Does the temperature of water ingested during exertional-heat stress influence gastrointestinal injury, symptoms, and systemic inflammatory profile?

Abstract:
OBJECTIVES
The study aimed to determine the effects of temperature of ingested water during exertional-heat stress on gastrointestinal injury, symptoms and systemic inflammatory responses.

DESIGN
Randomised cross-over study.

METHODS
Twelve endurance runners completed 2h running at 60% v˙O2max in 35°C ambient temperature on three separate occasions, consuming 250±40mL water before and every 15min during running at either 0.4±0.4°C (COLD), 7.3±0.8°C (COOL), or 22.1±1.2°C (TEMP). Rectal temperature and gastrointestinal symptoms were recorded every 10min during exercise. Blood was collected pre, immediately and 1h post-exercise to determine plasma intestinal fatty-acid binding protein (I-FABP), cortisol, and inflammatory cytokine concentrations.

RESULTS
Compared to TEMP, COLD and COOL blunted the rise in rectal temperature (2.0±0.5°C vs. 1.6±0.4°C and 1.7±0.4°C, respectively; trial×time, p=0.033). I-FABP increased post-exercise (419%, p<0.001), with a trend for reduced I-FABP on COLD and COOL (mean reduction 460pgmL-1 and 430pgmL-1, respectively), compared to TEMP (p=0.066). No differences were observed between trials for gastrointestinal symptoms, albeit a trend for increased upper-gastrointestinal symptoms on TEMP (p=0.087) compared to COLD and COOL was observed. IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-1ra increased post-exercise (p<0.05); however no differences were observed between trials.

CONCLUSIONS
COLD and COOL water ingestion during exertional-heat stress ameliorates thermoregulatory strain compared to TEMP. However, this appears to have no effect on cytokine profile and minimal effect on intestinal epithelial injury and gastrointestinal symptoms.

Snipe|Rhiannon M J|RMJ|
Costa|Ricardo J S|RJS|

Water
Running
Gastrointestinal symptoms
Heat
Intestinal fatty acid binding protein
Thermoregulation


Exercise alleviates depression related systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Depression is a highly prevalent co-morbidity in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) which was shown to be associated with a worse course of disease, including reduced quality of life and increased symptoms burden, healthcare use, and even mortality. It has been speculated that systemic inflammation may play a role in the presence of depression. Currently, physical activity is an important lifestyle factor that has the potential to modify inflammatory cytokines and depression, however our understanding of how to use exercise effectively in COPD patients to alleviate depression related systemic inflammation is incomplete and has prompted our interest to identify the type and intensities of effective exercise.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to measure the changes in depression related systemic inflammation of aerobic exercise training in COPD patients in Jeddah area.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Eighty patients with moderate severity of COPD participated in this study and were divided into two groups; the first group received aerobic exercise, whereas the second group received no exercise training for 12 weeks.

RESULTS
The mean values of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores were significantly decreased in in group (A) after treatments, but the changes in group (B) were not significant .Also, there were significant differences between mean levels of the investigated parameters in group (A) and group (B) at the end of the study.

CONCLUSION
Aerobic exercise is an effective treatment policy to improve depression related to systemic inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Abd El-Kader|Shehab M|SM|
Al-Jiffri|Osama H|OH|

D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive

depression
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
inflammatory cytokine
Aerobic exercise


Overexpression of succinyl-CoA synthase for poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) production in engineered Escherichia coli BL21(DE3).

Abstract:
AIM
This study aims to increase the 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) fraction in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) [P(HB-co-HV)] using succinyl-CoA synthase.

METHODS AND RESULTS
Escherichia coli YH090, a polyhydroxyalkonate (PHA)-producing strain, was further engineered for overexpression of succinyl-CoA synthase genes (sucCD), and examined for P(HB-co-HV) copolymer production in the presence of various precursor molecules using mixture analysis. Glycerol, succinate and propionate were screened as important factors for controlling intracellular PHA accumulation and monomer composition. Glycerol concentrations exerted the greatest influence on the overall biomass concentration and the intracellular PHA content, while propionate concentrations in the presence of succinate influenced the 3HV content of the copolymer. Mixture analysis also demonstrated that the engineered strain has the capacity to accumulate up to 80% of its cell dry weight (CDW) as PHA with a variable fraction of 3HV monomer (maximum of 72 wt %) depending on the controlled conditions.

CONCLUSIONS
Propionate is the principal precursor for 3HV monomer in P(HB-co-HV) biopolymer and its utilization requires conversion to propionyl-CoA. Engineered E. coli YHY99, overexpressing sucCD genes, leads to an increase of the succinyl-CoA pool, which enhances the conversion rate of propionate by providing a CoA supply to other acyltransferase enzymes that have a role in propionate utilization.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
Engineered E. coli YHY99 was able to utilize propionate with a 4·5-fold increase in rate, as compared to the control strain, and resulted in the synthesis of a copolymer with high 3HV monomer content.

