tasksource/fool-me-twice huggingface dataset:
Claim: Many sources have claimed that there are more than 1000000 types of nematode.
Wikipedia page: Nematoda (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: A widely referenced article published in 1993 estimated there may be over 1 million species of nematode, a claim which has since been repeated in numerous publications.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Wilbert Robinson was the co-founder of a professional baseball team.
Wikipedia page: Wilbert Robinson (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: American League Orioles
text: Couldn't he have made some of them against Giants manager McGraw?") Robinson and McGraw joined as business partners in the Baltimore Orioles, a team that would debut in the new American League (AL) in 1901.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Battle of Austerlitz, a battle in the Napoleonic Wars, was a great victory by Napoleon.
Wikipedia page: Battle of Austerlitz (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Historical views
text: Some historians suggest that Napoleon was so successful at Austerlitz that he lost touch with reality, and what used to be French foreign policy became a "personal Napoleonic one" after the battle.
section_header: Summary
text: In what is widely regarded as the greatest victory achieved by Napoleon, the Grande Armée of France defeated a larger Russian and Austrian army led by Emperor Alexander I and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Les Miserables was written by Victoria Huges.
Wikipedia page: Les Misérables (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Les Misérables (, French: [le mizeʁabl(ə)]) is a French historical novel by Victor Hugo, first published in 1862, that is considered one of the greatest novels of the 19th century.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The Gadsden Purchase was made by the United States from Mexico in part so that a railway could be constructed.
Wikipedia page: Gadsden Purchase (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The purchase included lands south of the Gila River and west of the Rio Grande where the U.S. wanted to build a transcontinental railroad along a deep southern route, which the Southern Pacific Railroad later completed in 1881–1883.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Mollusca is the largest phylum of invertebrate animals.
Wikipedia page: Mollusca (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Jack Morris was on the Stanford baseball team.
Wikipedia page: Jack Morris (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Playing career | Amateur career
text: He then attended Brigham Young University (BYU), and played college baseball for the BYU Cougars.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Japan's architecture relies on wood.
Wikipedia page: Japan (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: Culture | Art and architecture
text: Largely of wood, traditional housing and many temple buildings see the use of tatami mats and sliding doors that break down the distinction between rooms and indoor and outdoor space.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Alyson Hannigan's character gets married in the second season.
Wikipedia page: How I Met Your Mother (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Cast and characters
text: In season 2 Marshall marries Lily, with whom he has been in love since his freshman year of college; they have a child during season 7.
section_header: Cast and characters
text: Alyson Hannigan as Lily Aldrin, a kindergarten teacher, an aspiring artist, and Marshall's wife.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Konark Temple can be found in Southern Asia
Wikipedia page: Konark Sun Temple (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Konark Sun Temple (Konark Surya Mandir) is a 13th-century CE  Sun  temple at Konark about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northeast from Puri on the coastline of Odisha, India.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Caine Mutiny used to be the most sold novel.
Wikipedia page: The Caine Mutiny (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Reception
text: The Caine Mutiny reached the top of the New York Times best seller list on August 12, 1951, after 17 weeks on the list, replacing From Here to Eternity.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The book was written by an English author.
Wikipedia page: The Vicar of Wakefield (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The Vicar of Wakefield – subtitled A Tale, Supposed to be written by Himself – is a novel by Irish writer Oliver Goldsmith (1728–1774).
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Selena Gomez is an actor and singer who started her career on a kids show.
Wikipedia page: Selena Gomez (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Born and raised in Texas, Gomez began her career by appearing on the children's television series Barney & Friends (2002–2004).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Turn of the Screw changed it name to the Taming of the Shrew.
Wikipedia page: The Turn of the Screw (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The Turn of the Screw is an 1898 horror novella by Henry James that first appeared in serial format in Collier's Weekly magazine (January 27 – April 16, 1898).
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Maria died of cancer casued by acute radiation poisoning due to exposure by her many studies of radioactivity.
Wikipedia page: Maria Skłodowska-Curie (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Marie Curie died in 1934, aged 66, at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz (Haute-Savoie), France, of aplastic anaemia from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of her radiological work at field hospitals during World War I.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Pythagoras was specifically against romance.
Wikipedia page: Pythagoras (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Life | Family and friends
text: Diogenes Laërtius states that Pythagoras "did not indulge in the pleasures of love" and that he cautioned others to only have sex "whenever you are willing to be weaker than yourself".
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Spartacus was released for the first time in Los Angeles.
