tasksource/fool-me-twice huggingface dataset:
Claim: Joplin was a late joiner in the Ragtime game of music and none of that landed with the public, he was more famous for his later works in Blues.
Wikipedia page: Scott Joplin (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Works
text: Joplin wrote his rags as "classical" music in miniature form in order to raise ragtime above its "cheap bordello" origins and produced work that opera historian Elise Kirk described as, "... more tuneful, contrapuntal, infectious, and harmonically colorful than any others of his era.
section_header: Summary
text: Joplin achieved fame for his ragtime compositions and was dubbed the King of Ragtime.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Apartheid lasted until 2000s.
Wikipedia page: Apartheid (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: "aparthood") was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 until the early 1990s.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre was over a bunch of people trying to force their beliefs on other people and they killed those with different beliefs.
Wikipedia page: St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Massacres | In the provinces
text: In some cities the massacres were led by the mob, while the city authorities tried to suppress them, and in others small groups of soldiers and officials began rounding up Protestants with little mob involvement.
section_header: Summary
text: The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (French: Massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence, directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Nematode species can be hard to identify from one another.
Wikipedia page: Nematoda (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Nematode species can be difficult to distinguish from one another.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Hemingway penned the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls in two different countries.
Wikipedia page: For Whom the Bell Tolls (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Background
text: Ernest Hemingway wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls in Havana, Cuba; Key West, Florida; and Sun Valley, Idaho, in 1939.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: In Hindu philosophy, it is the union of or the realization of the identity of Atman with Brahman.
Wikipedia page: Nirvana (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: In Hindu philosophy, it is the union of or the realization of the identity of Atman with Brahman, depending on the Hindu tradition.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Greece is located at the intersection of Europe, Asia, and Africa and has land in each continent.
Wikipedia page: Greece (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Geography and climate
text: Located in Southern and Southeast Europe, Greece consists of a mountainous, peninsular mainland jutting out into the sea at the southern end of the Balkans, ending at the Peloponnese peninsula (separated from the mainland by the canal of the Isthmus of Corinth) and strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: True Blood's story  focuses on Sookie Stackhouse's life.
Wikipedia page: True Blood (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The series revolves around Sookie Stackhouse (Anna Paquin), a telepathic waitress living in the fictional rural town of Bon Temps, Louisiana.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Twilio was founded by 2 men in 2020.
Wikipedia page: Twilio (Technology)
Evidence:
section_header: History
text: Twilio was founded in 2008 by Jeff Lawson, Evan Cooke, and John Wolthuis and was originally based in both Seattle, Washington, and San Francisco, California.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Newton's theory of gravity hasn't been altered since it was published.
Wikipedia page: Gravity (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: History of gravitational theory | Newton's theory of gravitation
text: Although Newton's theory has been superseded by Albert Einstein's general relativity, most modern non-relativistic gravitational calculations are still made using Newton's theory because it is simpler to work with and it gives sufficiently accurate results for most applications involving sufficiently small masses, speeds and energies.
section_header: History of gravitational theory | Newton's theory of gravitation
text: A discrepancy in Mercury's orbit pointed out flaws in Newton's theory.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Jim Bunning became a politician in Kentucky after playing professional baseball.
Wikipedia page: Jim Bunning (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: After retiring from baseball, Bunning returned to his native northern Kentucky and was elected to the Fort Thomas city council, then the Kentucky Senate, in which he served as minority leader.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Earthworms breathe through their epidermis.
Wikipedia page: Annelida (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Description | Respiration
text: In some annelids, including earthworms, all respiration is via the skin.
section_header: Description | Body wall, chaetae and parapodia
text: These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Born on the Fourth of July is a film about man that fought in a war and ended up a paraplegic.
Wikipedia page: Born on the Fourth of July (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Born on the Fourth of July, published in 1976, is the best-selling autobiography by Ron Kovic, a paralyzed Vietnam War veteran who became an anti-war activist.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: In February 1965 he moved back to Zanzibar to join his parents.
Wikipedia page: Freddie Mercury (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life
text: In February 1963 he moved back to Zanzibar where he joined his parents at their flat.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The name Singapore can be loosely translated to mean lion city.
Wikipedia page: Singapore (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: Culture
text: Many national symbols such as the Coat of arms of Singapore and the Lion head symbol of Singapore make use of the lion, as Singapore is known as the Lion City.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Norma Shearer was dubbed 5 times and grew up in Canada.
Wikipedia page: Norma Shearer (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Awards and nominations
text: Shearer was the first person to receive five Academy Award nominations for acting.
section_header: Early life
text: Her childhood was spent in Montreal, where she was educated at Montreal High School for Girls and Westmount High School.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Police had three members.
