tasksource/fool-me-twice huggingface dataset:
Claim: As I Lay Dying is a 1930 Southern Gothic fifth novel by American author William Faulkner about a southern lady in dire circumstances and her final wish as death approaches describing her stream of consciousness.
Wikipedia page: As I Lay Dying (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Faulkner's fifth novel, it is consistently ranked among the best novels of 20th-century literature.
section_header: Plot summary
text: It is the story of the death of Addie Bundren and her poor, rural family's quest and motivations—noble or selfish—to honor her wish to be buried in her hometown of Jefferson, Mississippi.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Kinetic energy exists in your vehicle even in the parking lot.
Wikipedia page: Kinetic energy (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Camillo Benso was the first Prime Minister of Italy after its declaration to become a united kingdom was brought into effect.
Wikipedia page: Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Biography | Prime Minister of Italy
text: In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II declared the Kingdom of Italy, making Cavour  Prime Minister of Italy.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Arsenal F.C. is the most successful London club.
Wikipedia page: Arsenal F.C. (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The most successful London club, they have won 13 League titles (including one unbeaten league title), a record 13 FA Cups, two League Cups, 15 FA Community Shields, the League Centenary Trophy, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Researchers have a good understanding of the inner core of the Earth from years of sampling.
Wikipedia page: Inner core (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: There are no samples of the Earth's core available for direct measurement, as there are for the Earth's mantle.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The second Quarto of Hamlet was originally longer but lines were omitted to avoid offending the Queen, Anne of Denmark.
Wikipedia page: Hamlet (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Texts
text: Second Quarto (Q2): In 1604 Nicholas Ling published, and James Roberts printed, the second quarto, under the same name as the first.
section_header: Texts
text: Each surviving edition differs from the others: First Quarto (Q1): In 1603 the booksellers Nicholas Ling and John Trundell published, and Valentine Simmes printed, the so-called "bad" first quarto, under the name The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet Prince of Denmarke.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Knights of Labor did ask for the 8 hours a day of work.
Wikipedia page: Knights of Labor (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Origins
text: The Knights' primary demand was for the eight-hour workday.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: In 1901, he threw a ball 404 feet in competition.
Wikipedia page: Honus Wagner (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Professional career | Pittsburgh Pirates
text: In 1898, Wagner won a distance contest in Louisville by throwing a baseball more than 403 feet (123 m).
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The plot that dispatched Alexander II utilized no less than three man with concealed explosives.
Wikipedia page: Alexander II of Russia (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Assassination
text: Later, it was learned there was a third bomber in the crowd.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Dwight D. Eisenhower supported France entering Egypt.
Wikipedia page: Dwight D. Eisenhower (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: During the Suez Crisis of 1956, he condemned the Israeli, British, and French invasion of Egypt, and he forced them to withdraw.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: This is a piece detailing the deaths of the gods of Greek myth.
Wikipedia page: Theogony (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The Theogony (Greek: Θεογονία, Theogonía, Attic Greek: [tʰeoɡoníaː], i.e. "the genealogy or birth of the gods") is a poem by Hesiod (8th – 7th century BC) describing the origins and genealogies of the Greek gods, composed c. 730–700 BC.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The Statue of Liberty was originally to be built from cast iron.
Wikipedia page: Statue of Liberty (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: Design and construction process | Design, style, and symbolism
text: foundry Gaget, Gauthier & Co., Viollet-le-Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin, copper sheets, and the method used to shape it, repoussé, in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Barbara Stanwyck was not able to have kids due to a procedure that went wrong while she was a teenager.
Wikipedia page: Barbara Stanwyck (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Personal life | Marriages and relationships
text: A botched abortion at the age of 15 had resulted in complications which left Stanwyck unable to have children, according to her biographer.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Iron Maiden was started by Doug Sampson.
Wikipedia page: Iron Maiden (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Iron Maiden are an English heavy metal band formed in Leyton, East London, in 1975 by bassist and primary songwriter Steve Harris.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Scientists can only speculate about the inner core of the Earth.
Wikipedia page: Inner core (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Composition
text: There is still no direct evidence about the composition of the inner core.
section_header: Physical properties | Temperature
text: The temperature of the inner core can be estimated from the melting temperature of impure iron at the pressure which iron is under at the boundary of the inner core (about 330 GPa).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: During the XYZ Affair, the republicans wanted to go to war with France.
Wikipedia page: XYZ Affair (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Reaction in the United States
text: Federalists called for war, and Democratic-Republicans were left without an effective argument against them, having miscalculated the reason for Adams' secrecy.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: For the film Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World, sound engineers recreated what ropes on sails would have sounded like on the ocean.
