National institutes of health stroke scale item profiles as predictor of patient outcome: external validation on independent trial data.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) item profiles that were recently proposed may prove useful both clinically and for research studies. We aimed to validate the NIHSS item profiles in an acute cohort.

METHODS
We conducted a retrospective analysis on pooled data from randomized clinical trials. We applied the latent class analysis probabilities of profile membership developed from the derivation study to obtain symptom grouping, a-NIHSS item profiles. We implemented an independent latent class analysis to derive secondary symptom grouping, b-NIHSS item profiles. Validation was performed by assessing the associations with outcomes and evaluating both sets of NIHSS item profiles' discrimination and calibration to the data. The outcomes evaluated included modified Rankin Scale (mRS; using the full distribution and dichotomized, mRS, 0-1) at day 90 and mortality by 90 days.

RESULTS
We identified 10 271 patients. Ordinal analysis of mRS confirmed increased odds of better outcome across the profiles in a stepwise manner, adjusted for age and thrombolysis treatment, for each set of NIHSS item profiles. Similar patterns were observed for mRS 0 to 1, and inverse patterns were seen for mortality. The c-statistics of a-NIHSS and b-NIHSS item profiles for mRS 0 to 1 were similar at 0.71 (95% confidence interval, 0.70-0.72) and for mortality, 0.74 (0.73-0.75) and 0.75 (0.73-0.76), respectively. Calibration was good.

CONCLUSIONS
These NIHSS item profiles identified using latent class analysis offer a reliable approach to capture the true response patterns that are associated with functional and outcome and mortality post stroke. This approach has the potential to enhance the clinical value of the overall NIHSS score.

Abdul-Rahim|Azmil H|AH|
Fulton|Rachael L|RL|
Sucharew|Heidi|H|
Kleindorfer|Dawn|D|
Khatri|Pooja|P|
Broderick|Joseph P|JP|
Lees|Kennedy R|KR|
|||

D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.)


Ethanol Extract of Hizikia fusiforme Induces Apoptosis in B16F10 Mouse Melanoma Cells through ROS-Dependent Inhibition of the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Previous studies have reported that Hizikia fusiforme, an edible brown seaweed, has diverse health-promoting effects; however, evidence for its anti-cancer potential is still lacking. In this study, we examined the effect of ethanol extract of H. fusiforme (EHF) on the proliferation of B16F10 mouse melanoma cells.

METHODS
Analyses of cell viability and apoptosis were performed to study the actions of EHF on B16F10 cells. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were measured using a flow cytometer. Western blot analysis was carried out to measure apoptosis and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling related proteins.

RESULTS
EHF treatment significantly decreased B16F10 cell viability, which was associated with induction of apoptosis. EHF activated caspase-8 and caspase-9, which are involved in the initiation of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways, respectively, and also increased caspase-3 activity, a typical effect caspase, subsequently leading to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. In addition, EHF destroyed the integrity of mitochondria and increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, which contributed to cytosolic release of cytochrome c. EHF further enhanced intracellular levels of ROS and the addition of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a ROS inhibitor, significantly diminished EHF-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and growth inhibition. Moreover, EHF inactivated the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and LY294002, a PI3K/Akt inhibitor, increased the apoptosis-inducing effect of EHF. However, increased apoptosis and reduced cell viability by simultaneous treatment of EHF and LY294002 were significantly attenuated in the presence of NAC.

CONCLUSION
These results indicate that EHF induces apoptosis through activation of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways and ROS-dependent inactivation of PI3K/Akt signaling in B16F10 cells.<br />.

Park|Cheol|C|
Lee|Hyesook|H|
Hwangbo|Hyun|H|
Ji|Seon Yeong|SY|
Kim|Min Yeong|MY|
Kim|So Young|SY|
Hong|Su Hyun|SH|
Kim|Gi-Young|GY|
Choi|Yung Hyun|YH|0000-0002-1454-3124

Hizikia fusiforme
Apoptosis
PI3K/Akt
B16F10 cells
ROS


Explosion characteristics for Li-ion battery electrolytes at elevated temperatures.

Abstract: Li-ion batteries are used in electronic devices and electric cars, yet they create safety concerns due to the possibility of the release of combustible materials. The electrolyte, one of the main components in a Li-ion cell, consists of organic carbonates. Venting and thermal runaway release organic carbonates and when mixed with air, it can result in fires and explosions. A 20-liter explosion sphere was used to determine the explosion characteristics for three typical carbonates used in electrolytes, at 373 K, and 100 kPa absolute pressure. The explosion pressure and the maximum rate of explosion pressure rise are presented for the carbonates and for hydrogen, methane, and propane, and the explosive limits for the carbonates are also identified at the same conditions. This allowed a comparison of the explosion characteristics for the carbonates with those for hydrogen, methane, and propane. Theoretical calculations gave a higher explosion pressure than that from the experimental results most likely due to losses in the hydrocarbon experiments. The carbonates analyzed have very similar explosion pressures and rate of explosion pressure rise as propane. The explosion characteristics found for the three carbonates can be used in future consequence and risk assessments for Li-ion battery installations.

Henriksen|M|M| Vaagsaether|K|K| Lundberg|J|J| Forseth|S|S| Bjerketvedt|D|D|

The maximum rate of explosion pressure rise


Interhospital transfer for emergency general surgery: An independent predictor of mortality.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Emergency general surgery (EGS) admissions account for more than 3 million hospitalizations in the US annually. We aim to better understand characteristics and mortality risk for EGS interhospital transfer patients compared to EGS direct admissions.

METHODS
Using the 2002-2011 Nationwide Inpatient Sample we identified patients aged ≥18 years with an EGS admission. Patient demographics, hospitalization characteristics, rates of operation and mortality were compared between patients with interhospital transfer versus direct admissions.

RESULTS
Interhospital transfers comprised 2% of EGS admissions. Interhospital transfers were more likely to be white, male, Medicare insured, and had higher rates of comorbidities. Interhospital transfers underwent more procedures/surgeries and had a higher mortality rate. Mortality remained elevated after controlling for patient characteristics.

CONCLUSIONS
Interhospital transfers are at higher risk of mortality and undergo procedures/surgeries more frequently than direct admissions. Identification of contributing factors to this increased mortality may identify opportunities for decreasing mortality rate in EGS transfers.

Yelverton|Sam|S|
Rozario|Nigel|N|
Matthews|Brent D|BD|
Reinke|Caroline E|CE|

Interhospital transfer
Emergency general surgery
Mortality
Regionalization


Melatonin-Nitric Oxide Crosstalk and Their Roles in the Redox Network in Plants.

Abstract: Melatonin, an amine hormone highly conserved during evolution, has a wide range of physiological functions in animals and plants. It is involved in plant growth, development, maturation, and aging, and also helps ameliorate various types of abiotic and biotic stresses, including salt, drought, heavy metals, and pathogens. Melatonin-related growth and defense responses of plants are complex, and involve many signaling molecules. Among these, the most important one is nitric oxide (NO), a freely diffusing amphiphilic biomolecule that can easily cross the cell membrane, produce rapid signal responses, and participate in a wide variety of physiological reactions. NO-induced S-nitrosylation is also involved in plant defense responses. NO interacts with melatonin as a long-range signaling molecule, and helps regulate plant growth and maintain oxidative homeostasis. Exposure of plants to abiotic stresses causes the increase of endogenous melatonin levels, with the consequent up-regulation of melatonin synthesis genes, and further increase of melatonin content. The application of exogenous melatonin causes an increase in endogenous NO and up-regulation of defense-related transcription factors, resulting in enhanced stress resistance. When plants are infected by pathogenic bacteria, NO acts as a downstream signal to lead to increased melatonin levels, which in turn induces the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade and associated defense responses. The application of exogenous melatonin can also promote sugar and glycerol production, leading to increased levels of salicylic acid and NO. Melatonin and NO in plants can function cooperatively to promote lateral root growth, delay aging, and ameliorate iron deficiency. Further studies are needed to clarify certain aspects of the melatonin/NO relationship in plant physiology.

Zhu|Ying|Y| Gao|Hang|H| Lu|Mengxin|M| Hao|Chengying|C| Pu|Zuoqian|Z| Guo|Miaojie|M| Hou|Dairu|D| Chen|Li-Yu|LY|0000-0002-5199-6237 Huang|Xuan|X|

D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant

melatonin
biotic stress
nitric oxide
abiotic stress
plant growth and development
reactive oxygen species


Estimating Regionalized Planning Costs of Green Infrastructure and Low-Impact Development Stormwater Management Practices: Updates to the US Environmental Protection Agency's National Stormwater Calculator.

Abstract: Estimating regional costs of green infrastructure (GI) and low-impact development (LID) stormwater management controls is an important issue for many municipalities and water utilities in the United States. The National Stormwater Calculator (NSWC) is a site-scale, planning-level tool. A regional cost estimation methodology was recently added to the NSWC, enabling users to estimate region-specific capital and maintenance costs of commonly used GI controls. This paper discusses the approach used to estimate and regionalize costs in the NSWC.

Green infrastructure
Low-impact development
Stormwater management
Regional cost estimation
Maintenance cost
Construction cost
Hydrology
Modeling
Planning tool


Identification of a Novel Salt Tolerance-Related Locus in Wild Soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.).

Abstract: Salinity is an important abiotic stress factor that affects growth and yield of soybean. NY36-87 is a wild soybean germplasm with high salt tolerance. In this study, two F2:3 mapping populations derived from NY36-87 and two salt-sensitive soybean cultivars, Zhonghuang39 and Peking, were used to map salt tolerance-related genes. The two populations segregated as 1 (tolerant):2 (heterozygous):1 (sensitive), indicating a Mendelian segregation model. Using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers together with the bulked segregant analysis (BSA) mapping strategy, we mapped a salt tolerance locus on chromosome 03 in F2:3 population Zhonghuang39×NY36-87 to a 98-kb interval, in which the known gene GmSALT3 co-segregated with the salt tolerance locus. In the F2:3 population of Peking×NY36-87, the dominant salt tolerance-associated gene was detected and mapped on chromosome 18. We named this gene GmSALT18 and fine mapped it to a 241-kb region. Time course analysis and a grafting experiment confirmed that Peking accumulated more Na+ in the shoot via a root-based mechanism. These findings reveal that the tolerant wild soybean line NY36-87 contains salt tolerance-related genes GmSALT3 and GmSALT18, providing genetic material and a novel locus for breeding salt-tolerant soybean.

Guo|Xiaoyang|X| Jiang|Jinghan|J| Liu|Ying|Y| Yu|Lili|L| Chang|Ruzhen|R| Guan|Rongxia|R| Qiu|Lijuan|L|

soybean
Glycine soja
Glycine max
gene mapping
salinity stress


Magnetic Resonance Q Mapping Reveals a Decrease in Microvessel Density in the arcAβ Mouse Model of Cerebral Amyloidosis.

