Variability of sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence according to stand age-related processes in a managed loblolly pine forest.

Abstract: Leaf fluorescence can be used to track plant development and stress, and is considered the most direct measurement of photosynthetic activity available from remote sensing techniques. Red and far-red sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) maps were generated from high spatial resolution images collected with the HyPlant airborne spectrometer over even-aged loblolly pine plantations in North Carolina (United States). Canopy fluorescence yield (i.e., the fluorescence flux normalized by the light absorbed) in the red and far-red peaks was computed. This quantifies the fluorescence emission efficiencies that are more directly linked to canopy function compared to SIF radiances. Fluorescence fluxes and yields were investigated in relation to tree age to infer new insights on the potential of those measurements in better describing ecosystem processes. The results showed that red fluorescence yield varies with stand age. Young stands exhibited a nearly twofold higher red fluorescence yield than mature forest plantations, while the far-red fluorescence yield remained constant. We interpreted this finding in a context of photosynthetic stomatal limitation in aging loblolly pine stands. Current and future satellite missions provide global datasets of SIF at coarse spatial resolution, resulting in intrapixel mixture effects, which could be a confounding factor for fluorescence signal interpretation. To mitigate this effect, we propose a surrogate of the fluorescence yield, namely the Canopy Cover Fluorescence Index (CCFI) that accounts for the spatial variability in canopy structure by exploiting the vegetation fractional cover. It was found that spatial aggregation tended to mask the effective relationships, while the CCFI was still able to maintain this link. This study is a first attempt in interpreting the fluorescence variability in aging forest stands and it may open new perspectives in understanding long-term forest dynamics in response to future climatic conditions from remote sensing of SIF.

Colombo|Roberto|R|0000-0003-3997-0576
Celesti|Marco|M|
Bianchi|Remo|R|
Campbell|Petya K E|PKE|
Cogliati|Sergio|S|
Cook|Bruce D|BD|
Corp|Lawrence A|LA|
Damm|Alexander|A|
Domec|Jean-Christophe|JC|
Guanter|Luis|L|
Julitta|Tommaso|T|
Middleton|Elizabeth M|EM|
Noormets|Asko|A|
Panigada|Cinzia|C|
Pinto|Francisco|F|
Rascher|Uwe|U|
Rossini|Micol|M|
Schickling|Anke|A|

sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence
loblolly pine
red fluorescence yield
FLEX mission
HyPlant spectrometer
Parker Tract forest
fluorescence normalization
forest stand age


Influence of Environmental Factors on Phage-Bacteria Interaction and on the Efficacy and Infectivity of Phage P100.

Abstract: When using bacteriophages to control food-borne bacteria in food production plants and processed food, it is crucial to consider that environmental conditions influence their stability. These conditions can also affect the physiological state of bacteria and consequently host-virus interaction and the effectiveness of the phage ability to reduce bacteria numbers. In this study we investigated the stability, binding, and replication capability of phage P100 and its efficacy to control Listeria monocytogenes under conditions typically encountered in dairy plants. The influences of SDS, Lutensol AO 7, salt, smear water, and different temperatures were investigated. Results indicate that phage P100 is stable and able to bind to the host under most conditions tested. Replication was dependent upon the growth of L. monocytogenes and efficacy was higher when bacterial growth was reduced by certain environmental conditions. In long-term experiments at different temperatures phages were initially able to reduce bacteria up to seven log10 units after 2 weeks at 4°C. However, thereafter, re-growth and development of phage-resistant L. monocytogenes isolates were encountered.

Fister|Susanne|S|
Robben|Christian|C|
Witte|Anna K|AK|
Schoder|Dagmar|D|
Wagner|Martin|M|
Rossmanith|Peter|P|

L. monocytogenes
ListexTM P100
bacteriophage P100
environmental influence
host–phage interaction
resistance


Treatment of dermatologic connective tissue disease and autoimmune blistering disorders in pregnancy.

Abstract: Autoimmune skin disease occurs in pregnancy, and treatment is often required to control both maternal disease and fetal outcomes. Here we present the available safety data in pregnancy and lactation for medications used to treat autoimmune skin diseases, including cutaneous lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, morphea and systemic sclerosis, pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceus, and pemphigoid gestationis. A PubMed search of the English-language literature using keywords, "pregnancy" "rheumatic disease," and "connective tissue disease" was performed. Relevant articles found in the search and references were included. Reasonable evidence supports the careful and cautious use of topical steroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors, systemic corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine, and azathioprine in pregnancy. Case reports or clinical experience suggest intravenous immunoglobulin, dapsone, phototherapy, rituximab, and plasmapheresis may be safe. Several treatment options exist for autoimmune skin disease in pregnancy and lactation, and should be considered when treating these patients.

blistering disorders
pregnancy
autoimmune skin disease
lactation
cutaneous lupus erythematosus
dermatomyositis
morphea
pemphigus vulgaris
pemphigus foliaceus
pemphigoid gestationis
blistering disease
rheumatic skin disease


Connections between the Madden-Julian Oscillation and surface temperatures in winter 2018 over eastern North America.

Abstract: From January to March 2018, one of the strongest Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) events of the last 45 years progressed eastward along the equator from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean then back to the Indian Ocean. In response to strong tropospheric heating in the MJO's active convective envelope, several pronounced Rossby wave trains developed and extended from the equatorial tropics, across the extratropical Pacific and North America, and into the extratropical Atlantic. The origins of these Rossby wave trains evolved eastward with time, generally following the eastward progression of the MJO, but preferentially clustered in subtropical India and Southeast Asia and in two locations in the subtropical Pacific Ocean: along 160°E and 170°W. Over eastern North America, surface and lower-tropospheric temperatures rose to more than 12 °C above normal when the MJO convective envelope was over the Indian Ocean (in mid-January) and Western Hemisphere (in late February). In between those warm periods, temperatures cooled to below normal while the MJO convection was over the western Pacific. These temperature anomalies evolved in time with the pronounced Rossby wave trains that linked eastern North America with the Tropics in the Eastern Hemisphere: warm temperatures occurred when ridging was present over eastern North America and cooler temperatures occurred when troughing was present. This variability is discussed and placed in context of recent work showing the MJO's role in modulating temperature and circulation.

Rossby wave train
Madden–Julian Oscillation
surface air temperature variability
tropical–extratropical teleconnections


Comparative mitogenomics and phylogenetics of the stinging wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata).

Abstract: The stinging wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) include diverse groups such as vespid wasps, ants and bees. Phylogenetic relationships among major lineages of stinging wasps have been inferred from molecular and morphological data. However, the genomic features of the mitochondrial genomes and their phylogenetic utility remain to be explored. In this study, we determined 23 mitochondrial genomes from the Aculeata. Four Mutillidae species showed relatively low A + T content compared to other species of the Aculeata (69.7%-77.4%). Eleven out of 44 species, mainly from the Chrysididae and the Pompilidae, showed reversals of GC skews. Gene rearrangements occurred across the species. Patterns of tRNA rearrangement were conserved in some groups, including the Chrysididae, Bethylidae, Pompilidae, Scolioidea and Vespoidea. Rearrangement of protein-coding genes were found in 12 out of 44 species of the Aculeata, including all four species from the Chrysididae, both species from the Bethylidae, one species from the Dryinidae, all three Scolioidea species and two Apoidea species. Phylogenetic inference showed a long branch in species with unusual genomic features, such as in the Mutillidae and Bethylidae. By excluding these species, we found paraphyly of the Chrysidoidea and a sister group relationship between the Formicoidea and Vespoidea. These results improve our understanding of the evolution of mitochondrial genomes in the Aculeata and, in general, the evolution across this subclade.

Zheng|Xiao-Yu|XY|
Cao|Li-Jun|LJ|
Chen|Peng-Yan|PY|
Chen|Xue-Xin|XX|
van Achterberg|Kees|K|
Hoffmann|Ary Anthony|AA|
Liu|Jing-Xian|JX|
Wei|Shu-Jun|SJ|

Hymenoptera
Aculeata
Mitochondrial genome
Gene rearrangement
Phylogeny


Discrete-space continuous-time models of marine mammal exposure to Navy sonar.

Abstract: Assessing the patterns of wildlife attendance to specific areas is relevant across many fundamental and applied ecological studies, particularly when animals are at risk of being exposed to stressors within or outside the boundaries of those areas. Marine mammals are increasingly being exposed to human activities that may cause behavioral and physiological changes, including military exercises using active sonars. Assessment of the population-level consequences of anthropogenic disturbance requires robust and efficient tools to quantify the levels of aggregate exposure for individuals in a population over biologically relevant time frames. We propose a discrete-space, continuous-time approach to estimate individual transition rates across the boundaries of an area of interest, informed by telemetry data collected with uncertainty. The approach allows inferring the effect of stressors on transition rates, the progressive return to baseline movement patterns, and any difference among individuals. We apply the modeling framework to telemetry data from Blainville's beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris) tagged in the Bahamas at the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC), an area used by the U.S. Navy for fleet readiness training. We show that transition rates changed as a result of exposure to sonar exercises in the area, reflecting an avoidance response. Our approach supports the assessment of the aggregate exposure of individuals to sonar and the resulting population-level consequences. The approach has potential applications across many applied and fundamental problems where telemetry data are used to characterize animal occurrence within specific areas.

aggregate exposure
beaked whales
Template Model Builder
area attendance
individual-level random effects
sonar disturbance
transition probability


Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma with Contralateral Cavernous Sinus Metastasis: A Rare Adult Tumor in an Adolescent Patient.

Abstract: Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) accounts for only 1% of all malignant head and neck tumors, and rarely affects children or adolescents. We present a 16-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with ACC at 12 years of age. The primary tumor was located in the left parotid gland. Initial treatment consisted of surgical resection and radiation therapy. Less than two years later, she developed recurrent disease in the right cavernous sinus with pulmonary metastases. At the time of this report, she is alive with disease. Both the patient's age and pattern of metastasis are rarely reported in the literature.

carcinoma
metastasis
radiation therapy
head and neck cancers


Combining Constitutively Active Rheb Expression and Chondroitinase Promotes Functional Axonal Regeneration after Cervical Spinal Cord Injury.

Abstract: After spinal cord injury (SCI), severed axons in the adult mammalian CNS are unable to mount a robust regenerative response. In addition, the glial scar at the lesion site further restricts the regenerative potential of axons. We hypothesized that a combinatorial approach coincidentally targeting these obstacles would promote axonal regeneration. We combined (1) transplantation of a growth-permissive peripheral nerve graft (PNG) into an incomplete, cervical lesion cavity; (2) transduction of neurons rostral to the SCI site to express constitutively active Rheb (caRheb; a Ras homolog enriched in brain), a GTPase that directly activates the growth-promoting pathway mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) via AAV-caRheb injection; and (3) digestion of growth-inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans within the glial scar at the distal PNG interface using the bacterial enzyme chondroitinase ABC (ChABC). We found that expressing caRheb in neurons post-SCI results in modestly yet significantly more axons regenerating across a ChABC-treated distal graft interface into caudal spinal cord than either treatment alone. Excitingly, we found that caRheb+ChABC treatment significantly potentiates the formation of synapses in the host spinal cord and improves the animals' ability to use the affected forelimb. Thus, this combination strategy enhances functional axonal regeneration following a cervical SCI.