Wikipedia page: Spartacus (film) (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Release
text: The film opened to the public on October 6, 1960 at the DeMille Theatre in New York City after four days of invitational previews.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Shania Twain has sold over 100 million records and is the best-selling female artist in country music history, and the only female artist in history to have three (consecutive) albums certified Diamond by the RIAA.
Wikipedia page: Shania Twain (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: She has sold over 100 million records, making her the best-selling female artist in country music history and among the best-selling music artists of all time.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Abbey Road was the Beatles' final album release.
Wikipedia page: The Beatles (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: History | 1966–1970: Studio years | Abbey Road, Let It Be and separation
text: Although Let It Be was the Beatles' final album release, it was largely recorded before Abbey Road.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Apple Inc. moved it's headquarters from Sunnydale, California to Silicon Valley, California.
Wikipedia page: Apple Inc. (Technology)
Evidence:
section_header: Corporate identity | Headquarters
text: Apple Inc.'s world corporate headquarters are located in the middle of Silicon Valley, at 1–6 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, California.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Rush is from Ireland.
Wikipedia page: Geoffrey Rush (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Geoffrey Roy Rush  (born 6 July 1951) is an Australian actor.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Chinese audiences did not appreciate Death of a Salesman when it came to theaters.
Wikipedia page: Death of a Salesman (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Reception | In China
text: Death of a Salesman was welcomed in China.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: LaGuardia Airport is one of the top 20 busiest airports in the United States, and ranked one of the worst as well.
Wikipedia page: LaGuardia Airport (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The airport is the third busiest airport serving New York City, and the twentieth busiest in the United States.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Otto von Bismarck presided over the Germans with poor posture and scandal.
Wikipedia page: Otto von Bismarck (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Downfall | Final years and forced resignation
text: Bismarck was succeeded as Imperial Chancellor and Minister President of Prussia by Leo von Caprivi.
section_header: Legacy and memory | Reputation
text: The historian Jonathan Steinberg portrays a demonic genius who was deeply vengeful, even toward his closest friends and family members: [Bismarck's friend, German diplomat Kurd von Schlözer] began to see Bismarck as a kind of malign genius who, behind the various postures, concealed an ice-cold contempt for his fellow human beings and a methodical determination to control and ruin them.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Hornsby was a manager several teams after his retirement as an infielder.
Wikipedia page: Rogers Hornsby (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: After retiring as a player, he managed the Browns in 1952 and the Cincinnati Reds from 1952 to 1953.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: It takes place mainly in vents.
Wikipedia page: It (novel) (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Development
text: King found influence in the mythology and history surrounding the construction of the sewer system in Bangor, Maine.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The Free Soil Party was mostly engrossed on opposing the spread of slavery.
Wikipedia page: Free Soil Party (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The party was largely focused on the single issue of opposing the expansion of slavery into the western territories of the United States.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: After World War II, Hungary was associated with the USSR.
Wikipedia page: Hungary (History)
Evidence:
section_header: History | Communism 1945–1989
text: Following the defeat of Nazi Germany, Hungary became a satellite state of the Soviet Union.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: At the end of the film Arrival, Louise Banks realizes she can talk with the dead.
Wikipedia page: Arrival (film) (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Plot
text: Banks's visions of her daughter, Hannah, are revealed to actually be premonitions; her daughter will not be born until some time in the future.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Library of Alexandria is the smallest  library of the ancient times.
Wikipedia page: Library of Alexandria (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The Great Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt, was one of the largest and most significant libraries of the ancient world.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Sam Rice played second base in the majors for most of his career.
Wikipedia page: Sam Rice (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Edgar Charles "Sam" Rice (February 20, 1890 – October 13, 1974) was an American pitcher and outfielder in Major League Baseball.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The Dubliners was published by the first publisher that James Joyce submitted the stories.
Wikipedia page: Dubliners (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Publication history
text: Between 1905, when Joyce first sent a manuscript to a publisher, and 1914, when the book was finally published, Joyce submitted the book 18 times to a total of 15 publishers.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Rusie was referred to sometimes as "The Lightning" in MLB.
Wikipedia page: Amos Rusie (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Amos Wilson Rusie (May 30, 1871 – December 6, 1942), nicknamed "The Hoosier Thunderbolt", was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball during the late 19th century.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Bill Gates co-founded the world's largest personal computer software company and is the largest single shareholder of CN stock.
Wikipedia page: Bill Gates (Technology)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Born and raised in Seattle, Washington, Gates co-founded Microsoft with childhood friend Paul Allen in 1975, in Albuquerque, New Mexico; it went on to become the world's largest personal computer software company.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: After he retired from pro ball, Pop Lloyd worked for a factory as a nighttime security guard.