Abstract: Alterations in density and morphology of the cerebral microvasculature have been reported to occur in Alzheimer's disease patients and animal models of the disease. In this study we compared magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques for their utility to detect age-dependent changes of the cerebral vasculature in the arcAβ mouse model of cerebral amyloidosis. Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)-MRI was performed by tracking the passage of a superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle in the brain with dynamic gradient echo planar imaging (EPI). From this measurements relative cerebral blood volume [rCBV(DSC)] and relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were estimated. For the same animal maps of the relaxation shift index Q were computed from high resolution gradient echo and spin echo data that were acquired before and after superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticle injection. Q-values were used to derive estimates of microvessel density. The change in the relaxation rates [Formula: see text] obtained from pre- and post-contrast gradient echo data was used for the alternative determination of rCBV [rCBV([Formula: see text])]. Linear mixed effects modeling found no significant association between rCBV(DSC), rCBV([Formula: see text]), rCBF, and Q with genotype in 13-month old mice [compared to age-matched non-transgenic littermates (NTLs)] for any of the evaluated brain regions. In 24-month old mice there was a significant association for rCBV(DSC) with genotype in the cerebral cortex, and for rCBV([Formula: see text]) in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. For rCBF there was a significant association in the cerebellum but not in other brain regions. Q-values in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum in 24-month old mice were significantly associated with genotype. In those regions Q-values were reduced between 11 and 26% in arcAβ mice compared to age-matched NTLs. Vessel staining with CD31 immunohistochemistry confirmed a reduction of microvessel density in the old arcAβ mice. We further demonstrated a region-specific association between parenchymal and vascular deposition of β-amyloid and decreased vascular density, without a correlation with the amount of Aβ deposition. We found that Q mapping was more suitable than the hemodynamic read-outs to detect amyloid-related degeneration of the cerebral microvasculature.

Ielacqua|Giovanna D|GD|
Schlegel|Felix|F|
Füchtemeier|Martina|M|
Xandry|Jael|J|
Rudin|Markus|M|
Klohs|Jan|J|

superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles


Patient and Provider Perspectives on HIV Stigma in Healthcare Settings in Underserved Areas of the US South: A Mixed Methods Study.

Abstract: Stigma experienced in healthcare settings is a barrier to ending the HIV epidemic. Using a convergent parallel mixed methods approach, we collected qualitative data from 14 focus groups with People with HIV (PWH) and Healthcare workers (HCW) and quantitative survey data (N = 762 PWH and N = 192 HCW) from seven HIV healthcare clinics outside of major urban areas in the southeastern US. Four key themes emerged: (1) HIV-related stigma and discrimination in healthcare settings; (2) experiences of intersectional stigma; (3) disclosure concerns in healthcare settings; and (4) impact of stigma on HIV-related health behavior. Implications for future stigma interventions in healthcare settings include the importance of engaging PWH in the development of interventions, the need for interventions in settings that do not specialize in HIV care, and the importance of engaging all staff when addressing HIV-related stigma.

HIV
Stigma
South
Mixed methods
Healthcare discrimination


Structure_threader: An improved method for automation and parallelization of programs structure, fastStructure and MavericK on multicore CPU systems.

Abstract: Structure_threader is a program to parallelize multiple runs of genetic clustering software that does not make use of multithreading technology (structure, fastStructure and MavericK) on multicore computers. Our approach was benchmarked across multiple systems and displayed great speed improvements relative to the single-threaded implementation, scaling very close to linearly with the number of physical cores used. Structure_threader was compared to previous software written for the same task-ParallelStructure and StrAuto and was proven to be the faster (up to 25% faster) wrapper under all tested scenarios. Furthermore, Structure_threader can perform several automatic and convenient operations, assisting the user in assessing the most biologically likely value of 'K' via implementations such as the "Evanno," or "Thermodynamic Integration" tests and automatically draw the "meanQ" plots (static or interactive) for each value of K (or even combined plots). Structure_threader is written in python 3 and licensed under the GPLv3. It can be downloaded free of charge at https://github.com/StuntsPT/Structure_threader.

D016000:Cluster Analysis
D019295:Computational Biology
D060005:Genotyping Techniques
D012984:Software

clustering
bioinformatics/phyloinformatics
empirical
genomics/proteomics
molecular evolution
parallel computing
population genetics


The Effect of Using Olive Oil and Fish Oil Prophylactic Dressings on Heel Pressure Injury Development in Critically Ill Patients.

Abstract:
Introduction and Aim
Prevention of pressure injuries in patients hospitalized in intensive care units is significantly important. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of using olive oil and fish oil prophylactic dressings on the development of heel pressure injuries was investigated.

Methods
The present study was a clinical trial conducted in the intensive care unit of Shahid Beheshti Hospital, in Yasuj. Fifty patients, who were at moderate to high risk of pressure injuries development, were randomly divided into two groups based on the mean score of the Braden scale. In one group, patients' heels were dressed using olive oil prophylactic dressing, and in the other group, patients' heels were dressed using fish oil prophylactic dressing. The dressings were changed 3 times a day. Collected data were then analyzed using SPSS v16.

Results
No significant difference was determined in demographic variables among the two groups (p<0.05). In terms of the development of heel pressure injuries, none of the patients in the olive oil and fish oil groups had pressure injuries.

Conclusion
There were no statistically significant differences in either treatment group related to heel pressure injuries outcomes during the 7 days observed in the study. Additionally, both dressings had the same effects. Further studies are recommended in this regard.

olive oil
fish oil
pressure injuries
critical patients
nursing care
preventive dressings


The Role of Water Revisited and Enhanced: A Sustainable Catalytic System for the Conversion of CO2 into Cyclic Carbonates under Mild Conditions.

Abstract: The role of water as highly effective hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) for promoting the coupling reaction of CO2 with a variety of epoxides was demonstrated under very mild conditions (25-60 °C, 2-10 bar CO2 ). Water led to a dramatic increase in the cyclic carbonate yield when employed in combination with tetrabutylammonium iodide (Bu4 NI) whereas it had a detrimental effect with the corresponding bromide and chloride salts. The efficiency of water in promoting the activity of the organic halide was compared with three state-of-the-art hydrogen bond donors, that is, phenol, gallic acid and ascorbic acid. Although water required higher molar loadings compared to these organic hydrogen-bond donors to achieve a similar degree of conversion of CO2 and styrene oxide into the corresponding cyclic carbonate under the same, mild reaction conditions, its environmental friendliness and much lower cost make it a very attractive alternative as hydrogen-bond donor. The effect of different parameters such as the amount of water, CO2 pressure, reaction temperature, and nature of the organic halide used as catalyst was investigated by using a high-throughput reactor unit. The highest catalytic activity was achieved with either Bu4 NI or bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium iodide (PPNI): with both systems, the cyclic carbonate yield at 45 °C with different epoxide substrates could be increased by a factor of two or more by adding water as a promoter, retaining high selectivity. Water was an effective hydrogen-bond donor even at room temperature, allowing to reach 85 % conversion of propylene oxide with full selectivity towards propylene carbonate in combination with Bu4 NI (3 mol %). For the conversion of epoxides in which PPNI is poorly soluble, the addition of a cyclic carbonate as solvent allowed the formation of a homogeneous solution, leading to enhanced product yield.

water
cyclic carbonates
hydrogen bond donor
carbon dioxide
metal-free catalysts


Female gonadal functions and ovarian reserve in patients with acromegaly: experience from a single tertiary center.

Abstract:
PURPOSE
To evaluate the gonadal functions and related factors in female patients with acromegaly at the time of diagnosis, the course of gonadal dysfunctions and pregnancies during the follow-up period, and the investigation of ovarian reserve with serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels in patients with reproductive age.

METHODS
Patients who were not menopausal at the time of acromegaly diagnosis (n = 47) were included in this study. Baseline gonadal status was evaluated retrospectively. Patients were divided into three groups: normal gonadal function (group 1), gonadal dysfunction without central hypogonadism (group 2), and central hypogonadism (group 3). Group 1 and group 2 were compared in terms of clinical and laboratory findings. AMH levels were studied in patients who were ≤ 45 years old (n = 14) at the time of the study. Data related to pregnancies (n = 13) were evaluated retrospectively.

RESULTS
Group 1 included 18 patients (38%), group 2 included 18 patients (38%), and group 3 included 11 patients (24%). The estimated duration of acromegaly was longer, and baseline PRL levels were higher, in group 2 than group 1 (p = 0.002 and p = 0.015, respectively). Gonadal functions recovered in 66% of patients. AMH levels were low in 64% of patients. The frequency of maternal diabetes and hypertension was 7.7%, and there was no tumoral growth in any of the pregnancies.

CONCLUSION
The most important factors affecting gonadal functions, excluding central hypogonadism, are hyperprolactinemia and the duration of the indolent period before diagnosis of acromegaly. AMH levels in the majority of patients were found to be lower than the expected age. Despite the decreased ovarian reserve, fertilization and normal birth can be achieved with careful surveillance.

Dogansen|Sema Ciftci|SC|
Tanrikulu|Seher|S|
Yalin|Gulsah Yenidunya|GY|
Yarman|Sema|S|

Gonadal function
Ovarian reserve
Acromegaly
Pregnancy
Anti-Mullerian hormone


Diabetes camp matters: Assessing families' views of their diabetes camp experience.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Camp offers a safe and fun environment for learning new information about diabetes care and for trying new self-care skills. It is a place where children and teens are able to meet with others who also have diabetes and who share their experiences.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study assessed self-reports before and after attending diabetes camp on diabetes-specific emotional distress, diabetes-specific quality of life, and self-care behaviors by surveying campers and their parents from over 42 diabetes-specific summer camps across the United States. Parents (N = 413), Teenagers (N = 154), and Children (N = 116) completed both pre- and post-camp surveys.

RESULTS
Parents reported higher levels of diabetes-specific emotional distress than their campers did. Both parents and children reported significant improvements in their own distress after camp. Teens reported improvements in distress but they were not statistically significant. Youth report higher levels of self-care skills than parents believe their children possess. Parents, Teens, and Children all reported significant improvements in the camper's self-care skills after camp. First time campers' and their parents' perspectives regarding self-care skills are consistent with veteran campers after attending camp. Self-reports post-camp reveals that campers and their parents see camp as a place where youth feel they are with others who really understand what it is like to live with diabetes. Respondents also report that camp is a place where youth are exposed to new technologies and where campers can try new self-care tasks.

