happy.

This is a style of writing that turns the focus away from rural life as idyllic and focuses on a more real-to-life view of the rural, one that has a conservative, hegemonic and parochial bent, uses the trope of gossip as currency, and a power structure that is more complex than what was evident in the published works of earlier small-town-idyll writers including, Edgar Lee Masters, Sherwood Anderson, and Sinclair Lewis.

The visual arts: Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Barbizon school, Dying Gaul, Venus de Milo, Jean-Léon Gérôme, Henri Rousseau, Édouard Manet, Anders Zorn, and the painting that inspired the title of the book, The Song of the Lark by Jules Breton, part of the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago.

The book Song of the Lark's story is set in rural Kansas.


No Country for Old Men is a 2005 novel by American author Cormac McCarthy, who had originally written the story as a screenplay.

The book was adapted into the 2007 movie No Country for Old Men, which won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture.

The novel has received a significant amount of critical attention, for example, Lynnea Chapman King, Rick Wallach and Jim Welsh's edited collection No Country for Old Men: From Novel to Film or Raymond Malewitz's "Anything Can Be an Instrument: Misuse Value and Rugged Consumerism in Cormac McCarthy's No Country for Old Men." In 2007, Joel and Ethan Coen adapted the book into a film, also titled No Country for Old Men, which was met with critical acclaim and box office success.

When comparing the lack of "moral argument" in Blood Meridian to the heightened morality present in No Country for Old Men, he considered stating that the "apocalyptic moral judgments" made in No Country for Old Men represented "a sort of falling away on McCarthy's part".

In contrast, literary critic Harold Bloom does not count himself among the admirers of No Country for Old Men, stating that it lacked the quality of McCarthy's best works, particularly Blood Meridian, and compared it to William Faulkner's A Fable.

After being seen, he tries to run, which sparks a tense chase through a desert valley.

At the end of the book, Bell describes two dreams he experienced after his father died.

Now in his late 50s, Bell has spent most of his life attempting to make up for the incident when he was a 21-year-old soldier.

The story occurs in the vicinity of the Mexico–United States border in 1980 and concerns an illegal drug deal gone awry in the Texas desert back country.

William J. Cobb, in a review published in the Houston Chronicle (July 15, 2005), characterizes McCarthy as "our greatest living writer" and describes the book as "a heated story that brands the reader's mind as if seared by a knife heated upon campfire flames".

No Country for Old Men was a script before being a book.


He was the last pitcher to throw a no-hitter in the 19th century.

The National Baseball Hall of Fame inducted Vic Willis in 1995, as the Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame had done in 1977.

In one game against the Philadelphia Phillies, opposing pitcher Red Donahue threw a no-hitter, while Willis allowed eight walks in a 5–0 loss.

Despite being a Hall of Fame pitcher, Willis holds the post-1900 record for most losses in a single season (29, in 1905).

In 513 career games, Willis pitched 3,996 innings and posted a win–loss record of 249–205, with 388 complete games, 50 shutouts, and a 2.63 earned run average (ERA).

Victor Gazaway Willis (April 12, 1876 – August 3, 1947) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher during the 1890s and 1900s.

Willis was with the team, Willis compiled a record of 88–46.

Willis was born on April 12, 1876 in Cecil County, Maryland.

Willis was on one World Series championship team, the 1909 Pirates.

After the season ended, Willis was purchased by the Boston Beaneaters for Fred Lake and $1,000.

Next season Willis pitched for a semipro team in his hometown Newark, Delaware.

Vic Willis threw a no-hitter in the 1900s.


It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a 1963 American comedy film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer with a screenplay by William Rose and Tania Rose from a story by Tania Rose.

It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World.

It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World to be as close as possible to the original 197-minute version envisioned by Kramer.

and then It's a Mad World, with Rose and Kramer adding additional Mads to the title as time progressed.

Films having a comedic search for money with an ensemble cast modeled after It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World include Scavenger Hunt (1979), Million Dollar Mystery (1987) and Rat Race. (2001) There are similar Bollywood movies like Journey Bombay to Goa: Laughter Unlimited (2007), Dhamaal (2007) and Total Dhamaal (2019).

Who's Coming to Dinner. His first attempt at directing a comedy film paid off immensely as It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World became a critical and commercial success in 1963 and was nominated for six Academy Awards, winning for Best Sound Editing, and two Golden Globe Awards.

, Mad, Mad, Mad World featured at number 40 in the American Film Institute's list 100 Years ... 100 Laughs.

Years later, Kramer announced a possible Mad World sequel, which was to be titled

It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World aficionados Mark Evanier, Michael Schlesinger, and Paul Scrabo, a new documentary on the film's visual and sound effects, an excerpt from a 1974 talk show hosted by Stanley Kramer featuring Sid Caesar, Buddy Hackett, and Jonathan Winters, a press interview from 1963 featuring Kramer and cast members, excerpts about the film's influence taken from the 2000 American Film Institute program 100 Years ... 100 Laughs, a two-part 1963 episode of Canadian TV program Telescope that follows the film's press junket and premiere, a segment from the 2012 special

During the production of Mad World, Hope was arguing with the studio about the future projects that he was due in his contract, and they ultimately refused to allow him to appear.

It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World movie premiered in the 1960s.


Raging Bull is a 1980 American biographical sports  drama film directed by Martin Scorsese, produced by Robert Chartoff and Irwin Winkler and adapted by Paul Schrader and Mardik Martin from Jake LaMotta's 1970 memoir Raging Bull: My Story.

Raging Bull is #7 on Time Out

Scorsese decided to use this as one of the reasons to film Raging Bull in black and white.

Raging Bull came about when De Niro read the autobiography upon which the film is based on the set of The Godfather Part II.

After its release, Raging Bull went on to garner a high critical reputation, and is now often considered Scorsese's magnum opus and one of the greatest films ever made.

Roger Ebert named "Robert De Niro's transformation from sleek boxer to paunchy nightclub owner in Raging Bull" as one of the 100 Greatest Movie Moments.

The Intermezzo from Cavalleria rusticana by Italian composer Pietro Mascagni would serve as the main theme to Raging Bull after a successful try-out by Scorsese and the editor, Thelma Schoonmaker, over the film's opening titles.

In August 2012, the producers retitled the film The Bronx Bull, disassociating itself as a sequel to Raging Bull, and the lawsuit was subsequently dropped.

By the end of the 1980s, Raging Bull had cemented its reputation as a modern classic.

Later, Albeck praised Scorsese by calling him a "true artist".

Jack Kroll of Newsweek called Raging Bull the "best movie of the year".

Raging Bull is based  on a true event about an out of control bull.


The company experienced rapid initial growth.

Later in the year it became apparent that growth had slowed, according to Fortune, Business Insider, Marketing Land and other news websites including Quartz (in 2016).

This has been released in countries with slow internet connection such as the Philippines.

Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility.

This ultimately promotes growth and learning among students and educators, not just in the classroom, but virtually and around the world.

Twitter's annual growth rate decreased from 7.8 percent in 2015 to 3.4 percent in 2017.

From 2006 until 2010, Twitter's developer platform experienced strong growth and a highly favorable reputation.

Twitter raised over US$57 million from venture capitalist growth funding, although exact figures are not publicly disclosed.

In July 2009, some of Twitter's revenue and user growth documents were published on TechCrunch after being illegally obtained by Hacker Croll.

Twitter had annual growth of 1,382 percent, increasing from 475,000 unique visitors in February 2008 to 7 million in February 2009.

It had a slow growth at the beginning.


Willard Jessie Brown (June 26, 1915 – August 4, 1996), nicknamed "Home Run" Brown, was an American baseball player who played outfielder in the Negro leagues and in Major League Baseball (MLB).

with 27 home runs and 86 RBI in just 60 games, winning the Triple Crown and earning the nickname Ese Hombre or "That Man".

That winter, Brown went to Puerto Rico and had one of his greatest seasons ever, batting .432

It was the first time that two black players appeared in an MLB game together.

He hit home runs more often than the better known Josh Gibson, causing Gibson to give Brown his nickname.

His career home run total is not known, but he is considered to be among the Negro league career leaders in homers despite a relatively brief career.

Brown was one of the fastest players in baseball in the late 1930s and 1940s, as well as a solid outfielder.

After retiring from baseball, Brown was a long time resident of Houston, Texas, where he died in 1996 at the age of 81.

On 20 July, Brown and Hank Thompson played against the Boston Red Sox.

He played briefly in the major leagues in 1947, having signed with the floundering St. Louis Browns.

He also hit for a batting average of .374 in 1948 and regularly hitting over .350.

Willard Brown bore two incredibly generic monikers;  In the United States he was known as "Home Run", presumably because he was responsible at least one of such plays during his time batting. And in Puerto Rico, he was known as "That Man", presumably for being a man.


After retirement, Willis purchased and operated the Washington House, a hotel in his hometown of Newark, Delaware.

He finished the season with a 10–6 win-loss record, but had spent most of the season battling illness, which caused him to end his season in July.

The National Baseball Hall of Fame inducted Vic Willis in 1995, as the Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame had done in 1977.

Prior to joining the major leagues, Willis played football and baseball for University of Delaware, then known as Delaware College, despite never attending the college.

After the season ended, Willis was purchased by the Boston Beaneaters for Fred Lake and $1,000.

In 513 career games, Willis pitched 3,996 innings and posted a win–loss record of 249–205, with 388 complete games, 50 shutouts, and a 2.63 earned run average (ERA).

Willis returned to the Stars for the 1897 season and, after establishing a curveball in the offseason, finished the season with 21 wins, with Syracuse winning the league championship in the process.