Wikipedia page: Pop Lloyd (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Later life
text: Lloyd was a janitor for the Atlantic City School System, including Atlantic City High School.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The 23rd James Bond film is called Skyfall and won awards.
Wikipedia page: Skyfall (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Skyfall is a 2012 spy film and the twenty-third in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions.
section_header: Summary
text: The film won several accolades, including two Academy Awards, two BAFTA Awards and two Grammy Awards.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: London was settled by the Romans at one point.
Wikipedia page: London (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: History | Roman London
text: Although there is evidence of scattered Brythonic settlements in the area, the first major settlement was founded by the Romans about four years after the invasion of AD 43.
section_header: History | Roman London
text: At its height in the 2nd century, Roman London had a population of around 60,000.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The conctruction of it employed 20,000 workers .
Wikipedia page: Taj Mahal (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The construction project employed some 20,000 artisans under the guidance of a board of architects led by the court architect to the emperor, Ustad Ahmad Lahauri.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The R.E.M. band signed with Warner Bros. in 1991.
Wikipedia page: R.E.M. (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: With constant touring, and the support of college radio following years of underground success, R.E.M. achieved a mainstream hit with the 1987 single "The One I Love".
section_header: Summary
text: The group signed to Warner Bros. Records in 1988, and began to espouse political and environmental concerns while playing large arenas worldwide.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Ozzie Smith's son, Nikko, was a top 10 finalist of the 2008 edition of American Idol.
Wikipedia page: Ozzie Smith (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Personal life
text: Smith cheered on his son Nikko as he cracked the top 10 finalists of the 2005 edition of American Idol.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: By the end of his career, Harold Baines ranked among the top 10 pitchers in the National League.
Wikipedia page: Harold Baines (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Upon his retirement, Baines ranked seventh in American League (AL) history in games played (2,830) and tenth in runs batted in (RBI) (1,628).
section_header: Summary
text: Harold Douglas Baines (born March 15, 1959) is an American former professional baseball right fielder and designated hitter (DH), who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago White Sox, Texas Rangers, Oakland Athletics, Baltimore Orioles, and Cleveland Indians, for 22 seasons (1980–2001).
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Lou Gehrig earned the nickname "The Iron Horse".
Wikipedia page: Lou Gehrig (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Gehrig was renowned for his prowess as a hitter and for his durability, which earned him his nickname "The Iron Horse.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Pierre de Fermat was an Austrian law practitioner.
Wikipedia page: Pierre de Fermat (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Pierre de Fermat (French: [pjɛːʁ də fɛʁma]) (between 31 October and 6 December 1607 – 12 January 1665) was a French lawyer at the Parlement of Toulouse, France, and a mathematician who is given credit for early developments that led to infinitesimal calculus, including his technique of adequality.
section_header: Biography | Death
text: The oldest and most prestigious high school in Toulouse is named after him: the Lycée Pierre-de-Fermat.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Gary Cooper spent eighteen years in major league baseball.
Wikipedia page: Gary Cooper (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Gary Cooper (born Frank James Cooper; May 7, 1901 – May 13, 1961) was an American actor known for his natural, authentic, and understated acting style.
section_header: Summary
text: He was a major movie star from the end of the silent film era through to the end of the golden age of Classical Hollywood.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Andrew Lloyd-Webber's father was an engineer.
Wikipedia page: Andrew Lloyd-Webber (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Personal life
text: Lloyd Webber has been married three times.
section_header: Early life
text: Andrew Lloyd Webber was born in Kensington, London, the elder son of William Lloyd Webber (1914–1982), a composer and organist, and Jean Hermione Johnstone (1921–1993), a violinist and pianist.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Roger Williams (theologian), was upheld by Puritan leaders for his belief in religious freedom and encouraging positive relationships with Native Americans.
Wikipedia page: Roger Williams (theologian) (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Williams was expelled by the Puritan leaders from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for spreading "new and dangerous ideas", and he established the Providence Plantations in 1636 as a refuge offering what he called "liberty of conscience".
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The Petronas Towers is the third highest building in the world.
Wikipedia page: Petronas Towers (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: According to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH)'s official definition and ranking, they were the tallest buildings in the world from 1998 to 2004, until they were surpassed by Taipei 101.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Creators of YouTube first wanted to make it a social site, similar to Facebook.
Wikipedia page: YouTube (Technology)
Evidence:
section_header: History | Founding and initial growth (2005–2006)
text: Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Timur was a conqueror of what is now Afghanistan and help some areas prosper while others he destroyed.
