Reactive oxygen species signaling in plants under abiotic stress.

Abstract: Abiotic stresses like heavy metals, drought, salt, low temperature, etc. are the major factors that limit crop productivity and yield. These stresses are associated with production of certain deleterious chemical entities called reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), superoxide radical (O₂(-)), hydroxyl radical (OH(-)), etc. ROS are capable of inducing cellular damage by degradation of proteins, inactivation of enzymes, alterations in the gene and interfere in various pathways of metabolic importance. Our understanding on ROS in response to abiotic stress is revolutionized with the advancements in plant molecular biology, where the basic understanding on chemical behavior of ROS is better understood. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in ROS generation and its potential role during abiotic stress is important to identify means by which plant growth and metabolism can be regulated under acute stress conditions. ROS mediated oxidative stress, which is the key to understand stress related toxicity have been widely studied in many plants and the results in those studies clearly revealed that oxidative stress is the main symptom of toxicity. Plants have their own antioxidant defense mechanisms to encounter ROS that is of enzymic and non-enzymic nature . Coordinated activities of these antioxidants regulate ROS detoxification and reduces oxidative load in plants. Though ROS are always regarded to impart negative impact on plants, some reports consider them to be important in regulating key cellular functions; however, such reports in plant are limited. Molecular approaches to understand ROS metabolism and signaling have opened new avenues to comprehend its critical role in abiotic stress. ROS also acts as secondary messenger that signals key cellular functions like cell proliferation, apoptosis and necrosis. In higher eukaryotes, ROS signaling is not fully understood. In this review we summarize our understanding on ROS and its signaling behavior in plants under abiotic stress.

Choudhury|Shuvasish|S|
Panda|Piyalee|P|
Sahoo|Lingaraj|L|
Panda|Sanjib Kumar|SK|

D000222:Adaptation, Physiological
D000975:Antioxidants
D018384:Oxidative Stress
D010944:Plants
D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
D015290:Second Messenger Systems

reactive oxygen species
signaling
abiotic stress
antioxidants


Associations of HLA genotypes with antithyroid drug-induced agranulocytosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacogenomics studies.

Abstract:
AIMS
Antithyroid drug (ATD)-induced agranulocytosis is a life-threatening adverse drug reaction. Previous studies suggested that HLA genotypes may play an important role in ATD-induced agranulocytosis. To examine the associations between HLA genotypes and ATD-induced agranulocytosis, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of pharmacogenomics studies.

METHODS
We searched the MEDLINE, Embase and CENTRAL databases on 16 June 2018 for case-control studies on the associations between HLA genotypes with ATD-induced agranulocytosis. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to evaluate the risk of bias of included studies. We conducted random-effects model meta-analysis to obtain pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to determine the associations between HLA genotypes and ATD-induced agranulocytosis.

RESULTS
We included 5 studies with 142 ATD-induced agranulocytosis cases, 1529 matched ATD-tolerant controls and 5945 healthy controls. The risk of bias of included studies was generally low. ATD-induced agranulocytosis was associated with HLA-B*27:05 (OR 10.97; 95% CI 0.75-159.99), HLA-B*38:02 (OR 19.85; 95% CI 7.94-49.57) and HLA-DRB1*08:03 (OR 5.29; 95% CI 3.44-8.14). After excluding propylthiouracil, the associations of ATD-induced agranulocytosis with HLA-B*27:05 and HLA-B*38:02 were strengthened (OR being 20.61 (95% CI 5.21-81.58) and 40.59 (95% CI 13.24-124.47), respectively). The associations of ATD-induced agranulocytosis with HLA-B*27:05, HLA-B*38:02 and HLA-DRB1*08:03 remained significant when compared to population controls (OR being 7.37 (95% CI 3.86-14.07), 36.43 (95% CI 12.80-103.70) and 5.42 (95% CI 2.36-12.47), respectively). HLA-B*27:05, HLA-B*38:02, and HLA-DRB1*08:03 alleles were associated with ATD-induced agranulocytosis, especially in carbimazole/methimazole-induced agranulocytosis.

CONCLUSIONS
HLA-B*27:05, HLA-B*38:02 and HLA-DRB1*08:03 alleles were associated with ATD-induced agranulocytosis, especially in carbimazole/methimazole-induced agranulocytosis.

agranulocytosis
meta-analysis
antithyroid drug
human leucocyte antigen


Dynamics of HPV viral loads reflect the treatment effect of photodynamic therapy in genital warts.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has demonstrated good clinical cure rates and low recurrence rates in the treatment of genital warts. Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes and viral load assays can reflect the status of persistent or latent infection and serve as a predictor of infection clearance.

METHODS
Specimens from 41 patients with HPV infection were obtained, and the HPV genotypes and viral load were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Traditional treatment, such as radiofrequency, microwave, or surgical therapy, was used to remove the visible lesions, and then PDT treatment was performed every week. HPV DNA testing was performed at every patient visit and the frequency of PDT treatment was determined by changes in HPV viral loads.

RESULTS
HPV viral loads decreased significantly after PDT treatment. There were significant differences in HPV viral loads between pretherapy and three or six rounds of PDT treatment. Significant differences were also observed between single and multiple type HPV infection after six rounds of PDT treatment. Patients with single type HPV infection had significantly higher rates of negative HPV DNA test results, as compared with patients with multiple infections after six rounds of PDT treatment; however, there was no difference in recurrence rates between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS
Dynamic monitoring of HPV genotypes and viral loads can be used to guide PDT treatment and indicate PDT treatment efficacy in eliminating HPV.

Hu|Zhili|Z| Liu|Lishi|L| Zhang|Wenjing|W| Liu|Hui|H| Li|Junpeng|J| Jiang|Lifen|L| Zeng|Kang|K|

D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Viral load
Photodynamic therapy
Genital warts
HPV genotype


Three-dimensional changes in nose and upper lip volume after orthognathic surgery.

Abstract: Orthognathic surgery aims to improve both the function and facial appearance of the patient. Translation of the maxillomandibular complex for correction of malocclusion is always followed by changes to the covering soft tissues, especially the nose and lips. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in the nasal region and upper lip due to orthognathic surgery using combined cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry datasets. Patients who underwent a Le Fort I osteotomy, with or without a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, were included in this study. Pre- and postoperative documentation consisted of 3D stereophotogrammetry and CBCT scans. 3D measurements were performed on the combined datasets and analyzed. Anterior translation and clockwise pitching of the maxilla led to a significant volume increase in the lip. Cranial translation of the maxilla led to an increase in the alar width. The combination of CBCT DICOM data and 3D stereophotogrammetry proved to be useful in the 3D analysis of the maxillary hard tissue changes, as well as changes in the soft tissues. Measurements could be acquired and compared to investigate the influence of maxillary movement on the soft tissues of the nose and the upper lip.

van Loon|B|B|
van Heerbeek|N|N|
Bierenbroodspot|F|F|
Verhamme|L|L|
Xi|T|T|
de Koning|M J J|MJ|
Ingels|K J A O|KJ|
Bergé|S J|SJ|
Maal|T J J|TJ|

orthognathic surgery
Le Fort I osteotomy
alar width
nose tip
nose tip rotation
rhinoplasty
three-dimensional assessment


Asymmetric patterns of reassortment and concerted evolution in Cardamom bushy dwarf virus.

Abstract: Nanoviruses are single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) plant viruses which have multipartite genomes consisting of discrete, individually encapsidated components. This multipartite strategy may lead to high rates of reassortment, whereby entire genome components are exchanged among different strains. However, few studies have explored the extent to which reassortment shapes the genetic diversity of nanovirus populations. Here we present an extensive analysis of reassortment among 163 Cardamom bushy dwarf virus (CBDV; Nanoviridae family, Babuvirus genus) isolates collected in Northeast India. We also examined evidence of recombination, which is known to play a role in the evolutionary dynamics of nanovirus populations. By sequencing six discrete genome components for each isolate, we demonstrate that over 40% of the isolates display evidence of at least one reassortment event during their evolutionary histories. Nevertheless, a bias in the frequencies at which different genome components reassort was observed, with the DNA-M and DNA-N components being the most predisposed to reassortment. This may reflect variation in the ability of different genome components to function efficiently in a foreign genomic background. Comparisons of the common regions of different genome components revealed signatures of concerted evolution mediated by frequent inter-component homologous recombination. This process, which has previously been reported in nanoviruses and other multipartite ssDNA viruses, may allow proteins which initiate replication to maintain control over distinct genome components. Notably, DNA-N, one of the genome components most prone to reassortment, also exhibited the most frequent inter-component homologous recombination. This supports the idea that inter-component homologous recombination may promote the efficient replication of novel components which are introduced into a genome via reassortment.

D052658:Babuvirus
D001483:Base Sequence
D004279:DNA, Viral
D028523:Elettaria
D019143:Evolution, Molecular
D014644:Genetic Variation
D016679:Genome, Viral
D006239:Haplotypes
D059765:Homologous Recombination
D008969:Molecular Sequence Data
D010802:Phylogeny
D010935:Plant Diseases
D016865:Reassortant Viruses
D016415:Sequence Alignment
D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA

Reassortment
Concerted evolution
Nanovirus
Recombination


Experience in the use of non-pneumatic anti-shock garment (NASG) in the management of postpartum haemorrhage with hypovolemic shock in the Fundación Valle Del Lili, Cali, Colombia.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
The aim of this case series is to describe the experience of using the non-pneumatic anti-shock garment (NASG) in the management of severe Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and shock, and the value of implementing this concept in high-complexity obstetric hospitals.

METHODS
Descriptive case series of 77 women that received NASG in the management of PPH with severe hypovolemic shock from June 2014 to December 2015. Vital signs, shock index (SI), the lactic acid value and the base deficit were compared before and after NASG application.

RESULTS
Fifty-six (77%) women had an SI > 1.1 at the time shock management was initiated; 96% had uterine atony. All women received standard does of uterotonics. The average time between the birth and NASG applications was 20 min. Forty-eight percent of women recovered haemodynamic variables in the first hour and 100% within the first 6 h; 100% had a SI < 1.0 in the first hour. The NASG was not removed until definitive control of bleeding was achieved, with an average time of use of 24 h. There were no mortalities.

CONCLUSIONS
In this case series of women in severe shock, the NASG was an effective management device for the control of severe hypovolemic shock. It should be considered a first-line option for shock management.

Escobar|María Fernanda|MF|
Füchtner|Carlos Eduardo|CE|
Carvajal|Javier Andrés|JA|
Nieto|Albaro José|AJ|
Messa|Adriana|A|
Escobar|Sara Sofía|SS|
Monroy|Angélica María|AM|
Forero|Angélica María|AM|
Casallas|José David|JD|
Granados|Marcela|M|
Miller|Suellen|S|

D015915:Motion Therapy, Continuous Passive

Postpartum haemorrhage
Hypovolemic shock
Emergency treatment
Gravity suits


Comparison of intraarticular bupivacaine and levobupivacaine with morphine and epinephrine for knee arthroscopy.