Bhatia|S K|SK|
Yi|D-H|DH|
Kim|H-J|HJ|
Jeon|J-M|JM|
Kim|Y-H|YH|
Sathiyanarayanan|G|G|
Seo|H M|HM|
Lee|J H|JH|
Kim|J-H|JH|
Park|K|K|
Brigham|C J|CJ|
Yang|Y-H|YH|


Nuclear receptor profiling in prostatospheroids and castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Abstract: Nuclear receptors (NRs), which belong to a superfamily of transcription factors and consist of a total of 48 members in humans, govern the expression of genes involved in a board range of developmental, reproductive, metabolic and immunological programs. Given the significant importance of androgen receptor and a few known NRs in the progression of prostate cancer, we surveyed the expression profiles of the entire NR superfamily in three-dimensional cultured prostatospheroids derived from different prostate cancer cell lines and a tumor xenograft model of castration-resistant prostate cancer VCaP-CRPC by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Our results revealed that prostatospheroids and castration-relapse VCaP-CRPC xenografts, both contained enriched populations of prostate cancer stem/progenitor-like cells (PCSCs), displayed distinct expression patterns of NRs. Intriguingly, most of these differentially expressed NRs were orphan NRs and showed upregulation. Pairwise analysis identified five orphan NRs (including RORβ, TLX, COUP-TFII, NURR1 and LRH-1) that showed common upregulation in both mRNA and protein levels in the prostatospheroids and castration-relapse VCaP-CRPC xenografts, and overexpression of these orphan NRs could increase cancer stem cell marker expressions and enhance spheroid formation capacity in prostate cancer cells, suggesting that these orphan NRs might perform positive roles in the growth regulation of PCSCs and castration-resistant prostate cancer. Together, our NR expression dataset not only revealed the distinct physiologic status and regulatory roles governed by the networks of specific NRs but also some of these identified orphan NRs could be the potential therapeutic targets for PCSCs or castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Wang|Zhu|Z|
Wu|Dinglan|D|
Ng|Chi-Fai|CF|
Teoh|Jeremy Yuen-Chun|JY|
Yu|Shan|S|
Wang|Yuliang|Y|
Chan|Franky L|FL|

D057126:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2

D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear

D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays

nuclear receptors
prostate cancer
castration resistance
orphan nuclear receptors
prostate cancer stem-like cells


Piloting an outcome-based programme evaluation tool in undergraduate medical education.

Abstract:
AIMS
Different approaches to performance-oriented allocation of resources according to teaching quality are currently being discussed within German medical schools. The implementation of these programmes is impeded by a lack of valid criteria to measure teaching quality. An assessment of teaching quality should include structural and procedural aspects but focus on learning outcome itself. The aim of this study was to implement a novel, outcome-based evaluation tool within the clinical phase of a medical curriculum and address differences between the novel tool and traditional evaluation methods.

METHODS
Student self-assessments before and after completion of a teaching module were used to compute performance gains for specific learning objectives. Mean performance gains in each module were compared to student expectations before the module and data derived from a traditional evaluation tool using overall course ratings at the end of the module.

RESULTS
A ranking of the 21 modules according to computed performance gains yielded entirely different results than module rankings based on overall course ratings. There was no significant correlation between performance gain and overall ratings. However, the latter were significantly correlated to student expectations before entering the module as well as structural and procedural parameters (Pearson's r 0.7-0.9).

CONCLUSION
Performance gain computed from comparative self-assessments adds an important new dimension to course evaluation in medical education. In contrast to overall course ratings, the novel tool is less heavily confounded by construct-irrelevant factors. Thus, it appears to be more appropriate than overall course ratings in determining teaching quality and developing algorithms to guide performance-oriented resource allocation in medical education.

Raupach|Tobias|T| Schiekirka|Sarah|S| Münscher|Christian|C| Beißbarth|Tim|T| Himmel|Wolfgang|W| Burckhardt|Gerhard|G| Pukrop|Tobias|T|

evaluation
self-assessment
performance
learning objective
clinical studies
congruence


Airflow-induced triboelectric nanogenerator as a self-powered sensor for detecting humidity and airflow rate.