D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice

camping
adaptation
pediatric psychology
psychological
type 1 diabetes


Spirometry parameter alterations due to exposure to indoor air pollutants in rural homes in Bogotá, Colombia.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the association between the concentrations of intradomiciliary PM2.5, CO, and BC and alterations in respiratory function parameters in a population living in rural dwellings in Bogotá, Colombia. For this cross-sectional study, people were recruited from the rural areas of the localities of Usme and Sumapaz in Bogotá. In total, 68 participants were recruited by means of nonrandom sampling. Indoor air monitoring of PM2.5, BC, and CO was carried out. Additionally, evaluations of pulmonary function were performed using spirometry. The variables of pulmonary function were included in a multiple linear regression by successive steps and adjusted by the main variables described as modifiers of spirometry parameters, which are age, height, sex, disability, and a history of tobacco use. Assumptions of multicollinearity and the randomization of variances in the residuals were evaluated. Negative associations were found between spirometry parameters and the concentrations of indoor air pollutants. For FEV1/FVC and theoretical FEV1, there was a statistically significant association with the concentration of carbon monoxide (p = 0.003 and 0.019, respectively). The environmental concentrations were higher in homes where biomass was used for cooking, but these differences were statistically significant only for BC and CO (p = 0.008 and 0.03, respectively). The concentrations of carbon monoxide in rural homes were associated with alterations in respiratory function parameters.

Piracón|John Alexander Benavides|JAB|
Vallejo|Leonel Alexander Martínez|LAM|
Cortés|Mónica Alejandra Quintana|MAQ|
Vasquez|Yenny Alejandra|YA|
Achury|Nancy Jeanet Molina|NJM|
Cerón|Luis Carlos Belalcázar|LCB|
Hernández|Mario Andrés|MA|

Spirometry
PM2.5
Respiratory function
Carbon monoxide
Black carbon
Particulate matter


Feasibility Study of Enhancing Microwave Brain Imaging Using Metamaterials.

Abstract: We present an approach to enhance microwave brain imaging with an innovative metamaterial (MM) planar design based on a cross-shaped split-ring resonator (SRR-CS). The proposed metasurface is incorporated in different setups, and its interaction with EM waves is studied both experimentally and by using CST Microwave Studio® and is compared to a "no MM" case scenario. We show that the MM can enhance the penetration of the transmitted signals into the human head when placed in contact with skin tissue, acting as an impedance-matching layer. In addition, we show that the MM can improve the transceivers' ability to detect useful "weak" signals when incorporated in a headband scanner for brain imaging by increasing the signal difference from a blood-like dielectric target introduced into the brain volume. Our results suggest that the proposed MM film can be a powerful hardware advance towards the development of scanners for brain haemorrhage detection and monitoring.

cross-shaped split-ring resonators (CS-SRRs)


The association of self-injurious behaviour and suicide attempts with recurrent idiopathic pain in adolescents: evidence from a population-based study.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
While several population-based studies report that pain is independently associated with higher rates of self-destructive behaviour (suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and self-injurious behaviour) in adults, studies in adolescents are rare and limited to specific chronic pain conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the link between self-reported idiopathic pain and the prevalence and frequency of self-injury (SI) and suicide attempts in adolescents.

METHODS
Data from a cross-sectional, school-based sample was derived to assess SI, suicide attempts, recurrent pain symptoms and various areas of emotional and behavioural problems via a self-report booklet including the Youth Self-Report (YSR). Adolescents were assigned to two groups (presence of pain vs. no pain) for analysis. Data from 5,504 students of 116 schools in a region of South Western Germany was available. A series of unadjusted and adjusted multinomial logistic regression models were performed to address the association of pain, SI, and suicide attempts.

RESULTS
929 (16.88%) respondents reported recurrent pain in one of three areas of pain symptoms assessed (general pain, headache, and abdominal pain). Adolescents who reported pain also reported greater psychopathological distress on all sub-scales of the YSR. The presence of pain was significantly associated with an increased risk ratio (RR) for SI (1-3 incidences in the past year: RR: 2.96; >3 incidences: RR: 6.04) and suicide attempts (one attempt: RR: 3.63; multiple attempts: RR: 5.4) in unadjusted analysis. Similarly, increased RR was observed when adjusting for sociodemographic variables. While controlling for psychopathology attenuated this association, it remained significant (RRs: 1.4-1.8). Sub-sequent sensitivity analysis revealed different RR by location and frequency of pain symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS
Adolescents with recurrent idiopathic pain are more likely to report previous incidents of SI and suicide attempts. This association is likely mediated by the presence of psychopathological distress as consequence of recurrent idiopathic pain. However, the observed variance in dependent variables is only partially explained by emotional and behavioural problems. Clinicians should be aware of these associations and interview adolescents with recurrent symptoms of pain for the presence of self-harm, past suicide attempts and current suicidal thoughts. Future studies addressing the neurobiology underpinnings of an increased likelihood for self-injurious behaviour and suicide attempts in adolescents with recurrent idiopathic pain are necessary.

Koenig|Julian|J| Oelkers-Ax|Rieke|R| Parzer|Peter|P| Haffner|Johann|J| Brunner|Romuald|R| Resch|Franz|F| Kaess|Michael|M|

Self-injury
Suicide attempts
Pain
Adolescents


Asian dust exposure triggers acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract:
Aims
To elucidate whether Asian dust is associated with the incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and to clarify whether patients who are highly sensitive to Asian dust will develop AMI.

Methods and results
Twenty-one participating institutions located throughout Kumamoto Prefecture and capable of performing coronary intervention were included in the study. Data for ground-level observations of Asian dust events were measured at the Kumamoto Local Meteorological Observatory. Data collected between 1 April 2010 and 31 March 2015 were analysed, and 3713 consecutive AMI patients were included. A time-stratified case-crossover design was applied to examine the association between Asian dust exposure and AMI. The occurrence of Asian dust events at 1 day before the onset of AMI was associated with the incidence of AMI [odds ratio (OR), 1.46; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.09-1.95] and especially, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction was significant (OR 2.03; 95% CI, 1.30-3.15). A significant association between AMI and Asian dust was observed in patients with age ≥75 years, male sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, never-smoking status, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, Asian dust events had a great impact on AMI onset in patients with CKD (P < 0.01). A scoring system accounting for several AMI risk factors was developed. The occurrence of Asian dust events was found to be significantly associated with AMI incidence among patients with a risk score of 5-6 (OR 2.45; 95% CI: 1.14-5.27).

Conclusion
Asian dust events may lead to AMI and have a great impact on its onset in patients with CKD.

Kojima|Sunao|S| Michikawa|Takehiro|T| Ueda|Kayo|K| Sakamoto|Tetsuo|T| Matsui|Kunihiko|K| Kojima|Tomoko|T| Tsujita|Kenichi|K| Ogawa|Hisao|H| Nitta|Hiroshi|H| Takami|Akinori|A|

Asian dust
Acute myocardial infarction
Chronic kidney disease


What is the best ST-segment recovery parameter to predict clinical outcome and myocardial infarct size? Amplitude, speed, and completeness of ST-segment recovery after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

Abstract:
AIMS
ST-segment recovery (STR) is a strong mechanistic correlate of infarct size (IS) and outcome in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Characterizing measures of speed, amplitude, and completeness of STR may extend the use of this noninvasive biomarker.

METHODS AND RESULTS
Core laboratory continuous 24-h 12-lead Holter ECG monitoring, IS by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and 30-day mortality of 2 clinical trials of primary percutaneous coronary intervention in STEMI were combined. Multiple ST measures (STR at last contrast injection (LC) measured from peak value; 30, 60, 90, 120, and 240min, residual deviation; time to steady ST recovery; and the 3-h area under the time trend curve [ST-AUC] from LC) were univariably correlated with IS and predictive of mortality. After multivariable adjustment for ST-parameters and GRACE risk factors, STR at 240min remained an additive predictor of mortality. Early STR, residual deviation, and ST-AUC remained associated with IS.

CONCLUSIONS
Multiple parameters that quantify the speed, amplitude, and completeness of STR predict mortality and correlate with IS.

Kuijt|Wichert J|WJ|
Green|Cindy L|CL|
Verouden|Niels J W|NJW|
Haeck|Joost D E|JDE|
Tzivoni|Dan|D|
Koch|Karel T|KT|
Stone|Gregg W|GW|
Lansky|Alexandra J|AJ|
Broderick|Samuel|S|
Tijssen|Jan G P|JGP|
de Winter|Robbert J|RJ|
Roe|Matthew T|MT|
Krucoff|Mitchell W|MW|

D000072657:ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention


Quality of life and glycemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and the impact of an education intervention.

Abstract:
OBJECTIVE
To assess quality of life (QoL) and glycemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and to investigate the impact of an educational program.

METHODS
A quasiexperimental study with nonrandomized experimental and control groups was conducted in which a total of 503 adolescents with type 1 diabetes completed a questionnaire using the Diabetes Quality of Life Instrument for Youth. Adolescents were then assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group was subjected to four 120-minute sessions of an educational program over a period of 4 months. Extracted medical chart data included the duration of diabetes, insulin dosage, and most recent hemoglobin A1c levels. Analysis of covariance was used to detect the impact of intervention.

RESULTS
The overall mean QoL score (%) was 76.51 ± 9.79, with good QoL in 38% of all adolescents. Poorer QoL was significantly associated with older age (P < 0.001), more hospital admissions in the last 6 months (P = 0.006), higher levels of depression (P < 0.001), poor self-esteem (P < 0.001), and poor self-efficacy (P < 0.001). There was significant deterioration in all domains of QoL in the experimental group after intervention. However, this deterioration was significantly less severe than in the control group. Between-group effects on total knowledge, adherence to exercise, glucose monitoring, treatment, self-efficacy, family contribution to management, glycemic control, and satisfaction with life were significantly in favor of the experimental group.

CONCLUSION
Education intervention for adolescents with type 1 diabetes could be a safeguard against possible deterioration in QoL and glycemic control over time.

Abolfotouh|Mostafa A|MA|
Kamal|Mofida M|MM|
El-Bourgy|Mohamed D|MD|
Mohamed|Sherine G|SG|

glycemic adolescents diabetes intervention QoL


Comparison of balance strategies in mountain climbers during real altitude exposure between 1.500m and 3.200m: Effects of age and expertise.

Abstract:
PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of altitude (1500m vs. 3200m) on balance strategies, and to determine the influence of age (> or <40 years) and expertise (> or <20days of mountain climbing/year) on postural stability at altitude.

METHOD
Eighty-nine volunteer mountaineers were tested at 1500m, 3200m immediately after exiting the cable car and at 3200m following the climb and return. Double-leg stance with eyes closed and single-leg stance with eyes open were tested. The center of pressure (CoP) was recorded for 12.8s using a stabilometric force platform. Length, surface, ratio (length/surface), and average speed of the CoP, as well as lower limb loading were calculated. Groups and altitudes were compared using ANOVA. Significance was set to p<0.05.

RESULTS
CoP ratio was significantly higher during both balance conditions at 3200m compared to 1500m (p<0.05). Lower limb loading was symmetrical at 1500m but not at 3200m (p<0.05). There was no influence of age or expertise at 1500m (p=NS), however at 3200m, older subjects and subjects with less expertise had greater length and surface of the CoP, showing more instability (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION
Postural stability was immediately reduced on arrival at 3200m, particularly in subjects above the age of 40 years with less expertise.