Wikipedia page: Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Production | Sound
text: For the sound of wind in the storm as the ship rounds Cape Horn, King devised a wooden frame rigged with one thousand feet of line and set it in the back of a pickup truck.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Brubeck passed due to cardiac arrest on his way to see his cardiologist.
Wikipedia page: Dave Brubeck (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Death and legacy
text: Brubeck died of heart failure on December 5, 2012, in Norwalk, Connecticut, one day before his 92nd birthday.
section_header: Death and legacy
text: He was on his way to a cardiology appointment, accompanied by his son Darius.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Arsenal Football Club (F.C.)'s current crest is legally protected.
Wikipedia page: Arsenal F.C. (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Crest
text: Therefore, in 2002 they introduced a new crest featuring more modern curved lines and a simplified style, which was copyrightable.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Avengers: Infinity War was loved by everyone, even the critics.
Wikipedia page: Avengers: Infinity War (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Reception | Critical response
text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 85% with an average score of 7.61/10, based on 468 reviews.
section_header: Reception | Audience response
text: Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 87% overall positive score and a 68% "definite recommend".
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Lion in Winter is set in 12th century England.
Wikipedia page: The Lion in Winter (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Synopsis
text: Set during Christmas 1183 at Henry II of England's castle in Chinon, Anjou, Angevin Empire, the play opens with the arrival of Henry's wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, whom he has had imprisoned since 1173.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Richard I of England was not supposed to reign on the throne.
Wikipedia page: Richard I of England (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life and accession in Aquitaine | Childhood
text: As a younger son of King Henry II, he was not expected to ascend to the throne.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Waddell only played for thirteen years.
Wikipedia page: Rube Waddell (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: George Edward Waddell (October 13, 1876 – April 1, 1914) was an American southpaw pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Duke Snider served in the United States Armed Forces.
Wikipedia page: Duke Snider (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Minor leagues
text: After serving in the U.S. Navy in 1945 and part of 1946, he came back to play for the Fort Worth Cats that year, and also for St. Paul in 1947.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Saturn is one of two planets that on average have less density than water.
Wikipedia page: Saturn (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Physical characteristics
text: Saturn is the only planet of the Solar System that is less dense than water—about 30% less.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: My Fair Lady is a musical based on George Bernard Shaw's 1913 play Pygmalion, with book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner and music by Frederick Loewe, and has been called "the perfect musical".
Wikipedia page: My Fair Lady (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: My Fair Lady has been called "the perfect musical".
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Trammell is an assistant for the Detroit Tigers and served as a 1st base coach temporarily when Vizquel left the team. l
Wikipedia page: Alan Trammell (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: He currently serves as a special assistant to the General Manager of the Detroit Tigers.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Office (US) did last for ten seasons.
Wikipedia page: The Office (US) (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: It aired on NBC from March 24, 2005, to May 16, 2013, lasting a total of nine seasons.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Rosalind Russell was successful as a comedian.
Wikipedia page: Rosalind Russell (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: A noted comedian, she won all five Golden Globes for which she was nominated.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: International desginers were not hired for desgining the sculpture.
Wikipedia page: Christ the Redeemer (statue) (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: History
text: The statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms, a symbol of peace, was chosen.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: It was written by an author from the U.K.
Wikipedia page: Fifty Shades of Grey (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2011 erotic romance novel by British author E. L. James.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Woodrow Wilson's parents staunchly opposed slavery and were part of the first abolitionists.
Wikipedia page: Woodrow Wilson (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life
text: By 1861, both of Wilson's parents had come to fully identify with the Southern United States and they supported the Confederacy during the American Civil War.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: As I Lay Dying is Faulkner's 6th novel.
Wikipedia page: As I Lay Dying (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Faulkner's fifth novel, it is consistently ranked among the best novels of 20th-century literature.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Carl Friedrich Gauss's mother could not read or write and he had to solve when he was born.
Wikipedia page: Carl Friedrich Gauss (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Personal life | Early years
text: Gauss later solved this puzzle about his birthdate in the context of finding the date of Easter, deriving methods to compute the date in both past and future years.
section_header: Personal life | Early years
text: His mother was illiterate and never recorded the date of his birth, remembering only that he had been born on a Wednesday, eight days before the Feast of the Ascension (which occurs 39 days after Easter).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: A baseball thrown past a second baseman with a foot on the base does not have  kinetic energy in the eyes of the second baseman.