Willis began his professional baseball career in 1895 with the Harrisburg Senators of the Pennsylvania State League.

He attended high school at Newark Academy, and played both on the high school baseball team and in semi-pro baseball leagues throughout Delaware.

Nicknamed the "Delaware Peach", he was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1995.

Victor Gazaway Willis (April 12, 1876 – August 3, 1947) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher during the 1890s and 1900s.

Vic Willis joined the hospitality and tourism industry after he ended his baseball career by opening an establishment in the town where he spent his childhood.


Maranville was known as one of "baseball's most famous clowns" due to his practical jokes and lack of inhibitions.

Walter James Vincent "Rabbit" Maranville (November 11, 1891 – January 6, 1954) was an American professional baseball shortstop, second baseman and manager.

The following year, Maranville was the runner-up in the MVP voting to teammate Johnny Evers as the Braves won the National League pennant and then went on to sweep the powerful Philadelphia A's in the World Series.

Rabbit Maranville died of a heart attack shortly after midnight on January 6, 1954 at his home in Woodside, New York.

He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Boston Braves, Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago Cubs, Brooklyn Robins, and St. Louis Cardinals between 1912 and 1934.

Following the end of his playing career, Maranville turned to managing, including stints as a minor league manager for Montreal Royals, at Albany, Elmira, and Springfield, Massachusetts.

He was 62 years old. Maranville was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1954, just months after his death, along with Bill Terry and Bill Dickey, in his 14th year of eligibility.

In later years he worked as the director of a baseball school sponsored by the New York Journal-American newspaper.

Maranville finished third in the MVP voting in his first full season, playing for the Boston Braves as a 21-year-old in 1913 even though his batting average was just .247 in 143 games with two homers.

Over a lengthy career which spanned both the dead ball and live-ball era, Maranville played for the Boston Braves (1912–1920, 1929–1933, 1935), Pittsburgh Pirates (1921–1924), Chicago Cubs (1925), Brooklyn Robins (1926) and St. Louis Cardinals (1927–1928).

At the time of his retirement in 1935, he had played in a record 23 seasons in the National League, a mark which wasn't broken until 1986 by Pete Rose.

During his baseball career, Rabbit Maranville often played the fiddle in the dugout to entertain his teammates.


The novel was inspired by a 1949 case of demonic possession and exorcism that Blatty heard about while he was a student in the class of 1950 at Georgetown University.

The Exorcist is an American media franchise that originated with William Peter Blatty's 1971 horror novel of the same name and most prominently featured in a 1973 film adapted from the novel, and many subsequent prequels and sequels.

The Exorcist is a 1973 American supernatural horror film directed by William Friedkin, adapted by William Peter Blatty from his 1971 novel of the same name, and starring Ellen Burstyn, Linda Blair, Max von Sydow, and Jason Miller.

The Exorcist is a 1971 novel by American writer William Peter Blatty.

In February 2008, American playwright John Pielmeier expressed an interest in adapting William Peter Blatty's novel of the same name into a play and soon met with Blatty.

Films | Related films | The Ninth Configuration (1980)

Released in 1980, it was based on Blatty's novel of the same name.

The book, inspired by the 1949 exorcism of Roland Doe, deals with the demonic possession of a 12-year-old girl and her mother's attempts to win back her child through an exorcism conducted by two priests.

The film is part of The Exorcist franchise.

In September 2011, the novel was reprinted by Harper Collins to celebrate its fortieth anniversary, with slight revisions made by Blatty as well as interior title artwork by Jeremy Caniglia.

The book details the demonic possession of twelve-year-old Regan MacNeil, the daughter of a famous actress, and the two priests who attempt to exorcise the demon.

The Exorcist is an American media franchise that originated with William Peter Blatty's 1971 horror novel of the same name and most prominently featured in a 1973 film adapted from the novel, inspired by a 1949 case of demonic possession and exorcism that Blatty witnessed while he was a student in the class of 1950 at Duke.


It is notable as the second biographical film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture.

At the 10th Academy Awards, the film received ten nominations (and thereby became the first film in Academy Award history to reach double digits for nominations) and won three awards.

The Life of Emile Zola is a 1937 American biographical film about 19th-century French author Émile Zola, starring Paul Muni and directed by William Dieterle, a German émigré.

" The Life of Emile Zola topped Film Daily's year-end poll of 531 critics as the best film of 1937.Certain scenes were interpreted at the time as "indirect attacks on Nazi Germany." As David Denby writes about the movie in 2013, "At the end, in an outpouring of the progressive rhetoric that was typical of the thirties, Zola makes a grandiloquent speech on behalf of justice and truth and against nationalist war frenzy." But the film was curiously silent about the issue at its core: that Dreyfus was Jewish and being persecuted under French anti-Semitism.

Finally, a chance encounter with a street prostitute (Erin O'Brien-Moore) hiding from a police raid inspires his first bestseller, Nana, an exposé of the steamy underside of Parisian life.

In 2000, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Zola is reluctant to give up a comfortable life, but she brings forth new evidence to pique his curiosity.

21st century controversy about collaboration

In his book titled The Collaboration: Hollywood's Pact with Hitler, Urwand said that Hollywood producers made a kind of pact in order to avoid antagonizing Adolf Hitler and aided the Nazis by not producing films that accurately portrayed their repression in Europe.

She disputes that he ever gave an order about taking "Jew" out of dialogue in the film about Zola.

He becomes rich and famous, marries Alexandrine (Gloria Holden), and settles down to a comfortable life in his mansion.

The Life of Emile Zola has been recognized for being the first film of it's kind to win an Academy Award.


He spent most of his father's treasury (filled with money raised by the Saladin tithe), raised taxes, and even agreed to free King William I of Scotland from his oath of subservience to Richard in exchange for 10,000 marks (£6,500).

When Richard was raising funds for his crusade, he was said to declare, "I would have sold London if I could find a buyer".

In November 1191, following the fall of Jaffa, the Crusader army advanced inland towards Jerusalem.

Richard's exploit was well publicised and contributed to his reputation, and he also derived significant financial gains from the conquest of the island.

King and crusader | Occupation of Sicily

Tancred had imprisoned William's widow, Queen Joan, who was Richard's sister and did not give her the money she had inherited in William's will.

Life after the Third Crusade | Captivity, ransom and return

Henry VI needed money to raise an army and assert his rights over southern Italy and continued to hold Richard for ransom.

Both clergy and laymen were taxed for a quarter of the value of their property, the gold and silver treasures of the churches were confiscated, and money was raised from the scutage and the carucage taxes.

Life after the Third Crusade | War against Philip of France

At Fréteval in 1194, just after Richard's return to France from captivity and money-raising in England, Philip fled, leaving his entire archive of financial audits and documents to be captured by Richard.

Henry turned down the offer. The money to rescue the King was transferred to Germany by the Emperor's ambassadors, but "at the king's peril" (had it been lost along the way, Richard would have been held responsible), and finally, on 4 February 1194 Richard was released.

Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Revolt against Henry II

With the support of Louis, Henry the Young King attracted many barons to his cause through promises of land and money; one such baron was Philip I, Count of Flanders, who was promised £1,000 and several castles.

He started to raise and equip a new crusader army.

Richard the first did not contribute any money towards the Crusades.


Biography | 1955–1978: Early life and acting in theater

One of eight children of Muriel Isabel (née Sprissler) and Dr. William Alfred Dafoe (1917–2014) , he recalled in 2009: "My five sisters raised me because my father was a surgeon, my mother was a nurse and they worked together, so I didn't see either of them much.

Dafoe said in 2010, "We were having lunch

Within a year Dafoe was part of the company.

Dafoe would continue with the Wooster Group into the 2000s.

Biography | 1986–1989: Breakthrough, first Oscar nomination, and controversial roles

Dafoe did not receive a credit for his work on the film.

Biography | 1990–1999: Balancing independent and blockbuster films

Dafoe had two lead roles in 1992.

Dafoe has dual citizenship of the United States and Italy.

William James Dafoe was born in Appleton, Wisconsin.

Biography | 2000–2009: Shadow of the Vampire, Spider-Man and prolificity

wrote that "Dafoe steals the picture with his comic timing".

Biography | 2010–present: Continued acclaim and success

Film critic Peter Bradshaw noted the physical similarities between Dafoe and Pasolini, although felt Dafoe had too little screen time in the film.

" His brother, Donald Dafoe, is a transplant surgeon and researcher.

Dafoe  has 7 siblings.


Reflection also occurs at the surface of transparent media, such as water or glass.

Reflection of light | Diffuse reflection

The light sent to our eyes by most of the objects we see is due to diffuse reflection from their surface, so that this is our primary mechanism of physical observation.

Other types of reflection | Neutron reflection

In the physical and biological sciences, the reflection of neutrons off of atoms within a material is commonly used to determine the material's internal structure.

Other types of reflection | Sound reflection

When a longitudinal sound wave strikes a flat surface, sound is reflected in a coherent manner provided that the dimension of the reflective surface is large compared to the wavelength of the sound.

Some surfaces exhibit retroreflection.

Reflection of light | Laws of reflection

If the reflecting surface is very smooth, the reflection of light that occurs is called specular or regular reflection.

As a result, the overall nature of the reflection varies according to the texture and structure of the surface.

Such mirrors may have surfaces that are spherical or parabolic.

As the waves interact at low angle with the surface of this tunnel they are reflected toward the focus point (or toward another interaction with the tunnel surface, eventually being directed to the detector at the focus).

Reflection is observed with surface waves in bodies of water.

Reflection in physics cannot happen with surfaces that are see-through.