Mountaineers
Altitude
Age
Expertise
Postural instability


Dynamic morphological changes of thrombosed lateral sinus pericranii revealed by serial magnetic resonance images.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Sinus pericranii (SP) is a rare venous anomaly involving an abnormal connection of the intracranial dural sinuses with the extracranial veins. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (MRI) with MR venography can detect the typically congested intra- and extracranial venous components of SP.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
We report a rare case of lateral SP associated with the superior sagittal sinus, which might had already developed almost total thrombosis of the SP at the first MRI. As this patient had not presented with classical manifestations of SP on clinical or neuroradiological findings, the initial diagnosis of SP was difficult. Repeated MRI revealed dynamic morphological changes associated with reperfusion of the thrombosed SP via the cortical vein.

CONCLUSION
MR venography combined with gadolinium enhancement was useful for diagnosis of the SP with an extremely slow flow status.

Ryorin|Mihori|M|
Morioka|Takato|T|
Murakami|Nobuya|N|
Suzuki|Satoshi O|SO|
Kawamura|Nobuko|N|

MR venography
Reperfusion
Cortical vein
Dural sinus


Ergonomic evaluation and performance of a new handle for laparoscopic tools in surgery.

Abstract: This paper presents a new handle for instruments used in laparoscopic surgery. This new handle has been designed to provide the best ergonomic and usability features required in this kind of surgical interventions. The main novelty of this handle is that the opening and closing motion of the end-effector is operated with the thumb using a lever located on the top of the handle. This enables the surgeon to reach the patient's organs without adopting extremely awkward postures. In order to demonstrate its advantages, the handle has been tested and compared with another commercial handle in terms of efficiency, effectiveness, and satisfaction. To this end, volunteers have been selected for participation in the experimental evaluation, which comprised two types of surveys: objective and subjective. Electromyography and goniometric studies provide objective parameters for evaluation. Questionnaires are used for the subjective assessment. Outstanding results include the lower level of pain reported by the individuals working with the new handle, as well as the reduction in the hyperflexion of the wrist. Compared with the conventional handle, electromyography reveals that no muscle load is increased when working with the new handle. The results of the subjective survey show that volunteers expressed a significant preference for the new handle, demonstrating an improvement in the ergonomic characteristics.

Sancibrian|Ramon|R|
Redondo-Figuero|Carlos|C|
Gutierrez-Diez|Maria C|MC|
Gonzalez-Sarabia|Esther|E|
Manuel-Palazuelos|Jose C|JC|

Laparoscopic surgery
Biomechanics
Handle design


Tree biomass in the Swiss landscape: nationwide modelling for improved accounting for forest and non-forest trees.

Abstract: Trees outside forest (TOF) can perform a variety of social, economic and ecological functions including carbon sequestration. However, detailed quantification of tree biomass is usually limited to forest areas. Taking advantage of structural information available from stereo aerial imagery and airborne laser scanning (ALS), this research models tree biomass using national forest inventory data and linear least-square regression and applies the model both inside and outside of forest to create a nationwide model for tree biomass (above ground and below ground). Validation of the tree biomass model against TOF data within settlement areas shows relatively low model performance (R 2 of 0.44) but still a considerable improvement on current biomass estimates used for greenhouse gas inventory and carbon accounting. We demonstrate an efficient and easily implementable approach to modelling tree biomass across a large heterogeneous nationwide area. The model offers significant opportunity for improved estimates on land use combination categories (CC) where tree biomass has either not been included or only roughly estimated until now. The ALS biomass model also offers the advantage of providing greater spatial resolution and greater within CC spatial variability compared to the current nationwide estimates.

Tree biomass
Trees outside forest (TOF)
Aerial imagery
ALS
Image point clouds


How persons with transtibial amputation regulate lateral stepping while walking in laterally destabilizing environments.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Persons with lower limb amputation often experience decreased physical capacity, difficulty walking, and increased fall risk. To either prevent or recover from a loss of balance, one must effectively regulate their stepping movements. It is therefore critical to identify how well persons with amputation regulate stepping. Here, we used a multi-objective control framework based on Goal Equivalent Manifolds to identify how persons with transtibial amputation (TTA) regulate lateral stepping while walking without and with lateral perturbations.

RESEARCH QUESTION
When walking in destabilizing environments, do otherwise healthy persons with TTA exhibit greater difficulty regulating lateral stepping due to impaired control? Or do they instead continue to use similar strategies to regulate lateral stepping despite their amputation?

METHODS
Eight persons with unilateral TTA and thirteen able-bodied (AB) controls walked in a virtual environment under three conditions: no perturbations, laterally oscillating visual field, and laterally oscillating treadmill platform. We analyzed step-to-step time series of step widths and absolute lateral body positions. We computed means, standard deviations and Detrended Fluctuation Analysis scaling exponents for each time series and computed how much participants directly corrected step width and position deviations at each step. We compared our results to computational predictions to identify the underlying causes of our experimental findings.

RESULTS
All participants exhibited significantly increased variability, decreased scaling exponents, and tighter direct control when perturbed. Simulations from our stepping regulation models revealed that people responded to the increased variability produced by the imposed perturbations by tightening their control of both step width and lateral position. Participants with TTA exhibited only a few minor differences from AB in lateral stepping regulation, even when subjected to substantially destabilizing lateral perturbations.

SIGNIFICANCE
Since control of stepping is intrinsically multi-objective, developing effective interventions to reduce fall risk in persons with amputation will likely require strategies that adopt multi-objective approaches.

Dingwell|Jonathan B|JB|
Cusumano|Joseph P|JP|
Rylander|Jonathan H|JH|
Wilken|Jason M|JM|

Amputation
Walking
Variability
Equifinality
Motor control
Redundancy


High Level Physical Activity and Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data, 2007-2013.

Abstract:
Objectives
The purpose of our study was to evaluate the association between the intensity of physical activity (PA) and prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) using Korean representative data.

Methods
We analyzed 39 804 participant data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2013. Exposure variable was three levels of PA (low, medium, and high) in a week, and outcome variable was prevalence of CVD based on patient self-recognition and doctor's diagnosis. Complex logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between level of PA and CVD adjusted by body mass index, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, stress recognition, household income, smoking, and current drinking. The indices of association w ere estimated as crude prevalence odds ratio (POR), adjusted POR, and their 95% confidence interval (CI). All statistical analyzes were performed using complex sample analysis procedure of the SPSS version 23.0.

Results
When all variables were adjusted, only high level PA in women showed a significant association with stroke (adjusted POR by patient's self-recognition, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.32 to 0.99, adjusted POR by doctor's diagnosis, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.87) and CVD (adjusted POR by doctor's diagnosis, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.48 to 0.96).

Conclusions
High level PA in women has a significant reverse association with prevalence of stroke and CVD in Korea. Further study for elucidating the mechanism will be needed.

Cardiovascular diseases
Health surveys
Public health
Republic of Korea
Exercise


Interhemispheric connections between the infralimbic and entorhinal cortices: The endopiriform nucleus has limbic connections that parallel the sensory and motor connections of the claustrum.

Abstract: We have previously shown that the claustrum is part of an interhemispheric circuit that interconnects somesthetic-motor and visual-motor cortical regions. The role of the claustrum in processing limbic information, however, is poorly understood. Some evidence suggests that the dorsal endopiriform nucleus (DEn), which lies immediately ventral to the claustrum, has connections with limbic cortical areas and should be considered part of a claustrum-DEn complex. To determine whether DEn has similar patterns of cortical connections as the claustrum, we used anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques to elucidate the connectivity of DEn. Following injections of retrograde tracers into DEn, labeled neurons appeared bilaterally in the infralimbic (IL) cortex and ipsilaterally in the entorhinal and piriform cortices. Anterograde tracer injections in DEn revealed labeled terminals in the same cortical regions, but only in the ipsilateral hemisphere. These tracer injections also revealed extensive longitudinal projections throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus. Dual retrograde tracer injections into IL and lateral entorhinal cortex (LEnt) revealed intermingling of labeled neurons in ipsilateral DEn, including many double-labeled neurons. In other experiments, anterograde and retrograde tracers were separately injected into IL of each hemisphere of the same animal. This revealed an interhemispheric circuit in which IL projects bilaterally to DEn, with the densest terminal labeling appearing in the contralateral hemisphere around retrogradely labeled neurons that project to IL in that hemisphere. By showing that DEn and claustrum have parallel sets of connections, these results suggest that DEn and claustrum perform similar functions in processing limbic and sensorimotor information, respectively. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1363-1380, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Watson|Glenn D R|GDR|
Smith|Jared B|JB|
Alloway|Kevin D|KD|

interhemispheric
endopiriform nucleus
claustrum
cortex
limbic system
neuroanatomical tracing


High-resolution anorectal manometry and dynamic pelvic magnetic resonance imaging are complementary technologies.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Dynamic pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (DP-MRI) offers a comprehensive evaluation of pelvic organ structure in addition to functional information regarding evacuation. Opportunity to apply this technology can be limited due to regional lack of availability. Ideally, clues from standard anorectal testing could predict abnormalities on DP-MRI, leading to its efficient use. The aim of this study is to determine whether high-resolution anorectal manometry (HR-ARM) correlates with findings on DP-MRI.

METHODS
This is a retrospective study of HR-ARM performed on patients with constipation who also underwent DP-MRI. Studies were reviewed for significant findings including posterior pelvic organ prolapse, rectocele > 3 cm, rectal intussusception, and anorectal angle. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient, Student's t-test, and Fisher's exact test.

RESULTS
Twenty-three patients undergoing HR-ARM (age range 25-78) also underwent DP-MRI. All were female; 76% were Caucasian. Twenty had significant structural findings: small pelvic prolapse (n = 2), moderate pelvic prolapse (n = 10), large pelvic prolapse (n = 9), rectocele (n = 8), or rectal intussusception (n = 3). Only intrarectal pressure on HR-ARM weakly correlated with size of rectocele (r = 0.46; P = 0.03) and degree of pelvic organ prolapse (r = 0.48; P = 0.02). The remainder of the HR-ARM parameters did not significantly correlate with DP-MRI findings. Patients with dyssynergy were not more likely to have rectoceles > 3 cm (44.4% versus 35.7%; P = 0.5) or large prolapses (44.4% versus 50%, P = 1.0), compared with those without dyssynergy, on HR-ARM.

CONCLUSION
We were unable to find a correlation between HR-ARM findings and structural pelvic defects on DP-MRI. Therefore, these two technologies provide complementary information in the evaluation of defecatory dysfunction.

Jodorkovsky|Daniela|D|
Macura|Katarzyna J|KJ|
Gearhart|Susan L|SL|
Dunbar|Kerry B|KB|
Stein|Ellen M|EM|
Clarke|John O|JO|

magnetic resonance imaging
advanced technology
applied therapeutics
colonic disorders
colonic motility
gastroenterology


Antibodies derived from an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) adhesin tip MEFA (multiepitope fusion antigen) against adherence of nine ETEC adhesins: CFA/I, CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4, CS5, CS6, CS21 and EtpA.