Wikipedia page: Kinetic energy (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Newtonian kinetic energy | Frame of reference
text: The speed, and thus the kinetic energy of a single object is frame-dependent (relative): it can take any non-negative value, by choosing a suitable inertial frame of reference.
section_header: Newtonian kinetic energy | Frame of reference
text: For example, a bullet passing an observer has kinetic energy in the reference frame of this observer.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Williams accepted a knighthood proudly and took on the title Sir.
Wikipedia page: Ralph Vaughan Williams (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Honours and legacy
text: Vaughan Williams refused a knighthood at least once, and declined the post of Master of the King's Music after Elgar's death.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: This short story was written and released to the public in the 1940s.
Wikipedia page: The Little Prince (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: It was first published in English and French in the US by Reynal & Hitchcock in April 1943, and posthumously in France following the liberation of France as Saint-Exupéry's works had been banned by the Vichy Regime.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Sister Carrie, is written in the popular romantic style of the early 20th century.
Wikipedia page: Sister Carrie (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Style and genre
text: Dreiser has often been critiqued for his writing style.
section_header: General reception
text: Though Dreiser has been criticized for his writing style and lack of formal education, Sister Carrie remains an influential example of naturalism and realism.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The U.K contributed twenty-five millions pounds toward the filming of Star Wars: The Force Awakens.
Wikipedia page: Star Wars: The Force Awakens (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Production | Pre-production
text: Osborne committed £25 million of public money towards the film, claiming it was a boost for British culture and the film industry.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The comedic play was written by Kaufman and Hart and features Sheridan Whiteside as the main character.
Wikipedia page: The Man Who Came to Dinner (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The Man Who Came to Dinner is a comedy in three acts by George S. Kaufman and Moss Hart.
section_header: Synopsis
text: The exposition reveals that the famously outlandish New York City radio wit Sheridan Whiteside ('Sherry' to his friends) is invited to dine at the house of the well-to-do factory owner Ernest W. Stanley and his family.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Mary was accused of treason and hanged.
Wikipedia page: Mary, Queen of Scots (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: After eighteen and a half years in custody, Mary was found guilty of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586, and was beheaded the following year at Fotheringhay Castle.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Places in the heart happens in Lubbock, Texas.
Wikipedia page: Places in the Heart (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Plot
text: It is 1935 and Waxahachie, Texas, is a small, segregated town in the midst of the Great Depression.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The movie adaptation has little in common with the 1971 novel "The Exorcist".
Wikipedia page: The Exorcist (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Films | The Exorcist (1973)
text: The adaptation is faithful to the book, which itself has been commercially successful (hitting the New York Times bestseller list).
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Paraguay has the Pacific Ocean Coastline on its shores and had the highest economic growth between 1970 and 2013 in South America.
Wikipedia page: Paraguay (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Although it is one of only two landlocked countries in South America (the other is Bolivia), the country has coasts, beaches and ports on the Paraguay and Paraná rivers that give exit to the Atlantic Ocean through the Paraná-Paraguay Waterway.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Borussia Dortmund has the lowest average attendance of any football team in the world.
Wikipedia page: Borussia Dortmund (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Since 1974, Dortmund have played their home games at Westfalenstadion; the stadium is the largest in Germany, and Dortmund has the highest average attendance of any association football club in the world.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Christ the Redeemer (statue) is an Art Deco statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with French engineer Albert Caquot made entirely of marble.
Wikipedia page: Christ the Redeemer (statue) (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: It is made of reinforced concrete and soapstone.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: A Christmas Carol was well received in the theater.
Wikipedia page: A Christmas Carol (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Performances and adaptations
text: A Christmas Carol theatrical productions were playing in London.
section_header: Reception
text: According to Douglas-Fairhurst, contemporary reviews of A Christmas Carol "were almost uniformly kind".
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Borobudur is linked to ill fortune.
Wikipedia page: Borobudur (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: History | Abandonment
text: The monument was not forgotten completely, though folk stories gradually shifted from its past glory into more superstitious beliefs associated with bad luck and misery.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Harry Potter series created and popularized the word 'Muggle'.
Wikipedia page: Harry Potter (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Achievements | Cultural impact
text: The word Muggle has spread beyond its Harry Potter origins, becoming one of few pop culture words to land in the Oxford English Dictionary.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Hal Nehouser started playing for the Tigers after being gifted a sign on gift.
Wikipedia page: Hal Newhouser (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life
text: He was signed by the Detroit Tigers in 1939 at the age of 18.
section_header: Early life
text: A Tigers scout offered a $500 signing bonus to Newhouser, who found the sum of money to be unimaginable.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Kinetic energy is the energy of an object caused by a force and they have the same units of measurement.