Abstract: Humidity sensors are commonly based on the resistance change of metal oxide semiconductors, which show high sensitivity in low humidity but low sensitivity in high humidity. In this work, we design a novel humidity sensor based on the airflow-induced triboelectric nanogenerator (ATNG) that can serve as a self-powered sensor to detect humidity (especially in high humidity) and airflow rate. The output current or voltage change is investigated under different humidity (20-100% relative humidity) at fixed airflow rate and different airflow rates (15-25 L/min) at a fixed humidity. The working principle of the ATNG-based sensor is illustrated. We find that both output current and voltage can serve as a variable for detecting humidity, while only the output current can serve as a variable for determining airflow rate. Our study demonstrates an innovative approach toward detection of humidity and airflow rate with advantages of self-power, multifunction, low cost, simple fabrication, and high sensitivity.

Guo|Hengyu|H| Chen|Jie|J| Tian|Li|L| Leng|Qiang|Q| Xi|Yi|Y| Hu|Chenguo|C|

nanogenerator
self-power
humidity sensor
airflow rate sensor
electrostatic induction
triboelectric effect


Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Neonatal Sepsis.

Abstract: Neonatal sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates and is challenging to diagnose. Infants manifest nonspecific clinical signs in response to sepsis; these signs may be caused by noninfectious conditions. Time to antibiotics affects neonatal sepsis outcome, so clinicians need to identify and treat neonates with sepsis expeditiously. Clinicians use serum biomarkers to measure inflammation and infection and assess the infant's risk of sepsis. However, current biomarkers lack sufficient sensitivity or specificity to be consider useful diagnostic tools. Continued research to identify novel biomarkers as well as novel ways of measuring them is sorely needed.

Biomarker
Neonate
Sepsis
C-reactive protein
Complete blood count
Procalcitonin


Depressive symptoms and autobiographical memory: A pilot electroencephalography (EEG) study.

Abstract:
INTRODUCTION
Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have shown changes in the activity of medial prefrontal, medial temporal, and occipital regions in major depressive disorder patients during recall of autobiographical memories. Electrophysiological underpinning of these changes is not known. It is also not clear whether they are a part of the clinical picture or appear at preclinical stages in individuals predisposed to depression.

METHOD
In this study, the effect of depressive symptoms, as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), on oscillatory dynamics accompanying retrieval of emotionally positive and negative autobiographical memories was investigated in a nonclinical sample using electroencephalographic event-related spectral power and connectivity measures.

RESULTS
Psychometric results showed that BDI scores correlated positively with the strength of negative emotion, vividness of negative memories, and their importance for participant's life. In high BDI scorers, low-frequency synchronization, which is frequently used as a marker of emotional arousal, prevailed in negative episodes, whereas in low BDI scorers it prevailed in positive episodes. sLORETA localized sources of this synchronization in the medial prefrontal cortex. In negative episodes, depressive symptoms were associated with a diminished event-related connectivity in the alpha band in posterior regions and increased connectivity in beta and gamma bands in frontal regions.

CONCLUSIONS
Overall, these results show that even at preclinical stages, depressive symptoms are associated with changes in electrophysiological processes accompanying retrieval of autobiographical memories.

Knyazev|Gennady G|GG|
Savostyanov|Alexander N|AN|
Bocharov|Andrey V|AV|
Kuznetsova|Valeriya B|VB|

D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales

Depression
Autobiographical memory
Electroencephalography
sLORETA
Functional connectivity


Homochiral bifunctional L-prolinamide- and L-bis-prolinamide-catalyzed asymmetric aldol reactions performed in wet solvent-free conditions.

Abstract: In this study, the novel bifunctional homochiral thiourea-L-prolinamides 1-4, tertiary amino-L-prolinamide 5, and bis-L-prolinamides 6 and 7 were prepared from enantiomerically pure (11R,12R)-11,12-diamino-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene 8 and (11S,12S)-11,12-diamino-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene ent-8. Highly enantioselective and diastereoselective aldolic intermolecular reactions (up to 95% enantiomeric excess, 93:7 anti/syn) between aliphatic ketones (20 equiv) and a range of aromatic aldehydes (1 equiv) were successfully carried out in the presence of water (10 equiv) and monochloroacetic acid (10 mol%), solvent-free conditions, at room temperature over 24 h using organocatalysts 1-7 (5 mol%). Stereoselective induction using density functional theory-based methods was consistent with the experimental data.

aldol reaction
wet solvent-free
stereoselectivity
1,2-diamines
C2-symmetry axis
asymmetric organocatalysis
bifunctional prolinamides


The phase diagrams of KCaF3 and NaMgF3 by ab initio simulations.