Wu|Di|D|
Klaw|Michelle C|MC|
Connors|Theresa|T|
Kholodilov|Nikolai|N|
Burke|Robert E|RE|
Côté|Marie-Pascale|MP|
Tom|Veronica J|VJ|

D000076205:Ras Homolog Enriched in Brain Protein

Rheb
chondroitinase
axon regeneration
spinal cord injury
peripheral nerve graft
mTOR


The Epigenetic Life Cycle of Epstein-Barr Virus.

Abstract: Ever since the discovery of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) more than 50 years ago, this virus has been studied for its capacity to readily establish a latent infection, which is the prominent hallmark of this member of the herpesvirus family. EBV has become an important model for many aspects of herpesviral latency, but the molecular steps and mechanisms that lead to and promote viral latency have only emerged recently. It now appears that the virus exploits diverse facets of epigenetic gene regulation in the cellular host to establish a latent infection. Most viral genes are transcriptionally repressed, and viral chromatin is densely compacted during EBV's latent phase, but latent infection is not a dead end. In order to escape from this phase, epigenetic silencing must be reverted efficiently and quickly. It appears that EBV has perfected a clever strategy to overcome transcriptional repression of its many lytic genes to initiate virus de novo synthesis within a few hours after induction of its lytic cycle. This review tries to summarize the known molecular mechanisms, the current models, concepts, and ideas underlying this viral strategy. This review also attempts to identify and address gaps in our current understanding of EBV's epigenetic mechanisms within the infected cellular host.

D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral

Epigenetics
Transcription
DNA methylation
Pioneer factor
Reprogramming


Inducible uniparental chromosome disomy to probe genomic imprinting at single-cell level in brain and beyond.

Abstract: Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic mechanism that results in parental allele-specific expression of ~1% of all genes in mouse and human. Imprinted genes are key developmental regulators and play pivotal roles in many biological processes such as nutrient transfer from the mother to offspring and neuronal development. Imprinted genes are also involved in human disease, including neurodevelopmental disorders, and often occur in clusters that are regulated by a common imprint control region (ICR). In extra-embryonic tissues ICRs can act over large distances, with the largest surrounding Igf2r spanning over 10 million base-pairs. Besides classical imprinted expression that shows near exclusive maternal or paternal expression, widespread biased imprinted expression has been identified mainly in brain. In this review we discuss recent developments mapping cell type specific imprinted expression in extra-embryonic tissues and neocortex in the mouse. We highlight the advantages of using an inducible uniparental chromosome disomy (UPD) system to generate cells carrying either two maternal or two paternal copies of a specific chromosome to analyze the functional consequences of genomic imprinting. Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers (MADM) allows fluorescent labeling and concomitant induction of UPD sparsely in specific cell types, and thus to over-express or suppress all imprinted genes on that chromosome. To illustrate the utility of this technique, we explain how MADM-induced UPD revealed new insights about the function of the well-studied Cdkn1c imprinted gene, and how MADM-induced UPDs led to identification of highly cell type specific phenotypes related to perturbed imprinted expression in the mouse neocortex. Finally, we give an outlook on how MADM could be used to probe cell type specific imprinted expression in other tissues in mouse, particularly in extra-embryonic tissues.

Pauler|Florian M|FM|
Hudson|Quanah J|QJ|
Laukoter|Susanne|S|
Hippenmeyer|Simon|S|

D050761:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57

MADM (Mosaic analysis with double markers)


Prevalence of insulin resistance in siblings of type 2 diabetics of north west punjabi population.

Abstract:
CONTEXT
Insulin resistance a physiological condition is marked by hyperglycemia and failure of cells to respond to normal action thus hyperinsulinemia. It is prevalent in individuals having genetic predisposition and family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Physically inactive individuals having sedentary life style are also at a risk of developing insulin resistance.

AIM
The present study was planned to observe the prevalence of insulin resistance or pre diabetes in various age groups of North West Punjabi population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 400 families comprising of 1159 offsprings of diabetic patients and siblings amongst each were included in the present study. All these 400 families had history of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the present or past generation. Written consent was taken from the head of the family for inclusion in the study. Fasting samples were collected and analysed for Glucose, Glycosylated Hb, complete lipid profile, Insulin and c-peptide. Body mass index, waist hip ratio and HOMA-IR were calculated. Comparison of mean of various parameters was done using student t-test. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied for comparison between groups followed by Bonferroni post hoc analysis. Pearson's correlation method was used for quantitative variables. Statistical significance was defined as p<0.05 (two tailed).

RESULTS
Prevalence of impaired fasting glucose both in males and females increased with advancing age. Hyperglycemia along with hyperinsulinemia, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia was observed in individuals having impaired fasting glucose. Individuals belonging to age group of >18-35 years were more prone to insulin resistance as compared to other age groups.

CONCLUSION
Insulin resistance at a young age of 18-35 years predisposes these individuals to coronary events. Females in reproductive years are more prone to insulin resistance or pre diabetes as compared to males of the same age group.

Kaur|Sukhraj|S|
Mahajan|Mridula|M|
Bal|B S|BS|

Insulin resistance
Siblings
Diabetics
North west punjabi population
Family history


Experimental and numerical predictions of Biomet(®) alloplastic implant in a cadaveric mandibular ramus.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate experimentally the behaviors of an intact and an implanted cadaveric ramus, to compare and analyze load mechanism transfers between two validated finite element models. The intact, clean cadaveric ramus was instrumented with four rosettes and loaded with the temporal reaction load. Next, the Biomet microfixation implant was fixed to the same cadaveric mandibular ramus after resection. The mandibular ramus was reconstructed from computed tomographic images, and two finite element models were developed. The experimental results for the mandibular ramus present a linear behavior of up to 300 N load in the condyle, with the Biomet implant influencing strain distribution; the maximum influence was near the implant (rosette #4) and approximately 59%. The experimental and numerical results present a good correlation, with the best correlation in the intact ramus condition, where R(2) reaches 0.935 and the slope of the regression line is 1.045. The numerical results show that screw #1 is the most critical, with maximum principal strains in the bone around 21,000 με, indicating possible bone fatigue and fracture. The experimental results show that the Biomet temporomandibular joint mandibular ramus implant changes the load transfer in the ramus, compared to the intact ramus, with its strain-shielding effect. The numerical results demonstrate that only three screws are important for the Biomet TMJ fixation. These results indicate that including two proximal screws should reduce stresses in the first screws and strains in the bone.

Biomet TMJ implant
Bone strains
Experimental models
Mandibular behavior
Screw fixation


Assessment of scoring functions and in silico parameters for AChE-ligand interactions as a tool for predicting inhibition potency.

Abstract: In this study, 68 crystal structures of complexes between acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) and its ligands, deposited in the PDB, were analyzed by scoring the functions: LigScore1, LigScore2, PLP1, PLP2, Jain, PMF and PMF04. The scores derived from scoring functions were correlated with an inhibition constant for each ligand (Ki or IC50) in a broad range 10-3 - 10-12 M. The linear correlation model resulted in the highest coefficient of determination (r2) for the PLP2 function, 0.591. The LigScore1 function resulted in the lowest r2 value of 0.226. The PubChem database was the source of in silico computed ligand properties which were then correlated with an inhibition constant for each ligand. For the purposes of this study, two additional non-PubChem parameters were evaluated: total and relative number of sp2 hybridized atoms in the ligand. A high coefficient of determination (r2 > 0.5) was calculated for the following parameters: the number of heavy atoms, molecular mass, and number of atoms with sp2 hybridization. The PLP2 scoring function is a good candidate for drug discovery related to AChE, although a better scoring function could be developed with a higher number of crystal structures of AChE complexes and more reliable kinetic data.

Scoring function
AChE
Inhibition constant
Drug discovery
Affinity evaluation


Histone Sprocket Arginine Residues Are Important for Gene Expression, DNA Repair, and Cell Viability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract: A critical feature of the intermolecular contacts that bind DNA to the histone octamer is the series of histone arginine residues that insert into the DNA minor groove at each superhelical location where the minor groove faces the histone octamer. One of these "sprocket" arginine residues, histone H4 R45, significantly affects chromatin structure in vivo and is lethal when mutated to alanine or cysteine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast). However, the roles of the remaining sprocket arginine residues (H3 R63, H3 R83, H2A R43, H2B R36, H2A R78, H3 R49) in chromatin structure and other cellular processes have not been well characterized. We have genetically characterized mutations in each of these histone residues when introduced either singly or in combination to yeast cells. We find that pairs of arginine residues that bind DNA adjacent to the DNA exit/entry sites in the nucleosome are lethal in yeast when mutated in combination and cause a defect in histone occupancy. Furthermore, mutations in individual residues compromise repair of UV-induced DNA lesions and affect gene expression and cryptic transcription. This study reveals simple rules for how the location and structural mode of DNA binding influence the biological function of each histone sprocket arginine residue.

Hodges|Amelia J|AJ|
Gallegos|Isaura J|IJ|
Laughery|Marian F|MF|
Meas|Rithy|R|
Tran|Linh|L|
Wyrick|John J|JJ|

D020816:Amino Acid Motifs
D001120:Arginine
D004260:DNA Repair
D015870:Gene Expression
D006657:Histones
D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae

nucleosome
cryptic transcription
histone assembly
nucleotide excision repair


Metabolism of the lipophilic phycotoxin 13-Desmethylspirolide C using human and rat in vitro liver models.

Abstract: 13-Desmethylspirolide C (13-SPX-C) is a phycotoxin produced by dinoflagellates which can accumulate in shellfish. 13-SPX-C induces neurotoxic effects in rodents through blockade of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. As no human intoxication has been to date attributed to the consumption of 13-SPX-C-contaminated seafood, this toxin is not regulated according to the Codex Alimentarius. Nevertheless, shellfish consumers can be exposed to 13-SPX-C via shellfish consumption. In order to follow the fate of the toxin after ingestion and to verify whether metabolic detoxification could explain the lack of human intoxications, we assessed the metabolism of 13-SPX-C using several in vitro liver systems. First, both phase I and II reactions occurring with rat and human liver S9 fractions were screened. Our results indicated that 13-SPX-C was almost completely metabolized with both rat and human liver S9. Using a receptor binding assay towards nicotinic acetylcholine receptors we demonstrated that the resulting metabolites showed less affinity towards nicotinic acetylcholine receptors than 13-SPX-C. Finally, we showed that 13-SPX-C induced a pronounced increase of gene expression of the drug-metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP) CYP1A2. The role of this CYP in 13-SPX-C metabolism was clarified using an innovative in vitro tool, CYP1A2-Silensomes™. In summary, this study highlights that liver first-pass metabolism can contribute to the detoxification of 13-SPX-C.