Wikipedia page: Kinetic energy (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of rigid bodies
text: The kinetic energy of a moving object is equal to the work required to bring it from rest to that speed, or the work the object can do while being brought to rest: net force × displacement =
section_header: Newtonian kinetic energy | Kinetic energy of rigid bodies | Derivation
text: dt is given by the dot product of force F and the infinitesimal displacement dx
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: In old Chicago used to be the most costly film that was produced.
Wikipedia page: In Old Chicago (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: At the time of its release, it was one of the most expensive movies ever made.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Alvin York was originally from Georgia.
Wikipedia page: Sergeant York (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life and ancestry
text: Alvin Cullum York was born in a two-room log cabin in Fentress County, Tennessee.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The Scarlet Letter is set in Boston.
Wikipedia page: The Scarlet Letter (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Plot
text: In Puritan Boston, Massachusetts, a crowd gathers to witness the punishment of Hester Prynne, a young woman who has given birth to a baby of unknown parentage.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: President Rutherford B. Hayes worked to suppress civil rights.
Wikipedia page: Rutherford B. Hayes (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Presidency (1877–1881) | The South and the end of Reconstruction
text: Hayes tried to reconcile the social mores of the South with the recently passed civil rights laws by distributing patronage among southern Democrats.
section_header: Summary
text: Supporters have praised his commitment to civil-service reform and to the defense of civil rights, but historians and scholars generally rank Hayes as an average or slightly below-average president.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Billy Herman passed in 1992.
Wikipedia page: Billy Herman (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Biography | Personal
text: He died of cancer in 1992. Herman's granddaughter is Cheri Daniels, wife of former Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Gerty Theresa Cori remained unmarried so she could focus on her research on glycogen which she remained active on until her death at 63.
Wikipedia page: Gerty Theresa Cori (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Unlike her husband, she had difficulty securing research positions, and the ones she obtained provided meager pay.
section_header: Washington University
text: Despite her research background, Gerty was only offered a position as a research associate at a salary one tenth of that received by her husband; she was warned that she might harm her husband's career.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The Bonus Army was made up of veterans mostly.
Wikipedia page: Bonus Army (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Organizers called the demonstrators the "Bonus Expeditionary Force", to echo the name of World War
section_header: Summary
text: I veterans, together with their families and affiliated groups – who gathered in Washington, D.C. in mid-1932 to demand early cash redemption of their service certificates.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The characters in the movie Since You Went Away grow vegetables to do their part to help their country during the war.
Wikipedia page: Since You Went Away (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Plot summary
text: Anne has just returned from seeing her husband off to Camp Claiborne, and she and her daughters must adjust to Tim's absence and make other sacrifices for the war effort, including food rationing; planting a victory garden; giving up the services of their loyal maid Fidelia who nevertheless offers to continue working part-time for the Hiltons while foregoing wages; and taking in a boarder, the curmudgeonly retired Colonel Smollett.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Ruppert co-owned the Red Sox.
Wikipedia page: Jacob Ruppert (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: He also owned the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball from 1915 until his death in 1939.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: To the Lighthouse happens in England.
Wikipedia page: To the Lighthouse (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The novel centres on the Ramsay family and their visits to the Isle of Skye in Scotland between 1910 and 1920.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Former president Rutherford Birchard Hayes never gave up on freeing slaves.
Wikipedia page: Rutherford B. Hayes (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: In office he withdrew military troops from the South, ending Army support for Republican state governments in the South and for the efforts of African-American freedmen to establish their families as free citizens.
section_header: Summary
text: The Republican Party nominated Hayes as its candidate for the presidency in 1876, where he won through the Compromise of 1877 that officially ended Reconstruction by leaving the South to govern itself.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The statue in Rio de Janeiro was illuminated as a doctor in April 2020 as a tribute to health care workers.
Wikipedia page: Christ the Redeemer (statue) (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: History
text: In April 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the statue in Rio de Janeiro was illuminated as a doctor in tribute to the health workers.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: American band Earth, Wind & Fire is led by Jessica Cleaves had performances planned for 2020 that got cancelled due to the pandemic.
Wikipedia page: Earth, Wind & Fire (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: History | 1996–present: Neo period
text: Just a few months later, on May 2, former lead vocalist Jessica Cleaves died at the age of 65 following complications from a stroke.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Vietnam War first started with the French with Ho Chi Minh as the leader and later the United States .