Wikipedia page: The Police (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Career | 1980–1981: Zenyatta Mondatta
text: the three band members and co-producer Nigel Gray all expressed immediate regret over the rushed recording for the album, which was finished at 4 a.m. on the day the band began their world tour, the album received high praise from critics.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Tom Hardy is an English actor and producer, and an ambassador for the Prince's Trus
Wikipedia page: Tom Hardy (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Causes
text: In 2010, Hardy became an ambassador for the Prince's Trust, a leading UK youth charity which provides training, personal development, business start-up support, mentoring, and advice.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Hittites were lead by Šuppiluliuma.
Wikipedia page: Hittites (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: This empire reached its height during the mid-14th century BCE under Šuppiluliuma
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The most visited spots in Russia are Vilyuchinsk and Zarechny.
Wikipedia page: Russia (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: Culture | Tourism
text: The most visited destinations in Russia are Moscow and Saint Petersburg, the current and former capitals of the country.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The Battle of Actium was bloody but had few long term consequences.
Wikipedia page: Battle of Actium (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Aftermath
text: The political consequences were far-reaching.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Tom Cruise was 18 when he moved to New York City to pursue an acting career.
Wikipedia page: Tom Cruise (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Career | Acting
text: At age 18, with the blessing of his mother and stepfather, Cruise moved to New York City to pursue an acting career.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: One iteration of the Fugitive slave laws, included a stipulation that after 1800, slavery was to seize, but this was removed before going to the next step of the law creation process.
Wikipedia page: Fugitive slave laws (History)
Evidence:
section_header: 1785 attempt
text: The original version was read to Congress on March 1, 1784, and it contained a clause stating: That after the year 1800 of the Christian Era, there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in any of the said states, otherwise than in punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted to have been personally guilty.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Campanella passed away in nineteen ninety-three.
Wikipedia page: Roy Campanella (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Death
text: Campanella died of heart failure at age 71 on June 26, 1993, at his home in Woodland Hills, California.
section_header: Summary
text: Roy Campanella (November 19, 1921 – June 26, 1993), nicknamed "Campy", was an American baseball player, primarily as a catcher.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Julius Caesar's last name is actually said like "Kaiser",  the mispronunciation of which is sad, considering he was deified, and remains a household name and known historical figure as the pride of ancient Rome, even in completely different countries.
Wikipedia page: Julius Caesar (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Personal life | Name and family | The name Gaius Julius Caesar
text: Thus, his name is pronounced in a similar way to the pronunciation of the German Kaiser.
section_header: Personal life | Name and family | The name Gaius Julius Caesar
text: In Greek, during Caesar's time, his family name was written Καίσαρ (Kaísar), reflecting its contemporary pronunciation.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Fonda was a model at one point in her career.
Wikipedia page: Jane Fonda (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life and education
text: Before her acting career, she was a model and appeared twice on the cover of Vogue.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Grover Cleveland's dad was a religious leader.
Wikipedia page: Grover Cleveland (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life | Childhood and family history
text: Cleveland's father was a Congregational and Presbyterian minister who was originally from Connecticut.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Paris' name is derived from Gaulish root pario, meaning cauldron.
Wikipedia page: Paris (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: Etymology
text: The name 'Paris' is derived from its early inhabitants, the Gallic Parisii tribe.
section_header: Etymology
text: The meaning of the Gaulish name Parisii is debated.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Robin Hood is a legendary tale about a man who robs from the wealthy to bestow to the impoverished.
Wikipedia page: Robin Hood (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Robin Hood is a legendary heroic outlaw originally depicted in English folklore and subsequently featured in literature and film.
section_header: Ballads and tales | The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood
text: Pyle's version firmly stamp Robin as a staunch philanthropist, a man who takes from the rich to give to the poor.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Caroline affair began with the burning of a ship called Caroline, on an island in the Niagara River by Britain which included American and Canadian citizens being shot and killed.
Wikipedia page: Caroline affair (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Shots were exchanged and one US citizen, a watchkeeper, was killed.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Marcus Garvey had 100% African roots.
Wikipedia page: Marcus Garvey (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life | Childhood: 1887–1904
text: In the context of colonial Jamaican society, which had a colourist social hierarchy, Garvey was considered at the lowest end, being a black child who believed he was of full African ancestry; later genetic research nevertheless revealed that he had some Iberian ancestors.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Zootopia is about a movie of a bunny that is a law enforcement officer.