Abstract:
OBJECTIVE
To compare the efficacy of intraarticularly injected bupivacaine with levobupivacaine when administered in combination with morphine and adrenaline for post-operative analgesia and functional recovery after knee surgery.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sixty American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I-II patients were randomized into three groups: Group B was administered 30 mL isobaric 0.5% bupivacaine, 2 mg morphine and 100 μg adrenaline, Group L was administered 30 mL 0.5% levobupivacaine, 2 mg morphine and 100 μg adrenaline, and Group C was administered 30 mL 0.9% NaCl solution into the knee joint by the surgeon at the end of surgery. The morphine usage and visual analog pain scores were recorded regularly afterwards. We also recorded the time that elapsed before each patients' first mobilization, positive response to straight leg raising, tolerance to 30-50° knee flexion, recovery of quadriceps reflexes and discharge from the hospital. We also recorded patient and surgeon satisfaction.

RESULTS
The pain scale values were lower in Groups B and L than in Group C at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours post-operatively (all p<0.001). In Groups B and L, the time for first analgesic request was longer (p<0.01), the morphine consumption was lower (p<0.001), and the duration of morphine usage was shorter (p<0.001). The times to positive response to straight leg raising, tolerance to 30-50° knee flexion and the first mobilization were shorter in Groups B and L (p<0.001 for all).

CONCLUSION
After arthroscopic knee surgery, intraarticular levobupivacaine combined with morphine and adrenaline decreases analgesic requirements, shortens the postoperative duration of analgesic use and hastens mobilization as effectively as bupivacaine.

Ozdemir|Nurdan|N|
Kaya|Fatma Nur|FN|
Gurbet|Alp|A|
Yilmazlar|Aysun|A|
Demirag|Burak|B|
Mandiraci|Bilgen Onbasi|BO|

bupivacaine
levobupivacaine
Arthroscopic surgery
intraarticular injection
postoperative pain


Body mass index cut-off point associated with refeeding hypophosphatemia in adults with eating disorders.

Abstract:
OBJECTIVE
Refeeding hypophosphatemia (RH) is a life-threatening complication in underweight patients with eating disorders (EDs). Although a lower body mass index (BMI) has been reported as a risk factor for RH, the exact BMI cut-off point is not known. Herein, we aimed to identify the optimal BMI cut-off point for RH in adults with EDs.

METHOD
The medical charts of Japanese inpatients with EDs at our hospital between April 1, 2012 and March 31, 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. The optimal BMI cut-off point for RH was determined via receiver operating characteristic analysis. Logistic regression analysis was subsequently performed to assess the association between RH and the BMI cut-off point after adjusting for the propensity score, which was based on known risk factors for RH.

RESULTS
The optimal BMI cut-off point was identified as 12.6 kg/m2 . A BMI lower than the cut-off point significantly correlated with the occurrence of RH after adjusting for the propensity score.

DISCUSSION
The optimal BMI cut-off point for the occurrence of RH was 12.6 kg/m2 in adults with EDs. The findings of the present study may facilitate clinical decision making and early identification of patients who require prophylactic treatment for RH.

body mass index
refeeding hypophosphatemia
eating disorders
ROC curve
refeeding syndrome


Sirtuin 6, a possible therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes.

Abstract: Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6), one of the seven members of mammalian sirtuin family, localizes in the nucleus and primarily regulates chromatin signaling and genomic integrity. Recent studies established the critical role of SIRT6 in the pathophysiology of metabolic disease, as well as its roles in longevity and cancer. These roles that were determined by genetic studies include promoting pancreatic insulin secretion, inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis and triglyceride synthesis, and suppressing adiposity, suggesting that SIRT6 activators are promising molecules for treating obesity and diabetes. In contrast, a recent study showed that a synthetic inhibitor of SIRT6 improved glucose tolerance in a type 2 diabetes mouse model, associated with increased glycolysis and the expression of glucose transporter GLUT-1 and 4 in skeletal muscle, providing proof-of-concept evidence of SIRT6 inhibition as a treatment for diabetes. This review summarizes the confounding findings on the role of SIRT6 in metabolic homeostasis and discusses the possible relationships of these findings as they relate to the use of SIRT6 as a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes and related diseases.

Sirtuins
SIRT6 activator
Deacetylase
Glucose homeostasis
SIRT6 inhibitor
Type 2 diabetes mellitus


Managing uncertainty about food risks - Consumer use of food labelling.

Abstract: General consumer knowledge of and engagement with the production of food has declined resulting in increasing consumer uncertainty about, and sensitivity to, food risks. Emphasis is therefore placed on providing information for consumers to reduce information asymmetry regarding food risks, particularly through food labelling. This study examines the role of food labelling in influencing consumer perceptions of food risks. In-depth, 1-h interviews were conducted with 24 Australian consumers. Participants were recruited based on an a priori defined food safety risk scale, and to achieve a diversity of demographic characteristics. The methodological approach used, adaptive theory, was chosen to enable a constant interweaving of theoretical understandings and empirical data throughout the study. Participants discussed perceiving both traditional (food spoilage/microbial contamination) and modern (social issues, pesticide and 'chemical' contamination) risks as present in the food system. Food labelling was a symbol of the food system having managed traditional risks, and a tool for consumers to personally manage perceived modern risks. However, labelling also raised awareness of modern risks not previously considered. The consumer framing of risk presented demonstrates the need for more meaningful consumer engagement in policy decision making to ensure risk communication and management meet public expectations. This research innovatively identifies food labelling as both a symbol of, and a tool for, the management of perceived risks for consumers. Therefore it is imperative that food system actors ensure the authenticity and trustworthiness of all aspects of food labelling, not only those related to food safety.

Tonkin|Emma|E|
Coveney|John|J|
Meyer|Samantha B|SB|
Wilson|Annabelle M|AM|
Webb|Trevor|T|

Food
Risk
Consumer
Food labeling
Risk perception


Care burden dimensions of informal caregivers having patients with bipolar disorder (challenges and alternatives) (qualitative study).

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Taking care of patients with bipolar disorder (BD) makes critical challenges for their informal caregivers (ICGs) and forces them to tolerate considerable burden. This qualitative study explored the dimensions of ICGs' care burden (CB) based on their own experiences and the patients' therapists.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This is a qualitative study which was conducted based on conventional content analysis through semistructured and in-depth interviews. Purposive sampling was used to select the participants including 13 ICGs and 14 therapists (2 psychiatrists, 10 psychiatric nurses, and 2 clinical psychologists). Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using Graneheim's 2004 principles.

RESULTS
Qualitative analyses yielded three major themes: "challenges associated with the nature of BD," "challenges related to the ICGs," and "challenges related to interventions." The categories of the first theme entailed "individual-oriented characteristics of BD" and "social-oriented characteristics of BD." The categories of the second theme consisted of "social stigma," "psychiatric problems and helplessness of ICGs," "financial costs related to providing cares," and "insufficient self-efficacy of ICGs in cares provision." The categories of the last theme included "educational interventions" and "organizational interventions."

CONCLUSIONS
This study showed that the burden of ICGs have individual, social, and organizational aspects. Every one of them impacts the severity of their burden remarkably. The depth of the therapists' experiences has a significant role in designing the interventions to reduce this burden. The present investigation emphasized the constitution of a comprehensive framework related to all factors affecting burden in a developing country.

Kargar|Mehdi|M|
Faghihi|Seyed Aliakbar|SA|
Nazari|Mahin|M|

Bipolar disorder
care givers
qualitative research


Deltoid muscle tropism does not influence the outcome of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Several different factors have been identified as causes of failure of rotator cuff (RC) repair. However, no studies focused on the role of the deltoid muscle. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the deltoid tropism in the outcomes of arthroscopic RC repair procedures.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Nine male (45 %) and 11 female (55 %) patients who underwent arthroscopic RC repair were included in the study. The mean age was 63.5 ± 8.1 years (range 50-74 years), and the follow-up averaged 1.9 ± 1.3 years (range 1-5 years) after surgery. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the modified University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder rating scale, Wolfgang criteria shoulder score and Oxford shoulder score (OSS). Functional outcomes were evaluated considering active and passive range of motion of the shoulder and muscle strength. The deltoid tropism was measured pre-operatively and post-operatively using T2-weighted transverse MRI images.

RESULTS
No statistically significant correlation was found between the thickness of each portion of the deltoid muscle (vD, lD and dD) and the UCLA shoulder rating scale, Wolfgang shoulder score and OSS. At the same time, no statistically significant relationship was detected between the thickness of each portion of the deltoid muscle (vD, lD and dD) and the functional outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS
The deltoid tropism does not influence the results of arthroscopic RC repair. Early RC repair may prevent the reduction in the tropism of the deltoid muscle. Nevertheless, further prospective randomized studies with larger samples are necessary to clarify the role of deltoid tropism in the outcomes of arthroscopic RC repair procedures.

Longo|U G|UG|
Petrillo|S|S|
Rizzello|G|G|
Candela|V|V|
Denaro|V|V|

Deltoid muscle
Outcomes
Rotator cuff
Failure
Shoulder
Arthroscopy


Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Detection of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer: What Urologists Need to Know. Part 2: Interpretation.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
There is large variability among radiologists in their detection of clinically significant (cs) prostate cancer (PCa) on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI).

OBJECTIVE
To reduce the interpretation variability and achieve optimal accuracy in assessing prostate mpMRI.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
How the interpretation of mpMRI can be optimized is demonstrated here. Whereas part 1 of the "surgery-in-motion" paper focused on acquisition, this paper shows the correlation between (ab)normal prostate anatomical structures and image characteristics on mpMRI, and how standardized interpretation according to Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2 (PI-RADS v2) should be performed. This will be shown in individual patients.

SURGICAL PROCEDURE
To detect csPCa, three mpMRI "components" are used: "anatomic" T2-weighted imaging, "cellular-density" diffusion-weighted imaging, and "vascularity" dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI.

MEASUREMENTS
Based on PI-RADS v2, the accompanying video shows how mpMRI interpretation is performed. Finally, the role of mpMRI in detecting csPCa is briefly discussed and the main features of the recently introduced PI-RADS v2.1 are evaluated.

RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS
With PI-RADS v2, it is possible to quantify normal and abnormal anatomical structures within the prostate based on its imaging features of the three mpMRI "components." With this knowledge, a more objective evaluation of the presence of a csPCa can be performed. However, there still remains quite some space to reduce interobserver variability.

CONCLUSIONS
For understanding the interpretation of mpMRI according to PI-RADS v2, knowledge of the correlation between imaging and (ab)normal anatomical structures on the three mpMRI components is needed.