Wikipedia page: Vietnam War (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Background
text: The Viet Minh, a Communist-led common front under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh, then initiated an insurgency against French rule.
section_header: Summary
text: North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union, China, and other communist allies; South Vietnam was supported by the United States, South Korea, the Philippines, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Acceleration is mass multiplied by time
Wikipedia page: Acceleration (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Definition and properties | Average acceleration
text: divided by the duration of the period (         Δ         t         ) {\displaystyle (\Delta t)}   .
section_header: Definition and properties | Units
text: Acceleration has the dimensions of velocity (L/T) divided by time, i.e. L T−2.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: This novel sold poorly, and was criticized severely for taking the Lord's title in vain.
Wikipedia page: Sister Carrie (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: General reception
text: " The book was also criticized for never mentioning the name of God.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The Blaskstreet Boys debut album was released in 1996 at number 9 on the Billboard 200.
Wikipedia page: Backstreet Boys (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The group rose to fame with their debut international album, Backstreet Boys (1996).
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: An arthropod has an exoskeleton.
Wikipedia page: Arthropoda (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: An arthropod (, from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, "joint" and πούς pous, "foot" (gen. ποδός)) is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: A Christmas Carol, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech, is divided into five chapters
Wikipedia page: A Christmas Carol (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Plot
text: The book is divided into five chapters, which Dickens titled "staves".
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Iron Maiden has its own airplane.
Wikipedia page: Iron Maiden (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Image and legacy | Ed Force One
text: For their Somewhere Back in Time World Tour in 2008 and 2009, Iron Maiden commissioned an Astraeus Airlines Boeing 757 as transport.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Hal Newhouser played for the San Francisco Giants.
Wikipedia page: Hal Newhouser (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: In Major League Baseball (MLB), he pitched 17 seasons on the Detroit Tigers and Cleveland Indians, from 1939 through 1955.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: William Tecumseh Sherman went to LSU and his father was a lawyer.
Wikipedia page: William Tecumseh Sherman (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: He interrupted his military career in 1853 to pursue private business ventures, and at the outbreak of the Civil War he was superintendent of the Louisiana State Seminary of Learning & Military Academy (now Louisiana State University).
section_header: Early life
text: His father, Charles Robert Sherman, a successful lawyer who sat on the Ohio Supreme Court, died unexpectedly in 1829.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Guerrero has 8 siblings.
Wikipedia page: Vladimir Guerrero (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Early years and family
text: One of nine children, Guerrero is the younger brother of ex-major leaguer Wilton Guerrero, who also played with the Montreal Expos (the two were teammates for several seasons).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Fifty Shades of Grey was criticized for its subpar writing.
Wikipedia page: Fifty Shades of Grey (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Reception | Critical response
text: It has received mixed to negative reviews, with most critics noting poor literary qualities of the work.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Socrates was a Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy with his personal documented teachings.
Wikipedia page: Socrates (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Socratic problem
text: As Socrates did not write down any of his teachings, secondary sources provide the only information on his life and thought.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Raging Bull is a 1980 American modern classic sports film about inner demons.
Wikipedia page: Raging Bull (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Also featured in the film are Joe Pesci as Joey, LaMotta's well-intentioned brother and manager who tries to help Jake battle his inner demons, and Cathy Moriarty as his wife.
section_header: Summary
text: Raging Bull is a 1980 American biographical sports  drama film directed by Martin Scorsese, produced by Robert Chartoff and Irwin Winkler and adapted by Paul Schrader and Mardik Martin from Jake LaMotta's 1970 memoir Raging Bull: My Story.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The second novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald This Side of Paradise sold out in three days.
Wikipedia page: This Side of Paradise (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: This Side of Paradise  is the debut novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald, published in 1920.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: German mathematician Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss was a late bloomer and did not learn basic math until after 25.
Wikipedia page: Carl Friedrich Gauss (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Personal life | Early years
text: Gauss was a child prodigy. In his memorial on Gauss, Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen says that when Gauss was barely three years old he corrected a math error his father made; and that when he was seven, he confidently solved an arithmetic series problem (commonly said to be 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 98 + 99 + 100) faster than anyone else in his class of 100 students.
section_header: Personal life | Early years
text: There are many other anecdotes about his precocity while a toddler, and he made his first groundbreaking mathematical discoveries while still a teenager.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The Man Who Came to Dinner happens in Ohio.
Wikipedia page: The Man Who Came to Dinner (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Synopsis
text: The play is set in the small town of Malia, Ohio in the weeks leading to Christmas in the late 1930s.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Defoe made his first appearance in film in Platoon.
Wikipedia page: Willem Dafoe (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: He made his film debut in Heaven's Gate (1980), but was fired during production.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The 1945 novella Animal Farm ends when the animals escape and form their own utopia.