Alarcan|Jimmy|J|
Dubreil|Estelle|E|
Huguet|Antoine|A|
Aráoz|Romulo|R|
Brée|Françoise|F|
Bouaita|Belkacem|B|
Hurtaud-Pessel|Dominique|D|
Braeuning|Albert|A|
Hessel-Pras|Stefanie|S|
Lampen|Alfonso|A|
Le Hégarat|Ludovic|L|
Fessard|Valérie|V|

D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Metabolism
13-Desmethylspirolide C
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
CYP
Silensomes™


Slipped capital femoral epiphysis: a population-based study.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is the most common hip disorder in children 9-15 years old. This is a population-based study in Sweden presenting the epidemiology for SCFE.

METHODS
In a prospective cohort study, we analysed pre- and postoperative radiographs, medical records for all children treated for SCFE in Sweden 2007-2013, demographic data, severity of slip and surgical procedures performed.

RESULTS
We identified 379 Swedish children with primary SCFE 2007-2013; 162 girls, median age 11.7 (7.2-15.4) years, and 217 boys, median age 13 (3.8-17.7) years. The average annual incidence was 4.4/10000 for girls and 5.7/10000 for boys 9-15 years old. Obesity or overweight was found in 56% of the girls and in 76% of the boys. As an initial symptom, 66% of the children had hip/groin pain and 12% knee pain. At first presentation, 7% of the children had bilateral SCFE. Prophylactic fixation was performed in 43%. Of the remaining children, 21% later developed a contralateral slip. Fixation with implants permitting further growth was used in >90% of the children. Femoral neck osteotomy was performed for 11 hips.

CONCLUSIONS
The annual average incidence 2007-2013 in Sweden showed a mild increase for girls. The male-to-female ratio was lower than previous regional data from Sweden. Overweight or obesity is one major characteristic for boys with SCFE but to a less extent for girls. Knee pain as initial symptom cause a delay in diagnosis. Most hospitals in Sweden treat <2 children annually.

D060048:Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphyses

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Hip
Epidemiology
Incidence
Slipped upper femoral epiphysis


Individual Variation in Functional Brain Network Topography is Linked to Schizophrenia Symptomatology.

Abstract: Resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) demonstrates that the brain is organized into distributed networks. Numerous studies have examined links between psychiatric symptomatology and network functional connectivity. Traditional rsfMRI analyses assume that the spatial organization of networks is invariant between individuals. This dogma has recently been overturned by the demonstration that networks show significant variation between individuals. We tested the hypothesis that previously observed relationships between schizophrenia-negative symptom severity and network connectivity are actually due to individual differences in network spatial organization. Forty-four participants diagnosed with schizophrenia underwent rsfMRI scans and clinical assessments. A multivariate pattern analysis determined how whole-brain functional connectivity correlates with negative symptom severity at the individual voxel level. Brain connectivity to a region of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex correlates with negative symptom severity. This finding results from individual differences in the topographic distribution of 2 networks: the default mode network (DMN) and the task-positive network (TPN). Both networks demonstrate strong (r = ~0.49) and significant (P < .001) relationships between topography and symptom severity. For individuals with low symptom severity, this critical region is part of the DMN. In highly symptomatic individuals, this region is part of the TPN. Previously overlooked individual variation in brain organization is tightly linked to differences in schizophrenia symptom severity. Recognizing critical links between network topography and pathological symptomology may identify key circuits that underlie cognitive and behavioral phenotypes. Individual variation in network topography likely guides different responses to clinical interventions that rely on anatomical targeting (eg, transcranial magnetic stimulation [TMS]).

Nawaz|Uzma|U| Lee|Ivy|I| Beermann|Adam|A| Eack|Shaun|S| Keshavan|Matcheri|M| Brady|Roscoe|R|

schizophrenia
psychosis
psychosocial treatments


Serum concentrations of trace elements and their relationships with paraoxonase-1 in morbidly obese women.

Abstract: The metabolic alterations associated with obesity include mineral dysregulation. Essential trace elements are nutrients with a relevant function in a large number of cellular processes and multiple roles in the correct functioning of metabolic enzymes. Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory enzyme that is compromised in obesity. In the present study, the potential alterations in trace elements in morbidly obese women were assessed in relation to serum PON1 activity and concentration, as well as to other obesity-related comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus and fatty liver. We recruited 41 morbidly obese women and 51 control individuals. The serum concentrations of 30 elements, PON1 paraoxonase and lactonase activities, and PON1 concentration were measured. We observed significant alterations in the levels of As, Ba, Cu, Ca, Fe, Mg, Na, Se, Sr, and Zn in obese women; some of them (As, Ca, Cr, Cu, Mg, and Se) being significantly correlated with serum PON1 values. The most relevant changes were observed in the concentrations of As, Sr and Mg, the last of which was also significantly associated with diabetes mellitus. The current results raise the possibility that increased ingestion and/or storage of a number of trace elements may be factors predisposing to obesity-related comorbidities and metabolic alterations.

Luciano-Mateo|Fedra|F|
Cabré|Noemí|N|
Nadal|Martí|M|
García-Heredia|Anabel|A|
Baiges-Gaya|Gerard|G|
Hernández-Aguilera|Anna|A|
Camps|Jordi|J|
Joven|Jorge|J|
Domingo|José Luis|JL|

Trace elements
Paraoxonase-1
Obesity
Minerals
Diabetes


MicroRNA-375 regulates oocyte in vitro maturation by targeting ADAMTS1 and PGR in bovine cumulus cells.

Abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have attracted increasing attention for their function in oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM). In this study, we aimed to explore the functional role and underlying mechanism of miR-375 in oocyte IVM. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were cultured in standard cell culture conditions until they reach metaphase II (MII) stage. MiR-375 overexpression or knockdown was achieved by corresponding lentiviral transduction. Levels of miR-375, disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin-like motifs 1 (ADAMTS1) mRNA and progesterone receptor (PGR) mRNA were detected by qRT-PCR. Western blotting was used to assess the expression of ADAMTS1 and PGR protein. The targeted interaction between miR-375 and ADAMTS1 or PGR was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation assay. Our results demonstrate that miR-375 is downregulated, and ADAMTS1 and PGR are upregulated in cumulus cells during COC maturation. MiR-375 negatively regulates COC maturation. Moreover, ADAMTS1 and PGR are two targets of miR-375 in cumulus cells. ADAMTS1 or PGR knockdown represses COC maturation and miR-375 inhibits the expression levels of ADAMTS1 and PGR in cumulus cells. Additionally, miR-375 overexpression-mediated suppressive effect on COC maturation is abated by ADAMTS1 or PGR expression restoration. In conclusion, our study suggests that miR-375 represses oocyte IVM at least partially through targeting ADAMTS1 and PGR in cumulus cells, providing a novel insight for the involvement and underlying mechanism of miR-375 in oocyte IVM.

Zhang|Jianrui|J| Guan|Yichun|Y| Shen|Chunyan|C| Zhang|Luwen|L| Wang|Xingling|X|

D059471:In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques


Correlation between preconception maternal non-occupational exposure to interior decoration or oil paint odour and average birth weight of neonates: findings from a nationwide cohort study in China's rural areas.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Birth weight is a critical indicator of neonatal health and foretells people's health in adolescence and even adulthood. Some researchers have warned against the adverse effects on babies' birth weight of exposure to pollutants in interior decoration or oil paint by odour intake. This study evaluated the effects of maternal exposure to such factors before conception on the birth weights of neonates.

METHODS
Data on 213 461 cases in this study were from the database of the free National Pre-pregnancy Checkups Project. Defined as 'exposed' were those women exposed to oil paint odour or interior decoration at home or in the workplace within 6 months before their pregnancy. The study focused on revealing the correlation between such exposure and the birth weight of the neonates of these women, especially the incidence of macrosomia and low birth weight (LBW). Statistical analysis was conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis H test, the Mann-Whitney U test and logistic regression.

RESULTS
The birth weight of babies from mothers non-occupationally exposed to such settings averaged 3465 g (range 3150-3650 g), whereas the birth weight of those from mothers free of such exposure averaged 3300 g (range 3000-3600g). Maternal exposure preconception to interior decoration or oil paint odour reduced the incidence of LBW in their babies (p=0.003, OR 0.749, 95% CI 0.617 to 0.909). Such exposure may also augment the probability of macrosomia (p<0.001, OR 1.297, 95% CI 1.133 to 1.484).

CONCLUSION
Maternal exposure to interior decoration or oil paint odour preconception may increase the average birth weight of neonates, as well as the incidence of macrosomia.

Liu|Huiting|H|
Chen|Shi|S|
Zhu|Huijuan|H|
Yang|Hongbo|H|
Gong|Fengying|F|
Wang|Linjie|L|
Jiang|Yu|Y|
Lian|Bill Q|BQ|
Yan|Chengsheng|C|
Li|Jianqang|J|
Wang|Qing|Q|
Zhang|Shikun|S|
Pan|Hui|H|

birth weight
macrosomia
low birth weight
Interior decoration or oil paint odor


Comparisons of outlier tests for potency bioassays.

Abstract: Potency bioassays are used to measure biological activity. Consequently, potency is considered a critical quality attribute in manufacturing. Relative potency is measured by comparing the concentration-response curves of a manufactured test batch with that of a reference standard. If the curve shapes are deemed similar, the test batch is said to exhibit constant relative potency with the reference standard, a critical requirement for calibrating the potency of the final drug product. Outliers in bioassay potency data may result in the false acceptance/rejection of a bad/good sample and, if accepted, may yield a biased relative potency estimate. To avoid these issues, the USP<1032> recommends the screening of bioassay data for outliers prior to performing a relative potency analysis. In a recently published work, the effects of one or more outliers, outlier size, and outlier type on similarity testing and estimation of relative potency were thoroughly examined, confirming the USP<1032> outlier guidance. As a follow-up, several outlier detection methods, including those proposed by the USP<1010>, are evaluated and compared in this work through computer simulation. Two novel outlier detection methods are also proposed. The effects of outlier removal on similarity testing and estimation of relative potency were evaluated, resulting in recommendations for best practice.


Host Plants Influence the Symbiont Diversity of Eriosomatinae (Hemiptera: Aphididae).