PATIENT SUMMARY
This second surgery-in-motion contribution shows what structures can be recognized on prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). How a radiologist performs his reading according to the so-called Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System criteria is shown here. The main features of these criteria are summarized, and the role of prostate MRI in detecting clinically significant prostate cancer is discussed briefly.

Israël|Bas|B|
Leest|Marloes van der|MV|
Sedelaar|Michiel|M|
Padhani|Anwar R|AR|
Zámecnik|Patrik|P|
Barentsz|Jelle O|JO|

D000081364:Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging

Prostate imaging reporting and data system

Interpretation prostate imaging reporting and data system version 2


Grain Size and Phase Transformation Behavior of TiNi Shape-Memory-Alloy Thin Film under Different Deposition Conditions.

Abstract: TiNi shape-memory-alloy thin films can be used as small high-speed actuators or sensors because they exhibit a rapid response rate. In recent years, the transformation temperature of these films, manufactured via a magnetron sputtering method, was found to be lower than that of the bulk alloys owing to the small size of the grain. In this study, deposition conditions (growth rate, film thickness, and substrate temperature) affecting the grain size of thin films were investigated. The grain size of the thin film alloys was found to be most responsive to the substrate temperature.

grain size
phase transformation behavior
TiNi thin film
shape memory alloy


Child mental health and resilience in the context of socioeconomic disadvantage: results from the Born in Bradford cohort study.

Abstract: Socioeconomic disadvantage has been linked to mental health difficulties in children and adolescents, although many children appear to do well despite exposure to financial adversity in childhood. Our study looked at the effects of family financial difficulty on children's mental health outcomes (n = 636) at 4-5 years in a multi-ethnic UK cohort, the Born in Bradford cohort. We considered potential parent and child variables promoting resilience in this population. Univariate linear regression was used to identify associations between family financial difficulty measured antenatally and child mental health difficulties measured by teacher-rated Strengths and Difficulties (SDQ) scores at 4-5 years. Hierarchical multivariate regression was used to test for potential moderating effects of parent and child factors. Mothers completed the General Health Questionnaire-28, Kessler-6 Questionnaire and questions related to parenting warmth, hostility and confidence. Parent-rated Infant Characteristic Questionnaires and teacher-rated Early Years Foundation Stage scores provided information on child temperament, literacy and physical development as potential moderators. Financial difficulty was associated with worse mental health outcomes in children. High parent warmth, high child literacy scores and physical development scores were all associated with positive child mental health outcomes at 4-5 years. In terms of protective effects, only maternal warmth was found to significantly moderate the relationship between financial difficulty and child mental health difficulties. The current study demonstrates that family financial difficulty is associated with poorer child mental health outcomes in a UK cohort of mothers and their school-aged children. It provides evidence of the positive relationships between warm parenting, child literacy and child physical development with mental health in young children. The study supports the finding that warm parenting moderates the relationship between family financial difficulty and interventions supporting this aspect of parenting may therefore provide particular benefit to children growing up in this context.

Child mental health
Resilience
Poverty
Protective factors


Partitioning of xylanase from Thermomyces lanuginosus in PEG/NaCit aqueous two-phase systems: Structural and functional approach.

Abstract: The structure and catalytic activity of xylanase from Thermomyces lanuginosus were studied in different media (containing polyethylene glycol -PEG- or salt) at different temperatures. The aim was to study how the native structure of the enzyme is affected to understand the partitioning behavior of xylanase in PEG/sodium citrate (PEG/NaCit) aqueous two-phase systems. The presence of PEGs of different molar masses slightly altered the native structure of xylanase, although its catalytic activity was not affected. All the polymers assayed protect the native structure (and catalytic activity) of xylanase against temperature, except for PEG1000. Surface hydrophobicity experiments showed that xylanase favorable interacts with PEGs. Partitioning experiments confirmed this result and demonstrated that PEG1000/NaCit is the best system to partition xylanase from Thermomyces lanuginosus, since the Kp was 17.7 ± 0.3.

Loureiro|Dana B|DB|
Braia|Mauricio|M|
Romanini|Diana|D|
Tubio|Gisela|G|

D001203:Ascomycota
D002951:Citrates
D043364:Endo-1,4-beta Xylanases
D005656:Fungal Proteins
D011092:Polyethylene Glycols
D000077559:Sodium Citrate

Xylanase
Thermomyces lanuginosus
Aqueous two-phase systems
Characterization


Temperature-Induced Change of Water Structure in Aqueous Solutions of Some Kosmotropic and Chaotropic Salts.

Abstract: The hydrogen bond structure of water was examined by comparing the temperature dependent OH-stretching bands of water and aqueous NaClO4, KClO4, Na2SO4, and K2SO4 solutions. Results called attention to the role of cations on top of the importance of anions determining the emerging structure of a multi-layered system consisting single water rings or multi-ring water-clusters.

water structure
hydrogen bond
Raman spectroscopy
water cluster


Dilated conditional GAN for bone suppression in chest radiographs with enforced semantic features.

Abstract:
PURPOSE
The purpose of this essay is to improve computer-aided diagnosis of lung diseases by the removal of bone structures imagery such as ribs and clavicles, which may shadow a clinical view of lesions. This paper aims to develop an algorithm to suppress the imaging of bone structures within clinical x-ray images, leaving a residual portrayal of lung tissue; such that these images can be used to better serve applications, such as lung nodule detection or pathology based on the radiological reading of chest x rays.

METHODS
We propose a conditional Adversarial Generative Network (cGAN) (Mirza and Osindero, Conditional generative adversarial nets, 2014.) model, consisting of a generator and a discriminator, for the task of bone shadow suppression. The proposed model utilizes convolutional operations to expand the size of the receptive field of the generator without losing contextual information while downsampling the image. It is trained by enforcing both the pixel-wise intensity similarity and the semantic-level visual similarity between the generated x-ray images and the ground truth, via optimizing an L-1 loss of the pixel intensity values on the generator side and a feature matching loss on the discriminator side, respectively.

RESULTS
The framework we propose is trained and tested on an open-access chest radiograph dataset for benchmark. Results show that our model is capable of generating bone-suppressed images of outstanding quality with a limited number of training samples (N = 272).

CONCLUSIONS
Our approach outperforms current state-of-the-art bone suppression methods using x-ray images. Instead of simply downsampling images at different scales, our proposed method mitigates the loss of contextual information by utilizing dilated convolutions, which gains a noticeable quality improvement for the outputs. On the other hand, our experiment shows that enforcing the semantic similarity between the generated and the ground truth images assists the adversarial training process and achieves better perceptual quality.

GAN
chest x ray
feature matching
bone-suppression
dilated convolution


Polysaccharide Utilization Loci: Fueling Microbial Communities.

Abstract: The complex carbohydrates of terrestrial and marine biomass represent a rich nutrient source for free-living and mutualistic microbes alike. The enzymatic saccharification of these diverse substrates is of critical importance for fueling a variety of complex microbial communities, including marine, soil, ruminant, and monogastric microbiota. Consequently, highly specific carbohydrate-active enzymes, recognition proteins, and transporters are enriched in the genomes of certain species and are of critical importance in competitive environments. In Bacteroidetes bacteria, these systems are organized as polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs), which are strictly regulated, colocalized gene clusters that encode enzyme and protein ensembles required for the saccharification of complex carbohydrates. This review provides historical perspectives and summarizes key findings in the study of these systems, highlighting a critical shift from sequence-based PUL discovery to systems-based analyses combining reverse genetics, biochemistry, enzymology, and structural biology to precisely illuminate the molecular mechanisms underpinning PUL function. The ecological implications of dynamic PUL deployment by key species in the human gastrointestinal tract are explored, as well as the wider distribution of these systems in other gut, terrestrial, and marine environments.

Grondin|Julie M|JM|
Tamura|Kazune|K|
Déjean|Guillaume|G|
Abbott|D Wade|DW|
Brumer|Harry|H|

D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

polysaccharides
carbohydrate
Bacteroidetes
polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs)
carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes)
metabolism
microbiome
symbiosis


Translation and cultural adaptation of the Shame and Stigma Scale (SSS) into Portuguese (Brazil) to evaluate patients with head and neck cancer.

Abstract:
INTRODUCTION
Head and neck cancer is the sixth leading cause of death from cancer worldwide and its treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. The surgical procedure may cause mutilating sequelae, that can alter patient self-image. Thus, head and neck cancer is often connected to the negative stigma with decreased quality of life. Few studies assess the social stigma and shame perceived by patients with head and neck cancer.

OBJECTIVE
To perform the translation and cultural adaptation of the Shame and Stigma Scale (SSS) into Portuguese (Brazil).

METHODS
Two independent translations (English into Portuguese) were carried out by two professionals fluent in the English language. After the synthesis of the translations, two independent back-translations (from Portuguese into English) were performed by two translators whose native language is English. All translations were critically assessed by a committee of experts consisting of five members. A sample of 15 patients answered the Brazilian Portuguese version of the SSS to carry out the pretest. At this step, the patients were able to suggest modifications and evaluate the understanding of the items.

RESULTS
There was no need to change the scale after this step. Based on the previous steps, we obtained the Portuguese (Brazil) version of the SSS, which was called "Escala de Vergonha e Estigma".

CONCLUSION
The Portuguese (Brazil) version of the SSP was shown to be adequate to be applied to the population with HNC and, therefore, the psychometric properties of the tool will be evaluated during following steps.

Serrano|Claudia Valéria Maseti Pimenta|CVMP|

Shame
Head and neck cancer
Quality of life
Social stigma
Vergonha
Estigma social
Neoplasias de cabeça e pescoço
Qualidade de vida


Allogeneic Mesenchymal Precursor Cells (MPC) in Diabetic Nephropathy: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Dose Escalation Study.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of end stage renal failure. We assessed the safety, tolerability, and explored therapeutic effects of adult allogeneic bone-marrow derived mesenchymal precursor cells (MPC) in patients with moderate to severe diabetic nephropathy.

METHODS
Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, dose-escalating, sequential, placebo-controlled trial assessing a single intravenous (IV) infusion of allogeneic MPC (United States adopted name: rexlemestrocel-L) 150×106 (n=10), 300×106 (n=10) or placebo (n=10) in adults with diabetic nephropathy with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 20-50ml/min/1.73m2. Thirty patients at three Australian centers were enrolled between July 2013 and June 2014 and randomized 2:1, in two sequential dose cohorts, to receive rexlemestrocel-L or placebo. Study duration was 60weeks. Primary endpoint was safety and tolerability. Primary exploratory efficacy endpoint was change from baseline in eGFR and directly measured GFR by 99Tc-DTPA plasma clearance (mGFR) at 12weeks post-infusion. The trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01843387).