The temperature at the inner core's surface is estimated to be approximately 5700 K (5430 °C or 9806 °F), which is about the temperature at the surface of the Sun.

The Earth's inner core is thought to be slowly growing as the liquid outer core at the boundary with the inner core cools and solidifies due to the gradual cooling of the Earth's interior (about 100 degrees Celsius per billion years).According to calculations by Alfé and others, as the iron crystallizes onto the inner core, the liquid just above it becomes enriched in oxygen, and therefore less dense than the rest of the outer core.

In 1998, S. Karato proposed that changes in the magnetic field might also deform the inner core slowly over time.

In 1996, X. Song and P. Richards estimated this "super-rotation" of the inner core relative to the mantle as about one degree per year.

In that case, some of this residual fluid may still persist to some small degree in much of its interior.

Earth's inner core is the innermost geologic layer of the Earth.

It was even suggested that Earth's inner core might be a single crystal of iron.

They speculated that the change could be due to the birth of Earth's solid inner core.

The estimates yielded by these methods still vary over a large range, from 0.5 to 2 billion years old.

There are no samples of the Earth's core available for direct measurement, as there are for the Earth's mantle.

In the 1990s, seismologists made various claims about detecting this kind of super-rotation by observing changes in the characteristics of seismic waves passing through the inner core over several decades, using the aforementioned property that it transmits waves more quickly in some directions.

The Earth's inner core is over 9800 degrees.


As a child, Johansson practiced acting by staring in the mirror until she made herself cry, wanting to be Judy Garland in Meet Me in St. Louis.

At age nine, Johansson made her film debut as John Ritter's daughter in the fantasy comedy North (1994).

Acting career | Action and superhero films (2014–present)

Johansson was attracted to her character's way of doing her job, employing her feminine wiles and not her physical appeal.

Born and raised in Manhattan, New York City, Johansson aspired to be an actress from a young age and first appeared on stage in an Off-Broadway play as a child.

Scarlett Ingrid Johansson (; born November 22, 1984) is an American actress and singer.

She says that when she was on the film set, she knew intuitively what to do.

and I had my own way of doing Tom Waits songs.

Acting career | Films with Woody Allen (2005–2009)

Ebert was critical of the film, but found Johansson "lovely as always", and Mick LaSalle noted the freshness she brought to her part.

At age seven, she was devastated when a talent agent signed one of her brothers instead of her, but she later decided to become an actress anyway.

[that] belie her age" by an Austin Chronicle critic, and won a Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance.

Johansson later said she was a fan of De Palma and had wanted to work with him on the film, but thought that she was unsuitable for the part.

Scarlett Johansson had her first actress job at the age of nine and she knew that was what she always wanted to do.


Red Hot Chili Peppers were formed in Los Angeles by singer Anthony Kiedis, guitarist Hillel Slovak, bassist Flea, and drummer Jack Irons, classmates at Fairfax High School.

However, he changed this style when Red Hot Chili Peppers formed.

Red Hot Chili Peppers (commonly abbreviated as RHCP) are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983.

Red Hot Chili Peppers were formed in Los Angeles by Kiedis, Flea, guitarist Hillel Slovak, and drummer Jack Irons.

History | 1998–2001: Return of Frusciante and Californication

With no guitarist, the Red Hot Chili Peppers were on the verge of breaking up.

In 1998, following Navarro's dismissal, Frusciante returned to Red Hot Chili Peppers.

After the Stadium Arcadium tour, Red Hot Chili Peppers went on an extended hiatus.

The band released their debut album, The Red Hot Chili Peppers, in August 1984.

I'm with You, the tenth Red Hot Chili Peppers album, was released in the US in August 2011.

His replacement, Dave Navarro, played on the sixth Red Hot Chili Peppers album, One Hot Minute (1995).

The Red Hot Chili Peppers was formed when the members were in college.


Four years later, she married her half-cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, and in June 1566 they had a son, James.

In February 1567, Darnley's residence was destroyed by an explosion, and he was found murdered in the garden.

Childhood and early reign | Treaty of Greenwich

In May 1544, the English Earl of Hertford (later Duke of Somerset) raided Edinburgh, and the Scots took Mary to Dunkeld for safety.

Childhood and early reign | Claim to the English throne

Henry II of France proclaimed his eldest son and daughter-in-law king and queen of England.

On 11 June 1560, their sister, Mary's mother, died, and so the question of future Franco-Scots relations was a pressing one.

Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, reigned over Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567.

When Henry II died on 10 July 1559, from injuries sustained in a joust, fifteen-year-old Francis and sixteen-year-old Mary became king and queen of France.

Marriage to Lord Darnley | Murder of Darnley

On the night of 9–10 February 1567, Mary visited her husband in the early evening and then attended the wedding celebrations of a member of her household, Bastian Pagez.

On 14 December, six days after her birth, she became Queen of Scotland when her father died, perhaps from the effects of a nervous collapse following the Battle of Solway Moss or from drinking contaminated water while on campaign.

A week later, Bothwell managed to convince more than two dozen lords and bishops to sign the Ainslie Tavern Bond, in which they agreed to support his aim to marry the queen.

He was imprisoned in Denmark, became insane and died in 1578.

Escape and imprisonment in England | Execution

Cecil's nephew, who was present at the execution, reported to his uncle that after her death "Her lips stirred up and down a quarter of an hour after her head was cut off" and that a small dog owned by the queen emerged from hiding among her skirts—though eye-witness Emanuel Tomascon does not include those details in his "exhaustive report".

Mary, Queen of Scots, had a daughter after she was wed to her Uncle, who later died by suicide.


The Book of Leviticus () is the third book of the Torah and of the Old Testament;  scholars generally agree that it developed over a long period of time, reaching its present form during the Persian Period between 538–332 BC.

The Old Testament World. Liturgical Press.

Reverberations of Faith: A Theological Handbook of Old Testament Themes.

The Task of Old Testament Theology: Substance, Method, and Cases.

Wenham, Gordon (2003). Exploring the Old Testament: The Pentateuch.

Bandstra, Barry L (2004). Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible.

Rodd, Cyril S (2001). Glimpses of a Strange Land: Studies in Old Testament Ethics.

Chapters 17–26 are the Holiness code.

"Christians generally have the view that the New Covenant supersedes (i.e., replaces) the Old Testament's ritual laws, which includes many of the rules in Leviticus.

Most scholars see chapters 1–16 (the Priestly code) and

Leviticus is a chapter in the Old Testament.


As I Lay Dying is a 1930 Southern Gothic novel by American author William Faulkner.

As I Lay Dying derived its name from this novel.

The Grammy-nominated metalcore band

As I Lay Dying is consistently ranked among the best novels of 20th-century literature.

As I Lay Dying helped to solidify Faulkner's reputation as a pioneer, like James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, of stream of consciousness.

The night after Addie dies a heavy rainstorm sets in; rivers rise and wash out bridges that the family will need to cross to get to Jefferson.

In 1998, the Modern Library ranked As I Lay

He first used the technique in The Sound and the Fury, and it gives As I Lay

The title derives from Book XI of Homer's Odyssey (William Marris's 1925 translation) , wherein Agamemnon tells Odysseus: "As I lay dying, the woman with the dog's eyes would not close my eyes as I descended into Hades." The novel utilizes stream of consciousness writing technique, multiple narrators, and varying chapter lengths.

Dying 35th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.

As I Lay Dying is a song by the heavy metal band Metallica.


Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson had not been heavily involved with policy toward Vietnam; however, upon becoming president, Johnson immediately focused on the war.

Johnson's escalation, 1963–1969 | Tet Offensive

Prior to Tet, in November 1967, Westmoreland had spearheaded a public relations drive for the Johnson administration to bolster flagging public support.

In response, the U.S Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and gave President Lyndon B. Johnson broad authority to increase American military presence in Vietnam.

Johnson's escalation, 1963–1969 | American ground war

The Johnson administration employed a "policy of minimum candor" in its dealings with the media.

Vietnamization, 1969–1972 | Easter Offensive and Paris Peace Accords, 1972

President Thieu demanded changes to the peace accord upon its discovery, and when North Vietnam went public with the agreement's details, the Nixon administration claimed they were attempting to embarrass the president.

The plan was approved by Johnson and marked a profound departure from the previous administration's insistence that the government of South Vietnam was responsible for defeating the guerrillas.

" The American public and media began to turn against Johnson as the three offensives contradicted claims of progress made by the Johnson administration and the military.

Involvement of other countries | Neutral and non-belligerent nations | Spain

President Johnson had asked General Francisco Franco to contribute a military contingent to the war effort.

Vietnamization, 1969–1972 | ARVN taking the lead and U.S. ground-force withdrawal

Between 1969 and 1971 the Viet Cong and some PAVN units had reverted to small unit tactics typical of 1967 and prior instead of nationwide grand offensives.

Involvement of other countries | Pro-Hanoi | Czechoslovakia

The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was a member of the Warsaw Pact and sent significant aid to North Vietnam, both prior to and after the Prague Spring.

President Johnson was not responsible for the United States' involvement in Vietnam prior to his administration.


The foreword (written by her husband) states that Russell had a mental breakdown in 1943.

She made no films in 1944. Details are scant, but the book indicates that health problems and the deaths of a sister and a brother were major factors leading to her breakdown.

Catherine Rosalind Russell (June 4, 1907 – November 28, 1976) was an American actress, comedian, screenwriter and singer, known for her role as fast-talking newspaper reporter Hildy Johnson in the Howard Hawks screwball comedy

On October 25, 1941, Russell married Danish-American producer Frederick Brisson (1912–84), son of actor Carl Brisson.

The Russells were an Irish-American, Catholic family.