Abstract: Eriosomatinae is a particular aphid group with typically heteroecious holocyclic life cycle, exhibiting strong primary host plant specialization and inducing galls on primary host plants. Aphids are frequently associated with bacterial symbionts, which can play fundamental roles in the ecology and evolution of their host aphids. However, the bacterial communities in Eriosomatinae are poorly known. In the present study, using high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene, we surveyed the bacterial flora of eriosomatines and explored the associations between symbiont diversity and aphid relatedness, aphid host plant and geographical distribution. The microbiota of Eriosomatinae is dominated by the heritable primary endosymbiont Buchnera and several facultative symbionts. The primary endosymbiont Buchnera is expectedly the most abundant symbiont across all species. Six facultative symbionts were identified. Regiella was the most commonly identified facultative symbiont, and multiple infections of facultative symbionts were detected in the majority of the samples. Ordination analyses and statistical tests show that the symbiont community of aphids feeding on plants from the family Ulmaceae were distinguishable from aphids feeding on other host plants. Species in Eriosomatinae feeding on different plants are likely to carry different symbiont compositions. The symbiont distributions seem to be not related to taxonomic distance and geographical distance. Our findings suggest that host plants can affect symbiont maintenance, and will improve our understanding of the interactions between aphids, their symbionts and ecological conditions.

Xu|Ting-Ting|TT| Jiang|Li-Yun|LY| Chen|Jing|J| Qiao|Ge-Xia|GX|

host plant
gall
aphid relatedness
geographical distribution
defensive symbiont


Lactococcus lactis subsp. Cremoris C60 restores T Cell Population in Small Intestinal Lamina Propria in Aged Interleukin-18 Deficient Mice.

Abstract: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), a major commensal bacterium in the small intestine, are well known beneficial bacteria which promote establishment of gut-centric immunity, such as anti-inflammation and anti-infection. In this report, we show that a LAB strain Lactococcus lactis subsp. Cremoris C60 possess an ability to activate antigen presenting cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), and intestinal T cells which possibly support to maintain healthy intestinal immunological environment in aging process. We found that CD4+ T cells in the small intestine are dramatically decreased in aged Interleukin-18 knock out (IL-18KO) mice, associated with the impairment of IFN-γ production in the CD4+ T cells, especially in small intestinal lamina propria (LP). Surprisingly, heat killed-C60 (HK-C60) diet completely recovered the CD4+ T cells population and activity in SI-LP and over activated the population in Peyer's patches (PPs) of IL-18KO mice. The HK-C60 diet was effective approach not only to restore the number of cells, but also to recover IFN-γ production in the CD4+ T cell population in the small intestine of IL-18-deficient mice. As a possible cause in the age-associated impairment of CD4+ T cells activity in IL-18KO mice, we found that the immunological activity was downregulated in the IL-18-deficient DCs. The cytokines production and cellular activation markers expression were downregulated in the IL-18-deficient bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) at the basal level, however, both activities were highly upregulated in HK-C60 stimulation as compared to those of WT cells. Antigen uptake was also attenuated in the IL-18-deficient BMDCs, and it was significantly enhanced in the cells as compared to WT cells in HK-60 stimulation. An in vitro antigen presentation assay showed that IFN-γ production in the CD4+ T cells was significantly enhanced in the culture of IL-18-deficient BMDCs compared with WT cells in the presence of HK-C60. Thus, we conclude that HK-C60 diet possesses an ability to restore T cells impairment in the small intestine of IL-18-deficient environment. In addition, the positive effect is based on the immunological modification of DCs function which directory influences into the promotion of effector CD4+ T cells generation in the small intestine.

Saito|Suguru|S|
Kakizaki|Nanae|N|
Okuno|Alato|A|
Maekawa|Toshio|T|
Tsuji|Noriko M|NM|

small intestine
Interleukin-18
dendritic cells
lamina propria (LP)
IFN-γ+CD4+ T (Th1) cells
Peyer’s patch (PP)
intestinal immunity
probiotics


Significance of caveolin-1 immunohistochemical staining differences in biopsy samples from kidney recipients with BK virus viremia.

Abstract: BK virus infections which usually remains asymptomatic in healthy adults may have different clinical manifestations in immunocompromised patient population. BK virus reactivation can cause BK virus nephropathy in 8% of kidney transplant patients and graft loss may be seen if not treated. Clathrin or Caveolar system is known to be required for the transport of many viruses from Polyomaviruses family including BK viruses. In this study, kidney transplant patients with BK virus viremia were divided into two groups according to the BK virus nephropathy found in kidney biopsy (Group I: Viremia+, Nephropathy+ / Group II: Viremia+, Nephropathy-). Kidney biopsies were examined with immunohistochemical staining to determine the distribution and density of the Caveolin-1 and Clathrin molecules. Immunohistochemical staining of the 31 pathologic specimens with anti-caveolin-1 immunoglobulin revealed statistically significant difference between group-I and group-II. The number of the specimens stained with anti-caveolin-1 was less in group I. On the other hand, we did not find any difference between the groups regarding the anti-clathrin immunochemical analysis. According to these findings, caveolin-1 expression differences in kidney transplant patients may be important in disease progression.

caveolin-1
BK Virus
kidney transplantation
HLA


Massachusetts' Findings from Statewide Newborn Screening for Spinal Muscular Atrophy.

Abstract: Massachusetts began newborn screening (NBS) for Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) following the availability of new treatment options. The New England Newborn Screening Program developed, validated, and implemented a screening algorithm for the detection of SMA-affected infants who show absent SMN1 Exon 7 by Real-Time™ quantitative PCR (qPCR). We screened 179,467 neonates and identified 9 SMA-affected infants, all of whom were referred to a specialist by day of life 6 (average and median 4 days of life). Another ten SMN1 hybrids were observed but never referred. The nine referred infants who were confirmed to have SMA were entered into treatment protocols. Early data show that some SMA-affected children have remained asymptomatic and are meeting developmental milestones and some have mild to moderate delays. The Massachusetts experience demonstrates that SMA NBS is feasible, can be implemented on a population basis, and helps engage infants for early treatment to maximize benefit.

newborn screening
Spinal Muscular Atrophy
SMN1 gene
SMN2 gene


Differential immune responses to HIV-1 envelope protein induced by liposomal adjuvant formulations containing monophosphoryl lipid A with or without QS21.

Abstract: Liposomes have shown promise as constituents of adjuvant formulations in vaccines to parasitic and viral diseases. A particular type of liposomal construct, referred to as Army Liposome Formulation (ALF), containing neutral and anionic saturated phospholipids, cholesterol, and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), has been used as an adjuvant for many years. Here we investigated the effects of physical and chemical changes of ALF liposomes on adjuvanted immune responses to CN54 gp140, a recombinant HIV-1 envelope protein. While holding the total amounts of liposomal MPLA and the gp140 antigen constant, different liposome sizes and liposomal MPLA:phospholipid molar ratios, and the effect of adding QS21 to the liposomes were compared for inducing immune responses to the gp140. For liposomes lacking QS21, higher titers of IgG binding antibodies to gp140 were induced by small unilamellar vesicle (SUV) rather than by large multilamellar vesicle (MLV) liposomes, and the highest titers were obtained with SUV having the MPLA:phospholipid ratio of 1:5.6. ALF plus QS21 (ALFQ) liposomes induced the same maximal binding antibody titers regardless of the MPLA:phospholipid ratio. ALF MLV liposomes induced mainly IgG1 and very low IgG2a antibodies, while ALF SUV liposomes induced IgG1≥IgG2a>IgG2b antibodies. Liposomes containing QS21 induced IgG1>IgG2a>IgG2b>IgG3 antibodies. ELISPOT analysis of splenocytes from immunized mice revealed that ALF liposomes induced low levels of IFN-γ, but ALFQ induced high levels. ALF and ALFQ liposomes each induced approximately equivalent high levels of IL-4. Based on antibody subtypes and cytokine secretion, we conclude that ALF liposomes predominantly stimulate Th2, while ALFQ strongly induces both Th1 and Th2 immunity. When CN54 gp140 was adjuvanted with either ALF or ALFQ liposomes, antibodies were induced that neutralized two HIV-1 tier 1 clade C strain pseudoviruses.

Beck|Zoltan|Z|
Matyas|Gary R|GR|
Jalah|Rashmi|R|
Rao|Mangala|M|
Polonis|Victoria R|VR|
Alving|Carl R|CR|

D054299:env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Liposomes
Adjuvants
Monophosphoryl lipid A
QS21
AS01B
HIV CN54 gp140 envelope protein


Structural basis of heparin binding to camel peptidoglycan recognition protein-S.

Abstract: Short peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP-S) is a member of the innate immunity system in mammals. PGRP-S from Camelus dromedarius (CPGRP-S) is found to be highly potent against bacterial infections. It is capable of binding to a wide range of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PGN). The heparin-like polysaccharides have also been observed in some bacteria such as the capsule of K5 Escherichia coli thus making them relevant for determining the nature of their interactions with CPGRP-S. The binding studies of CPGRP-S with heparin disaccharide in solution using surface plasmon resonance gave a value 3.3×10(-7) M for the dissociation constant (Kd). The structure of the heparin bound CPGRP-S determined at 2.8Å resolution revealed the presence of a bound heparin molecule in the binding pocket of CPGRP-S. It was found anchored tightly to the protein with the help of several ionic and hydrogen bonded interactions. Three sulphate groups of heparin S1, S2 and S3 have been found to interact with residues, Arg-31, Lys-90, Thr- 97, Asn-99 Asn-140, Gln-150 and Arg-170 of CPGRP-S. The binding site includes two subsites, S-I and S-II with cleft-like structures. Heparin disaccharide is bound in subsite S-I. Previously determined structures of the complexes of CPGRP-S with LPS, LTA and PGN also showed that their glycan moieties were also held in subsite S-I indicating that heparin disaccharide also represents an important element for the recognition by CPGRP-S.

Sharma|Pradeep|P|
Dube|Divya|D|
Sinha|Mau|M|
Dey|Sharmistha|S|
Kaur|Punit|P|
Sharma|Sujata|S|
Singh|Tej P|TP|

heparin
PGRP-S
PAMPs
LPS
LTA
PGN
crystal structure


Dynamic CTA and MRA in a case of severe Raynaud's phenomenon.

Abstract: Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is a condition where arterial spasm, usually in the fingers, causes episodes of reduced blood flow. The condition is either idiopathic (primary) or related to a connective tissue disorder or drug response (secondary). We present a case of severe RP where we performed a novel-sequenced CTA and MRA during a prolonged active episode of peripheral vasospasm. Real-time multidisciplinary consultation resulted in appropriate therapy with symptoms alleviation within hours of presentation.

Hislop-Jambrich|Jacqueline L|JL|
Troupis|John M|JM|
Littlejohn|Geoffrey|G|
Kuganesan|Ahilan|A|

CTA
MRA
Raynaud's phenomenon
CTP
Rheumatology


Electrical injury: an unusual cause of pneumothorax and a review of literature.