FINDINGS
All patients completed the study and were included in analyses applied to the intention to treat population. There were no acute adverse events (AEs) associated with infusion and no treatment-related AEs or serious AEs were deemed treatment-related by investigators. No patients developed persistent donor specific anti-HLA antibodies. Relative to placebo, a single IV rexlemestrocel-L infusion showed trends of stabilizing or improving eGFR and mGFR at week 12. The adjusted least squares mean (LSM±SE) differences from placebo in changes from baseline at 12weeks in the rexlemestrocel-L groups were 4.4±2.16 and 1.6±2.15ml/min/1.73m2 for eGFR and 4.1±2.75 and 3.9±2.75 for mGFR for the 150×106 and 300×106 cell groups, respectively.

INTERPRETATION
This study demonstrates the safety of rexlemestrocel-L in diabetic nephropathy with suggestive effects on renal function to be confirmed in larger, appropriately powered trials.

Packham|David K|DK|
Fraser|Ian R|IR|
Kerr|Peter G|PG|
Segal|Karen R|KR|

D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation

Mesenchymal precursor cells
Diabetic nephropathy
Glomerular filtration rate
Inflammation
Stem cell


Development and validation of the eating disorder fear questionnaire and interview: Preliminary investigation of eating disorder fears.

Abstract: Anxiety is highly characteristic of eating disorders (ED). Despite high levels of anxiety, little is known about ED specific fears. The current study developed and tested the psychometric properties of two measures of ED fears in two samples (N = 513 undergraduates; N = 129 clinical EDs): a self-report measure (Eating Disorder Fear Questionnaire; EFQ) and interview (Eating Disorder Fear Interview; EFI). We found strong support for a five-factor EFQ consisting of subscales assessing fear of weight gain, social consequences, personal consequences, physical sensations, and social eating. We found strong support for a six-factor EFI consisting of subscales assessing fear of food, weight gain, physical sensations, personal consequences, social consequences, and exercise-related fears. Both measures had adequate to strong internal consistency and convergent, divergent, incremental, and construct validity. These measures can be used to identify ED fears that can be targeted in personalized treatment. These data show that ED fears are multifaceted and heterogeneous.

Levinson|Cheri A|CA|
Vanzhula|Irina A|IA|
Christian|Caroline|C|

Eating disorder fear
Eating disorders
Anxiety
Assessment
Fears of food


Perceptions of Reducing Tube Feeding for Persons with Advanced Dementia among Various Professions in a Teaching Hospital.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Even though no evidence suggests tube feeding is beneficial for individuals with advanced dementia, many are still tube fed.

OBJECTIVE
To assess perceptions of hospital staff regarding reducing tube feeding (RTF) of patients with advanced dementia.

DESIGN
Cross-sectional survey.

SETTING
A regional teaching hospital in Taipei, Taiwan.

SUBJECTS
Hospital staff (n = 624), including physicians, nurses, dieticians, paramedical personnel, social workers, volunteers, attendants, and administrators.

MEASUREMENTS
Anonymous questionnaires.

RESULTS
The overall awareness of RTF for advanced dementia patients averaged 10.2 ± 3.74 points (maximum, 19 points) among all respondents. Among the different hospital professions, dieticians scored the highest, whereas nurses and attendants/volunteers had relatively low scores. Over half of respondents (57%) agreed tube feeding is the best choice for advanced dementia with dysphagia. Physicians of different specialties had significantly different responses toward RTF with regard to the belief that tube feeding reduces the risk of aspiration pneumonia, referring patients who refuse tube feeding to other health care team members, and the belief that family members would be able to accept the patient's death along with insufficient food/fluid intake. Only 35.1% of respondents believed they were able to implement comfort feeding.

CONCLUSIONS
The present survey shows a persistent knowledge gap among various health care professions regarding tube feeding of patients with advanced dementia. Also, there is insufficient awareness about this subject, indicating that promotion of comfort feeding by enhanced training and communication within medical teams is essential to achieving better person-centered care and preventing unnecessary suffering.

Chen|Pey-Rong|PR| Huang|Sheng-Jean|SJ| Tien|Lih-Chu|LC| Liu|Chien-Liang|CL| Lin|Yong-Pei|YP| Chang|Hui-Ping|HP| Jao|Yueh-Chuan|YC|

D064946:Hospice and Palliative Care Nursing

tube feeding
advanced dementia
comfort feeding


Hyperlipidemic myeloma, a rare form of acquired dysbetalipoproteinemia, in an HIV seropositive African female.

Abstract: Dysbetalipoproteinemia (DBL) is an uncommon condition characterized by a mixed hyperlipidemia due to accumulation of remnant lipoproteins and is highly atherogenic. Typically, DBL is an autosomal recessive condition requiring an additional metabolic stress with reduced apolipoprotein E (apoE) function. However, DBL is also described in patients with multiple myeloma without the characteristic apoE2/E2 mutation seen in familial DBL. Although the underlying pathogenesis in these cases is not fully characterized, it is thought to occur due to interference with apoE function by antibodies produced from clonal plasma cells. Such cases are referred to as hyperlipidemic myeloma (HLM) and have rarely been described in the literature. To our knowledge there is no prior description of HLM in HIV positive patients in Africa. We describe a case of HLM in an African woman with underlying HIV infection who presented with phenotypic and biochemical features of DBL that responded poorly to lipid lowering therapy.

Seedat|Faheem|F|
Patel|Moosa|M|
Phillip|Vinitha|V|
Mohamed|Farzahna|F|
Marais|A David|AD|
Blackhurst|Dee M|DM|
Solomon|Gabriele|G|
Currin|Sean|S|
Raal|Frederick J|FJ|

Hyperlipidemic myeloma
Dysbetalipoproteinemia
Multiple myeloma
Plasma cell dyscrasia


The Importance of Investigating Abuser Characteristics in Elder Emotional/Psychological Abuse: Results from Adult Protective Services Data.

Abstract:
OBJECTIVES
Elder emotional/psychological abuse is the infliction of mental anguish on older adults through verbal or non-verbal acts. Using indicators based on existing literature, theoretically important abuser characteristics and victim vulnerabilities were collected using the Elder Abuse Decision Support System (EADSS) to test a theory of emotional/psychological abuse.

METHOD
Eight-hundred-and-ten alleged emotional/psychological abuse cases were investigated by caseworkers in six Illinois adult protective services (APS) agencies; 466 individuals endorsed at least one item on the Older Adult Psychological Abuse Measure (OAPAM).

RESULTS
Bivariate ordinary linear regression results established that all abuser characteristics were predictive of emotional/psychological abuse scores. In the hierarchical regression model where abuser characteristics were entered after victim vulnerabilities, abuser characteristics predicted emotional/psychological abuse above and beyond victim vulnerabilities (ΔR2 = 0.349, p < .001). Abuser risk and abuser's negative attitudes towards victims remained as significant predictors in the final model. Post hoc analysis identified significant items of abuser risk and negative attitudes, including: an emotionally draining relationship between abuser and victim, abuser's poor temper control, and abuser's angry feelings towards victims.

DISCUSSION
Abuser weaknesses and strengths as highlighted in the theoretical framework should be further investigated for future prevention and intervention in cases of emotional/psychological abuse.

Liu|Pi-Ju|PJ|
Conrad|Kendon J|KJ|
Beach|Scott R|SR|
Iris|Madelyn|M|
Schiamberg|Lawrence B|LB|

Victim vulnerability
Negative attitudes
Abuser risk/strengths
Victim–abuser relationship


Mental Health Through the COVID-19 Quarantine: A Growth Curve Analysis on Italian Young Adults.

Abstract:
Introduction
Health emergencies, such as epidemics, have detrimental and long-lasting consequences on people's mental health, which are higher during the implementation of strict lockdown measures. Despite several recent psychological researches on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlighting that young adults represent a high risk category, no studies specifically focused on young adults' mental health status have been carried out yet. This study aimed to assess and monitor Italian young adults' mental health status during the first 4 weeks of lockdown through the use of a longitudinal panel design.

Methods
Participants (n = 97) provided self-reports in four time intervals (1-week intervals) in 1 month. The Syndromic Scales of Adult Self-Report 18-59 were used to assess the internalizing problems (anxiety/depression, withdrawn, and somatic complaints), externalizing problems (aggressive, rule-breaking, and intrusive behavior), and personal strengths. To determine the time-varying effects of prolonged quarantine, a growth curve modeling will be performed.

Results
The results showed an increase in anxiety/depression, withdrawal, somatic complaints, aggressive behavior, rule-breaking behavior, and internalizing and externalizing problems and a decrease in intrusive behavior and personal strengths from T1 to T4.

Conclusions
The results contributed to the ongoing debate concerning the psychological impact of the COVID-19 emergency, helping to plan and develop efficient intervention projects able to take care of young adults' mental health in the long term.

Parola|Anna|A| Rossi|Alessandro|A| Tessitore|Francesca|F| Troisi|Gina|G| Mannarini|Stefania|S|

mental health
quarantine
young adult
coronavirus disease 2019
Achenbach adult self-report
growth model
internalizing/externalizing problems


Thermostabilization of a thermophilic 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme through C-terminal truncation.

Abstract: Thermophilic proteins are useful for the detailed investigation of thermostability because they function efficiently at high temperatures. Comparison of the amino acid sequences and three-dimensional structures of mesophilic and thermophilic 1,4-α-glucan branching enzymes (GBEs) shows that the amino acid sequence of the last 26 residues at the C-terminal end of the GBE from Geobacillus thermoglucosidans STB02 (GBEGt, GenBank accession no. KJ660983) are not conserved, and that their 3-dimensional structure is flexible. These residues appear to be modified based upon a balance between flexibility and rigidity that is related to thermostability. In this study, a truncated mutant of GBEGt made by removing the last 26 residues from its C-terminal end was found to have increased thermostability and solubility, compared with the wild-type enzyme. Additionally, truncation of a portion of the C-terminus resulted in a decrease in aqueous stability. The circular dichroism spectra of GBEGt and GBEGtΔC were also found to be different. These results suggest that deletion of flexible residues at the C-terminal end of GBEGt, which are located on the surface of the enzyme, enhances the thermostability of the enzyme without significantly compromising its enzymatic activity.

Ban|Xiaofeng|X|
Liu|Yiting|Y|
Zhang|Yuzhu|Y|
Gu|Zhengbiao|Z|
Li|Caiming|C|
Cheng|Li|L|
Hong|Yan|Y|
Dhoble|Abhishek S|AS|
Li|Zhaofeng|Z|

1,4-α-Glucan branching enzyme
Thermostability
Truncation parts of C-terminus


Furosemide modifies heart hypertrophy and glycosaminoglycan myocardium content in a rat model of neurogenic hypertension.