The film was a major hit, boosting her career and establishing her reputation as a comedian.

Catherine Rosalind Russell was one of seven children born in Waterbury, Connecticut, to James Edward, a lawyer, and Clara A. Russell (née McKnight), a teacher.

Her parents thought Russell was studying to become a teacher and were unaware that she was planning to become an actress.

In 2009, the documentary film Life Is a Banquet: The Life of Rosalind Russell, narrated by Kathleen Turner, was shown at film festivals across the U.S. and on some PBS stations.

She attended Catholic schools, including Rosemont College in Rosemont, Pennsylvania and Marymount College in Tarrytown, New York, then attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City.

American actress, comedian, screenwriter and singer Rosalind Russell had a breakdown and produced no films the following year.


Late 1889. Dissatisfied with life in her rural Wisconsin home, 18-year-old Caroline "Sister Carrie

Caroline "Carrie" Meeber, a.k.a. Carrie Wheeler, Carrie Madenda; a young woman from rural Wisconsin; the protagonist.

In his Nobel Prize Lecture of 1930, Sinclair Lewis said that "Dreiser's great first novel, Sister Carrie, which he dared to publish thirty long years ago and which I read twenty-five years ago, came to housebound and airless America like a great free Western wind, and to our stuffy domesticity gave us the first fresh air since Mark Twain and Whitman.

The next day, the affair is uncovered: Drouet discovers he has been cuckolded, Carrie learns that Hurstwood is married, and Hurstwood's wife Julia learns from acquaintances that Hurstwood has been out driving with another woman and deliberately excluded her from the Elks theatre night.

She acquires a sophisticated wardrobe and, through his offhand comments about attractive women, sheds her provincial mannerisms, even as she struggles with the moral implications of being a kept woman.

A pictorial history of Sister Carrie from 1900–1981.

Dreiser had difficulty finding a publisher for Sister Carrie.

Theodore Dreiser. Sister Carrie: Unexpurgated Edition.

Sister Carrie. Norton Critical Edition, 1970.

Sister Carrie. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981.

Donald Pizer, ed. New Essays on Sister Carrie.

Sister Carrie is about a woman in her mid thirties.


In the 400 years since its inception, the role has been performed by numerous highly acclaimed actors in each successive century.

It is Shakespeare's longest play with 30,557 words.

Performance history | Shakespeare's day to the Interregnum

Oxford editor George Hibbard argues that, since the contemporary literature contains many allusions and references to Hamlet (only Falstaff is mentioned more, from Shakespeare), the play was surely performed with a frequency that the historical record misses.

Performance history | Restoration and 18th century

His performance was said to be 20 minutes longer than anyone else's, and his lengthy pauses provoked the suggestion by Richard Brinsley Sheridan that "music should be played between the words".

Performance history | Film and TV performances

There have also been many films which included performances of scenes from Hamlet as a play-within-a-film.

Shakespeare provides no clear indication of when his play is set; however, as Elizabethan actors performed at the Globe in contemporary dress on minimal sets, this would not have affected the staging.

What is known is that the crew of the ship Red Dragon, anchored off Sierra Leone, performed Hamlet in September 1607; that the play toured in Germany within five years of Shakespeare's death; and that it was performed before James I in 1619 and Charles I in 1637.

As such, it reverberates through the writing of later centuries.

"Q1 is considerably shorter than Q2 or F1 and may be a memorial reconstruction of the play as Shakespeare's company performed it, by an actor who played a minor role (most likely Marcellus).

He almost certainly wrote his version of the title role for his fellow actor, Richard Burbage, the leading tragedian of Shakespeare's time.

In this production, the actors playing Hamlet, Claudius and Polonius exchanged roles at crucial moments in the performance, including the moment of Claudius's death, at which point the actor mainly associated with Hamlet fell to the ground.

Judging by the number of reprints, Hamlet appears to have been Shakespeare's fourth most popular play during his lifetime—only Henry IV Part 1, Richard III and Pericles eclipsed it.

Hamlet has been performed by many actors and is the most lengthy of Shakespeare's writings.


Based on the medieval La Damigella di Scalot, it tells the story of Elaine of Astolat, a young noblewoman imprisoned in a tower on an island near Camelot.

Two aspects, in particular, of "The Lady of Shalott" intrigued these artists: the idea of the lady trapped in her tower and the dying girl floating down the river towards Camelot.:173

In the Lewis episode "Old, Unhappy, Far Off Things" (2011), D.S. Hathaway quotes the line "Out flew the web and floated wide".

"The Lady of Shalott" does not appear in the original book by Edith Wharton.

"The Lady of Shalott" is a lyrical ballad by the English poet Alfred Tennyson.

Critics argue that "The Lady of Shalott" centres on the temptation of sexuality and her innocence preserved by death.

Nancy Mitford refers to the Lady of Shalott in her novel Love in a Cold Climate (1949).

Sarah Gridley's poetry collection Loom (2013) is heavily influenced by The Lady of Shalott.

The Lady of Shalott lives in an island castle in a river which flows to Camelot, but the local farmers know little about her.

Composer Jon Parr Vijinski wrote a symphonic tone poem entitled The Lady of Shalott (2001).

The Lady of Shalott is about an old noblewoman trapped in a well.


He moved to California in 1995 to begin a Ph.D. in applied physics and material sciences at Stanford University, but decided to pursue a business career instead of enrolling.

"In 1995, Musk was accepted to a PhD program in energy physics/materials science at Stanford University in California.

SpaceX develops and manufactures space launch vehicles with a focus on advancing the state of rocket technology.

Eager to pursue opportunities in the Internet boom, however, he decided to instead launch his first company, Zip2 Corporation.

Congestion? Congestion? Induced demand? Climate change impacts?

In 1995, Musk and his brother, Kimbal, started Zip2, a web software company, with money raised from a small group of angel investors.

Musk has said the goals of SpaceX, Tesla, and SolarCity revolve around his vision to "change the world and help humanity".

Regarding his cooperation with Trump, Musk has subsequently commented: "The more voices of reason that the President hears, the better." He subsequently resigned from both business advisory councils in June 2017, in protest at Trump's decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement on climate change, stating: "Climate change is real.

" Musk has directly contributed to Republican Sen. Marco Rubio, who has been accused of holding similar positions regarding climate change.

In February 2016, Musk announced that he had acquired the Tesla.com domain name from Stu Grossman, who had owned it since 1992, and changed Tesla's homepage to that domain.

In 1995, he pursues a Ph.D. but only to change his focus to a different acre.


In Old Chicago is a 1938 American drama disaster film directed by Henry King.

At the time of its release, it was one of the most expensive movies ever made.

In the movie there are three sons.

In the years before the film was made it had been supplanted by the Levee, an area renowned for its corrupt politicians, known as the Gray Wolves, whose deeds resemble those of the characters in the film.

Some sources claim that MGM offered to loan both Harlow and Clark Gable to Fox for In Old Chicago if they reciprocated by loaning Shirley Temple to MGM for their upcoming production of The Wizard of Oz.

The movie, "In Old Chicago" is a movie made in the United States.


The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet (), is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601.

Analysis and criticism | Dramatic structure

The play is full of seeming discontinuities and irregularities of action, except in the "bad" quarto.

In the late 20th century, David Foster Wallace's novel Infinite Jest draws heavily from Hamlet and takes its title from the play's text; Wallace incorporates references to the gravedigger scene, the marriage of the main character's mother to his uncle, and the re-appearance of the main character's father as a ghost.

The play's structure and depth of characterisation have inspired much critical scrutiny.

Theobald's version became standard for a long time, and his "full text" approach continues to influence editorial practice to the present day.

Denmark has a long-standing feud with neighbouring Norway, in which King Hamlet slew King Fortinbras of Norway in a battle some years ago.

Some scholars have observed that revenge tragedies come from Catholic countries like Italy and Spain, where the revenge tragedies present contradictions of motives, since according to Catholic doctrine the duty to God and family precedes civil justice.

This and Ophelia's burial ceremony, which is characteristically Catholic, make up most of the play's Catholic connections.

The protagonist of Hamlet is Prince Hamlet of Denmark, son of the recently deceased King Hamlet, and nephew of King Claudius, his father's brother and successor.

In the title role, Davenant cast Thomas Betterton, who continued to play the Dane until he was 74.

The play's full title is The Tragedy of Hamilton, King of Scots.


As of 2017, it has been translated into more than 300 languages and dialects, including Sardinian, the constructed international languages of Esperanto and Klingon, and the Congolese language Alur, as well as being printed in Braille for blind readers.

It was the first book translated into that language since the New Testament.

Le Petit Prince is often used as a beginner's book for French-language students, and several bilingual and trilingual translations have been published.

Literary translations and printed editions | Bavarian editions

The Little Prince has an adaptation for the inhabitants of Bavaria, Austria and South Tirol, covering for a large variety of the Bavarian language.

It has been translated into 301 languages and dialects.

In 2005, the book was also translated into Toba Qom, an indigenous language of northern Argentina, as So Shiyaxauolec Nta'a.

His meditative view of sunsets at the Bevin House were incorporated in the book, where the prince visits a small planet with 43 daily sunsets, a planet where all that is needed to watch a sunset "is move your chair a few steps." As of April 2017, The Little Prince became the world's most translated non-religious book (into 300 languages) together with Italian novel The Adventures of Pinocchio.

Many of them are titled Prince From a Star, while others carry the book title that is a direct translation of The Little Prince.

Over the course of eight days stranded in the desert, while the narrator attempts to repair his plane, the little prince recounts the story of his life.