Abstract: ABF3 compounds have been found to make valuable low-pressure analogues for high-pressure silicate phases that are present in the Earth's deep interior and that may also occur in the interiors of exoplanets. The phase diagrams of two of these materials, KCaF3 and NaMgF3, have been investigated in detail by static ab initio computer simulations based on density functional theory. Six ABF3 polymorphs were considered, as follows: the orthorhombic perovskite structure (GdFeO3-type; space group Pbnm); the orthorhombic CaIrO3 structure (Cmcm; commonly referred to as the "post-perovskite" structure); the orthorhombic Sb2S3 and La2S3 structures (both Pmcn); the hexagonal structure previously suggested in computer simulations of NaMgF3 (P63/mmc); the monoclinic structure found to be intermediate between the perovskite and CaIrO3 structures in CaRhO3 (P21/m). Volumetric and axial equations of state of all phases considered are presented. For KCaF3, as expected, the perovskite phase is shown to be the most thermodynamically stable at atmospheric pressure. With increasing pressure, the relative stability of the KCaF3 phases then follows the sequence: perovskite → La2S3 structure → Sb2S3 structure → P63/mmc structure; the CaIrO3 structure is never the most stable form. Above about 2.6 GPa, however, none of the KCaF3 polymorphs are stable with respect to dissociation into KF and CaF2. The possibility that high-pressure KCaF3 polymorphs might exist metastably at 300 K, or might be stabilised by chemical substitution so as to occur within the standard operating range of a multi-anvil press, is briefly discussed. For NaMgF3, the transitions to the high-pressure phases occur at pressures outside the normal range of a multi-anvil press. Two different sequences of transitions had previously been suggested from computer simulations. With increasing pressure, we find that the relative stability of the NaMgF3 phases follows the sequence: perovskite → CaIrO3 structure → Sb2S3 structure → P63/mmc structure. However, only the perovskite and CaIrO3 structures are stable with respect to dissociation into NaF and MgF2.

Jakymiw|Clément|C|
Vočadlo|Lidunka|L|
Dobson|David P|DP|
Bailey|Edward|E|
Thomson|Andrew R|AR|
Brodholt|John P|JP|
Wood|Ian G|IG|0000-0001-9555-6658
Lindsay-Scott|Alex|A|

KCaF3
NaMgF3
Perovskite
Post-perovskite
High pressure
Post–post-perovskite


Engineered bone scaffolds with Dielectrophoresis-based patterning using 3D printing.

Abstract: Patterning of cells into a specific pattern is an important procedure in tissue engineering to facilitate tissue culture and ingrowth. In this paper, a new type of 3D-printed scaffold utilizing dielectrophoresis (DEP) for active cell seeding and patterning was proposed. This scaffold adopted a concentric-ring design that is similar to native bone tissues. The scaffold was fabricated with a commercial three-dimensional (3D) printer. Polylactic Acid (PLA) was selected as the material for the printer and the fabricated scaffold was coated with gold to enhance the conductivity for DEP manipulation. Simulation from COMSOL confirmed that non-uniform electric fields were successfully generated under a voltage input. The properties of the scaffold were first characterized through a series of experiments. Then, preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells were seeded onto the coated scaffold and multiple cellular rings were observed under the microscope. The biocompatibility of the material was also examined and mineralized bone nodules were detected using Alizarin Red S Staining after 28 days of culture. The proposed scaffold design can enable formation of multiple ring patterns via DEP and the properties of the scaffold are suitable for bone tissue culture. This new type of 3D-printed scaffold with cell seeding mechanism offers a new and rapid approach for fabricating engineered scaffolds that can arrange cells into different patterns for various tissue engineering applications.

D016475:3T3 Cells
D000818:Animals
D001846:Bone Development
D051379:Mice
D008962:Models, Theoretical
D011091:Polyesters
D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional
D023822:Tissue Engineering
D054457:Tissue Scaffolds

Bone scaffold
3D printing
Dielectrophoresis
Polylactic acid
Cell patterning


Arterio-venous anastomoses in isolated, perfused rat lungs.

Abstract: Several studies have suggested that large-diameter (>25 μm) arterio-venous shunt pathways exist in the lungs of rats, dogs, and humans. We investigated the nature of these pathways by infusing specific-diameter fluorescent latex particles (4, 7, 15, 30, or 50 μm) into isolated, ventilated rat lungs perfused at constant pressure. All lungs received the same mass of latex (5 mg), which resulted in infused particle numbers that ranged from 1.7 × 107 4 μm particles to 7.5 × 104 50 μm particles. Particles were infused over 2 min. We used a flow cytometer to count particle appearances in venous effluent samples collected every 0.5 min for 12 min from the start of particle infusion. Cumulative percentages of infused particles that appeared in the samples averaged 3.17 ± 2.46% for 4 μm diameter particles, but ranged from 0.01% to 0.17% for larger particles. Appearances of 4 μm particles followed a rapid upslope beginning at 30 sec followed by a more gradual downslope that lasted for up to 12 min. All other particle diameters also began to appear at 30 sec, but followed highly irregular time courses. Infusion of 7 and 15 μm particles caused transient but significant perfusate flow reductions, while infusion of all other diameters caused insignificant reductions in flow. We conclude that small numbers of bypass vessels exist that can accommodate particle diameters of 7-to-50 μm. We further conclude that our 4 μm particle data are consistent with a well-developed network of serial and parallel perfusion pathways at the acinar level.