Abstract: Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherogenesis and heart hypertrophy, both of which are associated with specific morphological and functional changes of the myocardium. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are complex molecules involved both in tissue morphology and function. In the present study, we investigated the effects of neurogenic hypertension and subsequent antihypertensive treatment with furosemide, on heart hypertrophy and the content of GAGs in the myocardium. Neurogenic hypertension was achieved in male Wistar rats by bilateral aortic denervation (bAD). At days 2, 7 and 15 after surgery, animals were sacrificed and the hearts were dissected away, weighted, and homogenized. Total GAGs were assessed by measuring the uronic acid content colorimetrically and individual GAGs were isolated and characterized by enzymatic treatment, with GAG-degrading enzymes, using electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gradient gels and cellulose acetate membranes. In bAD-animals blood pressure, blood pressure lability, heart rate and heart weight were significantly increased 15 days postoperatively. These effects were prevented by treatment with furosemide. Major GAGs identified in the heart were chondroitin sulphates, heparin (H), heparan sulphate (HS) and hyaluronic acid. The content of uronic and the relative content of H and HS in the heart in bAD animals significantly decreased from day 2 to day 15 postoperatively. Furosemide prevented the bAD induced decrease in GAG content. Considering that H and HS are potent inhibitors of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, our results indicate that heart hypertrophy induced by neurogenic hypertension may be associated with decreases in the relative content of heparin and heparan sulphate in the heart.

Pourzitaki|Chryssa|C|
Tsaousi|Georgia|G|
Manthou|Maria Eleni|ME|
Karakiulakis|Georgios|G|
Kouvelas|Dimitrios|D|
Papakonstantinou|Eleni|E|

Furosemide
Heart
Glycosaminoglycans
Hypertension
Aortic denervation


Dimensioning Method of Floating Offshore Objects by Means of Quasi-Similarity Transformation with Reduced Tolerance Errors.

Abstract: The human activities in the offshore oil and gas, renewable energy and construction industry require reliable data acquired by different types of hydrographic sensors: DGNSS (Differential Global Navigation Satellite System) positioning, attitude sensors, multibeam sonars, lidars or total stations installed on the offshore vessel, drones or platforms. Each component or sensor that produces information, unique to its position, will have a point that is considered as the reference point of that sensor. The accurate measurement of the offsets is vital to establish the mathematical relation between sensor and vessel common reference point in order to achieve sufficient accuracy of the survey data. If possible, the vessel will be put on a hard stand so that it can be very accurately measured using the standard land survey technique. However, due to the complex environment and sensors being mobilized when the vessel is in service, this may not be possible, and the offsets will have to be measured in sea dynamic conditions by means of a total station from a floating platform. This article presents the method of transformation by similarity with elements of affine transformation, called Q-ST (Quasi-Similarity Transformation). The Q-ST has been designed for measurements on such unstable substrates when it is not possible to level the total station (when the number of adjustment points is small (4-6 points)). Such situation occurs, among others, when measuring before the offshore duties or during the jack up or semi-submersible rig move. The presented calculation model is characterized by zero deviations at the adjustment points (at four common points). The transformation concerns the conversion of points between two orthogonal and inclined reference frames. The method enables the independent calculation of the scale factor, rotation matrix and system translation. Scaling is performed first in real space, and then both systems are shifted to the centroid, which is the center of gravity. The center of gravity is determined for the fit points that meet the criterion of stability of the orthogonal transformation. Then, the rotation matrix is computed, and a translation is performed from the computational (centroid) to real space. In the applied approach, the transformation parameters, scaling, rotation and translation, are determined independently, and the least squares method is applied independently at each stage of the calculations. The method has been verified in laboratory conditions as well as in real conditions. The results were compared to other known methods of coordinate transformation. The proposed approach is a development of the idea of transformation by similarity based on centroids.

Stępień|Grzegorz|G| Tomczak|Arkadiusz|A| Loosaar|Martin|M|0000-0003-1250-7936 Ziębka|Tomasz|T|

total station
affine transformation
rotation matrix
close range photogrammetry
dimensional control
offshore surveying
orthogonal coordinate system
similarity transformation


Voluntary and forced exercise differentially alters the gut microbiome in C57BL/6J mice.

Abstract: We have previously shown that voluntary wheel running (VWR) attenuates, whereas forced treadmill running (FTR) exacerbates, intestinal inflammation and clinical outcomes in a mouse model of colitis. As the gut microbiome is implicated in colitis, we hypothesized that VWR and FTR would differentially affect the gut microbiome. Mice (9-10/treatment) were randomly assigned to VWR, FTR, or sedentary home cage control (SED) for 6 wk. VWR were given running wheel access, whereas FTR ran on a treadmill for 40 min/day at 8-12 m/min, 5% grade. Forty-eight hours after the last exercise session, DNA was isolated from the fecal pellets and cecal contents, and the conserved bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced using the Illumina Miseq platform. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance based on weighted UniFrac distance matrix revealed different bacterial clusters between feces and cecal contents in all groups (P < 0.01). Interestingly, the community structures of the three treatment groups clustered separately from each other in both gut regions (P < 0.05). Contrary to our hypothesis, the α-diversity metric, Chao1, indicated that VWR led to reduced bacterial richness compared with FTR or SED (P < 0.05). Taxonomic evaluation revealed that both VWR and FTR altered many individual bacterial taxa. Of particular interest, Turicibacter spp., which has been strongly associated with immune function and bowel disease, was significantly lower in VWR vs. SED/FTR. These data indicate that VWR and FTR differentially alter the intestinal microbiome of mice. These effects were observed in both the feces and cecum despite vastly different community structures between each intestinal region.

Allen|Jacob M|JM|
Berg Miller|Margret E|ME|
Pence|Brandt D|BD|
Whitlock|Keith|K|
Nehra|Vandana|V|
Gaskins|H Rex|HR|
White|Bryan A|BA|
Fryer|John D|JD|
Woods|Jeffrey A|JA|

exercise
gut
microbiome
voluntary wheel
running
forced treadmill


Osteopontin and latent-TGF β binding-protein 2 as potential diagnostic markers for HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma.

Abstract: Chronic Hepatitis B (HB) is the main risk factor for chronic liver disease (CLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in many low-resource countries, where diagnosis is constrained by lack of clinical, histopathological and biomarker resources. We have used proteomics to detect plasma biomarkers that outperform α-Fetoprotein (AFP), the most widely used biomarker for HCC diagnosis in low-resource contexts. Deep-plasma proteome analysis was performed in HCC patients, patients with CLD and in HB-carrier controls from Thailand (South-East Asia) and The Gambia (West-Africa). Mass spectrometry profiling identified latent-transforming growth factor β binding-protein 2 (LTBP2) and Osteopontin (OPN) as being significantly elevated in HCC versus CLD and controls. These two proteins were further analyzed by ELISA in a total of 684 plasma samples, including 183 HCC, 274 CLD and 227 asymptomatic controls. When combined, LTBP2 and OPN showed an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.85 in distinguishing HCC from CLD in subjects with AFP <20 ng/mL. In a prospective cohort of 115 CLD patients from Korea, increased plasma levels of LTBP2 and/or OPN were detected in plasma collected over 2 years prior to diagnosis in 21 subjects who developed HCC. Thus, the combination of LTBP2 and OPN outperformed AFP for diagnosis and prediction of HCC and may therefore improve biomarker-based detection of HBV-related HCC.

da Costa|Andre Nogueira|AN|
Plymoth|Amelie|A|
Santos-Silva|Daniela|D|
Ortiz-Cuaran|Sandra|S|
Camey|Suzy|S|
Guilloreau|Paule|P|
Sangrajrang|Suleeporn|S|
Khuhaprema|Thiravud|T|
Mendy|Maimuna|M|
Lesi|Olufunmilayo A|OA|
Chang|Hee-Kyung|HK|
Oh|Jin-Kyoung|JK|
Lee|Duk-Hee|DH|
Shin|Hai-Rim|HR|
Kirk|Gregory D|GD|
Merle|Philippe|P|
Beretta|Laura|L|
Hainaut|Pierre|P|

D053779:Latent TGF-beta Binding Proteins

osteopontin
hepatocellular carcinoma
chronic liver disease
biomarkers
LTBP2


Mild Cognitive Impairment Subtypes and Type 2 Diabetes in Elderly Subjects.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is correlated to amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and to non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment (naMCI). This study evaluated whether the T2D variable characterizes a peculiar cognitive profile in elderly patients. Moreover, it explores the association between glycated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c), T2D duration, insulin and oral hypoglycemic agent treatment, and cognition in elderly diabetic patients.

METHODS
Detailed neuropsychological battery was used to diagnose MCI subtypes. A total of 39 MCI subjects with T2D (T2D-MCI) and 37 MCI subjects without T2D (ND-MCI), matched for age, educational level, and Mini-Mental State Examination score, were included.

RESULTS
ND-MCI performed worse in memory and language domains than T2D-MCI. The amnestic subtype is more frequent among ND-MCI and non-amnestic subtype in T2D-MCI. In T2D-MCI, high HbA1c levels correlate with episodic memory (immediate recall) and T2D duration. Some indexes of episodic memory (immediate recall), attention, and visual-spatial ability correlate with insulin treatment.

CONCLUSIONS
An association between T2D and non-amnestic MCI is suggested. In the T2D-MCI group, significant associations between insulin treatment and memory (immediate recall), complex figure copy, and attention were found.

mild cognitive impairment
type 2 diabetes
aging
Alzheimer’s disease
cognitive functions
dementia
neuropsychological test


Management of venous thromboembolism in patients experiencing direct oral anticoagulant treatment failure: a single-center review of practice and outcomes.

Abstract: Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have gained in popularity over vitamin K antagonists for the treatment of venous thromboembolism, however their efficacy is not routinely monitored. It is therefore a clinical challenge to know how to respond when treatment with DOACs fails, and there is little formal guidance on how to manage these patients. We sought to characterize VTE patients who experienced DOAC failure at our institution, and rationalize subsequent treatment strategies. We collated the details of 54 consecutive patients with suboptimal response or breakthrough thrombosis on a DOAC, from our large specialist-led thrombosis clinic. Initial treatment changes were recorded, as well as long-term anticoagulation therapy and treatment outcomes. On first recognition of DOAC failure, 69% of patients were temporarily switched to therapeutic-dose low molecular weight heparin; most of the remaining patients were treated with an alternative DOAC regimen. After a limited period of parenteral treatment, 84% of patients returned to oral anticoagulation, the majority of whom experienced no further treatment failures. By the end of follow-up, 72% of patients were either on long-term DOAC therapy or had completed treatment altogether. In the absence of evidence or guidelines, brief rescue of anticoagulation with parenteral therapy can be an effective strategy when treatment with a DOAC fails.