Abstract: Diarrhea continues to be a leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years in developing countries. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a leading bacterial cause of children's diarrhea and travelers' diarrhea. ETEC bacteria initiate diarrheal disease by attaching to host receptors at epithelial cells and colonizing in small intestine. Therefore, preventing ETEC attachment has been considered the first line of defense against ETEC diarrhea. However, developing vaccines effectively against ETEC bacterial attachment encounters challenge because ETEC strains produce over 23 immunologically heterogeneous adhesins. In this study, we applied MEFA (multiepitope fusion antigen) approach to integrate epitopes from adhesin tips or adhesive subunits of CFA/I, CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4, CS5, CS6, CS21 and EtpA adhesins and to construct an adhesin tip MEFA peptide. We then examined immunogenicity of this tip MEFA in mouse immunization, and assessed potential application of this tip MEFA for ETEC vaccine development. Data showed that mice intraperitoneally immunized with this adhesin tip MEFA developed IgG antibody responses to all nine ETEC adhesins. Moreover, ETEC and E. coli bacteria expressing these nine adhesins, after incubation with serum of the immunized mice, exhibited significant reduction in attachment to Caco-2 cells. These results indicated that anti-adhesin antibodies induced by this adhesin tip MEFA blocked adherence of the most important ETEC adhesins, suggesting this multivalent tip MEFA may be useful for developing a broadly protective anti-adhesin vaccine against ETEC diarrhea.

Nandre|Rahul M|RM|
Ruan|Xiaosai|X|
Duan|Qiangde|Q|
Sack|David A|DA|
Zhang|Weiping|W|

Adhesin tip
MEFA (multiepitope fusion antigen)
Diarrhea
Vaccine
ETEC (enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli)


Reversal Strategies for Newer Oral Anticoagulants.

Abstract: Nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants have advantages compared with warfarin, but both types of anticoagulants come with uncertainty about how best to manage life-threatening bleeding events, urgent surgeries, and invasive procedures. Nurse practitioners and physician assistants may need to manage such emergency situations in the critical care setting. Achieving hemostasis quickly is key, and efforts to do so have relied mainly on blood products. Targeted reversal agents are in clinical development and one, idarucizumab, which reverses dabigatran anticoagulation, has been approved. Current options for managing events and urgent procedures in anticoagulated patients are discussed in this article, with a focus on specific reversal agents.

nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant


Etude structurale et vibrationnelle d'un nouveau composé complexe de cobalt: [Co(imidazole)4Cl]Cl.

Abstract: In the title complex, chlorido-tetra-kis-(1H-imidazole-κN (3))cobalt(II) chloride, [CoCl(C3H4N2)4]Cl, the Co(II) cation has a distorted square-pyramidal coordination environment. It is coordinated by four N atoms of four imidazole (Im) groups in the basal plane, and by a Cl atom in the apical position. It is isostructural with [Cu(Im)4Cl]Cl [Morzyk-Ociepa et al. (2012 ▸). J. Mol. Struct. 1028, 49-56] and [Cu(Im)4Br]Br [Hossaini Sadr et al. (2004 ▸). Acta Cryst. E60, m1324-m1326]. In the crystal, the [CoCl(C3H4N2)4](+) cations and Cl(-) anions are linked via N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, forming layers parallel to (010). These layers are linked via C-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds and C-H⋯π and π-π [inter-centroid distance = 3.794 (2) Å] inter-actions, forming a three-dimensional framework. The IR spectrum shows vibrational bands typical for imidazol groups. The monoclinic unit cell of the title compound emulates an ortho-rhom-bic cell as its β angle is close to 90°. The crystal is twinned, with the refined ratio of twin components being 0.569 (1):0.431 (1).

imidazole
hydrogen bonding
framework
cobalt complex
crystal structure


The Efficacy of Ferumoxytol for Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Abstract:
INTRODUCTION
This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to explore the influence of ferumoxytol versus placebo on iron deficiency anemia.

METHODS
We search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effect of ferumoxytol on iron deficiency anemia on PubMed, EMbase, Web of science, EBSCO, and Cochrane library databases. This meta-analysis is performed using the random-effects model.

RESULTS
Four RCTs are included in the meta-analysis. Compared with the control group for iron deficiency anemia, intravenous ferumoxytol can significantly improve the proportion of patients with a ≥20 g/L hemoglobin (Hb) increase (RR = 18.43; 95% CI = 7.29-46.57; p < 0.00001), the proportion of patients with an Hb level ≥120 g/L (RR = 18.55; 95% CI = 8.66-39.72; p < 0.00001), transferrin saturation (mean difference = 11.08; 95% CI = 9.86-12.31; p < 0.00001) and FACIT-fatigue score (mean difference = 4.60; 95% CI = 3.21-6.00; p < 0.00001), but has no remarkable influence on adverse events (RR = 1.33; 95% CI = 0.84-2.10; p = 0.22), serious adverse events (RR = 1.22; 95% CI = 0.74-2.02; p = 0.44), and death (RR = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.05-1.95; p = 0.22).

CONCLUSIONS
Intravenous ferumoxytol can provide the important benefits for iron deficiency anemia.

Shao|Yanping|Y| Luo|Wenda|W| Xu|Haiyan|H| Zhang|Li|L| Guo|Qunyi|Q|

D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

Ferumoxytol
Iron deficiency anemia
Meta-analysis
Randomized controlled trials
Hemoglobin level


Levels of Vitamin D Are Low After Crohn's Disease Is Established But Not Before.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND & AIMS
Low serum levels of vitamin D have been associated with Crohn's disease (CD). However, it is unclear whether low vitamin D levels cause CD or CD reduces serum vitamin D.

METHODS
United States military personnel with CD (n = 240) and randomly selected individuals without CD (controls, n = 240) were matched by age, sex, race, military branch, and geography. We measured 25-hydroxyvitamin D in sera 8-3 years (pre-2) and 3 years to 3 months before diagnosis (pre-1) and 3 months before through 21 months after diagnosis (pre-0). We genotyped VDR and GC vitamin D related polymorphisms. We used conditional logistic regression, including adjustments for smoking, season, enlistment status, and deployment, to estimate relative odds of CD according to vitamin D levels and interactions between genetic factors and levels of vitamin D.

RESULTS
Levels of vitamin D before diagnosis were not associated with CD in pre-2 (P trend = .65) or pre-1 samples (P trend = .84). However, we found an inverse correlation between CD and highest tertile of vitamin D level in post-diagnosis samples (P trend = .01; odds ratio, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.30-0.86). Interactions were not detected between vitamin D levels and VDR or GC polymorphisms. We observed an association between VDR Taq1 polymorphism and CD (independent of vitamin D) (P = .02).

CONCLUSIONS
In serum samples from military personnel with CD and matched controls, we found no evidence for an association between CD and vitamin D levels up to 8 years before diagnosis. However, we observed an inverse-association between post-diagnosis vitamin D levels and CD. These findings suggest that low vitamin D does not contribute to development of CD-instead, CD leads to low vitamin D.

Limketkai|Berkeley N|BN|
Singla|Manish B|MB|
Rodriguez|Benjamin|B|
Veerappan|Ganesh R|GR|
Betteridge|John D|JD|
Ramos|Miguel A|MA|
Hutfless|Susan M|SM|
Brant|Steven R|SR|

D016022:Case-Control Studies
D003424:Crohn Disease
D006801:Humans
D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
D014807:Vitamin D
D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency
D014815:Vitamins

Genetics
Autoimmune
Epidemiology
Etiology
IBD
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Nutrition
Reverse Causation


The protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 controls forkhead box protein 3 T regulatory cell induction but is dispensable for T helper type 1 cell polarization.

Abstract: Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) regulate T cell receptor (TCR) signalling and thus have a role in T cell differentiation. Here we tested whether the autoimmune predisposing gene PTPN22 encoding for a PTP that inhibits TCR signalling affects the generation of forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)(+) T regulatory (Treg ) cells and T helper type 1 (Th1) cells. Murine CD4(+) T cells isolated from Ptpn22 knock-out (Ptpn22(KO) ) mice cultured in Treg cell polarizing conditions showed increased sensitivity to TCR activation compared to wild-type (WT) cells, and subsequently reduced FoxP3 expression at optimal-to-high levels of activation. However, at lower levels of TCR activation, Ptpn22(KO) CD4(+) T cells showed enhanced expression of FoxP3. Similar experiments in humans revealed that at optimal levels of TCR activation PTPN22 knock-down by specific oligonucleotides compromises the differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells into Treg cells. Notably, in vivo Treg cell conversion experiments in mice showed delayed kinetic but overall increased frequency and number of Treg cells in the absence of Ptpn22. In contrast, the in vitro and in vivo generation of Th1 cells was comparable between WT and Ptpn22(KO) mice, thus suggesting PTPN22 as a FoxP3-specific regulating factor. Together, these results propose PTPN22 as a key factor in setting the proper threshold for FoxP3(+) Treg cell differentiation.

Fousteri|G|G|
Jofra|T|T|
Debernardis|I|I|
Stanford|S M|SM|
Laurenzi|A|A|
Bottini|N|N|
Battaglia|M|M|

D054596:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22


Deletion lengthening at chromosomes 6q and 16q targets multiple tumor suppressor genes and is associated with an increasingly poor prognosis in prostate cancer.

Abstract: Prostate cancer is characterized by recurrent deletions that can considerably vary in size. We hypothesized that large deletions develop from small deletions and that this "deletion lengthening" might have a "per se" carcinogenic role through a combinatorial effect of multiple down regulated genes. In vitro knockdown of 37 genes located inside the 6q12-q22 deletion region identified 4 genes with additive tumor suppressive effects, further supporting a role of the deletion size for cancer aggressiveness. Employing fluorescence in-situ hybridization analysis on prostate cancer tissue microarrays, we determined the deletion size at 6q and 16q in more than 3,000 tumors. 16q and 6q deletion length was strongly linked to poor clinical outcome and this effect was even stronger if the length of both deletions was combined. To study deletion lengthening in cancer progression we eventually analyzed the entire cancers from 317 patients for 6q and 16q deletion length heterogeneity and found that the deletion expanded within 50-60% of 6q and 16q deleted cancers. Taken together, these data suggest continuous "deletion lengthening" as a key mechanism for prostate cancer progression leading to parallel down regulation of genes with tumor suppressive properties, some of which act cooperatively.