Conhaim|Robert L|RL|
Segal|Gilad S|GS|
Watson|Kal E|KE|

Alveolar capillary
arterio‐venous anastomoses
pulmonary circulation
pulmonary microcirculation
sheet flow


Maturogenesis of an Early Erupted Immature Permanent Tooth: A Case Report With 7-Year Follow-Up.

Abstract: The main objective of treatment of an undeveloped tooth (immature) is to provide vital pulp therapy to allow continued development of root dentin. A case report is presented that demonstrates the use of calcium hydroxide (CaOH₂) as an indirect pulp-copping material for the purpose of continued maturogenesis of an early-erupted permanent tooth with severe mobility and almost-begun root formation. Seven-year radiographic and clinical follow-up demonstrated a vital pulp and physiologic root development without any endodontic failure clinically or radiographicaly.

Atabek|D|D| Sillelioğlu|H|H| Çinar|Ç|Ç| Ölmez|A|A|

D057872:Pulp Capping and Pulpectomy Agents

Maturogenesis
early eruption
pulp-capping


The effects of stimulus symmetry on hierarchical processing in infancy.

Abstract: The current study investigated the effects of stimulus symmetry on the processing of global and local stimulus properties by 6-month-old short- and long-looking infants through the use of event-related potentials (ERPs). Previous research has shown that individual differences in infant visual attention are related to hierarchical stimulus processing, such that short lookers show a global processing bias, while long lookers demonstrate a local processing bias (Guy, Reynolds, & Zhang, 2013). Additional research has shown that in comparison with asymmetry, symmetry is associated with more efficient stimulus processing and more accurate memory for stimulus configuration (Attneave, 1955; Perkins, 1932). In the current study, we utilized symmetric and asymmetric hierarchical stimuli and predicted that the presence of asymmetry would direct infant attention to the local features of stimuli, leading short lookers to regress to a local processing strategy. Results of the ERP analysis showed that infants familiarized with a symmetric stimulus showed evidence of global processing, while infants familiarized with an asymmetric stimulus did not demonstrate evidence of processing at the global or local level. These findings indicate that short- and long-looking infants, who might otherwise fail to process global stimulus properties due to limited visual scanning, may succeed at global processing when exposed to symmetric stimuli. Furthermore, stimulus symmetry may recruit selective attention toward global properties of visual stimuli, facilitating higher-level cognitive processing in infancy.

Guy|Maggie W|MW|
Reynolds|Greg D|GD|
Mosteller|Sara M|SM|
Dixon|Kate C|KC|

symmetry
hierarchical processing
infancy
event-related potentials
individual differences


⁹⁹mTc-RBC Scintigraphy for diagnosis of intestinal stromal tumor hemorrhage: a case report.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare and our understanding of the natural history and optimal treatment of GISTs are continually evolving. They are characterized by a remarkable cellular variability and their malignant potential is sometimes difficult to predict.

CASE PRESENTATION
We report the case of intestinal stromal tumor in a 44 years old patient with a long history of anemia and recurrent hemafecia. By using (99m)Tc-labeled red blood cell ((99m)Tc-RBC) scintigraphy, extensive tracer accumulation in the jejunum was detected. Immunohistochemically, the tumor strongly expresses the KIT (CD117) protein. The intestinal tumor was successfully resected with a postoperative favorable outcome.

CONCLUSION
(99m)Tc-RBC scintigraphy is an established technique for the identification and localization of gastrointestinal bleeding. Abdominal scintigraphy appears to be a valuable supplement to conventional diagnostic methods for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor hemorrhage.

scintigraphy
gastrointestinal stromal tumors
abdominal
99mTc-RBC


Why expectations do or do not change after expectation violation: A comparison of seven models.

Abstract: Individuals are often confronted with events that violate their expectations, but disconfirming evidence does not always lead to expectation change. We review seven theoretical models on how individuals cope with disconfirming expectations: associative learning theories, the ViolEx Model, the model of coping with expectation disconfirmation (Roese & Sherman, 2007), the Meaning Maintenance Model, the Predictive Processing Framework, Expectancy Violations Theory, and the Expectation-Disconfirmation Model of consumer satisfaction. We focus on the proposed processes that relate to persistence or change of expectations. We discuss similarities and differences between the models. Three core coping processes are identified across most of these models - minimization of the importance of expectation-disconfirming evidence, search for/production of future expectation-confirming evidence, and expectation change. Suggestions for refinements and extensions of the models as well as for future empirical work on model testing are drawn.