Wikipedia page: Zootopia (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Taking place in the titular city where anthropomorphic mammals coexist, it tells a story of an unlikely partnership between a rabbit police officer and a red fox con artist, as they uncover a criminal conspiracy involving the disappearance of predators.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Bette Davis altered the last letter of her nickname from "y" to "e" because of a boy she liked.
Wikipedia page: Bette Davis (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Life and career | 1908–1929: Childhood and early acting career
text: Ruth Elizabeth Davis, known from early childhood as "Betty", was born on April 5, 1908 in Lowell, Massachusetts, the daughter of Harlow Morrell Davis (1885–1938), a law student from Augusta, Maine, and subsequently a patent attorney, and Ruth Augusta (née Favór; 1885–1961), from Tyngsboro, Massachusetts.
section_header: Life and career | 1908–1929: Childhood and early acting career
text: Davis later changed the spelling of her first name to Bette after Bette Fischer, a character in Honoré de Balzac's La Cousine Bette.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The story takes place in 1990.
Wikipedia page: Nineteen Eighty-Four (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The story takes place in an imagined future, the year 1984, when much of the world has fallen victim to perpetual war, omnipresent government surveillance, historical negationism, and propaganda.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Howards End was first released in 1930.
Wikipedia page: Howards End (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Howards End is a novel by E. M. Forster, first published in 1910, about social conventions, codes of conduct and relationships in turn-of-the-century England.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Mark Zuckerberg, played soccer when he was in school.
Wikipedia page: Mark Zuckerberg (Technology)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life
text: He was captain of the fencing team.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Condensation is a stage of the water cycle.
Wikipedia page: Water (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Water moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Joaquin Phoenix's life was saved after an auto accident by three time Tony award winner Hinton Battle.
Wikipedia page: Joaquin Phoenix (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Personal life
text: While Herzog helped Phoenix out of the wreckage by breaking the back window of the car, bystanders called an ambulance.
section_header: Personal life
text: Phoenix realized that the man was German filmmaker Werner Herzog.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Leaves of Grass has been rewritten several times.
Wikipedia page: Leaves of Grass (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Although the first edition was published in 1855, Whitman spent most of his professional life writing and re-writing Leaves of Grass, revising it multiple times until his death.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Paypal started in the 1990s.
Wikipedia page: PayPal (Technology)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Established in 1998 as Confinity, PayPal had its initial public offering in 2002.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Clint Eastwood, born during the beginning of the Great Depression and the fall of Wall Street, held a variety of jobs before he began his successful acting career.
Wikipedia page: Clint Eastwood (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life
text: Eastwood held a number of jobs, including lifeguard, paper carrier, grocery clerk, forest firefighter, and golf caddy.
section_header: Personal life | Spiritual beliefs
text: In 1973, Eastwood told the film critic Gene Siskel, "No, I don't believe in God." Eastwood has said that he finds spirituality in nature (as suggested by his Western, Pale Rider, 1985), stating that "I was born during the Depression
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Antigone is not Oedipus' sister.
Wikipedia page: Antigone (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: In Greek mythology, Antigone ( ann-TIG-ə-nee; Ancient Greek: Ἀντιγόνη) is the daughter of Oedipus and either his mother Jocasta or Euryganeia.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Atlas shrugged happens in America.
Wikipedia page: Atlas Shrugged (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Synopsis | Setting
text: Atlas Shrugged is set in a dystopian United States at an unspecified time, in which the country has a "National Legislature" instead of Congress and a "Head of State" instead of a President.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The letter that was stolen is discovered by the detective snuck into the pages of a periodical.
Wikipedia page: The Purloined Letter (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Plot summary
text: In a cheap card rack hanging from a dirty ribbon, he saw a half-torn letter and recognized it as the letter of the story's title.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Quebec is a province in Canada that has mostly French speaking residents.
Wikipedia page: Quebec (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Quebec ( (listen); French: Québec [kebɛk] (listen)) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.
section_header: Demographics | Language
text: An additional 5.8 percent of the population said they had no religious affiliation (including 5.6 percent who stated that they had no religion at all).Percentages are calculated as a proportion of the total number of respondents (7,125,580) The official language of Quebec is French.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Most mollusca are gastropods that secretes a lubricant to move.
Wikipedia page: Mollusca (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Diversity
text: About 80% of all known mollusc species are gastropods.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Joanne Woodward was an actress who has won some awards while acting like the Golden Globe and was married to a popular actor in 1958..
Wikipedia page: Joanne Woodward (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: She is the recipient of an Academy Award, three Primetime Emmy Awards, and three Golden Globe Awards.
section_header: Personal life
text: Newman divorced his wife Jackie Witte, with whom he already had 3 children, and married Woodward on January 29, 1958, in Las Vegas.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Ivanhoe has never been adapted.