Abstract: Electrical injuries are a common occurrence and can be minor or even fatal depending on the voltage to which an individual has been exposed to. Electrical current causes tissue damage by producing heat due to local tissue resistance. Serious electrocution may manifest with cutaneous burns, visceral injuries, organ perforation, and cardiac and respiratory effects. Pneumothorax as a complication of electrical injury is a very rare entity. We report one such case of electrical burn injury with right-sided pneumothorax as an immediate complication.


Prehospital Triage Strategies for the Transportation of Suspected Stroke Patients in the United States.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Ischemic stroke patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) could benefit from direct transportation to an intervention center for endovascular treatment, but non-LVO patients need rapid IV thrombolysis in the nearest center. Our aim was to evaluate prehospital triage strategies for suspected stroke patients in the United States.

METHODS
We used a decision tree model and geographic information system to estimate outcome of suspected stroke patients transported by ambulance within 4.5 hours after symptom onset. We compared the following strategies: (1) Always to nearest center, (2) American Heart Association algorithm (ie, directly to intervention center if a prehospital stroke scale suggests LVO and total driving time from scene to intervention center is <30 minutes, provided that the delay would not exclude from thrombolysis), (3) modified algorithms with a maximum additional driving time to the intervention center of <30 minutes, <60 minutes, or without time limit, and (4) always to intervention center. Primary outcome was the annual number of good outcomes, defined as modified Rankin Scale score of 0-2. The preferred strategy was the one that resulted in the best outcomes with an incremental number needed to transport to intervention center (NNTI) <100 to prevent one death or severe disability (modified Rankin Scale score of >2).

RESULTS
Nationwide implementation of the American Heart Association algorithm increased the number of good outcomes by 594 (+1.0%) compared with transportation to the nearest center. The associated number of non-LVO patients transported to the intervention center was 16 714 (NNTI 28). The modified algorithms yielded an increase of 1013 (+1.8%) to 1369 (+2.4%) good outcomes, with a NNTI varying between 28 and 32. The algorithm without time limit was preferred in the majority of states (n=32 [65%]), followed by the algorithm with <60 minutes delay (n=10 [20%]). Tailoring policies at county-level slightly reduced the total number of transportations to the intervention center (NNTI 31).

CONCLUSIONS
Prehospital triage strategies can greatly improve outcomes of the ischemic stroke population in the United States, but increase the number of non-LVO stroke patients transported to an intervention center. The current American Heart Association algorithm is suboptimal as a nationwide policy and should be modified to allow more delay when directly transporting LVO-suspected patients to an intervention center.

Venema|Esmee|E|
Burke|James F|JF|
Roozenbeek|Bob|B|
Nelson|Jason|J|
Lingsma|Hester F|HF|
Dippel|Diederik W J|DWJ|
Kent|David M|DM|

D000465:Algorithms
D000552:Ambulances
D000572:American Heart Association
D003663:Decision Trees
D004632:Emergency Medical Services
D057510:Endovascular Procedures
D040362:Geographic Information Systems
D006291:Health Policy
D006801:Humans
D000083242:Ischemic Stroke
D010360:Patient Transfer
D012720:Severity of Illness Index
D017131:Thrombectomy
D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy
D061665:Time-to-Treatment
D014187:Transportation of Patients
D014218:Triage
D014481:United States

triage
ambulances
American Heart Association
emergency medical services
thrombectomy


COVID-19 in multiple sclerosis patients and risk factors for severe infection.

Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients have been considered a higher-risk population for COVID-19 due to the high prevalence of disability and disease-modifying therapy use; however, there is little data identifying clinical characteristics of MS associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes. Therefore, we conducted a multicenter prospective cohort study looking at the outcomes of 40 MS patients with confirmed COVID-19. Severity of COVID-19 infection was based on hospital course, where a mild course was defined as the patient not requiring hospital admission, moderate severity was defined as the patient requiring hospital admission to the general floor, and most severe was defined as requiring intensive care unit admission and/or death. 19/40(47.5%) had mild courses, 15/40(37.5%) had moderate courses, and 6/40(15%) had severe courses. Patients with moderate and severe courses were significantly older than those with a mild course (57[50-63] years old and 66[58.8-69.5] years old vs 48[40-51.5] years old, P = 0.0121, P = 0.0373). There was differing prevalence of progressive MS phenotype in those with more severe courses (severe:2/6[33.3%]primary-progressing and 0/6[0%]secondary-progressing, moderate:1/14[7.14%] and 5/14[35.7%] vs mild:0/19[0%] and 1/19[5.26%], P = 0.0075, 1 unknown). Significant disability was found in 1/19(5.26%) mild course-patients, but was in 9/15(60%, P = 0.00435) of moderate course-patients and 2/6(33.3%, P = 0.200) of severe course-patients. Disease-modifying therapy prevalence did not differ among courses (mild:17/19[89.5%], moderate:12/15[80%] and severe:3/6[50%], P = 0.123). MS patients with more severe COVID-19 courses tended to be older, were more likely to suffer from progressive phenotype, and had a higher degree of disability. However, disease-modifying therapy use was not different among courses.

Chaudhry|Farhan|F|
Bulka|Helena|H|
Rathnam|Anirudha S|AS|
Said|Omar M|OM|
Lin|Jia|J|
Lorigan|Holly|H|
Bernitsas|Eva|E|
Rube|Jacob|J|
Korzeniewski|Steven J|SJ|
Memon|Anza B|AB|
Levy|Phillip D|PD|
Schultz|Lonni|L|
Javed|Adil|A|
Lisak|Robert|R|
Cerghet|Mirela|M|


Antibody treatment against pulmonary exposure to abrin confers significantly higher levels of protection than treatment against ricin intoxication.

Abstract: Abrin, a potent plant-derived toxin bearing strong resemblance to ricin, irreversibly inactivates ribosomes by site-specific depurination, thereby precipitating cessation of protein synthesis in cells. Due to its high availability and ease of preparation, abrin is considered a biological threat, especially in context of bioterror warfare. To date, there is no established therapeutic countermeasure against abrin intoxication. In the present study, we examined the progress of pulmonary abrin intoxication in mice, evaluated the protective effect of antibody-based post-exposure therapy, and compared these findings to those observed for ricin intoxication and therapy. Salient features of abrin intoxication were found to be similar to those of ricin and include massive recruitment of neutrophils to the lungs, high levels of pro-inflammatory markers in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and damage of the alveolar-capillary barrier. In contrast, the protective effect of anti-abrin antibody treatment was found to differ significantly from that of anti-ricin treatment. While anti-ricin treatment efficiency was quite limited even at 24h post-exposure (34% protection), administration of polyclonal anti-abrin antibodies even as late as 72h post-exposure, conferred exceedingly high-level protection (>70%). While both anti-toxin antibody treatments caused neutrophil and macrophage levels in the lungs to revert to normal, only anti-abrin treatment brought about a significant decline in the pulmonary levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6. The differential ability of the anti-toxin treatments to dampen inflammation caused by the two similar toxins, abrin and ricin, could explain the radically different levels of protection achieved following antibody treatment.

Sabo|Tamar|T| Gal|Yoav|Y| Elhanany|Eitan|E| Sapoznikov|Anita|A| Falach|Reut|R| Mazor|Ohad|O| Kronman|Chanoch|C|

Antibodies Pulmonary Abrin Ricin IL-6 BALF


Therapeutic Efficacy and Biodistribution of Paclitaxel-Bound Amphiphilic Cyclodextrin Nanoparticles: Analyses in 3D Tumor Culture and Tumor-Bearing Animals In Vivo.

Abstract: The uniqueness of paclitaxel's antimitotic action mechanism has fueled research toward its application in more effective and safer cancer treatments. However, the low water solubility, recrystallization, and side effects hinder the clinical success of classic paclitaxel chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo efficacy and biodistribution of paclitaxel encapsulated in injectable amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles of different surface charges. It was found that paclitaxel-loaded amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles showed an antitumoral effect earlier than the drug solution. Moreover, the blank nanoparticles reduced the tumor growth with a similar trend to the paclitaxel solution. At 24 h, the nanoparticles had not accumulated in the heart and lungs according to the biodistribution assessed by in vivo imaging. Therefore, our results indicated that the amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles are potentially devoid of cardiac toxicity, which limits the clinical use and commercialization of certain polymeric nanoparticles. In conclusion, the amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles with different surface charge increased the efficiency of paclitaxel in vitro and in vivo. Cyclodextrin nanoparticles could be a good candidate vehicle for intravenous paclitaxel delivery.

biodistribution
cyclodextrin
nanoparticle
paclitaxel
breast tumor induced animal model
tumor targeting


Oxygen-rich poly-bisvanillonitrile embedded amorphous zirconium oxide nanoparticles as reusable and porous adsorbent for removal of arsenic species from water.

Abstract: A new oxygen-rich porous polymer based on bisvanillonitrile was synthesized and characterized. This polymer was employed as support for the anchoring of 14.5 w% amorphous zirconium oxide nanoparticles. The formation of homogeneously dispersed nanoparticles in the poly-bisvanillonitrile (PBVN) host material was confirmed using N2-sorption, XRPD, XPS and electron microscopy. The combination of zirconium oxide nanoparticles having active adsorption sites with the porous supporting material showed excellent adsorption of arsenic species. The resulting adsorption capacities of the hybrid material extend to 245 mg g-1 for arsenite (AsIII) and 115 mg g-1 for arsenate (AsV). Moreover, adsorption kinetics showed a fast removal of both arsenic species with initial adsorption rate h of 0.0646 mg g-1 min-1 for arsenite and 0.0746 mg g-1 min-1 for arsenate. The immobilization was not interfered by the presence of other compounds in solution, indicating the applicability in real working environments. The material could be regenerated in a continuous mode using a 0.1 mol L-1 sodium hydroxide solution at 70 °C to desorb arsenic.

Seynnaeve|Bram|B|
Folens|Karel|K|
Krishnaraj|Chidharth|C|
Ilic|Ivan K|IK|
Liedel|Clemens|C|
Schmidt|Johannes|J|
Verberckmoes|An|A|
Du Laing|Gijs|G|
Leus|Karen|K|
Van Der Voort|Pascal|P|

Arsenic
Adsorption
Nanotechnology
Porous composite
Water remediation


Changes in rainfall distribution promote woody foliage production in the Sahel.

Abstract: Dryland ecosystems comprise a balance between woody and herbaceous vegetation. Climate change impacts rainfall timing, which may alter the respective contributions of woody and herbaceous plants on the total vegetation production. Here, we apply 30 years of field-measured woody foliage and herbaceous mass from Senegal and document a faster increase in woody foliage mass (+17 kg ha-1 yr-1) as compared to herbaceous mass (+3 kg ha-1 yr-1). Annual rainfall trends were partitioned into core wet-season rains (+0.7 mm yr-1), supporting a weak but periodic (5-year cycles) increase in herbaceous mass, and early/late rains (+2.1 mm yr-1), explaining the strongly increased woody foliage mass. Satellite observations confirm these findings for the majority of the Sahel, with total herbaceous/woody foliage mass increases by 6%/20%. We conclude that the rainfall recovery in the Sahel does not benefit herbaceous vegetation to the same extent as woody vegetation, presumably favoured by increased early/late rains.