Pinquart|Martin|M|
Endres|Dominik|D|
Teige-Mocigemba|Sarah|S|
Panitz|Christian|C|
Schütz|Alexander C|AC|

Expectation violation
Model
Coping
Expectation disconfirmation
Prediction error


The hydraulic architecture of an arborescent monocot: ontogeny-related adjustments in vessel size and leaf area compensate for increased resistance.

Abstract: Bamboos are arborescent monocotyledons that have no secondary growth, but can continually produce conduits with diameters appropriate to the current size of the plant. Here, we studied bamboo hydraulic architecture to address the mechanisms involved in compensating for the increase in hydraulic resistance during ontogeny. We measured the hydraulic weighted vessel diameters (Dh ) at different distances from the apex along the stem of Bambusa textilis. The hydraulic resistance of different components and individuals of different heights were quantified using the high-pressure flowmeter method. The Dh showed tip-to-base widening with a scaling exponent in the range of those reported for trees. Although theoretical hydraulic conductivity decreased from base-to-tip, leaf-specific conductivity did not change. Leaves contributed the most to the whole-shoot hydraulic resistance, followed by the leaf-bearing branches. Roots contributed c. 13% to whole-plant resistance. Interestingly, taller individuals showed lower whole-shoot resistance owing to an increased number of resistances in parallel (side-branches), while leaf-specific resistance was independent of plant size. Tip-to-base vessel widening and height-independent constant leaf-specific conductance could be mechanisms for hydraulic optimization in B. textilis. Similar patterns have also been found in woody plants with secondary growth, but this bamboo exhibits them without secondary growth.

hydraulic architecture
arborescent monocots
hydraulic resistance
Bambusa textilis
vessel widening


Glial Cell Expansion Coincides with Neural Circuit Formation in the Developing Auditory Brainstem.

Abstract: Neural circuit formation involves maturation of neuronal, glial and vascular cells, as well as cell proliferation and cell death. A fundamental understanding of cellular mechanisms is enhanced by quantification of cell types during key events in synapse formation and pruning and possessing qualified genetic tools for cell type-specific manipulation. Acquiring this information in turn requires validated cell markers and genetic tools. We quantified changing proportions of neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) during neural circuit development. Cell type-specific markers, light microscopy and 3D virtual reality software, the latter developed in our laboratory, were used to count cells within distinct cell populations at postnatal days (P)3 and P6, bracketing the period of nerve terminal growth and pruning in this system. These data revealed a change from roughly equal numbers of neurons and glia at P3 to a 1.5:1 ratio of glia to neurons at P6. PCNA and PH3 labeling revealed that proliferation of oligodendrocytes contributed to the increase in glial cell number during this timeframe. We next evaluated Cre driver lines for selectivity in labeling cell populations. En1-Cre was specific for MNTB neurons. PDGFRα-Cre and Aldh1L1-Cre, thought to be mostly specific for oligodendrocyte lineage cells and astrocytes, respectively, both labeled significant numbers of neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes and are non-specific genetic tools in this neural system.

neuron astrocyte oligodendrocyte microglia gliogenesis


Adsorption of platinum ion from "aged" aqueous solution: application and comparative study between purified MWCNTs and triphenylphosphine MWCNTs.

Abstract: This study entails adsorption attempt of platinum ion from "aged" aqueous solution with purified multiwalled carbon nanotubes and tryphenylphosphine-linked multiwalled carbon nanotubes (1) and (2) (Tpp-MWCNTs (1) and Tpp-MWCNTs (2)). The aims were to produce and use purified MWCNTs, Tpp-MWCNTs (1) and (2) and compare their adsorption capacity. These adsorbents were characterised with SEM, FTIR, XPS, BET and zeta potential. Tpp-MWCNTs (1) and (2) differ by their atomic percentage content of phosphorus which is 0.7 and 2.6%, respectively. A commercial stock solution (1000 mg/L) of platinum was used for the batch adsorption experiments. The data revealed that the adsorption was dependent on the following parameters: pH, contact time and initial concentration. The adsorbents attained higher adsorption capacity at pH 2 with an initial concentration of 7.9 mg/L, adsorbent dose of 0.8 g/L, contact time of 60 min at room temperature (RT), whereas 48.25, 40.06 and 41.31 mg/g were adsorbed from 20 mg/L by purified MWCNTs, Tpp-MWCNTs (1) and (2), respectively. The results are quite interesting and show that purified MWCNTs are better than Tpp-MWCNTs under the experimental conditions. The data was best described by the Langmuir model and the adsorption process occurs on the surface monolayer of the adsorbents. The isotherm studies confirmed that the adsorption of platinum ion is favourable. The findings indicate that the practical adsorption of platinum ion using the adsorbents investigated is useful.