Wikipedia page: Timur (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Chagatai: اقساق تیمور Aqsaq Temür, " Timur the Lame"), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty.
section_header: Legacy
text: While Central Asia blossomed under his reign, other places, such as Baghdad, Damascus, Delhi and other Arab, Georgian, Persian, and Indian cities were sacked and destroyed and their populations massacred.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Branch Rickey had great belief in Christianity.
Wikipedia page: Branch Rickey (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life
text: His many achievements and deep Christian faith earned him the nickname "the Mahātmā." Rickey was born in Stockdale, Ohio, the son of Jacob Frank Rickey and Emily (née Brown).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The city of Los Angeles offers water as a commodity to  California incorporated areas both nearby and far away.
Wikipedia page: Los Angeles (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: History | 1847 to present
text: Because of clauses in the city's charter that prevented the City of Los Angeles from selling or providing water from the aqueduct to any area outside its borders, many adjacent cities and communities felt compelled to annex themselves into Los Angeles.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Fiddler on the Roof's critics were concerned the play would not be well received because of the Islamic characters in 1964.
Wikipedia page: Fiddler on the Roof (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Background
text: Investors and some in the media worried that Fiddler on the Roof might be considered "too Jewish" to attract mainstream audiences.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Ingrid was good at mathematics at a young age.
Wikipedia page: Ingrid Daubechies (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life and education
text: Thus, as a child, she already familiarized herself with the properties of exponential growth.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Netflix is considered the 2nd largest buyer of video content globally.
Wikipedia page: Netflix (Technology)
Evidence:
section_header: Finance and revenue | 2019
text: Netflix is now considered the largest buyer of video content globally.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The first translator of the Qur'an was from Pakistan.
Wikipedia page: Qur'an (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Translations
text: The first translator of the Quran was Salman the Persian, who translated surat al-Fatiha into Persian during the seventh century.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Muhammad Akbar's death cause was a stomach infection.
Wikipedia page: Akbar (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Death
text: On 3 October 1605, Akbar fell ill with an attack of dysentery from which he never recovered.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The towers were constructed on a cheaper design of high-strength reinforced concrete.
Wikipedia page: Petronas Towers (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: History and architecture
text: Due to the huge cost of importing steel, the towers were constructed on a cheaper radical design of super high-strength reinforced concrete.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: A streetcar Named Desire did open in Hollywood.
Wikipedia page: A Streetcar Named Desire (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: A Streetcar Named Desire is a play written by Tennessee Williams that opened on Broadway on December 3, 1947.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Childe Harold's Pilgrimage has 4 sections.
Wikipedia page: Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Childe Harold's Pilgrimage is a long narrative poem in four parts written by Lord Byron.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Harry S. Truman was the 32nd president and is from Missouri.
Wikipedia page: Harry S. Truman (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as vice president.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: A Doll's House play is inspired by a story of the author's father.
Wikipedia page: A Doll's House (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Composition and publication | Real-life inspiration
text: A Doll's House was based on the life of Laura Kieler (maiden name Laura Smith Petersen), a good friend of Ibsen.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Maria Curie was 68 years old at the time of her death.
Wikipedia page: Maria Skłodowska-Curie (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Marie Curie died in 1934, aged 66, at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz (Haute-Savoie), France, of aplastic anaemia from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of her radiological work at field hospitals during World War I.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Paris Saint-Germain Football Club is France's most successful club having won over forty competitive honours, including nine league titles and one major European trophy winning their first major honour, the French Cup, in 1992.
Wikipedia page: Paris Saint-Germain F.C. (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: PSG won their first major honour, the French Cup, in 1982 and their maiden Ligue 1 title in 1986.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Iraqi composer Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji stopped composing in his later years due to his failing body.
Wikipedia page: Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji (born Leon Dudley Sorabji; 14 August 1892 – 15 October 1988) was an English composer, music critic, pianist and writer.
section_header: Biography | Early years
text: His father, Shapurji Sorabji, a civil engineer of Parsi origin from Bombay, India, and descendant of a long line of industrialists and businessmen, was born on 18 August 1863.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Barry Goldwater was a Senator from Arizona and won the presidential candidacy in 1848.
Wikipedia page: Barry Goldwater (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Despite his loss of the 1964 presidential election in a landslide, Goldwater is the politician most often credited with having sparked the resurgence of the American conservative political movement in the 1960s.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Nokia was bought out by Microsoft in 2014.
Wikipedia page: Microsoft (Technology)
Evidence:
section_header: History | 2014–present: Windows 10, Microsoft Edge and HoloLens
text: On April 25, 2014, Microsoft acquired Nokia Devices and Services for $7.2 billion.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Roger Williams did not believe in being honorable with the Native Americans.