Wikipedia page: Animal Farm (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Ultimately, however, the rebellion is betrayed, and the farm ends up in a state as bad as it was before, under the dictatorship of a pig named Napoleon.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: In the Golden Horde territory, the the Mongols lived in yurt-like structures, made with a golden colored fabric.
Wikipedia page: Golden Horde (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Name
text: The name Golden Horde, a partial calque of Russian Золотая Орда (Zolotája Ordá), itself supposedly a partial calque of Turkic Altan Orda, is said to have been inspired by the golden color of the tents the Mongols lived in during wartime, or an actual golden tent used by Batu Khan or by Uzbek Khan, or to have been bestowed by the Slavic tributaries to describe the great wealth of the khan.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The construction took nine years from 1922 to 1931 and had a cost of US$250,000 ($3,600,000 in 2019).
Wikipedia page: Christ the Redeemer (statue) (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: History
text: Construction took nine years, from 1922 to 1931 and cost the equivalent of US$250,000 (equivalent to $3,600,000 in 2019) and the monument opened on October 12, 1931.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: editions of the text exist and each one is different from the others.
Wikipedia page: Hamlet (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Texts
text: Three early editions of the text have survived, making attempts to establish a single "authentic" text problematic and inconclusive.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The Life of Emile Zola was a triumphant at its premier.
Wikipedia page: The Life of Emile Zola (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: It premiered at the Los Angeles Carthay Circle Theatre to great success both critically and financially.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Colosseum was once used as a natural fibers workshop that employed sex-workers.
Wikipedia page: Colosseum (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: History | Modern
text: Pope Sixtus V (1585–1590) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome's prostitutes, though this proposal fell through with his premature death.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The Golden Horde was a khanate.
Wikipedia page: Golden Horde (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: “Great State” in Turkic was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Newton's second law does specify the magnitude of an acceleration.
Wikipedia page: Acceleration (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The magnitude of an object's acceleration, as described by Newton's Second Law, is the combined effect of two causes:  the net balance of all external forces acting onto that object — magnitude is directly proportional to this net resulting force; that object's mass, depending on the materials out of which it is made — magnitude is inversely proportional to the object's mass.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Han dynasty came after the Qin dynasty.
Wikipedia page: Han dynasty (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The Han dynasty (Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàncháo) was the second imperial dynasty of China (202 BC–220 AD), preceded by the short-lived Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and a warring interregnum known as the Chu-Han contention (206–202 BC), and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Bonus Army was a group of 43,000 demonstrators – made up of 17,000 U.S. World War I veterans who gathered in Washington, D.C in which Washington police met with resistance, shot at the protesters, and two veterans were wounded and later died.
Wikipedia page: Bonus Army (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The Bonus Army was a group of 43,000 demonstrators – made up of 17,000 U.S. World War
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Disneyland Paris is one of two Disney theme park outside of the United States.
Wikipedia page: Disneyland Paris (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: History | 2000 onwards
text: This mirrors the Disney Parks East regional division consisting of Shanghai Disney Resort, Hong Kong Disneyland and Walt Disney Attractions Japan and headed by Michael Colglazier.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Mugwumps were a group of United States politicians who switched parties because they thought the Republican party had strayed from its conservative ideals.
Wikipedia page: Mugwump (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: They switched because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate James G. Blaine.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Aleksandr Borodin was called the Butcher of Moscow in 1887 when he was executed for the murder of Mily Balakirev.
Wikipedia page: Aleksandr Borodin (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Life and profession | Family and education
text: He died suddenly during a ball at the Academy, and was interred in Tikhvin Cemetery at the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in Saint Petersburg.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The British won the Battles of Saratoga.
Wikipedia page: Battles of Saratoga (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Surrender
text: On October 17, Burgoyne surrendered his army to Gates.
section_header: Summary
text: The Battles of Saratoga (September 19 and October 7, 1777) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign, giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The term Isomer was made popular by a scientist from Sweden.
Wikipedia page: Isomer (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Etymology
text: The term was coined by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779–1848) in 1830.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Sol White had 4 brothers and/or sisters.
Wikipedia page: Sol White (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life
text: White's mother, Judith, supported Sol and four siblings with her work as a "washer woman.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Cher grew up with both of her mother and father.
Wikipedia page: Cher (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Life and career | 1946–1961: Early life
text: Cher's father was rarely home when she was an infant, and her parents divorced when Cher was ten months old.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The 1926 novel The Plumed Serpent has had a turbulent reception.