Climate-change ecology
Ecosystem ecology


Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitory Activity, Antioxidant Properties, Phenolic Content and Amino Acid Profiles of Fucus spiralis L. Protein Hydrolysate Fractions.

Abstract: Food protein-derived hydrolysates with multi-bioactivities such as antihypertensive and antioxidant properties have recently received special attention since both activities can play significant roles in preventing cardiovascular diseases. This study reports, for the first time, the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibition and antioxidant properties of ultrafiltrate fractions (UF) with different molecular weight ranges (<1, 1-3 and ≥3 kDa) obtained from Fucus spiralis protein hydrolysate (FSPH) digested with cellulase-bromelain. The amino acids profile, recovery yield, protein, peptide and total phenolic contents of these FSPH-UF, and the in vitro digestibility of F. spiralis crude protein were also investigated. FSPH-UF ≥3 kDa presented remarkably higher ACE-inhibition, yield, peptide and polyphenolic (phlorotannins) contents. Antioxidant analysis showed that FSPH-UF <1 kDa and ≥3 kDa exhibited significantly higher scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical and ferrous ion-chelating (FIC) activity. FSPH-UF ≥3 kDa had also notably higher ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Strong correlations were observed between ACE-inhibition and antioxidant activities (FIC and FRAP). The results suggest that ACE-inhibition and antioxidant properties of FSPH-UF may be due to the bioactive peptides and polyphenols released during the enzymatic hydrolysis. In conclusion, this study shows the potential use of defined size FSPH-UF for the prevention/treatment of hypertension and/or oxidative stress-related diseases.

Paiva|Lisete|L|
Lima|Elisabete|E|0000-0002-6736-8729
Neto|Ana Isabel|AI|
Baptista|José|J|

antioxidant properties
ultrafiltration
ACE-inhibition
phlorotannins
amino acids composition
cardiovascular-health
edible brown algae
marine functional foods
peptide fractions
protein enzymatic hydrolysate


Simultaneous production of poly-γ-glutamic acid and 2,3-butanediol by a newly isolated Bacillus subtilis CS13.

Abstract: Bacillus subtilis naturally produces large amounts of 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) as a main by-product during poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) production. 2,3-BD is a promising platform chemical in various industries, and co-production of the two chemicals has great economic benefits. Co-production of γ-PGA and 2,3-BD by a newly isolated B. subtilis CS13 was investigated here. The fermentation medium and culture parameters of the process were optimized using statistical methods. It was observed that sucrose, L-glutamic acid, ammonium citrate, and MgSO4·7H2O were favorable for γ-PGA and 2,3-BD co-production at culture pH of 6.5 and 37 °C. An optimal medium composed of 119.8 g/L sucrose, 48.8 g/L L-glutamic acid, 21.1 g/L ammonium citrate, and 3.2 g/L MgSO4·7H2O was obtained by response surface methodology (RSM). The results show that the titers of γ-PGA and 2,3-BD reached 27.8 ± 0.9 g/L at 24 h and 57.1 ± 1.3 g/L at 84 h with the optimized medium, respectively. γ-PGA and 2,3-BD production by B. subtilis CS13 was significantly enhanced in fed-batch fermentations. γ-PGA (36.5 ± 1.1 g/L, productivity of 1.22 ± 0.04 g/L/h) and 2,3-BD concentrations (119.6 ± 2.8 g/L, productivity of 2.49 ± 0.66 g/L/h) were obtained in the optimized medium with feeding sucrose. The co-production of 2,3-BD and γ-PGA provides a new perspective for industrial production of γ-PGA and 2,3-BD. Key points • A strategy for co-production of γ-PGA and 2,3-BD was developed. • The culture parameters for the co-production of γ-PGA and 2,3-BD were studied. • RSM was used to optimize the medium for γ-PGA and 2,3-BD co-production. • 36.5 g/L γ-PGA and 119.6 g/L 2,3-BD were obtained from the optimum medium in fed-batch fermentation.

D001412:Bacillus subtilis
D061249:Batch Cell Culture Techniques
D002072:Butylene Glycols
D003470:Culture Media
D005285:Fermentation
D005516:Food Microbiology
D018698:Glutamic Acid
D007218:Industrial Microbiology
D011099:Polyglutamic Acid

Poly-γ-glutamic acid
2,3-Butanediol
Bacillus subtilis CS13
Response surface methodology


Presence of rare hepatitis C virus subtypes, 2j, 2k, and 2r in Mexico City as identified by sequencing.

Abstract: The HCV 5'UTR, Core/E1, and NS5B regions of samples from fifty patients infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) were analyzed. Seventeen patients were identified with genotype (GT) 1b, eleven with GT-1a, nine with GT-2b and four with GT-3a. Two rare subtypes were detected: GT-2j in two patients and GT-2r in one patient. Three patients had mixed infections: one with GT-2k + 2j and two with GT-1b + 2b. This work identifies HCV GTs, 2j, 2k, and 2r for the first time in Mexico.

hepatitis C virus
epidemiology
evolution
genetic variability
virus classification


Tracking dynamic brain networks using high temporal resolution MEG measures of functional connectivity.

Abstract: Fluctuations in functional interactions between brain regions typically occur at the millisecond time scale. Conventional connectivity metrics are not adequately time-resolved to detect such fast fluctuations in functional connectivity. At the same time, attempts to use conventional metrics in a time-resolved manner usually come with the selection of sliding windows of fixed arbitrary length. In the current work, we evaluated the use of high temporal resolution metrics of functional connectivity in conjunction with non-negative tensor factorisation to detect fast fluctuations in connectivity and temporally evolving subnetworks. To this end, we used the phase difference derivative, wavelet coherence, and we also introduced a new metric, the instantaneous amplitude correlation. In order to deal with the inherently noisy nature of magnetoencephalography data and large datasets, we make use of recurrence plots and we used pair-wise orthogonalisation to avoid spurious estimates of functional connectivity due to signal leakage. Firstly, metrics were evaluated in the context of dynamically coupled neural mass models in the presence and absence of delays and also compared to conventional static metrics with fixed sliding windows. Simulations showed that these high temporal resolution metrics outperformed conventional static connectivity metrics. Secondly, the sensitivity of the metrics to fluctuations in connectivity was analysed in post-movement beta rebound magnetoencephalography data, which showed time locked sensorimotor subnetworks that modulated with the post-movement beta rebound. Finally, sensitivity of the metrics was evaluated in resting-state magnetoencephalography, showing similar spatial patterns across metrics, thereby indicating the robustness of the current analysis. The current methods can be applied in cognitive experiments that involve fast modulations in connectivity in relation to cognition. In addition, these methods could also be used as input to temporal graph analysis to further characterise the rapid fluctuation in brain network topology.

Tewarie|Prejaas|P|
Liuzzi|Lucrezia|L|
O'Neill|George C|GC|
Quinn|Andrew J|AJ|
Griffa|Alessandra|A|
Woolrich|Mark W|MW|
Stam|Cornelis J|CJ|
Hillebrand|Arjan|A|
Brookes|Matthew J|MJ|

Phase difference derivative
Wavelet coherence
Instantaneous amplitude correlation
Magnetoencephalography
Dynamic functional connectivity
Temporal networks


Systemic neutrophil lymphocyte ratio and mismatch repair status in colorectal cancer patients: correlation and prognostic value.

Abstract: Purpose: Mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with increased local immune response as compared with mismatch repair-proficient (pMMR) CRC. We evaluated the relationship between MMR status and systemic inflammatory factors, including neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and C-reactive protein (CRP). We also assessed the prognostic value of these parameters. Methods and materials: We analysed the relationship between MMR status (obtained by histochemical analysis), neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, NLR, and CRP level. The impact of systemic inflammatory factors on survival was also evaluated in dMMR and pMMR CRC patients. Results: A total of 1353 male and 892 female patients were eligible for analysis, of which, 253 patients (11.3%) were found to have dMMR status. Patients with dMMR status presented with increased neutrophil counts, and higher NLR and CRP levels in early stage CRC. In stage IV CRC patients, no correlation between MMR status and systemic inflammatory factors was found. Lymphocyte counts did not correlate with MMR status. High NLR was a prognostic factor for poor survival in pMMR CRC. However, NLR was not a prognostic factor in dMMR CRC. Conclusions: Our results suggest that dMMR CRC correlates with higher neutrophil count, NLR and CRP levels only in non-metastatic patients, and NLR has prognostic value only in pMMR CRC.

He|Wen-Zhuo|WZ| Hu|Wan-Ming|WM| Kong|Peng-Fei|PF| Yang|Lin|L| Yang|Yuan-Zhong|YZ| Xie|Qian-Kun|QK| Jiang|Chang|C| Yin|Chen-Xi|CX| Qiu|Hui-Juan|HJ| Zhang|Bei|B| Zhang|Hui-Zhong|HZ| Xia|Liang-Ping|LP|

colorectal cancer
NLR
CEA
biomarker
prognosis


Colonial Virus": COVID-19, creative arts and public health communication in Ghana.

Abstract:
Since March 2020, Ghana's creative arts communities have tracked the complex facets of the COVID-19 pandemic through various art forms. This paper reports a study that analysed selected 'COVID art forms' through arts and health and critical health psychology frameworks. Art forms produced between March and July 2020, and available in the public sphere - traditional media, social media and public spaces - were collated. The data consisted of comedy, cartoons, songs, murals and textile designs. Three key functions emerged from analysis: health promotion (comedy, cartoons, songs); disease prevention (masks); and improving the aesthetics of the healthcare environment (murals). Textile designs performed broader socio-cultural functions of memorialising and political advocacy. Similar to earlier HIV/AIDS and Ebola arts interventions in other African countries, these Ghanaian COVID art forms translated public health information on COVID-19 in ways that connected emotionally, created social awareness and improved public understanding. However, some art forms had limitations: for example, songs that edutained using fear-based strategies or promoting conspiracy theories on the origins and treatment of COVID-19, and state-sponsored visual art that represented public health messaging decoupled from socio-economic barriers to health protection. These were likely to undermine the public health communication goals of behaviour modification. We outline concrete approaches to incorporate creative arts into COVID-19 public health interventions and post-pandemic health systems strengthening in Ghana.

Funding
None declared.

COVID-19
creative arts
public health communication
Ghana
behaviour change


Dual role of photosensitizer and carrier material of fullerene in micelles for chemo-photodynamic therapy of cancer.