Wikipedia page: Roger Williams (theologian) (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: He was a staunch advocate for religious freedom, separation of church and state, and fair dealings with Native Americans, and he was one of the first abolitionists.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The Battle of Blenheim, a battle in the War of the Spanish Succession, was nearly a decade before the end of the war.
Wikipedia page: Battle of Blenheim (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The Battle of Blenheim (German: Zweite Schlacht bei Höchstädt; French Bataille de Höchstädt), fought on 13 August 1704, was a major battle of the War of the Spanish Succession.
section_header: Summary
text: The war would rage on for another decade.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers was a book and a movie about tiny people who needed to return a ring and was the third book in the series.
Wikipedia page: The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers is a 2002 epic fantasy adventure film directed by Peter Jackson, based on the second volume of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Ammonia is used in cleaning products so much that one hundred and seventy five million tons of ammonia is produces since 2013.
Wikipedia page: Ammonia (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The global industrial production of ammonia in 2018 was 175 million tonnes, with no significant change relative to the 2013 global industrial production of 175 million tonnes.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Ethan Frome is set in a real city in Ohio.
Wikipedia page: Ethan Frome (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: It is set in the fictitious town of Starkfield, Massachusetts.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Al Spalding was the founder of Spalding sporting goods and was one of the first players to wear a glove for baseball.
Wikipedia page: Al Spalding (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Spalding set a trend when he started wearing a baseball glove.
section_header: Summary
text: Albert Goodwill Spalding (September 2, 1849 – September 9, 1915) was an American pitcher, manager, and executive in the early years of professional baseball, and the co-founder of A.G. Spalding sporting goods company.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Lazzeri was called "Lazer beam" because Toy Story came out the year the Yankee's were World Series champions.
Wikipedia page: Tony Lazzeri (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: He was nicknamed "Poosh 'Em Up" by Italian-speaking fans, from a mistranslation of an Italian phrase meaning to "hit it out" (hit a home run).
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: During the reign of Catherine the Great, she was well liked by her serfs.
Wikipedia page: Catherine the Great (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Reign (1762–96) | Serfs | Attitudes towards Catherine
text: Under Catherine's rule, despite her enlightened ideals, the serfs were generally unhappy and discontented.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Leave of Grass has not been rewritten.
Wikipedia page: Leaves of Grass (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Although the first edition was published in 1855, Whitman spent most of his professional life writing and re-writing Leaves of Grass, revising it multiple times until his death.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: One of Luigi Cherubini's names was often given to children who came into the world on the onomastico of the saint we call Anthony in English.
Wikipedia page: Luigi Cherubini (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Early years
text: Perhaps the strongest evidence is his first name, Maria, which is traditional for a child born on 8  September, the feast-day of the Nativity of the Virgin.
section_header: Early years
text: Cherubini was born Maria Luigi Carlo Zenobio Salvatore Cherubini in Florence in 1760.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The person the movie Hacksaw Ridge was inspired by was upset that the director did not accurately telling his story.
Wikipedia page: Hacksaw Ridge (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Historical accuracy
text: After the war, Doss turned down many requests for books and film versions of his actions, because he was wary of whether his life, wartime experiences, and Seventh-day Adventist beliefs would be portrayed inaccurately or sensationally.
section_header: Historical accuracy
text: And I find it remarkable, the level of accuracy in adhering to the principal of the story in this movie." Producer David Permut stated that the filmmakers took great care in maintaining the integrity of the story, since Doss was very religious.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Gentleman's Agreement was based on a book that was called Jews in New York.
Wikipedia page: Gentleman's Agreement (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Gentleman's Agreement is a 1947 American drama film based on Laura Z. Hobson's best-selling 1947 novel of the same name.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Salvador Allende was a Chilean physician and socialist politician who was of French and German lineage and killed in a terrorist attack.
Wikipedia page: Salvador Allende (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life
text: Salvador Allende was of Basque and Belgian (Walloons) descent.
section_header: Coup | Death
text: According to Isabel Allende Bussi—the daughter of Salvador Allende and currently a member of the Chilean Senate—the Allende family has long accepted that the former president shot himself, telling the BBC that: "The report conclusions are consistent with what we already believed.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Rickey Henderson played Major League Baseball and had an uncommon quality to surmise how a pitcher would throw to him at bat while enthralling and delighting those attending the game with his energetic character.