Venous thromboembolism
Anticoagulants
Treatment failure
Antithrombins
Factor Xa inhibitors


Treating symptomatic coronary artery disease in patients with Von Willebrand disease.

Abstract: There is limited data on the occurrence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with Von Willebrand disease and the literature is even scarce on their management. We at our institute reviewed the medical records of 198 patients with Von Willebrand disease over a period of 15years, of which 6 were found to have symptomatic CAD. Acute coronary syndrome was noted in 3 patients while the remaining 3 had stable angina. Cardiac catheterization showed that left main coronary artery was the culprit vessel in all of these patients. In terms of management, stents were placed in 3 patients, two of them underwent coronary artery bypass grafting, and the remaining one patient was medically managed. Aspirin, and in some patients clopidogrel, was well tolerated with minimal side effects.

Hassan|Syed A|SA|
Amer|Syed|S|
Qureshi|Waqas|W|
Alirhayim|Zaid|Z|
Kuriakose|Philip|P|

Coronary artery disease
Von Willebrand disease
Acute coronary syndrome


Assessing Appetitive Traits Among Chinese Young Adults Using the Adult Eating Behavior Questionnaire: Factor Structure, Gender Invariance and Latent Mean Differences, and Associations With BMI.

Abstract: The current study examined the factor structure, measurement reliability, measurement invariance across genders, and latent gender mean differences, of a new Chinese translation of the Adult Eating Behavior Questionnaire (C-AEBQ) in a Chinese young adult sample (n = 1,068, 52.57% women). The associations between the appetitive traits assessed by the AEBQ and body mass index were also explored. The previously established eight-factor model of the AEBQ was supported in the present sample. The C-AEBQ had strong measurement invariance between genders. Cronbach's alpha estimates of the eight subscales of the C-AEBQ ranged from 0.76 to 0.97, and the test-retest reliability coefficients of the subscales ranged from 0.50 to 0.77. The C-AEBQ had adequate convergent and divergent validity, as supported by the theoretically expected correlations between C-AEBQ and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire. Furthermore, Satiety Responsiveness, Slowness in Eating, and Food Fussiness were inversely associated with body mass index. Overall, the C-AEBQ appears to be a psychometrically sound instrument as a comprehensive measure for appetitive traits for Chinese young adults.

He|Jinbo|J|0000-0002-2785-9371
Sun|Shengyan|S|
Zickgraf|Hana F|HF|
Ellis|Jordan M|JM|
Fan|Xitao|X|

Adult Eating Behavior Questionnaire (AEBQ)


Steroid-free and steroid withdrawal protocols in heart transplantation: the review of literature.

Abstract: Corticosteroids (CSs) are still the mainstay of induction, rescue, and maintenance in heart transplantation (HTx). However, their use is associated with significant and well-documented side effects usually related to the dose administered and the duration of therapy. Moreover, CSs interfere with the recipient's quality of life and with the active process of graft tolerance. Physicians have been exploring ways to avoid or reduce CSs in association with other immunosuppressive drugs, minimizing side effects and costs. The regimens are classified as steroid-free or steroid withdrawal protocols. The studies analyzed in this review come to similar conclusions as benefits and adverse consequences: steroid-free protocols should be advisable and mandatory in pediatric patients, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), presence of infection, familial metabolic disorders/obesity, severe osteoporosis, and in the elderly. On the other hand, steroid withdrawal can be successfully achieved in 50-80%, with late better than early withdrawal, no increase in rejection-related mortality, no adverse impact on survival, and probably a better quality of live. Safety and efficacy can certainly be improved by an individualized approach to the transplant recipient.

D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

steroid-free
steroid withdrawal
heart transplantation
steroid minimization


Meta-awareness and the involuntary memory spectrum: Reply to Meyer, Otgaar, and Smeets (2015).

Abstract: In their commentary, Meyer, Otgaar, and Smeets (2015) raise several important issues about the definitions, characteristics and applications of various involuntary cognitive phenomena. Here we respond to the comments of Meyer et al. in ways that we hope will advance understanding of these issues, and inform future research. In particular, we have focused on the characteristics of involuntary phenomena-particularly in relation to meta-awareness-and the clinical relevance of mind-wandering.

Takarangi|Melanie K T|MK|
Lindsay|D Stephen|DS|
Strange|Deryn|D|

Meta-awareness
Involuntary cognition
Mind-wandering
Trauma


Curcumin in tissue engineering: A traditional remedy for modern medicine.

Abstract: Curcumin is the principal polyphenolic compound present in turmeric with broad applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. It has some important inherent properties with the potential to facilitate tissue healing, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and antibacterial activities. Therefore, curcumin has been used for the treatment of various damaged tissues, especially wound injuries. There are different forms of curcumin, among which nano-formulations are of a great importance in regenerative medicine. It is also important to design sophisticated delivery systems for controlled/localized delivery of curcumin to the target tissues and organs. Although there are many reports on the advantages of this compound, further research is required to fully explore its clinical usage. The review describes the physicochemical and biological properties of curcumin and the current state of the evidence on its applications in tissue engineering. © 2018 BioFactors, 45(2):135-151, 2019.

D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions

curcumin
tissue engineering
anti-oxidant
antibacterial
anti-inflammation
scaffold
tissue repair
wound healing


Automated Detection of Pain from Facial Expressions: A Rule-Based Approach Using AAM.

Abstract: In this paper, we examine the problem of using video analysis to assess pain, an important problem especially for critically ill, non-communicative patients, and people with dementia. We propose and evaluate an automated method to detect the presence of pain manifested in patient videos using a unique and large collection of cancer patient videos captured in patient homes. The method is based on detecting pain-related facial action units defined in the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) that is widely used for objective assessment in pain analysis. In our research, a person-specific Active Appearance Model (AAM) based on Project-Out Inverse Compositional Method is trained for each patient individually for the modeling purpose. A flexible representation of the shape model is used in a rule-based method that is better suited than the more commonly used classifier-based methods for application to the cancer patient videos in which pain-related facial actions occur infrequently and more subtly. The rule-based method relies on the feature points that provide facial action cues and is extracted from the shape vertices of AAM, which have a natural correspondence to face muscular movement. In this paper, we investigate the detection of a commonly used set of pain-related action units in both the upper and lower face. Our detection results show good agreement with the results obtained by three trained FACS coders who independently reviewed and scored the action units in the cancer patient videos.

Chen|Zhanli|Z|
Ansari|Rashid|R|
Wilkie|Diana J|DJ|

FACS
Automated Pain Detection
Coefficient Partitioning AAM
Rule-Based Recognition


An early exploration of undergraduate student definitions of learning, memorizing, studying, and understanding.

Abstract: Biology education research often utilizes the terms learning, memorizing, studying, and understanding without providing their specific definition. When definitions have been provided, they are often inconsistent across publications. As part of a larger research study, we interviewed 11 participants on 2 occasions while they were enrolled in a sequence of anatomy and physiology courses. Part of the interview protocol asked participants for their definitions of learning, memorizing, studying, and understanding. Definitions were isolated from the transcript, deidentified, and sorted by qualitative similarities. The research team developed code categories and assigned definitions to these groups after discussing coding differences. Multiple definition groups emerged for each term. Learning, memorizing, and studying definition groups highlighted processes, outcomes, or a combination of both a process and outcome. Understanding definition groups focused solely on an outcome. These findings highlight the need for communication between students and instructors with regard to term usage. In addition, future research in biology and physiology education should be careful to provide working definitions of these terms to ensure communicative and interpretive validity and to promote transferability and repeatability of findings.

student definitions
validity
student learning
student perspective
undergraduate education


Brain region- and sex-specific alterations in DAMGO-stimulated [(35) S]GTPγS binding in mice with Oprm1 A112G.

Abstract: The A118G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the human μ-opioid receptor (MOPR) gene (OPRM1) was associated with heightened dopamine release by alcohol intake, better treatment outcome for nicotine and alcohol addiction, and reduced analgesic responses to morphine. A mouse model that possesses the equivalent substitution (A112G) in the mouse MOPR gene (OPRM1) was generated to delineate the mechanisms of the impact of the SNP. Mice homozygous for the G112 allele (G/G) displayed lower morphine-induced antinociception than mice homozygous for the A112 allele (A/A), similar to the results in humans. In this study, we examined whether A112G SNP affected MOPR-mediated G protein activation in the mouse model. We compared A/A and G/G mice in the MOPR-selective agonist [D-Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO)-stimulated [(35) S]GTPγS binding in brain regions by autoradiography. When the data of males and females were combined, G/G mice exhibited lower DAMGO-stimulated [(35) S]GTPγS binding in the ventral tegmental area than A/A mice, in accord with the previously reported reduced morphine-induced hyperactivity and locomotor sensitization in G/G mice. In the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core, female G/G mice displayed lower DAMGO-stimulated [(35) S]GTPγS binding than female A/A mice, which is consistent with the previously reported deficiency in morphine-induced conditioned place preference in female G/G mice. In G/G mice, males showed higher DAMGO-stimulated [(35) S]GTPγS binding than females in the cingulate cortex, caudate putamen, NAc core, thalamus and amygdala. Thus, A112G SNP affects DAMGO-stimulated [(35) S]GTPγS binding in region- and sex-specific manners.

Wang|Yu-Jun|YJ|
Huang|Peng|P|
Blendy|Julie A|JA|
Liu-Chen|Lee-Yuan|LY|


Gender difference in the effect of uric acid on striatal dopamine in early Parkinson's disease.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
High uric acid (UA) levels have been shown to exert a neuroprotective effect in Parkinson's disease (PD) by inhibiting oxidative stress in the nigrostriatal pathway. However, the association between striatal dopamine activity and UA level has not been clarified.

METHODS
A total of 213 patients with early PD were enrolled. All patients underwent positron emission tomography using 18 F-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2beta-carbon ethoxy-3beta-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane and a venous blood test for quantification of serum UA. All patients were stratified into either the lower UA group or the higher UA group using the median UA level. After normalizing the positron emission tomography images, differences in the regional standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs) were analyzed with a volume-of-interest template. All tested SUVRs were also compared after categorizing patients by gender.

RESULTS
The UA affected dopamine transporter SUVRs in different ways by gender. In female patients, the higher UA level group showed a smaller reduction in dopamine transporter uptake in the posterior putamen, whereas there was no such association observed in male patients.

CONCLUSIONS
Higher UA levels were correlated with higher dopamine transporter uptake in the putamen in female patients with early PD. This finding suggests that UA has a neuroprotective effect, as demonstrated by the relatively preserved striatal dopamine activity in women.

Oh|Y-S|YS|
Kim|J-S|JS|0000-0001-8087-7977
Yoo|S-W|SW|
Hwang|E-J|EJ|
Lyoo|C H|CH|
Lee|K-S|KS|

D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins

uric acid
Parkinson's disease
dopamine transporter uptake
women


Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome.