Abstract: Derivatives of fullerene (C60) as photosensitizers have rarely been studied as delivery carrier materials. The focus of this study was to explore the potential advantages of diadduct malonic acid-fullerene (DMA-C60) as delivery carrier materials and combination of chemo-phototherapy of some tumors. In this study, DMA-C60 and docetaxel (DTX) were coentrapped in micelles (MCs) (DMA-C60/DTX-MC). The addition of DMA-C60 could obviously improve static stability and decrease critical MC concentration of DTX-MC without hemolysis. The sustained release of DTX and DMA-C60 could be achieved, following Higuichi and first-order model, respectively. DMA-C60 could still produce reactive oxygen species efficiently in HeLa cells after encapsulation in MC. The addition of DMA-C60 under irradiation caused DTX-MC more stronger cytotoxicity, cell cycle changes, and more early apoptotic cells in vitro. More importantly, after intravenous injection, the addition of DMA-C60 in DTX-MC could result in 2.25-fold and 4.57-fold longer mean residence time compared with DTX-MC and Duopafei(®) , increase drug intratumoral distribution and decrease drug distribution in heart and kidney, and enhance antitumor effect under irradiation without body weight loss. These results suggested tremendous promise of DMA-C60 as carrier materials of MC and significant advantages in combination of chemo-phototherapy of some tumors. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 103:3225-3234, 2014.

Guo|Xinhong|X| Ding|Rui|R| Zhang|Ying|Y| Ye|Ling|L| Liu|Xin|X| Chen|Caiping|C| Zhang|Zhenzhong|Z| Zhang|Yun|Y|

photosensitive
micelles
diadduct malonic acid-fullerene
antitumor effect
cancer chemotherapy
cellular mechanisms
controlled release/delivery
excipients
pharmacokinetics


Arsenic trioxide reduces the expression of E2F1, cyclin E, and phosphorylation of PI3K signaling molecules in acute leukemia cells.

Abstract: Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been used for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Although ATO modulates cell cycle progression and apoptosis in APL cells, its exact mechanism of action remains elusive. In this research, we investigated its effects on E2F1, cyclin E, p53, pRb, and PI3K signaling molecules by western blotting, immunocytochemistry and/or confocal imaging. We found that ATO inhibited the proliferation of APL cells through down-regulation of E2F1 and cyclin E expression, and stimulation of pRb. It also reduced the interaction of pRb and E2F1with binding to the E2F1 promoter, by stimulating pRb association. ATO also effected the phosphorylation of pRb at S608 and T373 residues and association of E2F1, pRb, and p53, simultaneously. However, in p53-knockdown NB4 cells, ATO did not significantly reduce E2F1 and cyclin E expression. Our findings demonstrate that ATO inhibits APL cell growth through reduced expression of E2F1, cyclin E, and stimulation of pRb. It also effected both interaction and association of E2F1, pRb, and p53 by phosphorylation of pRb at T373 and S608 residues and reduced phosphorylation of PI3K signaling molecules. This novel mode of action of ATO in APL cells may be useful for designing new APL drugs.


Modeling and multi-objective optimization for ANAMMOX process under COD disturbance using hybrid intelligent algorithm.

Abstract: Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) has been regarded as an efficient process to treat nitrogen-containing wastewater. However, the treatment process is not fully understood in terms of reaction mechanisms, process simulation, and control. In this paper, a multi-objective control strategy mixed soft-sensing model (MCSSM) is developed to systematically design the operating variations for multi-objective control by integrating the developed model, a least square support vector machine optimized with principal component analysis (PCA-LSSVM) and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II). The results revealed that the PCA-LSSVM model is a feasible and efficient tool for predicting the effluent ammonia nitrogen concentration ([Formula: see text]) and the total nitrogen removal concentration (CTN, rem) with determination coefficients (R2) were 0.997 for [Formula: see text] and 0.989 for CTN, rem, and gives us the reasonable solutions in influent by using NSGA-II. To achieve a better removal effect, the influent pH should be kept between 7.50 and 7.52, the COD/TN ratio is suggested to maintain at 0.15 and the NH4+-N/NO2--N ratio is suggested to maintain at 0.61. The developed MCSSM approach and its general modeling framework have a high potential of applicability and guidance to bioprocess in wastewater treatment, and numerical models can be structured for predicting and optimization and experiments can be conducted for data acquisition and model establishment.

Xie|Bin|B| Ma|Yong-Wen|YW| Wan|Jin-Quan|JQ| Wang|Yan|Y| Yan|Zhi-Cheng|ZC| Liu|Lin|L| Guan|Ze-Yu|ZY|

D057919:Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis

Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II

Least square support vector machine∙modeling


Predicting successful prosthetic rehabilitation in major lower-limb amputation patients: a 15-year retrospective cohort study.

Abstract:
OBJECTIVE
To determine and compare specific factors that could be associated and predictive with successful prosthetic rehabilitation in major lower-limb amputations.

METHODS
A 15-year long (2000-2014) retrospective observational cohort study was conducted. Two different criteria were used to define successful prosthetic rehabilitation: (1) the ability to walk at least 45m, regardless of assistive devices; and (2) walking >45m without other ambulatory aids than one cane (if required). Age, gender, comorbidities, cause and level of amputation, stump characteristics, ulcers in the preserved limb, and time between surgery and physical therapy were examined as predictors of successful prosthetic rehabilitation.

RESULTS
A total of 169 patients (61.60±15.9 years) were included. Regarding walking ability with or without walking aids, the presence of ulcers in the preserved limb was individually associated with failed prosthetic rehabilitation (p<0.001), while being male (OR=0.21; 95%CI=0.06-0.80) and transtibial level of amputation (OR=6.73; 95%CI=1.92-23.64) were identified as independent predictors of failure and success, respectively. Regarding the criterion of successful rehabilitation, a shorter time until rehabilitation was individually associated with improved walking ability (p<0.013), while failure could be predicted by comorbidities (OR=0.48; 95%CI=0.29-0.78) and age groups of 65-75 years old (OR=0.19; 95%CI=0.05-0.78) and over 75 years old (OR=0.19; 95%CI=0.04-0.91).

CONCLUSIONS
Regarding walking ability with or without walking aids, male gender and transtibial level of amputation are independently associated with failure and success respectively, whereas older age and comorbidities can predict failed prosthetic rehabilitation when assistive walking devices are considered. Future prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Fajardo-Martos|Inés|I| Roda|Olga|O| Zambudio-Periago|Ramón|R| Bueno-Cavanillas|Aurora|A| Hita-Contreras|Fidel|F| Sánchez-Montesinos|Indalecio|I|

Predictive
Lower-limb
Walking ability
Successful rehabilitation
Amputees


Social determinants of tobacco use: towards an equity lens approach.

Abstract: Tobacco is the only commercial product that eventually kills nearly half of all long-term users. The prevalence of tobacco use is disproportionately high in lower socioeconomic strata and vulnerable groups (such as adolescents) within and across countries. Given its highly addictive nature, tobacco use perpetuates poverty and loss of opportunities, thus undermining the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Moreover, by shaping the national and international context, globalization and governance impact on the tobacco epidemic and underlying disparities. Therefore, socio-economic gradients, which influence predisposition to tobacco uptake and cessation, must be confronted. Here I argue that tobacco prevention and control must be addressed through a lifelong, equity lens approach. This approach describes the essential need for every individual to have equal access to informative prevention and cessation services independent of income, occupational status, social stratum, or residence. I also contend that rather than being occupied with "research on research", the focus should shift to how to practically implement the existing accumulated, cogent body of scientific evidence in a societally equitable manner. Finally, in line with the core dilemma of "who really governs the policies that shape our health?" raised by the WHO's Director General, it is time for civil society either on its own or in partnership with local authorities to formulate policies that implement the "health for all" imperative rather than the currently dominant "wealth for some".

Tobacco
Globalization
Governance
Development Agenda
Health Equity
Public Health
Social Determinants of Health


Low temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis of wood sawdust for phenolic rich compounds: Kinetics and dielectric properties analysis.

Abstract: Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of wood sawdust for phenolic rich compounds was carried out between 400 and 550°C in a batch reactor. An efficient preparation of liquid products was observed at 500°C with a yield of 58.50%, which was similar to conventional fast pyrolysis. The highest concentration of phenolic compounds in liquid product reached up to 78.7% (area) in which the alkoxy phenols contributed 81.8% at 500°C. Microwave thermogravimetric analysis using KAS method was used firstly to investigate the low-temperature pyrolytic behaviors and activation energy. The results indicated that effective pyrolytic range was 250-400°C and average activation energy was 42.78kJ/mol, which were 50-100°C and 50-100kJ/mol lower than conventional pyrolysis, respectively. Analysis on dielectric properties of pyrolytic products confirmed that accelerated pyrolysis and low temperature were attributed to the formation of instantaneous "hot spots".

Luo|Hu|H| Bao|Liwei|L| Kong|Lingzhao|L| Sun|Yuhan|Y|

Microwave thermogravimetric analysis (MW-TGA)


Perioperative cost evaluation of canal wall down mastoidectomy.

Abstract:
INTRODUCTION
To evaluate perioperative costs of canal wall-down (CWD) mastoidectomy as an initial surgery compared to revision surgery following initial canal wall-up (CWU) mastoidectomy.

METHODS
This study is a retrospective chart review of adult patients who underwent CWD mastoidectomy for chronic otitis media with or without cholesteatoma at a tertiary referral center. Patients were divided into groups that had previous CWU surgery and were undergoing revision CWD and those that were having an initial CWD mastoidectomy. Cost variables including previous surgeries, imaging costs, audiometric testing, and post-operative visits were compared between the two groups using t-test analysis.

RESULTS
There was no significant difference with regards to the cost of post-operative visits, peri-operative imaging, or revision surgeries between the two groups. Hearing outcomes based on mean speech reception threshold (SRT) were not statistically different between the two groups (p = 0.087). There was a significant difference in total cost with the revision group having a higher mean cost by $6967.84, most of which was accounted for by the difference in the cost of the previous surgeries of $6488.53.

CONCLUSIONS
The revision CWD surgery group had increased total cost that could be attributed to the cost of previous surgery. Increased peri-operative cost was not noted with the initial CWD surgery group for any individual variables examined. Initial CWD mastoidectomy should be considered in the proper patient population to help decrease healthcare costs.

Conway|Robert M|RM|
Sioshansi|Pedrom C|PC|
Howard|Anthony L|AL|
Babu|Seilesh C|SC|

Cost evaluation
Canal wall down mastoidectomy
Chronic otitis media
Cholesteatoma


Positron emission tomography computed tomography features of monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma.

Abstract:
OBJECTIVE
To define the positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) features of monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma (MEITL), a rare malignancy in European and North American populations and the most common form of primary intestinal T-cell lymphoma in Asian populations.