Wikipedia page: Rickey Henderson (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Legacy
text: Rickey could tell from the faintest, most undetectable twitch of a pitcher's muscles whether he was going home or throwing over to first.
section_header: Summary
text: He was further known for his unquenchable passion for playing baseball and a buoyant, eccentric, and quotable personality that both perplexed and entertained fans.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: There is an audio version made by the guy that did War of the Worlds.
Wikipedia page: Les Misérables (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Adaptations
text: The 1937 radio adaptation by Orson Welles.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Abraham Lincoln was quite respectful to the woman his father married after the one that gave birth to him.
Wikipedia page: Abraham Lincoln (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Family and childhood | Mother's death
text: Abraham became close to his stepmother, and called her "Mother".
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Bald Soprano's original title could be translated from the French to be something like "Language with No Work."
Wikipedia page: The Bald Soprano (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Origin
text: Impressed by the contents of the dialogues, often very sober and strange, he decided to write an absurd play named L'anglais sans peine ("English without toil").
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: In 2019, the company reached the trillion dollar market cap and bacame the third U.S. public company to be valued at over $1 trillion.
Wikipedia page: Microsoft (Technology)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: In April 2019, Microsoft reached the trillion-dollar market cap, becoming the third U.S. public company to be valued at over $1 trillion after Apple and Amazon respectively.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Clarke was born in Iowa and left in 1892 to play ball.
Wikipedia page: Fred Clarke (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life and career
text: In 1892, a professional team in Hastings, Nebraska sent a railroad ticket to Des Moines semiprofessional player Byron McKibbon, but McKibbon backed out and gave the ticket to Clarke instead.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The state's association of lawyers commemorate Atticus Finch in the hometown of Harper Lee.
Wikipedia page: To Kill a Mockingbird (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, in 1936, when she was ten.
section_header: Reception | Atticus Finch and the legal profession
text: However, in 1997, the Alabama State Bar erected a monument to Atticus in Monroeville, marking his existence as the "first commemorative milestone in the state's judicial history".
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Karen Sparck Jones has never taught at any educational instution.
Wikipedia page: Karen Sparck Jones (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life
text: She briefly became a school teacher, before moving into computer science.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Ludwig van Beethoven is one of the most admired composers in the history of Western music and works remain mainstays of the classical music repertoire.
Wikipedia page: Ludwig van Beethoven (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Beethoven's works remain mainstays of the classical music repertoire.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Bench was a catcher his whole MLB career.
Wikipedia page: Johnny Bench (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: He played his entire career in Major League Baseball as a catcher for the Cincinnati Reds from 1967 through 1983.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Frank Selee did quit his job to create a baseball club.
Wikipedia page: Frank Selee (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Career
text: He left a factory job in Waltham, Massachusetts, in 1884 to form a minor league team.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Texas is the largest state in the US.
Wikipedia page: Texas (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: It is the second largest U.S. state by both area (after Alaska) and population (after California).
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The Hurt Locker is about a Journalist following a European platoon of soldiers and was critically acclaimed.
Wikipedia page: The Hurt Locker (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Reception | Critical response
text: " Metacritic, which assigns a normalized score, gave the film an average score of 95 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".
section_header: Reception | Top ten lists
text: The Hurt Locker was listed on many critics' top ten lists.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Despite being famous, Volpone is not considered as one of the greatest comedies of its time.
Wikipedia page: Volpone (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: A merciless satire of greed and lust, it remains Jonson's most-performed play, and it is ranked among the finest Jacobean era comedies.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The Battle of Zarma did happen in North Africa.
Wikipedia page: Battle of Zama (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The Battle of Zama was fought in 202 BC near Zama, now in Tunisia, and marked the end of the Second Punic War.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: American singer Bruce Springsteen is from Jersey Shore and is known for the hit "Born in the U.S.A."
Wikipedia page: Bruce Springsteen (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: A native of the Jersey Shore, he received critical acclaim for his early 1970s albums and attained worldwide fame upon the release of Born to Run in 1975.
section_header: Summary
text: Born in the U.S.A. (1984) is Springsteen's most commercially successful album, proving him to be one of the most successful rock figures of the 1980s.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Dire Straits broke up twice over the years. The first breakup only lasted one year.
Wikipedia page: Dire Straits (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: History | 1991–1995: Resurrection, final albums and final dissolution
text: In early 1991, Dire Straits reunited.
section_header: History | 1987–1990: First break-up
text: This was prior to the time that Knopfler, Illsley and manager Ed Bicknell decided to reform the band the following year.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: What Mark Zuckerberg would call his 2nd child was given just as much thought as his first.