Wikipedia page: Ivanhoe (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: There have been several adaptations for stage, film and television.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Mount Rushmore National Memorial was constructed by an associate of white supremacy.
Wikipedia page: Mount Rushmore National Memorial (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Borglum, known for anti-Indigenous American sentiments and affiliation with the Ku Klux Klan, instead chose the four presidents.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Germinal is a book by Francios Zola and has the same character from L'Assommoir.
Wikipedia page: Germinal (novel) (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Germinal is the thirteenth novel in Émile Zola's twenty-volume series Les Rougon-Macquart.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Erewhon was printed in the late 1800s.
Wikipedia page: Erewhon (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Erewhon: or, Over the Range () is a novel by Samuel Butler which was first published anonymously in 1872, set in a fictional country discovered and explored by the protagonist.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Will Smith most recent album is the soundtrack to the 3rd movie of the Bad Boys franchise.
Wikipedia page: Will Smith (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Career | 2015–present: mixed success and re-emergence in music
text: Also in 2017, Smith released the song " Get Lit" a collaboration between him and his former group mate Jazzy Jeff.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The Bridge of San Luis Rey tells the story of the lives of the people who died when the bridge collapsed.
Wikipedia page: The Bridge of San Luis Rey (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: It tells the story of several interrelated people who die in the collapse of an Inca rope bridge in Peru, and the events that lead up to their being on the bridge.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Bela Bartok's mother had was English descent.
Wikipedia page: Béla Bartók (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Biography | Childhood and early years (1881–98)
text: Bartók's mother, Paula (née Voit), had ethnic German roots but spoke Hungarian fluently (Hooker 2001, 16).
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Leo X declared 11 people saint throughout his papacy.
Wikipedia page: Pope Leo X (NOCAT)
Evidence:
section_header: Pope | Other activities | Canonizations
text: Pope Leo X canonized eleven individuals during his reign with seven of those being a group cause of martyrs.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The main characters escape to Columbia in the film.
Wikipedia page: Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Plot
text: that the three should go to Bolivia, which Butch envisions as a robber's paradise.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The Battle of Bannockburn did end the war between Scotland and England.
Wikipedia page: Battle of Bannockburn (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Although, it did not bring an end to the war, victory which would only be secured 14 more years after the battle, Bannockburn was a landmark in Scottish history.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Crossing the Bar is a poem written in elegy.
Wikipedia page: Crossing the Bar (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: It is considered that Tennyson wrote it in elegy; the narrator uses an extended metaphor to compare death with crossing the "sandbar" between river of life, with its outgoing "flood", and the ocean that lies beyond [death], the "boundless deep", to which we return.
section_header: Overview
text: Tennyson is believed to have written the poem (after suffering a serious illness) while on the sea, crossing the Solent from Aldworth to Farringford on the Isle of Wight.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Keanu Reeves' dad used to sell drugs.
Wikipedia page: Keanu Reeves (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life
text: His father earned a GED while serving time in prison for selling heroin at Hilo International Airport.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The Great Wall of China has many different names in both Chinese and English and Tan Daoji referred to it as "the long wall of 10,000 miles."
Wikipedia page: Great Wall of China (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: Names
text: The AD 493 Book of Song quotes the frontier general Tan Daoji referring to "the long wall of 10,000 miles", closer to the modern name, but the name rarely features in pre-modern times otherwise.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Marcus Garvey was a political activist and an African nationalist that died from a pancreatic cancer.
Wikipedia page: Marcus Garvey (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Later years | Death and burial: 1940
text: Garvey then suffered a second stroke and died at the age of 52 on 10 June 1940.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The Defiant Ones is a 1950's movie about 2 teenagers who get expelled from school for selling illicit substances.
Wikipedia page: The Defiant Ones (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The Defiant Ones is a 1958 adventure drama film which tells the story of two escaped prisoners, one white and one black, who are shackled together and who must co-operate in order to survive.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Fidel Castro kicked the bucket of colon cancer.
Wikipedia page: Fidel Castro (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Final years | Death
text: Cuban state television announced that Castro had died on the night of 25 November 2016.
section_header: Final years | Death
text: The cause of death was not disclosed.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Walter Johnson had several nicknames in the MLB in which he played for the Washington Senators.
Wikipedia page: Walter Johnson (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: He played his entire 21-year baseball career for the Washington Senators (1907–1927).
section_header: Summary
text: Walter Perry Johnson (November 6, 1887 – December 10, 1946), nicknamed "Barney" and "The Big Train", was a Major League Baseball right-handed pitcher.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: It was published in the 1950's.