Abstract: Obesity hypoventilation syndrome has been noted for centuries, yet we still are trying to uncover the exact mechanisms behind the disease and best treatment modalities for patients afflicted by the condition. The syndrome, which results in symptoms based on a diverse spectrum of interactions between obesity, ventilatory drive, and sleep's impact on respiration, has been shown to worsen morbidity and mortality far beyond that of more typical sleep-disordered breathing. In this article, the authors discuss current knowledge and research about the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical features, along with treatment considerations of obesity hypoventilation syndrome.

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
Bilevel PAP
CPAP
Obstructive sleep apnea


Cholesterol modulates curcumin partitioning and membrane effects.

Abstract: Curcumin, a polyphenol molecule, presents a wide range of biological activities as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and wound healing. Although some strengths attributed to curcumin derive from promiscuous biological activity, possibly because curcumin can interfere on many membrane located processes, knowledge of underlying interactions are lacking. Mammalian cell membranes characteristically contain 25 to 50% cholesterol/phospholipid ratio; however, most studies involving lipid bilayers and curcumin consider pure phosphatidylcholine and compare effects of curcumin on membranes with those of cholesterol. We investigated the interaction of curcumin with lipid bilayers containing cholesterol mimicking mammalian cells, and used spectroscopy techniques to determine partition coefficients, rigidity parameters and lytic activity. We found that curcumin partitions into different lipid bilayers (104 order coefficients that vary by less than a factor of two), containing cholesterol or not, and in the presence of sphingomyelin or phosphatidylserine. Curcumin decreases rigidity in all tested compositions, except that containing 40% cholesterol in which it increases the lipid packing order. In addition, curcumin induces leakage from giant unilamellar vesicles on a cholesterol concentration dependent way. Our results are compatible with the hypothesis of curcumin interaction with membranes being modulated by the liquid disordered phase and by the coexistence of liquid-ordered/liquid disordered phases. In bilayers containing cholesterol, curcumin assumes a more superficial location, drastically stiffens the 40% cholesterol bilayer and decreases the lytic effect. Our study may help researchers in the analysis of the biological effects of curcumin and curcumin-derived formulations by calling the attention to the discriminating role of the cholesterol content.

Leite|Natália B|NB|
Martins|Danúbia B|DB|
Fazani|Vinicius E|VE|
Vieira|Maira R|MR|
Dos Santos Cabrera|Marcia P|MP|

Cholesterol
Curcumin
Large and giant vesicles
Lipid bilayer effects
Lipid/water partition coefficients
Phospholipid membranes


Expression of co-inhibitory molecules B7-H4 and B7-H1 in Epstein-Barr virus positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and their roles in tumor invasion.

Abstract: To investigate the relationship between immunoregulatory molecules B7-H4 and B7-H1 in Epstein-Barr positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (EBV+DLBCL). Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of B7-H4 and B7-H1 in tumor tissues of 13 patients with EBV+DLBCL. The expression levels of B7-H4 and B7-H1 in four diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell lines (SU-DHL-4, SU-DHL-10, SU-DHL-6, Pfeiffer) were analyzed by flow cytometry. Transwell invasion assays were conducted to observe the invasive ability of cell lines. B7-H4 and B7-H1 were expressed in 84.62% and 100% tumor specimens of EBV+DLBCL. The overexpression of B7-H4 and B7-H1 was found in 46.15% and 23.08% tumor samples of EBV+DLBCL. There was a medium negative correlation between the expression levels of B7-H4 and B7-H1 (r = -0.667, P = 0.013, spearman rank correlation). The expression levels of B7-H1 in four diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell lines were positively correlated with their invasive ability, whereas the expression levels of B7-H4 were not. Here, we provide evidence for the negative relationship between B7-H4 and B7-H1 in EBV+DLBCL. The expression of B7-H1 in EBV+DLBCL appears to be the dominant factor which affects tumor aggressiveness. When B7-H1 expression weakens, the molecule B7-H4 may become the dominant factor of prognosis in patients with EBV+DLBCL.

Jiang|Ying|Y| Lin|Jun|J| Zhang|Jing|J| Lu|Shasha|S| Wang|Chun|C| Tong|Yin|Y|

D060907:V-Set Domain-Containing T-Cell Activation Inhibitor 1


Efficacy of avilamycin for the prevention of necrotic enteritis caused by a pathogenic strain of Clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens.

Abstract: The efficacy of avilamycin for the prevention of necrotic enteritis (NE) was investigated in a 35-day floor pen study of 2200 broiler cockerels using a Clostridium perfringens (Cp) feed inoculum challenge model. Treatments consisted of (1) nonmedicated, nonchallenged; (2) nonmedicated, challenged; (3) avilamycin at 15 ppm, challenged; (4) avilamycin at 30 ppm, challenged. Avilamycin was administered in the feed from day 7 to day 30 of the study. Challenge inoculum was administered on day 14 and delivered approximately 10(9) CFU Cp/bird. NE mortality rates from day 14-35 were significantly (P < 0.0001) lower in birds treated with avilamycin at 15 and 30 ppm when compared to nonmedicated, challenged birds. Treatment with avilamycin also resulted in a significant reduction in ileal Cp count on day 21 (P < 0.0001) and NE lesion scores on day 17 (P < 0.006) when compared to nonmedicated, challenged birds. The performance of birds treated with avilamycin was also improved when compared to nonmedicated, challenged birds. Cockerels that received either 15 or 30 ppm avilamycin had a significantly (P < 0.0001) increased body weight on day 35 and average daily gain from days 0-35 than nonmedicated, challenged birds. Furthermore, birds treated with avilamycin had an improved feed conversion rate from days 0-35 compared to both nonmedicated, nonchallenged birds and nonmedicated, challenged birds. This study confirms that avilamycin is effective at controlling mortality related to NE in growing broiler chickens.

Paradis|Marie Anne|MA|
McMillan|Ewen|E|
Bagg|Randal|R|
Vessie|Gord|G|
Zocche|Alexandre|A|
Thompson|Michelle|M|

efficacy
avilamycin
Necrotic enteritis
Clostridium perfringens
broiler chicken


Are there also negative effects of social support? A qualitative study of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Abstract:
OBJECTIVE
Social support is considered an important resource in coping with chronic conditions. By conducting a series of interviews with people who suffer from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we received the impression that social support in face-to-face or online communication could also be a source of stress and strain. The aim of our study was to better understand and describe possible negative effects of social support.

DESIGN
This is a secondary analysis of narrative interviews. The interviewees were selected using a maximum-variation sampling approach. Grounded theory and the 'OSOP' (one sheet of paper) method were applied to categorise those parts of the interviews that touched on the negative effects of social support.

SETTING
The open-end interview collection took place throughout Germany from September 2011 to June 2012. Most of the participants were interviewed in their homes, some in the Department of General Practice in Göttingen.

PARTICIPANTS
42 patients with IBD.

RESULTS
Two interrelated categories emerged: (1) unwanted confrontation and (2) undesirable reactions. The interviewees perceived social support as negative, especially if they felt overwhelmed and/or if they had not asked for it. Consequently, some of our interview partners developed strategies to prevent coming into social contact with others or stopped talking entirely about their disease.

CONCLUSION
While social support is usually conceptualised and perceived as a positive resource in chronic disease, it sometimes turns into a negative experience and may end in social isolation and deteriorate health. This process also happens in online support groups and increases anxiety when exchanging with other people on the internet. Before motivating ill people to seek contact with others, they should know about the negative effects of social support.

social support
inflammatory bowel disease
health behavior
narration
patient portals


Beliefs About Consent and Sexual Assault Perpetration in a Longitudinal Study of College Men.

Abstract: This study examined the mediating role of beliefs about both active and passive consent in the prospective associations between sexual assault (SA) risk factors and coercive, incapacitated, and forcible attempted/completed SA among college men. Participants were 471 college men who completed self-report surveys at the end of each of their 4 years of college. SA risk factors (risky behavior, rape-supportive beliefs and peer norms, personality traits, childhood adversity) were assessed at Wave 1, beliefs about consent were assessed at Wave 2, and perpetration was assessed at Waves 3 and 4. Multivariate regression models with bias-corrected bootstrapping assessed longitudinal mediation. SA risk factors were negatively associated with endorsement of active consent (verbal approval required) and positively associated with passive consent (assume "yes" until you hear a "no"), with strongest effects observed for coercive SA. Both types of beliefs about consent served as mediators between risk factors and perpetration. Findings suggest that prevention programs should include a focus on reducing SA risk factors, clarifying definitions of consent, and improving sexual communication.

rape-supportive beliefs
peer norms
communication
rape
sexual violence
victimization


TGF-β Alters the Proportion of Infiltrating Immune Cells in a Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.

Abstract:
PURPOSE
Immunotherapy, such as checkpoint inhibitors against anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), has not been successful in treating patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), dendritic cells (DCs), and the TGF-β cytokine are critical in anti-cancer immunity. We hypothesized that TGF-β enhances the immunosuppressive effects of TAM, MDSC, and DC presence in tumors.

METHODS
Using a murine PDAC cell line derived from a genetically engineered mouse model, we orthotopically implanted treated cells plus drug embedded in Matrigel into immunocompetent mice. Treatments included saline control, TGF-β1, or a TGF-β receptor 1 small molecule inhibitor, galunisertib. We investigated TAM, MDSC, DC, and TAM PD-L1 expression with flow cytometry in tumors. Separately, we used the TIMER2.0 database to analyze TAM and PD-L1 gene expression in human PDAC tumors in TCGA database.

RESULTS
TGF-β did not alter MDSC or DC frequencies in the primary tumors. However, in PDAC metastases to the liver, TGF-β decreased the proportion of MDSCs (P=0.022) and DCs (P=0.005). TGF-β significantly increased the percent of high PD-L1 expressing TAMs (32 ± 6 % vs. 12 ± 5%, P=0.013) but not the proportion of TAMs in primary and metastatic tumors. TAM PD-L1 gene expression in TCGA PDAC database was significantly correlated with tgb1 and tgfbr1 gene expression (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
TGF-β is important in PDAC anti-tumor immunity, demonstrating context-dependent impact on immune cells. TGF-β has an overall immunosuppressive effect mediated by TAM PD-L1 expression and decreased presence of DCs. Future investigations will focus on enhancing anti-cancer immune effects of TGF-β receptor inhibition.

TGF-β
PD-L1
PDAC
Tumor-associated macrophages
TAMs
Pancreatic cancer


Longitudinal growth changes from birth to 8-9 years in preterm and full term births.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
The aim of this study is to assess the effect of age at adiposity rebound (AR) and changes in growth between birth and 6 months on growth status at 8-9 years in children born term and preterm. Age at AR is inversely correlated with risk for later obesity in children born full term, but has not been analyzed in children born preterm.