D000327:Adsorption
D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
D007700:Kinetics
D008962:Models, Theoretical
D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon
D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds
D010984:Platinum
D012996:Solutions
D013499:Surface Properties
D013997:Time Factors
D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
D018508:Water Purification

Adsorption
Platinum ion
Purified MWCNTs
Triphenylphosphine MWCNTs
Langmuir model
Aged aqueous solution


A multilayered representation, quantum mechanical and molecular mechanics study of the CH3 F + OH(-) reaction in water.

Abstract: The bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN 2) reaction of CH3 F + OH(-) in aqueous solution was investigated using a combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanics approach. Reactant complex, transition state, and product complex along the reaction pathway were analyzed in water. The potentials of mean force were calculated using a multilayered representation with the DFT and CCSD(T) level of theory for the reactive region. The obtained free energy activation barrier for this reaction at the CCSD(T)/MM representation is 18.3 kcal/mol which agrees well with the experimental value at ∼21.6 kcal/mol. Both the solvation effect and solute polarization effect play key roles on raising the activation barrier height in aqueous solution, with the former raising the barrier height by 3.1 kcal/mol, the latter 1.5 kcal/mol.

nucleophile
aqueous solution
reaction pathway
barrier height
SN2 reaction
potential mean force
quantum mechanical/molecular mechanics


Binding sites of chlorpheniramine on 1:1 layered kaolinite from aqueous solution.

Abstract: Interactions between chlorpheniramine (CP), an antihistamine drug used to treat allergy, and kaolinite in aqueous solution were investigated under batch studies and molecular simulations. The CP adsorption was relatively fast with a large rate constant. The CP adsorption capacity on kaolinite was 25 mmol/kg, about the same magnitude of the cation exchange capacity of kaolinite. Molecular dynamic simulation showed that the edges of kaolinite were responsible for the uptake of CP, while a net repulsive interaction between the basal plane and CP molecules was obtained. As the broken bond effect of kaolinite was strongly affected by solution pH via protonation-deprotonation of kaolinite edges, a higher CP adsorption was achieved under neutral to weak alkaline solution. It was the charge density, rather than the surface area, that ultimately controlled the amount of CP adsorption on kaolinite.

Lv|Guocheng|G| Wu|Limei|L| Li|Zhaohui|Z| Liao|Libing|L| Liu|Meitang|M|

Chlorpheniramine
Kaolinite
Adsorption
Solution pH
Charge density
Edge surfaces


The equine endometrial cup reaction: a fetomaternal signal of significance.

Abstract: A remarkable feature of equine pregnancy is the development of the invasive trophoblast of the chorionic girdle and its formation of the gonadotrophin-secreting endometrial cup cells in early gestation. The details of this process have been revealed only slowly over the past century, since the first description of the endometrial cups in 1912. This centennial presents an opportunity to review the characteristics of the cells and molecules involved in this early, critical phase of placentation in the mare. The invasiveness of the chorionic girdle trophoblast appears to represent an atavistic attribute more commonly associated with the hemochorial placentae of primates and rodents but not with the more recently derived epitheliochorial placentae of the odd-toed ungulates. The nature of and raison d'être for the strong fetal signals transmitted to the mare by the endometrial cup reaction, and her responses to these messages, are the subject of the present review.

Antczak|D F|DF|
de Mestre|Amanda M|AM|
Wilsher|Sandra|S|
Allen|W R|WR|

pregnancy development trophoblast placenta horse immunology


The Effect of Resveratrol on the Cardiovascular System from Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Results.

Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death worldwide. The cardioprotective effects of natural polyphenols such as resveratrol (3,5,4-trihydroxystilbene) have been extensively investigated throughout recent decades. Many studies of RES have focused on its favorable effects on pathological conditions related to cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors. The aim of this review was to summarize the wide beneficial effects of resveratrol on the cardiovascular system, including signal transduction pathways of cell longevity, energy metabolism of cardiomyocytes or cardiac remodeling, and its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In addition, this paper discusses the significant preclinical and human clinical trials of recent years with resveratrol on cardiovascular system. Finally, we present a short overview of antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties and possible future perspectives on RES against COVID-19 in cardiovascular diseases.

resveratrol
cardiovascular diseases
heart failure
inflammation
oxidative stress


Grit is associated with decreased mental health help-seeking among student veterans.