Kluth|Martina|M| Jung|Simon|S| Habib|Omar|O| Eshagzaiy|Mina|M| Heinl|Anna|A| Amschler|Nina|N| Masser|Sawinee|S| Mader|Malte|M| Runte|Frederic|F| Barow|Philipp|P| Frogh|Sohall|S| Omari|Jazan|J| Möller-Koop|Christina|C| Hube-Magg|Claudia|C| Weischenfeldt|Joachim|J| Korbel|Jan|J| Steurer|Stefan|S| Krech|Till|T| Huland|Hartwig|H| Graefen|Markus|M| Minner|Sarah|S| Sauter|Guido|G| Schlomm|Thorsten|T| Simon|Ronald|R|


Abdominal Aortic Calcification Identified on Lateral Spine Images From Bone Densitometers Are a Marker of Generalized Atherosclerosis in Elderly Women.

Abstract:
OBJECTIVE
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry is a low-cost, minimal radiation technique used to improve fracture prediction. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry machines can also capture single-energy lateral spine images, and abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) is commonly seen on these images.

APPROACH AND RESULTS
We investigated whether dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry-derived measures of AAC were related to an established test of generalized atherosclerosis in 892 elderly white women aged >70 years with images captured during bone density testing in 1998/1999 and B-mode carotid ultrasound in 2001. AAC scores were calculated using a validated 24-point scale into low (AAC24 score, 0 or 1), moderate (AAC24 scores, 2-5), and severe AAC (AAC24 scores, >5) seen in 45%, 36%, and 19%, respectively. AAC24 scores were correlated with mean and maximum common carotid artery intimal medial thickness (rs=0.12, P<0.001 and rs=0.14, P<0.001). Compared with individuals with low AAC, those with moderate or severe calcification were more likely to have carotid atherosclerotic plaque (adjusted prevalence ratio (PR), 1.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-1.61; P<0.001 and prevalence ratio, 1.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.65-2.32; P<0.001, respectively) and moderate carotid stenosis (adjusted prevalence ratio, 2.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.39-3.54; P=0.001 and adjusted prevalence ratio, 4.82; 95% confidence interval, 3.09-7.050; P<0.001, respectively). The addition of AAC24 scores to traditional risk factors improved identification of women with carotid atherosclerosis as quantified by C-statistic (+0.075, P<0.001), net reclassification (0.249, P<0.001), and integrated discrimination (0.065, P<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
AAC identified on images from a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry machine were strongly related to carotid ultrasound measures of atherosclerosis. This low-cost, minimal radiation technique used widely for osteoporosis screening is a promising marker of generalized extracoronary atherosclerosis.

Lewis|Joshua R|JR|
Schousboe|John T|JT|
Lim|Wai H|WH|
Wong|Germaine|G|
Zhu|Kun|K|
Lim|Ee M|EM|
Wilson|Kevin E|KE|
Thompson|Peter L|PL|
Kiel|Douglas P|DP|
Prince|Richard L|RL|

atherosclerosis
bone density
common carotid artery
osteoporosis
cardiovascular disease


Diversity and representation: Key issues for psychophysiological science.

Abstract: This Special Issue is devoted to the illustration and discussion of three key demographic variables (sex/gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status) that have been shown to moderate associations between psychophysiological processes and behavior. The introduction to the issue discusses the role of phenotypic plasticity in the emergence of different neural processes that achieve the same behavioral outcome, with emphasis on how these relatively stable developmental contexts affect brain/behavior associations without necessarily resulting in difference in behavior. These findings have profound significance for the implications of generalization and call into question the presumption that diverse samples produce an average result that is appropriately reflective of the individuals themselves. Increasing diversity within psychophysiological research is critical in elucidating mechanisms by which the human brain can accomplish cognitive and affective behaviors. This article further examines the logistical and ethical challenges faced in achieving this goal.

Brain
Cultural neuroscience
Development
Multfinality
Poverty
Representative sample
Sex differences


Aberrant activation, nuclear localization, and phosphorylation of Yes-associated protein-1 in the embryonic kidney and Wilms tumor.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
The Yes-associated-protein-1 (YAP1) is a novel, direct regulator of stem cell genes both in development and cancer. FAT4 is an upstream regulator that induces YAP1 cytosolic sequestering by phosphorylation (p-Ser 127) and therefore inhibits YAP1-dependent cellular proliferation. We hypothesized that loss of FAT4 signaling would result in expansion of the nephron progenitor population in kidney development and that YAP1 subcellular localization would be dysregulated in Wilms tumor (WT), an embryonal malignancy that retains gene expression profiles and histologic features reminiscent of the embryonic kidney.

METHODS
Fetal kidneys from Fat4(-/-) mice were harvested at e18.5 and markers of nephron progenitors were investigated using immunohistochemical analysis. To examine YAP1 subcellular localization in WT, a primary WT cell line (VUWT30) was analyzed by immunofluorescence. Forty WT specimens evenly distributed between favorable and unfavorable histology (n = 20 each), and treatment failure or success (n = 20 each) was analyzed for total and phosphorylated YAP1 using immunohistochemistry and Western blot.

RESULTS
Fat4(-/-) mouse fetal kidneys exhibit nuclear YAP1 with increased proliferation and expansion of nephron progenitor cells. In contrast to kidney development, subcellular localization of YAP1 is dysregulated in WT, with a preponderance of nuclear p-YAP1. By Western blot, median p-YAP1 quantity was 5.2-fold greater in unfavorable histology WT (P = 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Fetal kidneys in Fat4(-/-) mice exhibit a phenotype reminiscent of nephrogenic rests, a WT precursor lesion. In WT, YAP1 subcellular localization is dysregulated and p-YAP1 accumulation is a novel biomarker of unfavorable histology.

Murphy|Andrew J|AJ|
Pierce|Janene|J|
de Caestecker|Christian|C|
Libes|Jaime|J|
Neblett|David|D|
de Caestecker|Mark|M|
Perantoni|Alan O|AO|
Tanigawa|Shunsuke|S|
Anderson|James R|JR|
Dome|Jeffrey S|JS|
Das|Amrita|A|
Carroll|Thomas J|TJ|
Lovvorn|Harold N|HN|

D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing

D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental

Wilms tumor
YAP1
nephrogenic rests
biomarker
anaplasia


The Use of New Mobile and Gaming Technologies for the Assessment and Rehabilitation of People with Ataxia: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Abstract: There are no currently available disease-modifying pharmacological treatments for most of the chronic hereditary ataxias; thus, effective rehabilitative strategies are crucial to help improve symptoms and therefore the quality of life. We propose to gather all available evidence on the use of video games, exergames, and apps for tablet and smartphone for the rehabilitation, diagnosis, and assessment of people with ataxias. Relevant literature published up to June 8, 2020, was retrieved searching the databases PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and the Cochrane Database. Data were extracted using a standardized form, and their methodological quality was assessed using RoB and QUADAS-2. Six studies of 434 retrieved articles met the predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Two of them were diagnostic, while 4 were experimental studies. Studies included participants ranging from 9 to 28 in trials and 70 to 248 in diagnostic studies. Although we found a small number of trials and of low methodological quality, all of them reported an improvement of motor outcomes and quality of life as measured by specific scales, including the SARA, BBS, DHI, and SF-36 scores. The main reason for such low quality in trials was that most of them were small and uncontrolled, thus non-randomized and unblinded. As video games, exergames, serious games, and apps were proven to be safe, feasible, and at least as effective as traditional rehabilitation, further and more high-quality studies should be carried out on the use of these promising technologies in people with different types of ataxia.

Lacorte|Eleonora|E| Bellomo|Guido|G| Nuovo|Sara|S| Corbo|Massimo|M| Vanacore|Nicola|N| Piscopo|Paola|P|

Technology
Rehabilitation
Ataxia
Systematic review
Video games
Mobile applications


Long-term low salt diet increases blood pressure by activation of the renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous systems.

Abstract: Background The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term low salt diet on blood pressure and its underlying mechanisms.Methods Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into normal salt diet group (0.4%) and low salt diet group (0.04%). Blood pressure was measured with the non-invasive tail-cuff method. The contractile response of isolated mesenteric arteries was measured using a small vessel myograph. The effects on renal function of the intrarenal arterial infusion of candesartan (10 μg/kg/min), an angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) antagonist, were also measured. The expressions of renal AT1R and mesenteric arterial α1A, α1B, and α1D adrenergic receptors were quantified by immunoblotting. Plasma levels of angiotensin II were also measured.Results Systolic blood pressure was significantly increased after 8 weeks of low salt diet. There were no obvious differences in the renal structure between the low and normal salt diet groups. However, the plasma angiotensin II levels and renal AT1R expression were higher in low than normal salt diet group. The intrarenal arterial infusion of candesartan increased urine flow and sodium excretion to a greater extent in the low than normal salt diet group. The expressions of α1A and α1D, but not α1B, adrenergic receptors, and phenylephrine-induced contraction were increased in mesenteric arteries from the low salt, relative to the normal salt diet group.Conclusion Activation of the renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous systems may be involved in the pathogenesis of long-term low salt diet-induced hypertension.

Wang|Jialiang|J|
Deng|Yi|Y|
Zou|Xue|X|
Luo|Hao|H|
Jose|Pedro A|PA|
Fu|Chunjiang|C|
Yang|Jian|J|
Zeng|Chunyu|C|

low salt diet
sympathetic nervous system
sodium excretion
Hypertension
renin-angiotensin system
vascular contraction


Conventional MRI to detect the differences between mass-like tuberculosis and lung cancer.

Abstract:
Background
The aim of this study was to investigate differences in the imaging features of mass-like tuberculosis and lung cancer on conventional MR sequences to improve the diagnostic ability for pulmonary masses.

Methods
Thirty patients with suspicious pulmonary lesions were enrolled and diagnosed with tuberculosis by pathology or comprehensive clinical diagnoses. Twenty-six cases of lung cancer were retrospectively analyzed. Transverse fat-suppressed T2-weighted (T2W) imaging and T1-weighted (T1W) imaging were obtained at 1.5 Tesla. The imaging characteristics of lesions on the T2W and T1W images were compared between the two groups. The imaging features of enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes on T2W images were studied and compared.

Results
On T2W images, there was a higher percentage of lesions containing hypointensity in the tuberculosis group (GTB) than in the lung cancer group (GLC) (P=0.004).The incidence of lesions demonstrating heterogeneous intensity was significantly greater in the GTB than in the GLC (70.0% vs. 7.7%, P=0.001). Approximately 92.3% of the lung cancer cases showed hyperintensity, a proportion substantially greater than that in the GTB (6.7%). On T1W images, more cases showed hyperintensity in the GTB than in the GLC (43.3% vs. 7.7%, P=0.003). The signal intensity ratios (SIRs) of the lesion to rhomboid muscle on T2W and T1W images were significantly different between the two groups. The mean intrasubject standard deviation (SD) of lesions in the GTB was markedly greater than that in the GLC on both T2W and T1W images. Benign mediastinal lymph nodes in the GTB showed a variety of signals on T2W images, whereas 80% of metastatic mediastinal lymph nodes displayed slight homogeneous hyperintensity, and this difference between the two groups was statistically significant.