METHODS
Birth anthropometrics, and weight and length/height data from age 6 months through 8-9 years were recorded for 175 children born in 2008 in the military health system. Calculated variables include body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), Z-scores, and age at AR.

RESULTS
Age at AR could be calculated for 150 children (32% preterm); average age was 5.4 years and 5.3 years for children born term and preterm, respectively (NS). For children born term and preterm, there was a significant correlation between younger age at AR and higher BMI Z-score at 8-9 years (r = - 0.685), and a direct relationship between weight Z-score change from birth to 6 months and weight Z-scores at 8-9 years (p = 0.034).

CONCLUSIONS
Younger age at AR correlates with higher BMI Z-score at 8-9 years in children born both term and preterm. Weight gain from birth to 6 months correlates with weight Z-score at 8-9 years. These results emphasize the importance of younger age at AR in addition to greater early weight gain as an indicator of later obesity.

Vereen|Rasheda J|RJ|
Dobson|Nicole R|NR|
Olsen|Cara H|CH|
Raiciulescu|Sorana|S|
Kuehn|Devon|D|
Stokes|Theophil A|TA|
Hunt|Carl E|CE|

growth
Adiposity rebound
obesity
body mass index
overweight
prematurity


Vorapaxar and diplopia: Possible off-target PAR-receptor mismodulation.

Abstract: Vorapaxar, a novel antiplatelet thrombin PAR-1 inhibitor, has been evaluated in the successful TRA2P trial and the failed TRACER trial. The drug is currently approved for post myocardial infarction and peripheral artery disease indications with concomitant use of clopidogrel and/or aspirin. The FDA ruled that the vorapaxar safety profile is acceptable. However, both trials revealed excess diplopia (double vision) usually reversible after vorapaxar. The diplopia risk appears to be small (about 1 extra case per 1,000 treated subjects), but real. Overall, there were 10 placebo and 34 vorapaxar diplopia cases (p=0.018) consistent for TRACER (2 vs 13 cases; p=0.010) and for TRA2P (8 vs 21 cases; p=0.018). Hence, we review the FDA-confirmed evidence and discuss potential causes and implications of such a surprising adverse association, which may be related to off-target PAR receptor mismodulation in the eye.

Serebruany|Victor L|VL|
Fortmann|Seth D|SD|
Rao|Sunil V|SV|
Tanguay|Jean-Francois|JF|
Lordkipanidze|Marie|M|
Hanley|Daniel F|DF|
Can|Mehmet|M|
Kim|Moo Hyun|MH|
Marciniak|Thomas A|TA|

D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration

Vorapaxar
diplopia
safety
PAR receptor
adverse events
clinical trials


Isolation and propagation of neural stem cells in caprine (Capra hircus).

Abstract: Neural stem cells (NSCs) can self-renew and give rise to neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes; they are found in the nervous system of mammalian organisms, representing a promising resource for both fundamental research and therapeutics. There have been few investigations on NSCs in the livestock species. Therefore, we have successfully isolated and characterised NSCs from the foetal brain of a small domestic animal, the goat (called GNSCs). These cells from the foetal brain showed self-renewal, rapid proliferation with a population doubling time of 88 h, were morphologically homogeneous and maintained normal chromosome throughout the culture period. The cells expressed NSC-specific markers (Sox2, Pax6 and Mushashi), but were negative for CD34 and CD45. They were capable of multi-differentiation into neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, as well as adipocytes and osteocytes. The availability of such cells may hold great interest for basic and applied neuroscience.

Agarwal|Pranjali|P|
Kumar|Manish|M|
Kumar|Kuldeep|K|
Singh|Renu|R|
Mahapatra|Puspendra Saswat|PS|
Kumar|Ajay|A|
Bhure|Sanjeev Kumar|SK|
Malakar|Dhruba|D|
Sarkar|Mihir|M|
Bag|Sadhan|S|

D000818:Animals
D000943:Antigens, Differentiation
D002454:Cell Differentiation
D049109:Cell Proliferation
D002469:Cell Separation
D002478:Cells, Cultured
D006041:Goats
D058953:Neural Stem Cells

isolation NSC characterisation differentiation goat/caprine


Phosphorylation of Yes-associated protein impairs trophoblast invasion and migration: implications for the pathogenesis of fetal growth restriction†.

Abstract: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a condition in which a newborn fails to achieve his or her prospective hereditary growth potential. This condition is associated with high newborn mortality, second only to that associated with premature birth. FGR is associated with maternal, fetal, and placental abnormalities. Although the placenta is considered to be an important organ for supplying nutrition for fetal growth, research on FGR is limited, and treatment through the placenta remains challenging, as neither proper uterine intervention nor its pathogenesis have been fully elucidated. Yes-associated protein (YAP), as the effector of the Hippo pathway, is widely known to regulate organ growth and cancer development. Therefore, the correlation of the placenta and YAP was investigated to elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of FGR. Placental samples from humans and mice were collected for histological and biomechanical analysis. After investigating the location and role of YAP in the placenta by immunohistochemistry, we observed that YAP and cytokeratin 7 have corresponding locations in human and mouse placentas. Moreover, phosphorylated YAP (p-YAP) was upregulated in FGR and gradually increased as gestational age increased during pregnancy. Cell function experiments and mRNA-Seq demonstrated impaired YAP activity mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibition. Established FGR-like mice also recapitulated a number of the features of human FGR. The results of this study may help to elucidate the association of FGR development with YAP and provide an intrauterine target that may be helpful in alleviating placental dysfunction.

Wang|Hao|H|
Xu|Ping|P|
Luo|Xiaofang|X|
Hu|Mingyu|M|
Liu|Yamin|Y|
Yang|Yike|Y|
Peng|Wei|W|
Bai|Yuxiang|Y|
Chen|Xuehai|X|
Tan|Bin|B|
Wu|Yue|Y|
Wen|Li|L|
Gao|Rufei|R|
Tong|Chao|C|
Qi|Hongbo|H|
Kilby|Mark D|MD|
Saffery|Richard|R|
Baker|Philip N|PN|

D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing

D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases

Yes-associated protein
trophoblast
invasion
migration
fetal growth restriction
placenta


Anti-angiogenic and anti-lymphangiogenic role of praziquantel and artemether in experimental mansoniasis.

Abstract: Angiogenesis is one of the pillars of neoplasia. Lymphangiogenesis in context of granulomas is not yet understood. This study aimed to evaluate the role of praziquantel (PZQ) and artemether (ART) as anti-angiogenic and anti-lymphangiogenic drugs in Schistosoma mansoni induced experimental hepatic model through immunohistochemical and serological studies, this can be used as a potential novel prophylactic approach in hepatic malignancy prevention and possible management. Forty female CD-1 Swiss albino mice were used divided into 4 groups (10 mice each); control healthy, control infected untreated, PZQ-treated and ART-treated. Angiogenic and lymphangiogenic effect of the drugs assessed pathologically through counting of the newly formed capillaries and lymphatics that immunohistochemically expressed by vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), CD34 and D2-40 in liver sections using Cell Image Analyzer and serologically by evaluation of serum level of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α). Our results showed significant decrease in serum TNF-α in ART-treated group compared to control infected and PZQ treated groups. ART exhibited significant anti-angiogenic role on granulomas illustrated by remarkable milder intensity and significantly lower expression values of VEGF and CD34 immunostaining compared to PZQ and non-treated groups. Also, ART treated group exhibited negative D2-40 expression in the granulomas in contrast to the other groups, supporting the potent ART' anti-lymphangiogenic role that exceeded PZQ. In conclusion, ART showed not only anti-angiogenic effect but also prominent anti-lymphangiogenic effect on hepatic S. mansoni granulomas compared to PZQ. Our study supports the potential use of ART as a potential novel prophylactic approach in hepatic malignancy prevention and possible management.

Abd El-Aal|Naglaa Fathy|NF|
Hamza|Rania Said|RS|
Magdy|Mona|M|

anti-angiogenic
anti-lymphangiogenic
Schistosoma mansoni
VEGF
CD34
D2-40
TNF-α


Baclofen Toxicity Responsive to Hemodialysis in a Pediatric Patient with Acute Kidney Injury.

Abstract: Background Baclofen (para-chlorophenyl-gamma-aminobutyric acid) is widely used for its therapeutic effect of providing muscle relaxation from the persistent muscle spasms and posturing often related to spinal and central nervous system injuries. However, baclofen is also a potent neuronal depressant which is most evident in cases of toxicity. In severe toxicity, respiratory failure and obtundation may occur. Case-diagnosis/treatment We present the case of a neurologically devastated 16-year-old on chronic baclofen therapy for bilateral spastic cerebral palsy (Gross Motor Function Classification System level V) who presented with fever, leukocytosis, and hypotension. Initial management with fluid resuscitation and antimicrobials for presumed infection did initially improve the patient's mental status; however, he subsequently became comatose later during the same hospitalization. Comprehensive diagnostic studies and infectious work-up did not reveal an etiology. Upon further examination of history, acute kidney injury from chronic nonsteroidal use and complicated by vancomycin toxicity was suspected to cause acute baclofen toxicity. The patient underwent a single run of hemodialysis with resultant neurologic improvement and later laboratory-confirmed toxic baclofen levels. Conclusion Clinicians should consider possible acute baclofen toxicity in patients with impaired renal function who present with neurologic depression. Respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation, with its associated intensive care costs and complications, may be avoided with prompt treatment using hemodialysis.

Gee|Samantha W|SW|
Outsen|Shad|S|
Becknell|Brian|B|
Schwaderer|Andrew L|AL|

baclofen
toxicity
hemodialysis
acute kidney injury


Ion channel expression as promising cancer biomarker.

Abstract: Cancer is a disease with marked heterogeneity in both response to therapy and survival. Clinical and histopathological characteristics have long determined prognosis and therapy. The introduction of molecular diagnostics has heralded an explosion in new prognostic factors. Overall, histopathology, immunohistochemistry and molecular biology techniques have described important new prognostic subgroups in the different cancer categories. Ion channels and transporters (ICT) are a new class of membrane proteins which are aberrantly expressed in several types of human cancers. Besides regulating different aspect of cancer cell behavior, ICT can now represent novel cancer biomarkers. A summary of the data obtained so far and relative to breast, prostate, lung, colorectal, esophagus, pancreatic and gastric cancers are reported. Special emphasis is given to those studies aimed at relating specific ICT or a peculiar ICT profile with current diagnostic methods. Overall, we are close to exploit ICTs for diagnostic, prognostic or predictive purposes in cancer. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane channels and transporters in cancers.

D051668:Delayed Rectifier Potassium Channels

D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic

Ion channels
Cancer
Biomarkers
Transporters