METHODS
18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT findings of a cohort of MEITL patients were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTS
Eight men and four women with MEITL investigated by PET/CT at diagnosis and relapse were retrospectively analyzed. On presentation, the primary involved sites were the small bowel (N = 8), large bowel (N = 2), stomach (N = 1) and small and large bowels (N = 1). The uninvolved small bowel did not show increased FDG-avidity to suggest enteropathy. On presentation, lymph nodes and other organs were involved in seven cases (58%). The primary lesions were hypermetabolic except in one case, where the colonic lesion was eumetabolic. At relapse, the stomach and large bowel might be involved even if the primary tumours arose from the small bowel, and multiple extra-intestinal metastases occurred. Interestingly, thoracic structures and the brain were frequently involved (50% and 25% respectively).

CONCLUSION
These findings showed that in contrast to classical enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma, where the small bowel is the exclusive primary site (owing to its origin from coeliac disease) and distant metastases even during relapse are exceptional, MEITL might on presentation and during relapse involve any part of the gut, and metastasize to multiple extra-intestinal sites.

D000072078:Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography

positron emission tomography computed tomography

Monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T cell lymphoma


Whole mitochondrial genome genetic diversity in an Estonian population sample.

Abstract: Mitochondrial DNA is a useful marker for population studies, human identification, and forensic analysis. Commonly used hypervariable regions I and II (HVI/HVII) were reported to contain as little as 25% of mitochondrial DNA variants and therefore the majority of power of discrimination of mitochondrial DNA resides in the coding region. Massively parallel sequencing technology enables entire mitochondrial genome sequencing. In this study, buccal swabs were collected from 114 unrelated Estonians and whole mitochondrial genome sequences were generated using the Illumina MiSeq system. The results are concordant with previous mtDNA control region reports of high haplogroup HV and U frequencies (47.4 and 23.7% in this study, respectively) in the Estonian population. One sample with the Northern Asian haplogroup D was detected. The genetic diversity of the Estonian population sample was estimated to be 99.67 and 95.85%, for mtGenome and HVI/HVII data, respectively. The random match probability for mtGenome data was 1.20 versus 4.99% for HVI/HVII. The nucleotide mean pairwise difference was 27 ± 11 for mtGenome and 7 ± 3 for HVI/HVII data. These data describe the genetic diversity of the Estonian population sample and emphasize the power of discrimination of the entire mitochondrial genome over the hypervariable regions.

Power of discrimination
Illumina MiSeq
Haplogroup
Estonia
Massively parallel sequencing (MPS)
Mitochondrial genome (mtGenome)


Level of circulating concentrations of progesterone during ovulatory follicle development affects timing of pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cows.

Abstract: The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of high versus low progesterone (P4) during the pre-dominance or dominance phase (or both) of ovulatory follicle development on follicular dynamics and fertility of lactating dairy cows. Progesterone (P4) was manipulated to reach high (H) or low (L) serum concentrations during the pre-dominance phase (d 0 to 4 of the wave) and dominance phase (d 5 to 7 of the wave) of a second follicular wave ovulatory follicle, creating 4 treatments: H/H, H/L, L/H, and L/L. Luteolysis was induced with PGF2α on d 7 of the wave and ovulation was induced with GnRH 56 h after PGF2α. Cows (n = 558) received artificial insemination (AI) 16 h following GnRH. Pregnancy was determined at 6 intervals during gestation and at calving to quantify pregnancy loss beginning at d 23 post-AI utilizing pregnancy-specific protein B (PSPB) in novel within-cow comparisons. Cows with single ovulations assigned to the L/L treatment had greater pre-ovulatory follicle diameter compared with cows assigned to the L/H or H/L treatments. Cows with single ovulations had greater pre-ovulatory follicle diameter compared with cows with double ovulations. Low P4 in H/L, L/H, and L/L increased double ovulation rate compared with H/H. Cows with double ovulations had greater pregnancies per AI (P/AI) on d 23 post-AI compared with cows with single ovulations but had greater losses if ovulations were unilateral. Cows with low P4 during the entire period of the ovulatory follicle development also had greater P/AI on d 23 post-AI compared with cows with high P4 during both phases. However, full-term P/AI was not different between treatments. This was a result of the greater incidence of pregnancy losses between d 35 and 56 of gestation for cows with unilateral double ovulations compared with bilateral double ovulations and single ovulatory cows. Cows with single ovulation and low circulating P4 during the dominance period of follicle development had increased pregnancy losses between d 35 and 56 of gestation compared with cows with single ovulations and high P4. The PSPB measurements on d 16 and 23 post-AI were highly accurate in the prediction of pregnancy at d 28. The PSPB differed on d 23 and 28 between cows that had versus cows that did not have pregnancy losses between d 28 and 35 of gestation. In summary, circulating concentrations of P4 during ovulatory follicle development affected numbers of follicles ovulated and timing of subsequent pregnancy losses.

Martins|J P N|JPN|
Wang|D|D|
Mu|N|N|
Rossi|G F|GF|
Martini|A P|AP|
Martins|V R|VR|
Pursley|J R|JR|

pre-dominance
dominance
follicular wave
unilateral double ovulation
embryonic death


Immuno-HCR based on contact quenching and fluorescence resonance energy transfer for sensitive and low background detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7.

Abstract: Escherichia coli O157:H7 makes a major threat to human health. Aiming to detect Escherichia coli O157:H7 sensitively, hybridization chain reaction signal amplified immunoassay (immuno-HCR) based on contact quenching (CQ) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was developed. The background of the new designed HCR hairpins (CQ-FRET hairpins) was reduced by contact-quenching fluorescein (FAM) and breaking FRET from donor (FAM) to acceptor (Cy5). The F/F0 ratio of CQ-FRET hairpins (37.02) was obviously higher than that of two other common HCR fluorescent hairpins (CQ hairpins, 21.45; FRET hairpins, 4.61). The limit of detection of the assay was 3.5 × 101 CFU/mL and obviously lower than that of CQ hairpins based immuno-HCR (3.28 × 103 CFU/mL) and FRET hairpins based immuno-HCR (6.49 × 104 CFU/mL). The proposed low fluorescent background immuno-HCR with high sensitivity which was verified in contaminated milk samples could be potentially used in the detection of various pathogens.

Duan|Miaolin|M| Xiao|Xiaoyue|X| Huang|Yanmei|Y| Li|Guoqiang|G| Shan|Shan|S| Lv|Xi|X| Zhou|Houde|H| Peng|Silu|S| Liu|Chengwei|C| Liu|Daofeng|D| Lai|Weihua|W|

D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Contact quenching
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
Low background
Escherichia coli O157:H7
Hybridization chain reaction


Screening and Bioprospecting of Anaerobic Consortia for Biofuel Production Enhancement from Sugarcane Bagasse.

Abstract: The genera Dysgonomonas, Coprococcus, Sporomusa, Bacteroides, Sedimentibacter, Pseudomonas, Ruminococcus, and Clostridium predominate in compost residue, and vadimCA02, Anaerobaculum, Tatlockia, Caloramator, and Syntrophus prevail in soil used as inoculum in batch rectors. This mixed consortium was used as inoculum for biogas production using different concentrations of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) (from 1.58 to 4.42 g/L) and yeast extract (YE) (from 0.58 to 3.42 g/L) according to a composite central design. The maximum ethanol production (20.11 mg L-1) was observed using 2.0 and 3.0 g L-1 of YE and SCB, respectively (C6). Likewise, the highest hydrogen production (0.60 mmol L-1) was observed using 3.0 and 4.0 g L-1 of YE and SCB, respectively (C1). Methane was also observed, reaching the maximum production (1.44 mmol L-1) using 1.0 and 4.0 g L-1 of YE and SCB, respectively (C2). The archaeal similarity between these conditions was above 90%; however, the richness and diversity were higher in the C2 (12 and 2.42, respectively) than in C1 (5 and 1.43, respectively) and C6 (11 and 2.29, respectively). Equally, the bacterial similarity between C1 and C6 was 60% while richness of 24 and 17 and diversity of 3.13 and 2.81 were observed in C1 and C6, respectively.

Soares|Laís Américo|LA|
Silva Rabelo|Camila Abreu B|CAB|
Sakamoto|Isabel Kimiko|IK|
Silva|Edson Luís|EL|
Varesche|Maria Bernadete Amâncio|MBA|

Compost residue
Soil
Hydrothermal pretreatment
Lignocellulosic biomass
Response surface methodology


Prevalence and temporal trends in prepregnancy nutritional status and gestational weight gain of adult women followed in the Brazilian Food and Nutrition Surveillance System from 2008 to 2018.

Abstract: Prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) are the most investigated indicators of maternal nutritional status, which is a modifiable factor that plays a vital role in maternal and infant health. This study describes prepregnancy BMI and GWG of 840,243 women with 2,087,765 weight observations in the Brazilian Food and Nutrition Surveillance System from 2008 to 2018. Prepregnancy BMI was classified according to the World Health Organization cut-offs. Total GWG was calculated from weight measurements taken after 36 weeks of pregnancy and classified according to the Institute of Medicine guidelines. Temporal trends in prepregnancy BMI status were examined, and maps were used to evaluate changes in excessive GWG in each Brazilian federation unit. On overall, prepregnancy overweight and obesity increased from 22.6% to 28.8% and from 9.8% to 19.8%, respectively, between 2008 and 2018. The prevalence of excessive GWG rose from 34.2% to 38.7% during the same period and in 11 of the 27 Brazilian federation units between 2008 and 2016. Women with underweight showed the highest values for mean total GWG for all the compared years (overall variation from 12.3 to 13.1 kg), followed by those with normal weight (11.9 to 12.5 kg), overweight (10.1 to 10.9 kg) and obesity (from 8.2 to 8.9 kg). Within each BMI group, values remained fairly stable throughout the studied period for first- and second-trimester GWG and total GWG. These results help to fill a significant gap in understanding the distribution of prepregnancy BMI and GWG in Brazilian women.

gestational weight gain
weight gain
body mass index
pregnancy
anthropometry
maternal health
public health surveillance


CycloBranch: An open tool for fine isotope structures in conventional and product ion mass spectra.

Abstract: Within the growing community of Fourier transform mass spectrometry users, the identification of fine isotope structure has become an indispensable method for molecular formula determination. In this work, the fine isotope envelopes for accessing the mutual ratio of 2 closely related pyoverdines in a mixture were used. Bacterial siderophores pyoverdines D and E cannot be easily separated via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry because their structures differ in (de)amidation at the respective chromophore parts only. Their mutual ratio was determined in a mixture via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and semiquantitative mass spectrometry using our open-source software CycloBranch, which represents a genuine free tool supporting the determination of fine isotope structures in both conventional and product ion mass spectra. Native Bruker, Thermo, and Waters data formats are supported in addition to XML and plain text formats.

CycloBranch
fine isotope structure
pyoverdine
NMR
mass spectrum
quantitation