As an example: as of 2011 there are approximately 47 translated editions of The Little Prince in Korean, and there are also about 50 different translated editions in Chinese (produced in both mainland China and Taiwan).

The Little Prince has been translated in over 250 languages.


Plato was a wrestler, and Dicaearchus went so far as to say that Plato wrestled at the Isthmian games.

With the exception of the Theaetetus, Plato gives no explicit indication as to how these orally transmitted conversations came to be written down.

However, the philosopher king image was used by many after Plato to justify their personal political beliefs.

In the Timaeus, Socrates locates the parts of the soul within the human body: Reason is located in the head, spirit in the top third of the torso, and the appetite in the middle third of the torso, down to the navel.

Plato's thought is often compared with that of his most famous student, Aristotle, whose reputation during the Western Middle Ages so completely eclipsed that of Plato that the Scholastic philosophers referred to Aristotle as "the Philosopher".

Many of these comments on Plato were translated from Arabic into Latin and as such influenced Medieval scholastic philosophers.

History of Plato's dialogues | Textual sources and history

The texts of Plato as received today apparently represent the complete written philosophical work of Plato and are generally good by the standards of textual criticism.

For Numenius it is just that Plato wrote so many philosophical works, whereas Pythagoras' views were originally passed on only orally.

The two philosophers Heraclitus and Parmenides, following the way initiated by pre-Socratic Greek philosophers like Pythagoras, depart from mythology and begin the metaphysical tradition that strongly influenced Plato and continues today.

Themes of Plato's dialogues | Allegories | The Cave

Socrates admits that few climb out of the den, or cave of ignorance, and those who do, not only have a terrible struggle to attain the heights, but when they go back down for a visit or to help other people up, they find themselves objects of scorn and ridicule.

Alfred North Whitehead once noted: "the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato.

Plato was a philosopher who could also throw down in a fight.


Faulkner said that he wrote the novel from midnight to 4:00 a.m. over the course of six weeks and that he did not change a word of it.

As I Lay Dying derived its name from this novel.

As I Lay Dying is consistently ranked among the best novels of 20th-century literature.

As I Lay Dying is a 1930 Southern Gothic novel by American author William Faulkner.

As I Lay Dying helped to solidify Faulkner's reputation as a pioneer, like James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, of stream of consciousness.

In 1998, the Modern Library ranked As I Lay

He first used the technique in The Sound and the Fury, and it gives As I Lay

The title derives from Book XI of Homer's Odyssey (William Marris's 1925 translation) , wherein Agamemnon tells Odysseus: "As I lay dying, the woman with the dog's eyes would not close my eyes as I descended into Hades." The novel utilizes stream of consciousness writing technique, multiple narrators, and varying chapter lengths.

Dying 35th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.

Dying its distinctly intimate tone, through the monologues of the tragically flawed Bundrens and the passers-by whom they encounter.

As I lay Dying was written in three months.


Johannes Peter "Honus" Wagner (; February 24, 1874 – December 6, 1955), sometimes referred to as "Hans" Wagner, was an American baseball shortstop who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates.

Professional career | Life after baseball

Wagner also coached baseball and basketball at Carnegie Institute of Technology, which is now part of Carnegie Mellon University.

He managed and played for a semi-pro team.

In their free time, he and his brothers played sandlot baseball and developed their skills to such an extent that three of his brothers went on to become professionals as well.

Wagner was not finished playing baseball after his retirement from major league baseball.

Wagner lived the remainder of his life in Pittsburgh, where he was well known as a friendly figure around town.

Professional career | 1903 and 1909 World Series

They had me by a foot. You just booted the play, so come on, let's play ball.

During this time, he wore uniform number 14, but later changed it to his more famous 33, which was later the number retired for him. (His entire playing career was in the days before uniform numbers were worn.) His appearances at National League stadiums during his coaching years were always well received and Wagner remained a beloved ambassador of baseball.

Cobb denied it in his autobiography, and the play-by-play of the 1909 World Series confirms that the event could not have happened as stated: Cobb was never tagged out by Wagner in a caught-stealing.

Wagner was born to German immigrants Peter and Katheryn Wagner in the borough of Chartiers, in what is now Carnegie, Pennsylvania.

Wagner was one of nine children.

Honus Wagner played basketball all his life.


He was the third of five sons of King Henry II of England and Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine and seemed unlikely to become king, but all of his brothers except  the youngest, John, predeceased their father.

Leopold left the crusade immediately.

Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Final years of Henry II's reign

On this campaign, Richard acquired the name "the Lion" or "the Lionheart" due to his noble, brave and fierce leadership.

In 1181–1182 Richard faced a revolt over the succession to the county of Angoulême.

Richard then ordered a general counterattack, which won the battle.

He, therefore, ordered all the prisoners executed.

He ordered Isaac to release the prisoners and treasure.

King and crusader | Coronation and anti-Jewish violence

When a rumour spread that Richard had ordered all Jews to be killed, the people of London attacked the Jewish population.

Richard swore an oath to renounce his past wickedness in order to show himself worthy to take the cross.

When Richard married Berengaria he was still officially betrothed to Alys, and he pushed for the match in order to obtain the Kingdom of Navarre as a fief, as Aquitaine had been for his father.

Richard then set his affairs in order, bequeathing all his territory to his brother John and his jewels to his nephew Otto.

Due to the order of succession, Richard was not an immediate contender for king.


George remarkably never took a mistress (in contrast with his grandfather and his sons), and the couple enjoyed a happy marriage until his mental illness struck.

George insisted on a new law that essentially forbade members of the Royal Family from legally marrying without the consent of the Sovereign.

On 8 September 1761 in the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace, the King married Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, whom he met on their wedding day.

" Nevertheless, attempts by the King to marry George to Princess Sophie Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel were resisted by him and his mother; Sophie married Frederick, Margrave of Bayreuth, instead.

Titles, styles and arms | Titles and styles

4 June 1738 – 31 March 1751: His Royal Highness Prince George

For George III, Pitt's appointment was a great victory.

31 March 1751 – 20 April 1751: His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh 20 April 1751 – 25 October 1760: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales 25 October 1760 – 29 January 1820: His Majesty The KingIn Great Britain, George III used the official style "George the Third, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, and so forth".

During and after Pitt's ministry, George III was extremely popular in Britain.

William Pitt | Slavery and the slave trade

During most of his reign, King George III opposed the abolitionist movement.

From his succession until 1800, George bore the royal arms: Quarterly, I Gules three lions passant guardant in pale

George III hoped that "the tongue of malice may not paint my intentions in those colours she admires, nor the sycophant extoll me beyond what I deserve", but in the popular mind George III has been both demonised and praised.

George III had several royal girlfriends while he was married.


The two are not mutually exclusive.

Chromatography may be preparative or analytical.

Analytical chromatography is done normally with smaller amounts of material and is for establishing the presence or measuring the relative proportions of analytes in a mixture.

The purpose of preparative chromatography is to separate the components of a mixture for later use, and is thus a form of purification.

Special techniques | Hydrodynamic chromatography

This is largely due to SEC being a more destructive technique because of the pores in the column degrading the analyte during separation, which tends to impact the mass distribution.

Columns are often manually prepared.

Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture.

The analyte is the substance to be separated during chromatography.

Special techniques | Simulated moving-bed chromatography

In the moving bed technique of preparative chromatography the feed entry and the analyte recovery are simultaneous and continuous, but because of practical difficulties with a continuously moving bed, simulated moving bed technique was proposed.

Techniques by physical state of mobile phase | Gas chromatography

Both types of column are made from non-adsorbent and chemically inert materials.

In the case of an optimal separation, different peaks or patterns on the chromatogram correspond to different components of the separated mixture.

The two are not mutually exclusive.

Chromatography is the separation of a mixture and can either be done preparative or analytical but not both.


Kingsley stated in 1994, "I'm not Jewish, and though there might be some Russian-Jewish heritage way back on my mother's side, the thread is so fine there's no real evidence." Kingsley has been married four times and has four children: Thomas Bhanji and artist Jasmin Bhanji, with actress Angela Morant, and Edmund Kingsley and Ferdinand Kingsley, both of whom became actors, with theatrical director Alison Sutcliffe.

Since then, Kingsley appears to have altered his stance; credits for his latest films refer to him as Ben Kingsley.

At about this time, he changed his name to Ben Kingsley, fearing that a foreign name would hamper his career.

Kingsley studied at De La Salle College in Salford, which later became home to the Ben Kingsley Theatre.

Sir Ben Kingsley (born Krishna Pandit Bhanji; 31 December 1943) is an English actor.

Kingsley played Mosca in Peter Hall's 1977 production of Ben Jonson's Volpone for the Royal National Theatre, and in Peter Brook's acclaimed production of A Midsummer Night's Dream.

Co-star Penélope Cruz was reportedly unsure what to call him during the filming of Elegy as someone had told her she needed to refer to him as "Sir Ben".

Kingsley has since appeared in a variety of roles.

Kingsley is a Quaker. Kingsley was made a Knight Bachelor in the 2002 New Year Honours for services to the British film industry.

Kingsley grew up in Pendlebury, Lancashire.

Ben Kingsley has had 4 marriages and 4 kids.


One of nine children, Guerrero is the younger brother of ex-major leaguer Wilton Guerrero, who also played with the Montreal Expos (the two were teammates for several seasons).

His son, Vladimir Guerrero Jr., was born in Montreal, Canada in 1999 during the elder Guerrero's time with the Expos.

After injuring his hamstring running out a double, he allegedly hit a home run in his next at bat to avoid having to run the bases.

Career | Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim | 2009 season

In 2009, Guerrero was named # 37 on the Sporting News' list of the 50 greatest current players in baseball.