Wikipedia page: Mark Zuckerberg (Technology)
Evidence:
section_header: Personal life
text: They welcomed their second daughter, August, in August 2017.
section_header: Personal life
text: On December 1, Zuckerberg announced the birth of their daughter, Maxima Chan Zuckerberg ("Max").
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: In The Murders in the Rue Morgue, the character Dupin is not a specialist detective.
Wikipedia page: The Murders in the Rue Morgue (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Themes and analysis
text: " Dupin is not a professional detective; he decides to investigate the murders in the Rue Morgue for his personal amusement.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Ronald Reagan had Welsh roots.
Wikipedia page: Ronald Reagan (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life
text: Jack was a salesman and storyteller whose grandparents were Irish Catholic emigrants from County Tipperary, while Nelle was of English, Irish and Scottish descent.
section_header: Early life
text: He was the younger son of Nelle Clyde (née Wilson; 1883–1962) and Jack Reagan (1883–1941).
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Pope Gregory VII went to study religions in Milan at an university.
Wikipedia page: Pope Gregory VII (NOCAT)
Evidence:
section_header: Biography | Early life
text: As a youth he was sent to study in Rome at the monastery of St. Mary on the Aventine, where, according to some unconfirmed sources, his uncle was abbot of a monastery on the Aventine Hill.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Elmer Gantry is a satirical book written by Sinclair Lewis that was on top of 1927's non-fiction bestseller's list.
Wikipedia page: Elmer Gantry (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Reception
text: Elmer Gantry ranked as the number one fiction bestseller of 1927, according to "Publisher's Weekly".
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: One of Babels' most prominent plot points is poor communication.
Wikipedia page: Babel (film) (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Themes | Miscommunication
text: As the title of the movie suggests, a major topic is miscommunication.
section_header: Themes | Miscommunication
text: Most of the characters in the movie are connected by not only having to deal with language barriers but also their inability to properly communicate their feelings and wishes, which then leads to complicated turns, trouble and pain.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Grover Cleveland is an American actor.
Wikipedia page: Grover Cleveland (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908) was an American politician and lawyer who was the 22nd and 24th president of the United States, the only president in American history to serve two non-consecutive terms in office (1885–1889 and 1893–1897).
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Bryan Adams is a Canadian musician who was a one hit wonder.
Wikipedia page: Bryan Adams (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Other U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number-one hit singles by Adams include "Please Forgive Me", "All for Love" and "Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman?".
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Leonid Brezhnev went to an engineering school.
Wikipedia page: Leonid Brezhnev (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life and career | Origins (1906–1939)
text: He graduated from the Kamenskoye Metallurgical Technicum in 1935 and became a metallurgical engineer in the iron and steel industries of eastern Ukraine.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Geoffrey Crayon is a fabricated person that didn't write any of the tales in this book, a facsimile, an author's contrivance no more alive than the characters that inhabit Sleepy Hollow or Rip Van Winkle.
Wikipedia page: The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Overview
text: the comical ("The Mutability of Literature"), but the common thread running through The Sketch Book –  and a key part of its attraction to readers –  is the personality of Irving's pseudonymous narrator, Geoffrey Crayon.
section_header: Summary
text: It also marks Irving's first use of the pseudonym Geoffrey Crayon, which he would continue to employ throughout his literary career.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: .4 percent of cancers in the U.S are due to a specific type of X-ray, a CT scan.
Wikipedia page: X-ray (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Adverse effects
text: It is estimated that 0.4% of current cancers in the United States are due to computed tomography (CT scans) performed in the past and that this may increase to as high as 1.5-2% with 2007 rates of CT usage.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Great Sphinx of Giza has both the strong body of a lion and the head of the human generally believed to be that of pharahoh Khafre.
Wikipedia page: Great Sphinx of Giza (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The Great Sphinx of Giza, commonly referred to as the Sphinx of Giza or just the Sphinx, is a limestone statue of a reclining sphinx, a mythical creature with the body of a lion and the head of a human.
section_header: Summary
text: The face of the Sphinx is generally believed to represent the pharaoh Khafre.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: During her professional career, Manley was involved in the civil rights movement.
Wikipedia page: Effa Manley (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Activism
text: Her influence extended beyond baseball; she was active in the Civil Rights Movement and a social activist.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Protista is any eukaryotic organism (one with cells containing a nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus although some protists may be more closely related to animals, plants, or fungi than they are to other protists; however, like algae, invertebrates, or protozoans, the grouping is used for convenience.
Wikipedia page: Protista (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: A protist () is any eukaryotic organism (one with cells containing a nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: In the film Going My Way, the senior priest disapproves of the younger priest's sports hobby.