Wikipedia page: Things Fall Apart (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Things Fall Apart is the debut novel by Nigerian author Chinua Achebe, first published in 1958.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Almost 40% of the United Kingdom's population has a degree.
Wikipedia page: United Kingdom (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: Demographics | Languages
text: According to the 2011 census, Polish has become the second-largest language spoken in England and has 546,000 speakers.
section_header: Demographics | Education
text: Considering the four systems together, about 38 per cent of the United Kingdom population has a university or college degree, which is the highest percentage in Europe, and among the highest percentages in the world.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Tom Cruise has struggled with dyslexia at an early age.
Wikipedia page: Tom Cruise (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Personal life | Scientology
text: Cruise struggled with dyslexia at an early age and has said that Scientology, specifically the L. Ron Hubbard Study Tech, helped him overcome dyslexia.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: John Brown's Body has multiple claims of authorship.
Wikipedia page: John Brown's Body (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: "John Brown's Body" (originally known as "John Brown's Song") is a United States marching song about the abolitionist John Brown.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Kamehameha V was the fourth monarch of Hawai'i.
Wikipedia page: Kamehameha V (NOCAT)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Kamehameha V (Lota Kapuāiwa Kalanimakua Aliʻiōlani Kalanikupuapaʻīkalaninui; December 11, 1830 – December 11, 1872), reigned as the fifth monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi from 1863 to 1872.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Albert Einstein fell in love with his future wife while they studied algebra together.
Wikipedia page: Albert Einstein (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Life and career | Early life and education
text: Over the next few years, Einstein's and Marić's friendship developed into romance, and they read books together on extra-curricular physics in which Einstein was taking an increasing interest.
section_header: Life and career | Early life and education
text: Einstein's future wife, a 20-year-old Serbian woman Mileva Marić, also enrolled at the polytechnic school that year.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Jacques Offenbach was a French violinist and academic.
Wikipedia page: Jacques Offenbach (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Jacques Offenbach (, also US: , French: [ʒak ɔfɛnbak], German: [ˈʔɔfn̩bax] (listen); 20 June 1819 – 5 October 1880) was a German-born French composer, cellist and impresario of the Romantic period.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The convention was called to speak on a war with Spain with the U.S.
Wikipedia page: Hartford Convention (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Background | American relations with Great Britain and France
text: Under the administrations of George Washington and John Adams, a vigorous trade with France was maintained while both administrations engaged in an undeclared war with France.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The War of Spanish Succession ended because of the Peace of Utrecht.
Wikipedia page: War of the Spanish Succession (History)
Evidence:
section_header: No peace without Spain; 1709–1713 | Peace of Utrecht
text: As a result, neither Austria nor the Empire signed the Treaty of Utrecht of 11 April 1713 between France and the other Allies; Spain made peace with the Dutch in June, then Savoy and Britain on 13 July 1713.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Williams had many nicknames over the years of his career.
Wikipedia page: Ted Williams (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Nicknamed "Teddy Ballgame", "The Kid", "The Splendid Splinter",  and "The Thumper", Williams is regarded as one of the greatest hitters in baseball history.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: In 2009, he was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame.
Wikipedia page: Cal Ripken Jr. (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: In 2007, he was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility with 98.53% of votes, the sixth-highest election percentage ever.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Paul Revere's Ride has been criticized for being accurate.
Wikipedia page: Paul Revere's Ride (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Critical response | Modern
text: Modern critics of the poem emphasize its many historical inaccuracies.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: James Garfield chose to take a more moderate stance in Reconstruction.
Wikipedia page: James A. Garfield (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: He initially agreed with Radical Republican views on Reconstruction, but later favored a moderate approach to civil rights enforcement for freedmen.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Peace of Westphalia deliberations took place in a neutral location that was not in either territory.
Wikipedia page: Peace of Westphalia (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The negotiation process was lengthy and complex.
section_header: Summary
text: Talks took place in two different cities, because each side wanted to meet on territory under its own control.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Spoon River is a poetry compilation about dead people.
Wikipedia page: Spoon River Anthology (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Spoon River Anthology (1915), by Edgar Lee Masters, is a collection of short free verse poems that collectively narrates the epitaphs of the residents of Spoon River, a fictional small town named after the real Spoon River that ran near Masters' home town of Lewistown, Illinois.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Washington D.C., due to clever use of tax systems, isn't in the red and 'losing' between a half and a full billion dollars every year compared to what it raises.