Conclusions
Conventional MR sequences can reveal the essential differences between mass-like tuberculosis and lung cancer and may be helpful for discriminating pulmonary masses.

Qi|Li-Ping|LP|
Chen|Ke-Neng|KN|
Zhou|Xiaohong Joe|XJ|
Tang|Lei|L|
Liu|Yu-Liang|YL|
Li|Xiao-Ting|XT|
Wang|Juan|J|
Sun|Ying-Shi|YS|

Tuberculosis
differential diagnosis
lung neoplasm
magnetic resonance imaging


Antimicrobial resistance and ESBL genes in E. coli isolated in proximity to a sewage treatment plant.

Abstract: This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in the Szreniawa river with detailed aims of: (i) assessment of differences in the number of microbiological indicators of water quality in a diurnal cycle in a vicinity of the sewage treatment plant (STP); (ii) determination of prevalence of antimicrobial resistant E. coli isolated from three sites located at varying locations toward the STP; (iii) evaluation of the presence of extended-spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL)-determining genes in waterborne E. coli isolated from three sites of Szreniawa and (iv) genetic similarity assessment among the E. coli populations. Bacteriological contamination (coliforms, E. coli, E. faecalis) was assessed using membrane filtration. Fifty E. coli strains, the species of which was confirmed by MALDI-TOF analysis, were subjected to antimicrobial resistance tests using standard disk-diffusion method. Double disk synergy test was used to assess the ESBL production and PCR tests were conducted to detect the ESBL-conferring genes and evaluate the genetic diversity. A significant variation in the number of bacteriological indicators was observed both within and between the sampling sites, suggesting the effect of effluent from the STP, point discharge of household sewage and agricultural runoff on the water contamination. The resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate (90%) and ampicillin (36%) was most prevalent. Multidrug resistance was observed in 40% of strains but no ESBL-producing strains were observed phenotypically. However, the presence of three ESBL-determining genes (TEM, OXA and CTX-M) was detected in 24, 10 and 8% of strains, respectively. A number of factors caused considerable pollution of the river and numerous multidrug resistant E. coli strains were isolated.

sewage
extended-spectrum beta lactamases
Antibiotics
drug resistance
surface water


An Individual-Level Meta-Analysis Using Real-World and Pivotal Studies on Mortality From the Use of Paclitaxel-Containing Devices in Japanese Femoropopliteal Disease Patients.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
The effect of treatment with paclitaxel-containing devices (PTXD) on mortality in patients with peripheral artery disease remains controversial.Methods and Results:An independent patient-level meta-analysis of 12 clinical trials (1,389 PTXD patients and 1,192 non-PTXD patients) was conducted. This study included 7 pivotal trials and 5 post-marketing surveillance studies on endovascular treatment for femoropopliteal artery by 6 companies. The primary endpoint was all-cause death, and 5-year cumulative mortality was estimated by a Kaplan-Meier curve. Cox proportional hazard model was used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and confidential interval (CI). During the median follow up of 3.0 years, 459 patients died. The cumulative 5-year mortality for the entire cohort was significantly lower in the PTXD than in the non-PTXD group (24.4% vs. 27.4%, respectively; HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.67-0.97; P=0.023), but this difference was no longer significant after adjustment for relevant covariates (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.39-2.58; P=0.987). The Cox proportional hazard model revealed that sex, hyperlipidemia, Type 2 diabetes, hemodialysis, Rutherford category, and age above 75 years were significantly associated with 5-year mortality, but treatment with PTXD was not.

CONCLUSIONS
This large individual meta-analysis of patients with femoropopliteal artery disease found that the use of PTXD does not have a negative effect on 5-year mortality.

Nakamura|Masato|M| Takata|Munenori|M| Yokoi|Hiroyoshi|H| Ueno|Takafumi|T| Suzuki|Yuka|Y| Ikeda|Koji|K| Yamaguchi|Takuhiro|T|

Meta-analysis
Post-marketing surveillance
Femoropopliteal artery
Paclitaxel
Randomized controlled trial


Baicalin and the liver-gut system: Pharmacological bases explaining its therapeutic effects.

Abstract: With the development of high-throughput screening and bioinformatics technology, natural products with a range of pharmacological targets in multiple diseases have become important sources of new drug discovery. These compounds are derived from various plants, including the dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, which is often used as a traditional Chinese herb named Huangqin, a popular medication used for thousands of years in China. Many studies have shown that baicalin, an extract from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, exerts various protective effects on liver and gut diseases. Baicalin plays a therapeutic role mainly by mediating downstream apoptosis and immune response pathways induced by upstream oxidative stress and inflammation. During oxidative stress regulation, PI3K/Akt/NRF2, Keap-1, NF-κB and HO-1 are key factors associated with the healing effects of baicalin on NAFLD/NASH, ulcerative colitis and cholestasis. In the inflammatory response, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, MIP-2 and MIP-1α are involved in the alleviation of NAFLD/NASH, cholestasis and liver fibrosis by baicalin, as are TGF-β1/Smads, STAT3 and NF-κB. Regarding the apoptosis pathway, Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 are key factors related to the suppression of hepatocellular carcinoma and attenuation of liver injury and colorectal cancer. In addition to immune regulation, PD-1/PDL-1 and TLR4-NF-κB are correlated with the alleviation of hepatocellular carcinoma, ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer by baicalin. Moreover, baicalin regulates intestinal flora by promoting the production of SCFAs. Furthermore, BA is involved in the interactions of the liver-gut axis by regulating TGR5, FXR, bile acids and the microbiota. In general, a comprehensive analysis of this natural compound was conducted to determine the mechanism by which it regulates bile acid metabolism, the intestinal flora and related signaling pathways, providing new insights into the pharmacological effects of baicalin. The mechanism linking the liver and gut systems needs to be elucidated to draw attention to its great clinical importance.

Hu|Qichao|Q| Zhang|Wenwen|W| Wu|Zhao|Z| Tian|Xin|X| Xiang|Junbao|J| Li|Longxuan|L| Li|Zhihao|Z| Peng|Xi|X| Wei|Shizhang|S| Ma|Xiao|X| Zhao|Yanling|Y|

Baicalin
Liver-gut system
Intestinal flora
Bile acid
Pharmacological basis


Curcumin-Based Photodynamic Sterilization for Preservation of Fresh-Cut Hami Melon.

Abstract: Fresh-cut fruits and vegetables are the main sources of foodborne illness outbreaks with implicated pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes. This study aimed at investigating the influence of two key parameters (concentration of curcumin and illumination time) on the effects of curcumin-based photodynamic sterilization on the preservation of fresh-cut Hami melons. The results indicated that illumination with 50 μmol/L curcumin for 60 min using a blue LED lamp reduced the total aerobic microorganism count by ~1.8 log CFU/g in fresh-cut Hami melons. Besides this, the effects of photodynamic sterilization on the soluble solids content, color, water content, firmness, and sensory indices of the fresh-cut Hami melons were also evaluated. Compared to the control group, photodynamic sterilization can effectively delay the browning rate and maintain the luminosity, firmness, water content, and soluble solids content of fresh-cut Hami melon. The sensory quality was indeed preserved well after 9 days of storage in a fridge. These results showed that photodynamic sterilization is an effective and promising technology to prolong the shelf life of fresh-cut Hami melons.

Lin|Yilin|Y|0000-0003-1972-2145
Hu|Jiamiao|J|0000-0001-6489-9877
Li|Shiyang|S|
Hamzah|Siti Sarah|SS|
Jiang|Huiqin|H|
Zhou|Arong|A|
Zeng|Shaoxiao|S|
Lin|Shaoling|S|

photodynamic
Hami melon
curcumin
colony number
storage quality


Mapping the Impact of a Polar Aprotic Solvent on the Microstructure and Dynamic Phase Transition in Glycerol Monooleate/Oleic Acid Systems.

Abstract:
Objectives
The impact of incorporating a polar aprotic solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), in glycerol monooleate/oleic acid systems was evaluated briefly to map its influence on the gel microstructure and dynamic phase transition in controlling the performance of a polyene antifungal drug delivery system.

Materials and Methods
An in situ gelling fluid precursor system (IGFPS) exhibiting inverse lyotropic liquid crystalline phases was developed by simple solution add-mixture method. Polarized light microscopy, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and oscillatory rheological assessments were performed to ascertain microstructural modulations. The developed system was examined for minimum gelling volume, gelling time, swelling behavior, mucoadhesion, in vitro antifungal activity, and in vitro drug release.

Results
The SAXS study identifies the coexistence of Im3m cubic phase with HCP P63/mmc hexagonal structures. The SAXS and DSC data highlight DMSO's unique ability to work both as a kosmotropic or chaotropic solvent and to be a function of its concentration. The in vitro antifungal test results indicate the concentration of DMSO to be a controlling factor in drug release and diffusion. The in vitro drug release kinetic studies reveal that most of the gel samples follow the matrix model and anomalous type release as implied by Peppas model.

Conclusion
Finally, the antifungal IGFPS formulated was found to have the required low viscosity, responsive sol-gel phase transition, appreciative mechanical properties, and desirable antifungal effect with sustained drug release performance.

microstructure
glycerol monooleate
oleic acid
Dimethyl sulfoxide
small angle X-ray scattering


Social Experiences of Women with Obstetric Fistula Seeking Treatment in Kampala, Uganda.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Obstetric fistula is a preventable and treatable condition predominately affecting women in low-income countries. Understanding the social context of obstetric fistula may lead to improved prevention and treatment.

OBJECTIVES
This study investigated social experiences of women with obstetric fistula seeking treatment at Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda.

METHODS
A descriptive study was conducted among women seeking treatment for obstetric fistula during a surgical camp in July 2011 using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were computed regarding sociodemographics, obstetric history, and social experience.

FINDINGS
Fifty-three women participated; 39 (73.58%) leaked urine only. Median age was 29 years (range: 17-58), and most were married or separated. About half (28, 47.9%) experienced a change in their relationship since acquiring obstetric fistula. More than half (27, 50.94%) acquired obstetric fistula during their first delivery, despite almost everyone (50, 94.3%) receiving antenatal care. The median years suffering from obstetric fistula was 1.25. Nearly every participant's social participation changed in at least one setting (51, 96.23%). Most women thought that a baby being too big or having kicked their bladder was the cause of obstetric fistula. Other participants thought health care providers caused the fistula (15, 32.61%; n = 46), with 8 specifying that the bladder was cut during the operation (cesarean section). Knowing someone with obstetric fistula was influential in pursuing treatment. The majority of participants planned to return to family (40, 78.43%; n = 51) and get pregnant after repair (35, 66.04%; n = 53).

CONCLUSION
Study participants experienced substantial changes in their social lives as a result of obstetric fistula, and there were a variety of beliefs regarding the cause. The complex social context is an important component to understanding how to prevent and treat obstetric fistula. Further elucidation of these factors may bolster current efforts in prevention and holistic treatment.