In an interview with Yahoo! Sports, he attributed this to helping his grandfather pull cows home barehanded as a young boy in the Dominican Republic.

Having played his last game in 2011, he became eligible for induction to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2017.

He is also the cousin of minor leaguer Cristian Guerrero, and the uncle of Miami Marlins farmhand Gabriel Guerrero.

In March 1993, Guerrero signed with the Montreal Expos.

Due to his leg condition, Guerrero only received a 30-day contract.

On January 24, 2018, Guerrero, along with Chipper Jones, Jim Thome, and Trevor Hoffman, were announced as having over 75% of the votes needed to be inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame.

Vladimir Guerrero was the only child in his family to have an affinity for sports.


Horace Greeley (February 3, 1811 – November 29, 1872) was an American newspaper editor and publisher who was the founder and editor of the New-York Tribune, among the great newspapers of its time.

Editor of the Tribune | Influence (1849–1860)

Jane Swisshelm was one of the first women hired by a major newspaper.

Horace Greeley: Printer, Editor, Crusader.

Horace Greeley: Nineteenth-Century Reformer.

Horace Greeley: Champion of American Freedom.

Editor of the Tribune | 1860 presidential election

The crucial battleground was the Republican caucus, as the party held the majority in the legislature.

"Greeley, Horace". American National Biography Online.

Horace Greeley: Founder of The New York Tribune.

Even as his father struggled to make a living as a hired hand, Horace Greeley read everything he could—the Greeleys had a neighbor who let Horace use his library.

Horace Greeley. Twayne's United States Authors Series.

Horace Greeley was the creator of a major newspaper in the Tri-State area.


According to Orwell, the fable reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and then on into the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union.

Animal Farm is an allegorical novella by George Orwell, first published in England on 17 August 1945.

Low had written a letter saying that he had had "a good time with ANIMAL FARM – an excellent bit of satire – it would illustrate perfectly.

Similarly to Benjamin, Muriel is one of the few animals on the farm who is not a pig but can read.

Benjamin – A donkey, one of the oldest, wisest animals on the farm, and one of the few who can read properly.

Probably based on the Great Purge of Grigori Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, Nikolai Bukharin, and Alexei Rykov.

Through a young pig named Squealer, Napoleon claims credit for the windmill idea, claiming that Snowball actually was only trying to win animals to his side.

Mr. Pilkington – The easy-going but crafty and well-to-do owner of Foxwood, a large neighbouring farm overgrown with weeds.

Mr. Frederick – The tough owner of Pinchfield, a small but well-kept neighbouring farm, who briefly enters into an alliance with Napoleon.

In a letter to Yvonne Davet, Orwell described Animal Farm as a satirical tale against Stalin ("un conte satirique contre Staline"), and in his essay "Why I Write" (1946), wrote that Animal Farm was the first book in which he tried, with full consciousness of what he was doing, "to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole".

Orwell biographer Jeffrey Meyers has written, "virtually every detail has political significance in this allegory.

Animal Farm is a book not written by HG Welles and is based on some actual events.


Inception is a 2010 science fiction action film written and directed by Christopher Nolan, who also produced the film with his wife, Emma Thomas.

Michael Caine as Professor Stephen Miles, Cobb's mentor and father-in-law, and Ariadne's college professor who recommends her to the team.

Producer Roger Corman cited Inception as an example of "great imagination and originality".

The actor also researched the sons of Rupert Murdoch, "to add to that the idea of living in the shadow of someone so immensely powerful".

Cobb accepts the offer and assembles his team: Eames, an identity forger; Yusuf, a chemist with a sedative for a "dream within a dream" strategy; and Ariadne, an architecture student tasked with designing the dream labyrinth, recruited through Cobb's father-in-law, Professor Stephen Miles.

Saito wants Cobb to convince Robert, the son of Saito's ailing competitor Maurice Fischer, to dissolve his father's company.

In a November 2010 interview, Nolan expressed his intention to develop a video game set in the Inception world, working with a team of collaborators.

Berenger said Browning acts as a "surrogate father" to Fischer, who calls the character "Uncle Peter", and emphasized that "Browning has been with [Robert] his whole life and has probably spent more quality time with him than his own father".

The team abducts Robert, but are attacked by projections from his subconscious.

Revived at the third level, he discovers the planted idea: a projection of his dying father telling him to be his own man.

Inception was produced by a son and father team.


Anthony Keith Gwynn Sr. (May 9, 1960 – June 16, 2014), nicknamed "Mr. Padre", was an American professional baseball right fielder, who played 20 seasons (1982–2001) in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres.

Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982–2001) | 1982–1983

He started in center field against the Philadelphia Phillies in place of a slumping Jones.

Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982–2001) | 1987–1989

During the season, McKeon replaced Bowa as Padres manager, and moved Gwynn from right to center field.

In college, he could not even throw the ball from center field to second base without it hopping first.

Gwynn's father encouraged his sons to play ball in the makeshift baseball field that he assembled in their backyard.

Both Chris and Tony Jr. played with the Padres during their careers.

Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982–2001) | 1990–1992

"It just involved one great guy, and that's Tony Gwynn, and anything they want to say about Tony Gwynn is going to be news.

Commissioner Selig called Gwynn "the greatest Padre ever and one of the most accomplished hitters that our game has ever known, whose all-around excellence on the field was surpassed by his exuberant personality and genial disposition in life".

Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982–2001) | 1993–1997

Gwynn called it the worst injury season of his career.

Professional baseball career | Major leagues (1982–2001) | 1998–2001

He was limited to playing just 36 of the Padres' first 71 games, and he started only 26 games in right field.

Tony Gwynn was called Mr. Baseball who played center field.


Performance history | Film and TV performances

For example, the 2014 Bollywood film Haider is an adaptation set in Kashmir.

There have also been many films which included performances of scenes from Hamlet as a play-within-a-film.

Laurence Olivier's 1948 moody black-and-white Hamlet won Best Picture and Best Actor Academy Awards, and is still, as of 2017, the only Shakespeare film to have done so.

Claudius (played by Kyle MacLachlan) became the CEO of "Denmark Corporation", having taken over the company by killing his brother.

Kenneth Branagh adapted, directed, and starred in a 1996 film version of Hamlet that contained material from the First Folio and the Second Quarto.

The film was an early attempt at combining sound and film, music and words were recorded on phonograph records, to be played along with the film.

It is rare that the play is performed without some abridgments, and only one film adaptation has used a full-text conflation: Kenneth Branagh's 1996 version, which runs slightly more than four hours.

Branagh set the film with late 19th-century costuming and furnishings, a production in many ways reminiscent of a Russian novel of the time; and Blenheim Palace, built in the early 18th century, became Elsinore Castle in the external scenes.

Context and interpretation | Psychoanalytic | Sigmund Freud

Ophelia is overwhelmed by having her unfulfilled love for him so abruptly terminated and drifts into the oblivion of insanity.

In the 1921 film Hamlet, Danish actress Asta Nielsen played the role of Hamlet as a woman who spends her life disguised as a man.

Many film adaptations have been done for the play.


The Colosseum or Coliseum ( KOL-ə-SEE-əm), also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium; Italian: Anfiteatro Flavio

For instance, Pope Benedict XVI led the Stations of the Cross called the Scriptural Way of the Cross (which calls for more meditation) at the Colosseum on Good Fridays.

The shows, called munera, were always given by private individuals rather than the state.

The Colosseum is situated just east of the Roman Forum.

Physical description | Arena and hypogeum

It comprised a wooden floor covered by sand (the Latin word for sand is harena or arena), covering an elaborate underground structure called the hypogeum (literally meaning "underground").

History | Construction, inauguration, and Roman renovations

Along with this free source of unskilled labor, teams of professional Roman builders, engineers, artists, painters and decorators undertook the more specialized tasks necessary for building the Colosseum.

Eighty vertical shafts provided instant access to the arena for caged animals and scenery pieces concealed underneath; larger hinged platforms, called hegmata, provided access for elephants and the like.

Colosseum is also the site of Roman Catholic ceremonies in the 20th and 21st centuries.

He also added a gallery to the top of the Colosseum to increase its seating capacity.

The Colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of Vespasian's death in 79.

The Colosseum was constructed with several different materials: wood, limestone, tuff, tiles, cement, and mortar.

The Colosseum was also called "The Roman Forum".


"Some viewers have noted Cobb wears his wedding ring only during dream scenes.

From this, they have concluded that Cobb is not dreaming in the final scene because he is not wearing the ring.

This sequence was filmed on and off for months, with the van being shot out of a cannon, according to actor Dileep Rao.

The film cuts to the closing credits from a shot of the top apparently starting to show an ever so faint wobble, inviting speculation about whether the final sequence was reality or another dream.

The Flash said its season 4 finale was inspired by Inception.

is that Cobb isn't looking at the top.

Inception had nearly 500 visual effects shots (in comparison, Batman Begins had approximately 620), which is relatively few in comparison to contemporary effects-heavy films, which can have as many as 2,000 visual effects shots.

After waking up, Mal still believed she was dreaming.

Writing in Wired, Jonah Lehrer supported this interpretation and presented neurological evidence that brain activity is strikingly similar during film-watching and sleeping.

Inception appeared on over 273 critics' lists of the top ten films of 2010, being picked as number-one on at least 55 of those lists.

And we – FADE OUT". Nolan said, "I put that cut there at the end, imposing an ambiguity from outside the film.

DiCaprio was the first actor to be cast in the film.

There is evidence that the final shot of the film Inception isn't as ambiguous as it was believed to be at first.


Formed in 2005, they gained popularity from their appearances on the Disney Channel television network.

