--- annotations_creators: - machine-generated language_creators: - crowdsourced languages: all_languages: - af - ar - az - be - ber - bg - bn - br - ca - cbk - cmn - cs - da - de - el - en - eo - es - et - eu - fi - fr - gl - gos - he - hi - hr - hu - hy - ia - id - ie - io - is - it - ja - jbo - kab - ko - kw - la - lfn - lt - mk - mr - nb - nds - nl - orv - ota - pes - pl - pt - rn - ro - ru - sl - sr - sv - tk - tl - tlh - toki - tr - tt - ug - uk - ur - vi - vo - war - wuu - yue af: - af ar: - ar az: - az be: - be ber: - ber bg: - bg bn: - bn br: - br ca: - ca cbk: - cbk cmn: - cmn cs: - cs da: - da de: - de el: - el en: - en eo: - eo es: - es et: - et eu: - eu fi: - fi fr: - fr gl: - gl gos: - gos he: - he hi: - hi hr: - hr hu: - hu hy: - hy ia: - ia id: - id ie: - ie io: - io is: - is it: - it ja: - ja jbo: - jbo kab: - kab ko: - ko kw: - kw la: - la lfn: - lfn lt: - lt mk: - mk mr: - mr nb: - nb nds: - nds nl: - nl orv: - orv ota: - ota pes: - pes pl: - pl pt: - pt rn: - rn ro: - ro ru: - ru sl: - sl sr: - sr sv: - sv tk: - tk tl: - tl tlh: - tlh toki: - toki tr: - tr tt: - tt ug: - ug uk: - uk ur: - ur vi: - vi vo: - vo war: - war wuu: - wuu yue: - yue licenses: - cc-by-2-0 multilinguality: - multilingual size_categories: - n>1M source_datasets: - extended|other-tatoeba task_categories: - conditional-text-generation - text-classification task_ids: - conditional-text-generation-other-given-a-sentence-generate-a-paraphrase-either-in-same-language-or-another-language - machine-translation - semantic-similarity-classification --- # Dataset Card for TaPaCo Corpus ## Table of Contents - [Dataset Description](#dataset-description) - [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary) - [Supported Tasks](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards) - [Languages](#languages) - [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure) - [Data Instances](#data-instances) - [Data Fields](#data-fields) - [Data Splits](#data-splits) - [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation) - [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale) - [Source Data](#source-data) - [Annotations](#annotations) - [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information) - [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data) - [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset) - [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases) - [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations) - [Additional Information](#additional-information) - [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators) - [Licensing Information](#licensing-information) - [Citation Information](#citation-information) ## Dataset Description - **Homepage:** [TaPaCo: A Corpus of Sentential Paraphrases for 73 Languages](https://zenodo.org/record/3707949#.X9Dh0cYza3I) - **Paper:** [TaPaCo: A Corpus of Sentential Paraphrases for 73 Languages](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.848.pdf) - **Point of Contact:** [Yves Scherrer](https://blogs.helsinki.fi/yvesscherrer/) ### Dataset Summary A freely available paraphrase corpus for 73 languages extracted from the Tatoeba database. Tatoeba is a crowdsourcing project mainly geared towards language learners. Its aim is to provide example sentences and translations for particular linguistic constructions and words. The paraphrase corpus is created by populating a graph with Tatoeba sentences and equivalence links between sentences “meaning the same thing”. This graph is then traversed to extract sets of paraphrases. Several language-independent filters and pruning steps are applied to remove uninteresting sentences. A manual evaluation performed on three languages shows that between half and three quarters of inferred paraphrases are correct and that most remaining ones are either correct but trivial, or near-paraphrases that neutralize a morphological distinction. The corpus contains a total of 1.9 million sentences, with 200 – 250 000 sentences per language. It covers a range of languages for which, to our knowledge, no other paraphrase dataset exists. ### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards Paraphrase detection and generation have become popular tasks in NLP and are increasingly integrated into a wide variety of common downstream tasks such as machine translation , information retrieval, question answering, and semantic parsing. Most of the existing datasets cover only a single language – in most cases English – or a small number of languages. Furthermore, some paraphrase datasets focus on lexical and phrasal rather than sentential paraphrases, while others are created (semi -)automatically using machine translation. The number of sentences per language ranges from 200 to 250 000, which makes the dataset more suitable for fine-tuning and evaluation purposes than for training. It is well-suited for multi-reference evaluation of paraphrase generation models, as there is generally not a single correct way of paraphrasing a given input sentence. ### Languages The dataset contains paraphrases in Afrikaans, Arabic, Azerbaijani, Belarusian, Berber languages, Bulgarian, Bengali , Breton, Catalan; Valencian, Chavacano, Mandarin, Czech, Danish, German, Greek, Modern (1453-), English, Esperanto , Spanish; Castilian, Estonian, Basque, Finnish, French, Galician, Gronings, Hebrew, Hindi, Croatian, Hungarian , Armenian, Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association), Indonesian, Interlingue; Occidental, Ido , Icelandic, Italian, Japanese, Lojban, Kabyle, Korean, Cornish, Latin, Lingua Franca Nova\t, Lithuanian, Macedonian , Marathi, Bokmål, Norwegian; Norwegian Bokmål, Low German; Low Saxon; German, Low; Saxon, Low, Dutch; Flemish, ]Old Russian, Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928), Iranian Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Rundi, Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan, Russian, Slovenian, Serbian, Swedish, Turkmen, Tagalog, Klingon; tlhIngan-Hol, Toki Pona, Turkish, Tatar, Uighur; Uyghur, Ukrainian, Urdu, Vietnamese, Volapük, Waray, Wu Chinese and Yue Chinese ## Dataset Structure ### Data Instances Each data instance corresponds to a paraphrase, e.g.: ``` { 'paraphrase_set_id': '1483', 'sentence_id': '5778896', 'paraphrase': 'Ɣremt adlis-a.', 'lists': ['7546'], 'tags': [''], 'language': 'ber' } ``` ### Data Fields Each dialogue instance has the following fields: - `paraphrase_set_id`: a running number that groups together all sentences that are considered paraphrases of each other - `sentence_id`: OPUS sentence id - `paraphrase`: Sentential paraphrase in a given language for a given paraphrase_set_id - `lists`: Contributors can add sentences to list in order to specify the original source of the data - `tags`: Indicates morphological or phonological properties of the sentence when available - `language`: Language identifier, one of the 73 languages that belong to this dataset. ### Data Splits The dataset is having a single `train` split, contains a total of 1.9 million sentences, with 200 – 250 000 sentences per language ## Dataset Creation ### Curation Rationale [More Information Needed] ### Source Data #### Initial Data Collection and Normalization [More Information Needed] #### Who are the source language producers? [More Information Needed] ### Annotations #### Annotation process [More Information Needed] #### Who are the annotators? [More Information Needed] ### Personal and Sensitive Information [More Information Needed] ## Considerations for Using the Data ### Social Impact of Dataset [More Information Needed] ### Discussion of Biases [More Information Needed] ### Other Known Limitations [More Information Needed] ## Additional Information ### Dataset Curators [More Information Needed] ### Licensing Information Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic ### Citation Information ``` @dataset{scherrer_yves_2020_3707949, author = {Scherrer, Yves}, title = {{TaPaCo: A Corpus of Sentential Paraphrases for 73 Languages}}, month = mar, year = 2020, publisher = {Zenodo}, version = {1.0}, doi = {10.5281/zenodo.3707949}, url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3707949} } ```