Meurice|Marielle|M|
Genadry|Rene|R|
Heimer|Carol|C|
Ruffer|Galya|G|
Kafunjo|Barageine Justus|BJ|

Social experience
Obstetric fistula
Uganda
Genitourinary fistula
Maternal health
Obstructed labor


Information needs and sources of information for patients during cancer follow-up.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Now more than ever, cancer patients want health information. Little has been published to characterize the information needs and preferred sources of that information for patients who have completed cancer treatment.

METHODS
We used a nationally validated instrument to prospectively survey patients attending a cancer clinic for a post-treatment follow-up visit. All patients who came to the designated clinics between December 2011 and June 2012 were approached (N = 648), and information was collected only from those who agreed to proceed.

RESULTS
The 411 patients who completed the instrument included individuals with a wide range of primary malignancies. Their doctor or health professional was overwhelmingly the most trusted source of cancer information, followed by the Internet, family, and friends. The least trusted sources of information included radio, newspaper, and television. Patients most preferred to receive personalized written information from their health care provider.

CONCLUSIONS
Cancer survivors are keenly interested in receiving information about cancer, despite having undergone or finished active therapy. The data indicate that, for patients, their health care provider is the most trusted source of cancer information. Cancer providers should ask patients about the information they want and should direct them to trusted sources.

Shea-Budgell|M A|MA|
Kostaras|X|X|
Myhill|K P|KP|
Hagen|N A|NA|

information needs
Information-seeking
follow-up care
survivorship


Stimuli-Responsive Poly(aspartamide) Derivatives and Their Applications as Drug Carriers.

Abstract: Poly(aspartamide) derivatives, one kind of amino acid-based polymers with excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, meet the key requirements for application in various areas of biomedicine. Poly(aspartamide) derivatives with stimuli-responsiveness can usually respond to external stimuli to change their chemical or physical properties. Using external stimuli such as temperature and pH as switches, these smart poly(aspartamide) derivatives can be used for convenient drug loading and controlled release. Here, we review the synthesis strategies for preparing these stimuli-responsive poly(aspartamide) derivatives and the latest developments in their applications as drug carriers.

D001224:Aspartic Acid
D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations
D004337:Drug Carriers
D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
D011108:Polymers
D013696:Temperature

stimuli-responsive
poly(aspartamide) derivatives
drug carrier
controlled drug release
drug-loading
hydrogel
nanoparticles
polymer-drug conjugate


The infectious hypoxia: occurrence and causes during Shigella infection.

Abstract: Hypoxia is defined as a tissue oxygenation status below physiological needs. During Shigella infection, an infectious hypoxia is induced within foci of infection. In this review, we discuss how Shigella physiology and virulence are modulated and how the main recruited immune cells, the neutrophils, adapt to this environment.

Arena|Ellen T|ET|
Tinevez|Jean-Yves|JY|
Nigro|Giulia|G|
Sansonetti|Philippe J|PJ|
Marteyn|Benoit S|BS|


Dynamic coupling between fMRI local connectivity and interictal EEG in focal epilepsy: A wavelet analysis approach.

Abstract: Simultaneous scalp EEG-fMRI recording is a noninvasive neuroimaging technique for combining electrophysiological and hemodynamic aspects of brain function. Despite the time-varying nature of both measurements, their relationship is usually considered as time-invariant. The aim of this study was to detect direct associations between scalp-recorded EEG and regional changes of hemodynamic brain connectivity in focal epilepsy through a time-frequency paradigm. To do so, we developed a voxel-wise framework that analyses wavelet coherence between dynamic regional phase synchrony (DRePS, calculated from fMRI) and band amplitude fluctuation (BAF) of a target EEG electrode with dominant interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs). As a proof of concept, we applied this framework to seven patients with focal epilepsy. The analysis produced patient-specific spatial maps of DRePS-BAF coupling, which highlight regions with a strong link between EEG power and local fMRI connectivity. Although we observed DRePS-BAF coupling proximate to the suspected seizure onset zone in some patients, our results suggest that DRePS-BAF is more likely to identify wider 'epileptic networks'. We also compared DRePS-BAF with standard EEG-fMRI analysis based on general linear modelling (GLM). There was, in general, little overlap between the DRePS-BAF maps and GLM maps. However, in some subjects the spatial clusters revealed by these two analyses appeared to be adjacent, particularly in medial posterior cortices. Our findings suggest that (1) there is a strong time-varying relationship between local fMRI connectivity and interictal EEG power in focal epilepsy, and (2) that DRePS-BAF reflect different aspects of epileptic network activity than standard EEG-fMRI analysis. These two techniques, therefore, appear to be complementary. Hum Brain Mapp 38:5356-5374, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Omidvarnia|Amir|A|0000-0002-4744-8721
Pedersen|Mangor|M|
Vaughan|David N|DN|
Walz|Jennifer M|JM|
Abbott|David F|DF|0000-0002-7259-8238
Zalesky|Andrew|A|
Jackson|Graeme D|GD|

focal epilepsy
wavelet coherence
DRePS
functional connectivity
simultaneous EEG-fMRI


Perception and Possible Causes of Skin Problems to Insulin Pump and Glucose Sensor: Results from Pediatric Focus Groups.

Abstract: Use of insulin pump and glucose sensor in children with diabetes has been shown to cause skin problems such as eczema, wounds, and itching. The mechanisms for development of skin problems are unknown as well as the influence on the everyday life of the patient. The aim of this study was through focus groups to get more perspective on perception of skin problems as well as the patients' view on causes of skin problems. The two focus groups gave new insight into the consequences of skin problems to both patient and parents in terms of itching, concentration, self-esteem, guilt, etc. The focus group gave as well new perspectives on causes of skin problems, and especially three concepts must be further investigated: material (plastic, patch and vacuum effect), time, and skin characteristics.

Berg|Anna Korsgaard|AK|
Simonsen|Anne Birgitte|AB|
Svensson|Jannet|J|

Skin problems
Insulin pump
Glucose sensor
Pediatrics
Focus groups
Type 1 diabetes


The relationship between isokinetic muscle strength and spasticity in the lower limbs of stroke patients.

Abstract:
OBJECTIVE
In this study the relationship between degree of spasticity and strength of knee extensor and ankle plantar flexor muscles of post stroke hemiparetic patients has been investigated.

MATERIALS & METHODS
The participants of this study were 40 stroke patients whose elapsed time of stroke onset was at least 3 months. Their age averaged 59 years. Spasticity was measured with the Modified Ashworth Scale. Isokinetic muscle strength was measured with an isokinetic dynamometer. Two methods of torque normalization - subtractive and weight based normalization - were used for comparing torques among participants.

RESULTS
Kendall's tau-b coefficient was calculated for investigating this relationship. This coefficient was not significant for the relationship between weight based normalized data and modified Ashworth scale (MAS) in any of each muscle groups (α = 0.05). This coefficient was significant for the relationship between the subtractive normalization method and MAS in knee extensors (P = 0.005, α = 0.01) and ankle plantar flexors (P = 0.002, α = 0.01).

CONCLUSION
This study suggests a negative relationship between spasticity and muscle strength and provided evidence that spastic muscles are weaker.

Abdollahi|I|I| Taghizadeh|A|A| Shakeri|H|H| Eivazi|M|M| Jaberzadeh|S|S|

Isokinetic
Muscle strength
Spasticity
Stroke


Assessing visual modulation along the human subcortical auditory pathway.

Abstract: Experience of the world is inherently multisensory. It has been suggested that audiovisual modulation occurs as early as subcortical auditory stages. However, this was based on the frequency-following response, a measure recently found to be significantly generated from cortical sources. It therefore remains unclear whether subcortical auditory processing can indeed be modulated by visual information. We aimed to trace visual modulation along the auditory pathway by comparing auditory brainstem response (ABR) and middle-latency response (MLR) between unimodal auditory and multimodal audiovisual conditions. EEG activity was recorded while participants attended auditory clicks and visual flashes, either synchronous or asynchronous. No differences between auditory and audiovisual responses were observed at ABR or MLR levels. It suggested that ascending auditory processing does not seem to be modulated by visual cues at subcortical levels, at least for rudimentary stimuli. Multimodal modulation in the auditory brainstem observed in previous studies might therefore originate from cortical sources and top-down processes. More studies are needed to further disentangle subcortical and cortical influences on audiovisual modulation along the auditory pathway.

Caron-Desrochers|Laura|L| Schönwiesner|Marc|M| Focke|Kristin|K| Lehmann|Alexandre|A|

D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem

Subcortical
Audiovisual modulation
Auditory brainstem response
EEG
Middle latency response
Multisensory integration


Role of miR-146a in Enforcing Effect of Specific Immunotherapy on Allergic Rhinitis.

Abstract: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the common disorders in airway allergic inflammation. The pathogenesis of AR is unclear. It is accepted that immune deregulation is associated with the pathogenesis of AR. Recent reports suggest that a large number of micro RNAs (miR) can regulate immune functions. This study aims to investigate the role of miR-146a in an enforcing immunotherapy of AR. In this study, a mouse AR model was created. The levels of miR-146a in the mouse nasal mucosa were assessed by real time RT-PCR. A specific immunotherapy was performed in AR mice. The results showed that the AR mice had an AR-like inflammation in the nasal mucosa. Compared with naïve mice, markedly lower levels of miR-146a were detected in AR mice. The co-administration with miR-146a significantly enforced the effect of ovalbumin (OVA)-specific immunotherapy on inhibition of AR inflammation in the nasal mucosa. Further analysis showed that miR-146a induced transforming growth factor-β in dendritic cells; the latter induced naïve CD4(+) T cells to differentiate into regulatory T cells. In conclusion, miR-146a can enforce OVA-specific immunotherapy via inducing antigen-specific regulatory T cells. miR-146a may have therapeutic potential to be used in the immunotherapy of allergic diseases.

Liu|Hong-Jun|HJ| Zhang|Ai-Fen|AF| Zhao|Na|N| Li|Xue-Zhong|XZ|

D037182:T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity

immunotherapy
micro RNA
nasal mucosa
Allergy
vaccine


The use of brincidofovir for the treatment of mixed dsDNA viral infection.

Abstract: Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viral infections constitute a major complication following solid organ and stem cell transplantation. Few therapeutic options are currently available for the treatment of such infections in highly immunocompromised hosts. Brincidofovir is an oral investigational drug with broad antiviral activity against dsDNA viruses in vitro, but clinical experience is limited. Here we report a young female who developed a mixed infection with adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and BK polyomavirus after an allogeneic stem cell transplant, and was successfully treated with brincidofovir.

Camargo|Jose F|JF|
Morris|Michele I|MI|
Abbo|Lilian M|LM|
Simkins|Jacques|J|
Saneeymehri|Seyyedeh|S|
Alencar|Maritza C|MC|
Lekakis|Lazaros J|LJ|
Komanduri|Krishna V|KV|

Brincidofovir
Adenovirus
Cytomegalovirus
BK virus
CMX001
Epstein–Barr virus