History | 2008–2009: A Little Bit Longer and acting

A Disney Digital 3-D production crew filmed the two shows of theirs Burnin' Up Tour in Anaheim on July 13 and 14, 2008, including a performance by Lovato with the Jonas Brothers on " This Is Me" and Taylor Swift with the brothers on " Should've Said No".

History | 2019–present: Return and Happiness Begins

At the 2019 Teen Choice Awards on August 11, the group won two awards for Choice Summer Group and the Decade Award.

In 2008, the group was nominated for the Best New Artist award at the 51st Grammy Awards and won the award for Breakthrough Artist at the American Music Awards.

In March, "Mandy" was featured in the Nickelodeon television film Zoey 101: Spring Break-Up and the Zoey 101: Music Mix soundtrack album, with Nicholas Jonas listed as the artist name.

After a hiatus during 2010 and 2011 to pursue solo-projects, the group reconciled in 2012 to record a new album, which was cancelled following their break-up on October 29, 2013.

The Jonas Brothers kicked off their Look Me

While on the Look Me in the Eyes Tour, the Jonas Brothers filmed a Disney Channel reality short series entitled, Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream, that premiered on Disney Channel.

In August 2007, the Jonas Brothers made several appearances on television.

On August 24, the Jonas Brothers performed two songs at the Miss Teen USA contest.

After being without a label for a short time, the Jonas Brothers signed with Hollywood Records in February 2007.

The Jonas Brothers got their big break when they won America's Got Talent.


Onika Tanya Maraj-Petty (born December 8, 1982), known professionally as Nicki Minaj (), is a Trinidadian-born rapper, singer, songwriter, actress, and model.

A great Nicki Minaj comeback album would be the first great Nicki Minaj album, period."Before

Career | 2012–2013: Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded and The Re-Up

documentary titled Nicki Minaj: My Truth.

Originally adopting the stage name Nicki Maraj, she eventually changed it to Nicki Minaj stating that "my real name is Maraj.

She also introduced the "Nicki Minaj Collection" clothing line for Kmart, composed of clothing, accessories and housewares.

, then she picked a fight with Eve, then she picked a fight with Remy, then it was Mrs. Wallace, then it was Nicki Minaj.

and (later) Nicki Minaj. In November 2010, Minaj assumed the alter ego Nicki Teresa, wearing a colorful headdress and calling herself "healer to her fans" during a visit to the Garden of Dreams Foundation at Fuse Studios in New York.

My favorite thing was Nicki Minaj's verse.'

Career | 2014–2017: The Pinkprint and other ventures

Sheldon Pearce of The A.V. Club thought that The Pinkprint is "the closest Nicki Minaj has ever gotten to balancing her tendencies".

In February 2013, Bluewater Comics announced that Minaj would star in the Fame biographical-comic series, debuting in Fame: Nicki Minaj.

In April 2019, a news report reveals that Nicki Minaj has decided to part ways with her longtime management team.

Nicki Minaj is from Trinidad.


The film is a fictionalized account about the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and stars Alice Brady as Mrs. O'Leary, the owner of the cow which started the fire, and Tyrone Power and Don Ameche as her sons.

In Old Chicago is a 1938 American drama disaster film directed by Henry King.

The O'Leary family are traveling to Chicago to start a new life when Patrick O'Leary tries to race a steam train in his wagon.

Some sources claim that MGM offered to loan both Harlow and Clark Gable to Fox for In Old Chicago if they reciprocated by loaning Shirley Temple to MGM for their upcoming production of The Wizard of Oz.

The O'Learys had two children, one son and one daughter.

The screenplay by Sonya Levien and Lamar Trotti was based on the Niven Busch story, "We the O'Learys".

At the time of its release, it was one of the most expensive movies ever made.

when one of Dion's cronies is arrested for multiple voting.

The Mayor of Chicago in 1871 was Roswell B. Mason, not an O'Leary son.

Her sons are educated. One, Jack, becomes a reforming lawyer, but another, Dion, is involved in gambling.

Despite crediting the Chicago Historical Society for assistance with historical research, much of the film is fictionalized.

In Old Chicago is based on a real life event.


Pitt was born in Shawnee, Oklahoma, to William Alvin Pitt, the proprietor of a trucking company, and Jane Etta (née Hillhouse), a school counselor.

William Bradley Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an American actor and film producer.

Pitt and Jolie have six children together, three of whom were adopted internationally.

Moneyball received six Academy Award nominations including Best Picture and Best Actor for Pitt.

According to the Dallas Observer, "Brad Pitt [...] is a large part of the problem [in the film].

The proceeds from the sale were donated to charities serving African children.

The family soon moved to Springfield, Missouri, where he lived together with his younger siblings, Douglas Mitchell (born 1966) and Julie Neal (born 1969).

Portraying Tristan Ludlow, son of Colonel William Ludlow (Anthony Hopkins) a Cornish immigrant

He spent six months sword training before the filming of Troy, based on the Iliad.

The performance earned Pitt his first Screen Actors Guild Award nomination, as well as a fourth Golden Globe and second Academy Award nomination, all in the category for Best Actor.

William Brad Pitt is an actor with six children and he was born in Nevada.


Aparicio never played any defensive position other than shortstop.

In 2003, Aparicio was inducted into the Venezuelan Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.

In 2007, Aparicio was inducted into the Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum Hall of Fame.

Luis Ernesto Aparicio Montiel (born April 29, 1934), nicknamed "Little Louie", is a Venezuelan former professional baseball player who is notable for being the first player from Venezuela to be inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame.

AL leader in at bats (1966) AL leader in singles (1966) AL leader in sacrifice hits (1956, 1960) AL leader in stolen bases (1956–1964) AL leader in putouts as shortstop (1956, 1958, 1959, 1966) AL leader in fielding average as shortstop (1959–1966) Aparicio was inducted to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1984, the first native of Venezuela to be honored.

Isaac Bencid (director) said to the Hall of Fame: “It was a good time to honor Mr. Aparicio because it was the first time he had a documentary made of his life,” Bencid said.

The full name of the stadium is Estadio Luis Aparicio El Grande (Luis Aparicio "the Great" Stadium) in honor to Luis Aparicio Ortega.

His father, Luis Aparicio Sr., was a notable shortstop in Venezuela and owned a Winter League team with Aparicio's uncle, Ernesto Aparicio.

Also, the sports complex where the stadium is located is named Polideportivo Luis Aparicio Montiel.

Aparicio played for 18 major league seasons in 2,599 games, accumulating 2,677 hits in 10,230 at bats for a .262 career batting average along with 394 doubles, 83 home runs, 791 runs batted in, 1,335 runs and 506 stolen bases.

Major league career | Boston Red Sox (1971–1973)

In 1971, Aparicio was one at bat from tying the longest Major League hitless streak for non-pitchers held by Bill Bergen with 45, set in 1909 with Brooklyn Superbas, by going without a hit in 44 at bats.

Luis Aparicio was only ever shortstop, he got into the hall of fame doing nothing but that and batting.


He also worked on mining and drilling sites as a youngster, which helped his conditioning.

Waddell used his newfound stardom as an actor to negotiate a higher wage for his baseball career.

In time, his alcohol use began to erode his relationships with his Athletics teammates.

He strengthened his arm as a child by throwing rocks at birds he encountered while working on his family's land.

Well, the first practice Waddell tackled him and broke his leg.

Though eccentric and childlike, Waddell was not illiterate as some sources have claimed.

Schreckengost, a one-time friend who regularly fetched alcohol and fishing poles for Waddell, squabbled with both Waddell and Mack for being treated differently for the same offenses.

Waddell was born on October 13, 1876, just outside Bradford, Pennsylvania.

Born in Bradford, Pennsylvania, Waddell was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946.

Biographer Alan Levy wrote that Waddell was "a decidedly different sort of child".

Waddell use to work with miners and drillers when he was young.


As South Vietnam was formally part of a military alliance with the US, Australia, New Zealand, France, the UK, Pakistan, Thailand and the Philippines, the alliance was invoked during the war.

North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist allies; South Vietnam was supported by the United States, South Korea, the Philippines, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies.

Involvement of other countries | Pro-Saigon | Thailand

Thai Army formations, including the Royal Thai Volunteer Regiment (Queen's Cobras) and later the Royal Thai Army Expeditionary Division (Black Panthers), saw action in South Vietnam between 1965 and 1971.

The United States countered with what became known as the "American Plan", with the support of South Vietnam and the United Kingdom.

Involvement of other countries | Pro-Saigon | Philippines

Some 10,450 Filipino troops were dispatched to South Vietnam and primarily supported medical and other civilian pacification projects.

Johnson's escalation, 1963–1969 | American ground war

Australia, New Zealand, Thailand and the Philippines all agreed to send troops.

Vietnamization, 1969–1972 | Easter Offensive and Paris Peace Accords, 1972

To show his support for South Vietnam and force Hanoi back to the negotiating table, Nixon ordered Operation Linebacker II, a massive bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong 18–29 December 1972.

Vietnamization, 1969–1972 | ARVN taking the lead and U.S. ground-force withdrawal

The United States also reduced support troops, and in March 1971 the 5th Special Forces Group, the first American unit deployed to South Vietnam, withdrew to Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

Diệm era, 1954–1963 | Insurgency in the South, 1954–1960

Most of the population lived in countryside villages and strongly supported the reforms.

Involvement of other countries | Neutral and non-belligerent nations | Brazil

Brazil, under a U.S.-backed military regime, officially supported the United States' position in South Vietnam and contributed a medical team and supplies to the country.

Thailand did support South Vietnam.