Wikipedia page: Washington, D.C. (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: Government and politics | Budgetary issues
text: The Government Accountability Office and other analysts have estimated that the city's high percentage of tax-exempt property and the Congressional prohibition of commuter taxes create a structural deficit in the District's local budget of anywhere between $470 million and over $1 billion per year.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Refraction is most commonly observed with light and is the change of direction.
Wikipedia page: Refraction (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: In physics, refraction is the change in direction of a wave passing from one medium to another or from a gradual change in the medium.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Demosthenes was a Greek philosopher.
Wikipedia page: Demosthenes (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Demosthenes learned rhetoric by studying the speeches of previous great orators.
section_header: Summary
text: Demosthenes (; Greek: Δημοσθένης, romanized: Dēmosthénēs; Attic Greek: [dɛːmosˈtʰenɛːs]; 384 – 12 October 322 BC) was a Greek statesman and orator of ancient Athens.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Mike Piazza hit the first grand slam after 9/11.
Wikipedia page: Mike Piazza (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Career highlights and milestones
text: On September 21, 2001, 10 days after the terrorist attacks of September 11, Mike Piazza hit a home run in the first professional sporting event in New York City since the attacks, giving the Mets a 3–2 lead over the Braves.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Sheeran's wife, Cherry, is the inspiration for the song "Thinking Out Loud".
Wikipedia page: Ed Sheeran (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Personal life
text: She is the inspiration of the song "Perfect".
section_header: Personal life
text: They announced their engagement in January 2018 and were married in January a year later.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: In the movie The Crying Game, the character Jody is from Britain.
Wikipedia page: The Crying Game (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Plot
text: At a fairground in rural Northern Ireland, a Provisional IRA volunteer named Fergus and a unit of other IRA members, led by a man named Maguire, kidnap a black British soldier named Jody after a female member of their unit, Jude, lures Jody to a secluded area with the promise of sex.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Moonstruck takes place in Los Angeles.
Wikipedia page: Moonstruck (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Plot
text: Thirty-seven-year-old Loretta Castorini, an Italian-American widow, works as a bookkeeper and lives in Brooklyn Heights, New York, with her family: father Cosmo; mother Rose; and paternal grandfather.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The Mystery of Edwin Drood is a popular novel with many endings.
Wikipedia page: The Mystery of Edwin Drood (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: He left no detailed plan for the remaining instalments, or solution to the novel's mystery, and many later adaptations and continuations by other writers have attempted to complete the story.
section_header: Summary
text: With Dickens' death on 9 June 1870
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The term Glacier comes from the Greek "glacies".
Wikipedia page: Glacier (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Etymology and related terms
text: The word glacier is a loanword from French and goes back, via Franco-Provençal, to the Vulgar Latin glaciārium, derived from the Late Latin glacia, and ultimately Latin glaciēs, meaning "ice".
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Zack Wheat almost sat out a season because he made enough money  selling donkeys to the U.S. military.
Wikipedia page: Zack Wheat (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Career
text: This tactic of threatening to hold out served him well during throughout his career, including during the World War I era, when he raised and sold mules to the United States Army as pack animals.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Froze II stars Kristen Bell as Anna who sets out to destroy a dam with the help of giants.
Wikipedia page: Frozen II (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Plot
text: Anna finds and awakens the gigantic Earth spirits and lures them towards the dam.
section_header: Plot
text: Anna receives Elsa's message and concludes that the dam must be destroyed for peace to be restored.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Poe won an award for the work in The Gold Bug.
Wikipedia page: The Gold Bug (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: His story won the grand prize and was published in three installments, beginning in June 1843.
section_header: Publication history and reception
text: Poe won the grand prize; in addition to winning $100, the story was published in two installments on June 21 and June 28, 1843, in the newspaper.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Lewis played George Washington in an autobiographical film.
Wikipedia page: Daniel Day-Lewis (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Career | 2010s
text: Day-Lewis played Abraham Lincoln in Steven Spielberg's film Lincoln (2012).
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Bruckner's father passed when he was young and he was sent to become a farm hand.
Wikipedia page: Anton Bruckner (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Life and career | Teacher's education
text: Bruckner's father died in 1837, when Bruckner was 13 years old.
section_header: Life and career | Teacher's education
text: The teacher's position and house were given to a successor, and Bruckner was sent to the Augustinian monastery in Sankt Florian to become a choirboy.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Mendez was a left-handed pitcher and manager in baseball.
Wikipedia page: José Méndez (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: José de la Caridad Méndez (March 19, 1887 – October 31, 1928) was a Cuban right-handed pitcher and manager in baseball's Negro Leagues.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Disneyland was originally going to be in Burbank.
Wikipedia page: Disneyland (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Disneyland Park, originally Disneyland, is the first of two theme parks built at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, opened on July 17, 1955.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Bostonians was a book in 1986 and then a movie in 1984.