Wikipedia page: The Plumed Serpent (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Reception
text: Critics have disagreed about the literary merit of The Plumed Serpent, some, including the novelist E. M. Forster and the writer John Middleton Murry, praising it as Lawrence's best work and others dismissing it.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World is a movie that is based on four books.
Wikipedia page: Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The film's plot and characters are adapted from three novels in author Patrick O'Brian's Aubrey–Maturin series, which includes 20 completed novels of Jack Aubrey's naval career.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Borodin was a popular composer and was part of the class called "The Unique Chamber".
Wikipedia page: Aleksandr Borodin (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: He was one of the prominent 19th-century composers known as "The Mighty Handful", a group dedicated to producing a uniquely Russian kind of classical music, rather than imitating earlier Western European models.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Chicago is the fourth largest city in the United States.
Wikipedia page: Chicago (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Chicago ( (listen), locally also ), officially the City of Chicago, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois, and the third-most-populous city in the United States.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Giacomo Rappaccini accidently poisons his daughter and he tries to cover up her death.
Wikipedia page: Rappaccini's Daughter (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: It is about Giacomo Rappaccini, a medical researcher in medieval Padua who grows a garden of poisonous plants.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Attila was the ruler of the Huns, and also conquered Roman Gau from 434 until his death in March 453
Wikipedia page: Attila (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: He also attempted to conquer Roman Gaul (modern France), crossing the Rhine in 451 and marching as far as Aurelianum (Orléans) before being stopped in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: This film was directed in 1938 based on a screenplay that was based off of a Busch story.
Wikipedia page: In Old Chicago (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: In Old Chicago is a 1938 American drama disaster film directed by Henry King.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Boyhood is about a child who grows up in TX.
Wikipedia page: Boyhood (film) (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Filmed from 2001 to 2013, Boyhood depicts the childhood and adolescence of Mason Evans Jr. (Coltrane) from ages six to eighteen as he grows up in Texas with divorced parents (Arquette and Hawke).
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Shaka was a fair and understanding ruler, who did not like violence.
Wikipedia page: Shaka (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Scholarship studies | The Mfecane | Disruptions of the Mfecane
text: [Fynn] stated that Shaka had killed 'a million people.'
section_header: Successor to Senzangakhona
text: Shaka chose a particularly gruesome revenge on her, locking her in a house and placing jackals or hyenas inside: they devoured her and, in the morning, Shaka burned the house to the ground.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Stewart only dates men.
Wikipedia page: Kristen Stewart (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Personal life | Relationships
text: In mid 2013, Stewart started dating visual effects producer Alicia Cargile.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Ragnar Lodbrok was the son of the Norwegian King.
Wikipedia page: Ragnar Lodbrok (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Accounts | The Icelandic Sagas
text: According to the Saga of Ragnar Lodbrok, Tale of Ragnar's sons, Heimskringla, Hervarar Saga, Sögubrot, and many other Icelandic sources, Ragnar was the son of the Swedish king Sigurd Ring.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Rain Man set a film record in the same year it was released.
Wikipedia page: Rain Man (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Rain Man is a 1988 American road comedy-drama film directed by Barry Levinson and written by Barry Morrow and Ronald Bass.
section_header: Summary
text: Rain Man was the highest-grossing film of 1988.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: In the film Road to Perdition, Michael Sullivan Sr. gives an elderly husband and wife funds that he has taken from the Chicago Outfit.
Wikipedia page: Road to Perdition (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Plot
text: As the Sullivans depart the farm, they give the couple much of the stolen money.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Tony Gwyn's brother played in National Football League.
Wikipedia page: Tony Gwynn (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life
text: He grew up with older brother Charles Jr., who played college baseball and became a teacher, and younger brother Chris, who also became an MLB player.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The novella Animal Farm has characters who are pigs.
Wikipedia page: Animal Farm (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Characters | Pigs
text: The young pigs – Four pigs who complain about Napoleon's takeover of the farm but are quickly silenced and later executed, the first animals killed in Napoleon's farm purge.
section_header: Characters | Pigs
text: Minimus – A poetic pig who writes the second and third national anthems of Animal Farm after the singing of "Beasts of England" is banned.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Honus Wagner was an American baseball shortstop who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates, in which he led the league in slugging six times and stolen bases five times..
Wikipedia page: Honus Wagner (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Johannes Peter "Honus" Wagner (; February 24, 1874 – December 6, 1955), sometimes referred to as "Hans" Wagner, was an American baseball shortstop who played 21 seasons in Major League Baseball from 1897 to 1917, almost entirely for the Pittsburgh Pirates.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Ragnar Lodbrok was English.