Wikipedia page: Going My Way (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Plot
text: The very traditional Fitzgibbon is further put off by O’Malley's recreational habits – particularly his golf-playing – and his friendship with the even more casual Father Timmy O’Dowd.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The earliest oral Cinderella story is based around the story of a Greek woman.
Wikipedia page: Cinderella (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Ancient versions | European versions | Rhodopis
text: The oldest known oral version of the Cinderella story is the ancient Greek story of Rhodopis, a Greek courtesan living in the colony of Naucratis in Egypt, whose name means "Rosy-Cheeks".
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Groupon came from trying to cancel a cell phone contract and reported a 2011 fourth-quarter loss of $11 million dollars.
Wikipedia page: Groupon (Technology)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: "In its first earnings release as a public company, Groupon reported a 2011 fourth-quarter loss of $9.8 million on an adjusted basis, disappointing investors.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Mrs. Miniver is a film about an elderly woman and her driver as they experience the South during the Civil Rights movement.
Wikipedia page: Mrs. Miniver (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Inspired by the 1940 novel Mrs. Miniver by Jan Struther, the film shows how the life of an unassuming British housewife in rural England is touched by World War II.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The Sphinx was excavated again in the 12th century.
Wikipedia page: Great Sphinx of Giza (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: Restoration
text: Later, Ramesses II the Great (1279–1213 BC) may have undertaken a second excavation.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Gandhi was assassinated in 1984.
Wikipedia page: Indira Gandhi (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Assassination
text: The day before her death (30 October 1984), Gandhi visited Odisha where she gave her last speech at the then Parade Ground in front of the Secretariat of Odisha.
section_header: Assassination
text: "On 31 October 1984, two of Gandhi's Sikh bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh, shot her with their service weapons in the garden of the prime minister's residence at 1 Safdarjung Road, New Delhi, allegedly in revenge for the Operation Bluestar.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Kirby Puckett has a history of violence.
Wikipedia page: Kirby Puckett (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Domestic violence
text: In September 2002, Puckett was accused of groping a woman in a restaurant bathroom and was charged with false imprisonment, fifth-degree criminal sexual conduct, and fifth-degree assault.
section_header: Domestic violence
text: The article added Tonya Puckett had called police on December 21, 2001, to report that Puckett had threatened to kill her.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Erie Canal was known as the New Jersey Barge Canal in 1862 and to help the Oswego and Cayuga Canals.
Wikipedia page: Erie Canal (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The Erie Canal is a canal in New York, United States that is part of the east–west, cross-state route of the New York State Canal System (formerly known as the New York State Barge Canal).
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The symbol on Mexico's flag is based deep in the indigenous people of the land's customs and legends. So of course there's a Christian explanation by colonizers that has nothing to do with the original inhabitants' intent.
Wikipedia page: Mexico (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: Culture | Coat of arms
text: To the people of Tenochtitlan, this symbol had strong religious connotations, and to the Europeans, it came to symbolize the triumph of good over evil (with the snake sometimes representative of the serpent in the Garden of Eden).
section_header: Culture | Coat of arms
text: The design is rooted in the legend that the Aztec people would know where to build their city once they saw an eagle eating a snake on top of a lake.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: John Adams was one of the leading men of the thirteen colonies of the United States and one of his sons became the highest ranking official in politics.
Wikipedia page: John Adams (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States, from 1797 to 1801.
section_header: Summary
text: He and his wife generated a family of politicians, diplomats, and historians now referred to as the Adams political family, which includes their son John Quincy Adams, the sixth president of the United States.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: HP spent millions of dollars not fixing a very blatant problem with some of their PCs and laptops that they knew the cause of quite well, going as far as to give more broken parts away as warranty guaranteed servicing.
Wikipedia page: Hewlett-Packard (Technology)
Evidence:
section_header: Controversies | Hardware
text: Since this point, several websites have been documenting the issue, most notably www.hplies.com, a forum dedicated to what they refer to as Hewlett-Packard's "multi-million dollar cover up" of the issue, and www.nvidiadefect.com, which details the specifics of the fault and offers advice to the owners of affected computers.
section_header: Controversies | Hardware
text: Furthermore, the replacement of the motherboard was a temporary fix, since the fault was inherent in all units of the affected models from the point of manufacture, including the replacement motherboards offered by HP as a free 'repair'.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Cnidaria are only live in saltwater.
Wikipedia page: Cnidaria (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Cnidaria () is a phylum under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic animals found both in freshwater and marine environments: they are predominantly marine.
Verdict: REFUTES