Wikipedia page: The Bostonians (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Film version
text: The Bostonians was filmed in 1984 by the Merchant Ivory team (director James Ivory, producer Ismail Merchant, writer Ruth Prawer Jhabvala) with Christopher Reeve, Vanessa Redgrave and Madeleine Potter in the three central roles.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: This is an anthology of poems written by Walt Whitman.
Wikipedia page: Leaves of Grass (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Leaves of Grass is a poetry collection by the American poet Walt Whitman (1819–1892).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The main office of the e-commerce company, hJD.com is located in the capital city of China.
Wikipedia page: JD.com (Technology)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: JD.com, Inc. (Chinese: 京东; pinyin: Jīngdōng), also known as Jingdong and formerly called 360buy, is a Chinese e-commerce company headquartered in Beijing.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Sir Walter Raleigh got eloped in the absence of the authorization of Queen Elizabeth I and was put away in a tower because of it.
Wikipedia page: Walter Raleigh (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: In 1591, he secretly married Elizabeth Throckmorton, one of the Queen's ladies-in-waiting, without the Queen's permission, for which he and his wife were sent to the Tower of London.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Hudson Bay in New York City is named after Henry.
Wikipedia page: Henry Hudson (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Legacy
text: Along with Hudson Bay, many other topographical features and landmarks are named for Hudson.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Volhard experimented on small insects.
Wikipedia page: Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Research
text: The experiments that earned Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus their Nobel prize aimed to identify genes involved in the development of Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) embryos.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Rio de Janeiro is the most populated city in South America.
Wikipedia page: Rio de Janeiro (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Rio de Janeiro (; Portuguese: [ˈʁi.u d(ʒi) Rio de Janeiro (; Portuguese: [ˈʁi.u d(ʒi) ʒɐˈne(j)ɾu] (listen);), or simply Rio, is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area and the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The Masque of the Red Death is a short story by American writer Edgar Allan Poe that follows Prince Prospero's attempts to avoid a dangerous plague, known as the Red Death.
Wikipedia page: The Masque of the Red Death (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: "The Masque of the Red Death" (originally published as "The Mask of the Red Death: A Fantasy") is a short story by American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published in 1842.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Timur is considered one of the greatest military strategists of all time.
Wikipedia page: Timur (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: As an undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Alfonso Ramón López embarked on his professional career at just 16 years old.
Wikipedia page: Al López (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Baseball player
text: López's professional career began in 1924 when, at the age of 16, he signed on as a catcher with the Class-D Tampa Smokers of the Florida State League, quitting his job at the bakery and dropping out of high school at Sacred Heart College (later known as Jesuit High School) to focus on baseball.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The most populous nation in the world China has has poor air quality.
Wikipedia page: China (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: Geography | Environmental issues
text: China is the country with the second highest death toll because of air pollution, after India.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Bagwell spent his whole career playing with only 1 team.
Wikipedia page: Jeff Bagwell (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Jeffrey Robert Bagwell (born May 27, 1968) is an American former professional baseball first baseman and coach who spent his entire 15-year Major League Baseball (MLB) playing career with the Houston Astros.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Alexander Cartwright had six siblings and was born in Hawaii to a sea merchant.
Wikipedia page: Alexander Cartwright (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life and work
text: Alexander Jr. had six siblings.
section_header: Hawaii
text: In Hawaii, sons Bruce Cartwright (1853–1919) and Alexander Joy Cartwright III (1855–1921) were born.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Great Expectations is Dickens's 13th novel.
Wikipedia page: Great Expectations (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Great Expectations is the thirteenth novel by Charles Dickens and his penultimate completed novel, which depicts the education of an orphan nicknamed Pip (the book is a bildungsroman, a coming-of-age story).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Crying of Lot 49 is a novel that embraces a conspiracy theory.
Wikipedia page: The Crying of Lot 49 (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The narrative follows Oedipa Maas, a young Californian woman, who begins to embrace a conspiracy theory as she possibly unearths a centuries-old conflict between two mail distribution companies; only one of these companies, Thurn and Taxis, actually existed (1806–67) and was the first private firm to distribute postal mail.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Kanye has said he will run for political office.
Wikipedia page: Kanye West (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Other ventures | Politics | 2020 U.S. presidential campaign
text: On July 4, 2020, West announced on Twitter that he would be running in the 2020 presidential election.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Keeler was from New York.
Wikipedia page: Willie Keeler (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life
text: William Henry O'Kelleher, Jr. (he later Americanized the name to Keeler) was born in Brooklyn, New York, on March 3, 1872, the son of William O'Kelleher, Sr., a trolley switch man.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Beowulf, the Old English epic story, starts with celebration of the death and and ends with the protagonist own death celebration.