Aristophanes, a playwright, is the main contemporary author to have written plays mentioning Socrates during Socrates' lifetime, though a fragment of Ion of Chios' Travel Journal provides important information about Socrates' youth.

The Tyrants ruled for about a year before the Athenian democracy was reinstated, at which point it declared an amnesty for all recent events.

Socratic problem | Socrates as a philosopher

However, in The Clouds, Aristophanes portrays Socrates as running a Sophist school with Chaerephon.

Furthermore, according to Plato's Apology of Socrates, an "early" dialogue, Socrates refused to pursue conventional politics; he often stated he could not look into other's matters or tell people how to live their lives when he did not yet understand how to live his own.

He wore tattered clothes and went barefoot (the latter characteristic made its way into the play The Clouds by Aristophanes).

In any case, it is clear Socrates thought the rule of the Thirty Tyrants was also objectionable; when called before them to assist in the arrest of a fellow Athenian, Socrates refused and narrowly escaped death before the Tyrants were overthrown.

he was born not very much later than sometime after the year 471, his date of birth is within the period of years ranging 470 to 469 BC, or within a range 469 to 468 BC (corresponding to the fourth year of the 77th Olympiad).Socrates was born in Alopeke, and belonged to the tribe Antiochis.

The soul, before its incarnation in the body, was in the realm of Ideas (very similar to the Platonic "Forms").

During the last years of Socrates's life, Athens was in continual flux due to political upheaval.

However, it is still commonly taught and held with little exception that Socrates is the progenitor of subsequent Western philosophy, to the point that philosophers before him are referred to as pre-Socratic.

This idea was inherited by one of Socrates's older students, Antisthenes, who became the originator of another philosophy in the years after Socrates's death: Cynicism.

Socrates lived about 100 years before Aristophanes.


He was a member of the Anglican Church and the Freemasons, and he urged broad religious freedom in his roles as general and president.

Personal life | Religion and Freemasonry

While president, he acknowledged major religious sects and gave speeches on religious toleration.

Washington emphasized religious toleration in a nation with numerous denominations and religions.

He engaged workers at Mount Vernon without regard for religious belief or affiliation.

Colonial military career (1752–1758) | French and Indian War

Shirley ruled in Washington's favor only in the matter of Dagworthy; Loudoun humiliated Washington, refused him a royal commission and agreed only to relieve him of the responsibility of manning Fort Cumberland.

Washington's slaves received two hours off for meals during the workday, and given time off on Sundays and religious holidays.

Presidency (1789–1797) | Native American affairs

The Western Confederacy of tribes used guerrilla tactics and were an effective force against the sparsely manned American Army.

He was commissioned on June 19 and was roundly praised by Congressional delegates, including John Adams, who proclaimed that he was the man best suited to lead and unite the colonies.

He also maintains that Washington never advocated outright confiscation of tribal land or the forcible removal of tribes, and that he berated American settlers who abused natives, admitting that he held out no hope for pacific relations with the natives as long as "frontier settlers entertain the opinion that there is not the same crime (or indeed no crime at all) in killing an native as in killing a white man.

Twentieth-century biographer Douglas Southall Freeman concluded, "The great big thing stamped across that man is character." Modern historian David Hackett Fischer has expanded upon Freeman's assessment, defining Washington's character as "integrity, self-discipline, courage, absolute honesty, resolve, and decision, but also forbearance, decency, and respect for others".

Washington was not a religious man.


I really liked it there." Meat Loaf coached children's baseball or softball in each of the Connecticut towns where he lived.

Meat Loaf also tried stand-up comedy, appearing several times in Connecticut.

Music career | Midnight at the Lost and Found

Meat Loaf is credited with having been involved in the writing of numerous tracks on the album, including the title track, "Midnight at the Lost and Found".

After the tour, Meat Loaf rejoined the cast of Hair, this time on Broadway.

Music career | The Rocky Horror Picture Show

About the same time, Meat Loaf and Steinman started work on Bat Out of Hell.

After the Lampoon show ended, Meat Loaf and Steinman spent time seeking a record deal.

During that time, a combination of touring, drugs and exhaustion had caused Meat Loaf to lose his voice.

Music career | Hair of the Dog and the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra

The performance included the Australian Boys' Choir singing back-up on a Couldn't Have Said It Better track, "Testify".

Steinman started to work on Bad for Good, the album that was supposed to be the follow-up to 1977's Bat out of Hell, in 1979.

After being booed off stage and almost deciding to quit, Chef tells him that his name might be the problem, and then hands him a plate of meatloaf to cheer him up.

Music career | The Very Best of Meat Loaf

In 1998, Meat Loaf released The Very Best of Meat Loaf.

Meat Loaf did not have time to volunteer for his kids' activities when they were growing up.


Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $670.5 billion according to September 2017 estimates.

Washington Park is also one of the city's biggest parks; covering nearly 400 acres (160 ha).

The Fourth Presbyterian Church is one of the largest Presbyterian congregations in the United States based on memberships.

Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States.

In 2016, Chicago was ranked the sixth-most walkable large city in the United States.

The new DW60 is the first in the United States and is the sixth tallest in the U.S. Chicago

Chicago ( (listen), locally also ), officially the City of Chicago, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois, and the third-most-populous city in the United States.

In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn.

The city is the United States' third-largest convention destination.

In the state court, the public prosecutor is the Illinois State's Attorney; in the Federal court it is the United States Attorney.

In 2007, Chicago was named the fourth-most important business center in the world in the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index.

Chicago has the fourth biggest GMP in the United States.


John Joseph Evers (July 21, 1881 – March 28, 1947) was an American professional baseball second baseman and manager.

He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1902 through 1917 for the Chicago Cubs, Boston Braves, and Philadelphia Phillies.

Evers made his MLB debut with the Cubs on September 1 at shortstop, as Selee moved Joe Tinker from shortstop to third base.

Lowe recovered during the 1903 season, but Evers' strong play made Lowe expendable; Evers finished third in the NL in fielding percentage among second basemen (.937), and finished fifth in assists (245) and putouts (306).

After playing for the local minor league baseball team for one season, Frank Selee, manager of the Cubs, purchased Evers's contract and soon made him his starting second baseman.

Selee, also looking for a second baseman due to an injury to starter Bobby Lowe, purchased Hardy's and Evers's contracts for $1,500 ($44,325 in current dollar terms); the Trojans were willing to sell Evers's services due to his temper.

Evers' brother, Joe Evers, and uncle, Tom Evers, also played in MLB.

Career | Boston Braves and Philadelphia Phillies

Murphy insisted that Evers had resigned as manager, which Evers denied.

Evers indicated that this was a result of a business deal that cost Evers most of his savings.

Evers rejoined the Braves as a scout.

Evers married Helen Fitzgibbons.

Johnny Evers was a third baseman for the Dodgers.


Adams's middle name of Quincy has been used by several locations in the United States, including the town of Quincy, Illinois.

John Quincy Adams was born on July 11, 1767, to John and Abigail Adams (née Smith) in a part of Braintree, Massachusetts that is now Quincy.

John Quincy Adams Birthplace is now part of Adams National Historical Park and open to the public.

Early political career (1793–1817) | U.S. Senator from Massachusetts

Many of Adams's idiosyncratic positions were rooted in his abiding devotion to the Ciceronian ideal of the citizen-orator "speaking well" to promote the welfare of the polis.

John Quincy Adams ( (listen); July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, and diarist who served as the sixth president of the United States, from 1825 to 1829.

He was named for his mother's maternal grandfather, Colonel John Quincy, after whom Quincy, Massachusetts, is named.

Adams County, Iowa, and Adams County, Wisconsin, were each named for either John Adams or John Quincy Adams.

Adams House, one of twelve undergraduate residential Houses at Harvard University, is named for John Adams, John Quincy Adams, and other members of the Adams family associated with Harvard.

Early political career (1793–1817) | Minister to Russia

Adams was well-qualified for the role after his experiences in Europe generally and Russia specifically.

This decision upset Adams's mother, and, by her account, his father as well.

Adams won the House delegations of all the states in which he or Clay had won a majority of the electoral votes, as well as the delegations of Illinois, Louisiana, and Maryland.

President John Quincy Adams birthplace has been changed to his middle name as well as many areas open to the public in the United States speaking well of the statesman and diplomat.


As World War II got under way, the Tigers moved up in the standings because several of their top players, including Newhouser, were classified as 4-F (ineligible to be drafted).

Newhouser was an All-Star for six seasons, and was considered to be the most dominating pitcher of the World War II era of baseball, winning a pitcher's triple crown for the Tigers in 1945.

Harold Newhouser (May 20, 1921 – November 10, 1998), nicknamed "Prince Hal", was an American professional baseball player.

Newhouser pitched four innings of relief on the season's final day as Detroit rallied for the pennant.

During his playing days, Newhouser's teammates nicknamed him "Prince Hal" because of the way he carried himself.

Newhouser became the first pitcher to repeat as MVP that season and helped the team win the World Series.

In that year's World Series, Newhouser won two games, including a complete-game victory in the deciding seventh game.

In his final big-league hurrah, he posted a 7–2 mark with a 2.54 ERA, and got to pitch in his second World Series.

He won the pitcher's Triple Crown, leading the AL in wins (25, against nine losses), ERA (1.81) and strikeouts (212); he also led the league in innings pitched, games started, complete games and shutouts.

The 1945 All-Star Game was cancelled on April 24 because of travel restrictions and seven out of eight scheduled interleague games were played in place of the All-Star Game on July 9 and 10 to support the American Red Cross and War Relief fund.

Hal Newhouser had to stop playing baseball when he fought in World War II.