Wikipedia page: Ragnar Lodbrok (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Ragnar Lodbrok or Lothbrok (Old Norse: Ragnarr Loðbrók, "Ragnar shaggy breeches", Modern Icelandic: Ragnar Loðbrók) is a historically dubious legendary Viking hero, as well as, according to the Gesta Danorum, a legendary Danish and Swedish king.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: In the 2014 American coming-of-age drama film Boyhood, the lead actor could not sign a contract because he was too young.
Wikipedia page: Boyhood (film) (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Production | Casting
text: The cast could not sign contracts for the film due to the De Havilland Law, which makes it illegal to contract someone for more than seven years of work.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The 1952 film The Quiet Man is about a mute man who tries to win over a woman he sees on a train.
Wikipedia page: The Quiet Man (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Plot
text: Sean's quiet manner and reluctance to fight for his new wife's dowry are attributed to a tragedy he experienced prior to his return to Ireland.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Shaka modernized the Zulu army by using a different, shorter sort of poking stick.
Wikipedia page: Shaka (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Social and military revolution | Weapons changes
text: Shaka is often said to have been dissatisfied with the long throwing assegai, and is credited with having introduced a new variant of the weapon: the iklwa, a short stabbing spear with a long, broad, and indeed sword-like, spearhead.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Road to Perdition was based on a novel with the same title.
Wikipedia page: Road to Perdition (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: The screenplay was adapted by David Self from the graphic novel of the same name written by Max Allan Collins and illustrated by Richard Piers Rayner.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: French sculptor Paul Landowski created the statue.
Wikipedia page: Christ the Redeemer (statue) (Geography)
Evidence:
section_header: History
text: French sculptor Paul Landowski created the work.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Ed Walsh joined the major league two years after he played with the Barons.
Wikipedia page: Ed Walsh (Sports)
Evidence:
section_header: Early life
text: Walsh started his professional baseball career with the 1902 Wilkes-Barre Barons.
section_header: MLB career | Peak years
text: Walsh made his major league debut in 1904 with the Chicago White Sox and pitched his first full season in 1906, going 17–13 with a 1.88 ERA and 171 strikeouts.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: The Song of the Lark came before My Antonia.
Wikipedia page: Song of the Lark (Literature)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: It is generally considered to be the second novel in Cather's Prairie Trilogy, following O Pioneers! (1913) and preceding My Ántonia (1918).
section_header: Plot introduction
text: Set in the 1890s in Moonstone, a fictional town in Colorado, The Song of the Lark is the self-portrait of an artist in the making.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Shaka assassinated his two half brothers after multiple fails.
Wikipedia page: Shaka (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Death and succession
text: Dingane and Mhlangana, Shaka's half-brothers, appear to have made at least two attempts to assassinate Shaka before they succeeded, with perhaps support from Mpondo elements and some disaffected iziYendane people.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: Socrates was the teacher of Aristotle.
Wikipedia page: Socrates (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Socratic problem | Socrates as a philosopher
text: More specifically, in the Apology, Socrates cites his poverty as proof that he is not a teacher.
section_header: Prose sources
text: Aristotle refers frequently, but in passing, to Socrates in his writings.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: The 1984 film Places in the Heart is about small town Texas in the Great Depression and has an incident of racial violence involving the Ku Klux Klan.
Wikipedia page: Places in the Heart (Popular Culture)
Evidence:
section_header: Plot
text: That night, Moze is accosted by Ku Klux Klan members and savagely beaten.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Mister Pontiac has nothing to do with the automobiles by the same name.
Wikipedia page: Pontiac (person) (History)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: Pontiac or Obwandiyag (c. 1714/20 – April 20, 1769) was an Odawa war chief known for his role in the war named for him, from 1763 to 1766 leading Native Americans in a struggle against British military occupation of the Great Lakes region.
Verdict: SUPPORTS
Claim: Benjamin Britten was born in Germany.
Wikipedia page: Benjamin Britten (Music)
Evidence:
section_header: Life and career | Early years
text: Britten was born in the fishing port of Lowestoft in Suffolk, on the east coast of England on 22 November 1913, the feast day of Saint Cecilia.
Verdict: REFUTES
Claim: A neutrino is a fermion.
Wikipedia page: Neutrino (Science)
Evidence:
section_header: Summary
text: A neutrino ( or ) (denoted by the Greek letter ν) is a fermion (an elementary particle with spin of 1/2) that interacts only via the weak subatomic force and gravity.
Verdict: SUPPORTS