Wikipedia page: Beowulf (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The poem begins and ends with funerals: at the beginning of the poem for Scyld Scefing (26–45) and at the end for Beowulf (3140–3170).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Miley Cyrus's father also did country music.
Wikipedia page: Miley Cyrus (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Life and career | 1992–2002: Early life and career beginnings
text: Destiny Hope Cyrus was born November 23, 1992, in Franklin, Tennessee, to Leticia (Tish) Jean Finley and country singer Billy Ray Cyrus.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The major uses of Distillation can be categorized into 3 types.
Wikipedia page: Distillation (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Applications of distillation
text: The application of distillation can roughly be divided into four groups: laboratory scale, industrial distillation, distillation of herbs for perfumery and medicinals (herbal distillate), and food processing.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Waite Hoyt was from Chicago, Illinois.
Wikipedia page: Waite Hoyt (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life
text: Hoyt was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Addison and Louise Benedum Hoyt, and attended Erasmus Hall High School.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The Quran is over 100 chapeters.
Wikipedia page: Qur'an (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Text and arrangement
text: The Quran consists of 114 chapters of varying lengths, each known as a sūrah.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Aeneid was written during the enlightenment period.
Wikipedia page: Aeneid (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: History
text: The Aeneid was written in a time of major political and social change in Rome, with the fall of the Republic and the Final War of the Roman Republic having torn through society and many Romans' faith in the "Greatness of Rome" severely faltering.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: All the President's Men is a movie about the assassination of John F Kennedy.
Wikipedia page: All the President's Men (film) (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: All the President's Men is a 1976 American political thriller film about the Watergate scandal, which brought down the presidency of Richard M. Nixon.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Stalin had an abusive father.
Wikipedia page: Joseph Stalin (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life | Childhood to young adulthood: 1878–1899
text: Besarion became an alcoholic, and drunkenly beat his wife and son.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Mickey Mantle, nicknamed The Hammer,  was one of the best sluggers and switch hitters in baseball history.
Wikipedia page: Mickey Mantle (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Mickey Charles Mantle (October 20, 1931 – August 13, 1995), nicknamed The Commerce Comet and The Mick, was an American professional baseball player.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: George Brett was an athlete who played over 20 years in the MLB and had a brother pitch in the World Series.
Wikipedia page: George Brett (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: George Howard Brett (born May 15, 1953) is an American former professional baseball player who played 21 years, primarily as a third baseman, in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Kansas City Royals.
section_header: Early life
text: Born in Glen Dale, West Virginia, Brett was the youngest of four sons of a sports-minded family which included Ken, the second oldest, a major league pitcher who pitched in the 1967 World Series at age 19.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Magnetic fields are created by moving electric charges.
Wikipedia page: Magnetic field (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Magnetic fields surround and are created by magnetized material and by moving electric charges (currents) such as those used in electromagnets.
section_header: Magnetic field and electric currents | Magnetic field due to moving charges and electric currents
text: Moving point charges, such as electrons, produce complicated but well known magnetic fields that depend on the charge, velocity, and acceleration of the particles.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Mad Max: Fury Road was originally thought to be released as an R or NC-17 rated film due to all of the gore and violence.
Wikipedia page: Mad Max: Fury Road (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Production | Post-production
text: Both a PG-13 and R-rated version had been shown separately in different test screenings.
section_header: Production | Post-production
text: The R-rated version was better received by test audiences, leading Warner Bros. to release it.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Stan Musial played outfield and first base for the St. Louis Cardinals.
Wikipedia page: Stan Musial (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Stanley Frank Musial (; born Stanislaw Franciszek Musial; November 21, 1920  – January 19, 2013), nicknamed Stan the Man, was an American baseball outfielder and first baseman.
section_header: Summary
text: He spent 22 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) playing for the St. Louis Cardinals, from 1941-44 and 1946-63.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The House of Mirth was one of Wharthon's first novels.
Wikipedia page: The House of Mirth (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: "The House of Mirth was Wharton's second published novel, preceded by two novellas, The Touchstone (1900) and Sanctuary (1903), and The Valley of Decision (1902).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: David Grohl thinks the name of his band is dumb.
Wikipedia page: Foo Fighters (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: History | Formation and debut album (1994–1995)
text: , I figured that Foo Fighter might lead people to believe that it was more than just one guy ... Had I actually considered this to be a career, I probably would have called it something else, because it's the stupidest fucking band name in the world.
Verdict: SUPPORTS