Abstract: To examine the role of grit as a mediator of the relationship between student-veteran status and not seeking mental health help. Participants: A diverse and nationally representative sample of students (8,203 women, 4,934 men) from 18 U.S. colleges and universities included in the Understanding Student Distress and Academic Success study was used. Method: Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling to assess associations between military service, grit, and help seeking. Results: Military service was positively associated with both facets of grit: consistency of interests (CI) and perseverance of effort (PE). CI, but not PE, mediated the relationship between military service and never having sought mental health help. Conclusions: These results suggest that grit mediates the relationship between military service and not seeking mental health help. Interventions for student-veterans that emphasize the utility of mental health treatment may be useful to diminish the negative influence of grit on help-seeking.

Grit
mental health
help-seeking
veterans


Self-Reported Physical Activity is Associated with Tau Burden Measured by Positron Emission Tomography.

Abstract: Numerous animal studies have reported exercise reduces the accumulation of Alzheimer's disease pathology, including amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau. Furthermore, we previously reported a relationship between higher levels of physical activity (PA) and lower brain Aβ burden in a human population. The recent advent of tau positron emission tomography (PET) tracers enables us to extend our investigations into the evaluation of the relationship between PA and brain tau burden. Utilizing data from the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) study, we have examined the cross-sectional relationship between habitual PA and PET-quantified tau burden. Forty-three cognitively healthy older adults were categorized into low-moderate PA (LMPA; n = 16) or high PA (HPA; n = 27), based on self-reported PA levels. Tau PET imaging with the AV1451 tracer was conducted on all participants. The LMPA group had significantly higher neocortical tau burden (presented as a z-score; 1.22±1.98), compared to the HPA group (z-score: - 0.28±1.18). The difference between the LMPA and HPA groups was also evident when examining regional tau burden in the temporoparietal cortex and the prefrontal cortex. Our results suggest an association between self-reported PA level and brain tau burden. Future longitudinal and interventional studies utilizing larger samples sizes are vital to further investigate the nature of the relationship between tau and PA.

Brown|Belinda M|BM|
Rainey-Smith|Stephanie R|SR|
Dore|Vincent|V|
Peiffer|Jeremiah J|JJ|
Burnham|Samantha C|SC|
Laws|Simon M|SM|
Taddei|Kevin|K|
Ames|David|D|
Masters|Colin L|CL|
Rowe|Christopher C|CC|
Martins|Ralph N|RN|
Villemagne|Victor L|VL|

physical activity
tau
positron emission tomography
Alzheimer’s disease


The role of religious beliefs and collective narcissism in interreligious contact on university students.

Abstract: The rise of exclusive puritanism movements challenges several communities to live in peaceful coexistence. This research aimed to observe the level of interreligious contact among university students. This was a threefold study. The first part was an initial inquiry to construct an interreligious contact scale. The second sought to see the inferential association between interreligious contact, belief in religious teachings (i.e. religious fundamentalism, kindly religious belief, and meta-religion endorsement), and collective narcissism. The third part was to investigate differences in those variables between students who joined student political organizations with religion-based ideology and those who did not. There were 381 respondents from various religious backgrounds (e.g. Muslim, Christian, and other) participating in this research. The result of the exploratory factor analysis indicated a unidimensionality of the interreligious contact scale. Regression analysis found that religious fundamentalism and collective narcissism made individuals less likely to exhibit interreligious contact. However, kindly religious belief and meta-religion endorsement encouraged interreligious contact. In addition, an independent sample t-test suggested that there was a difference in the inclusivism level between religion-based student organization members and non-members. Members of such organization tended to exhibit a lower level of interreligious contact, while their level of religious fundamentalism and collective narcissism were higher compared to their non-member counterparts.

Belief Contact Coexistence Ideology Openness Psychology Religion


European Union citizens' views on development assistance for developing countries, during the recent migrant crisis in Europe.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Development assistance from governments of high income countries represents the vast majority of international funding for global health. Recent stagnation of this important source of funding may affect attainment of major global health goals. The financial crisis is widely accredited as denting governments' outlay for development aid, as well as citizen's support for aid. Europe has also recently experienced record levels of migration; the so called 'European migration crisis'. This study aims to analyse trends in public attitudes towards development aid in European Union (EU) countries, in the context of the European migrant crisis.

METHODS
Eurobarometer survey data from 2011 (prior to the migrant crisis) and 2015 (at the peak of the crisis) was analysed for 27 EU countries. The outcome variables related to people's levels of support to three statements around the importance of supporting people in developing countries, increasing countries' commitments to aid and willingness to pay extra for products from developing countries. EU Member States were categorised as 'arrival' or 'destination' countries in view of migration routes and numbers of asylum applications per 100,000 population, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed, adjusting for countries' economic status (gross domestic product per capita).

RESULTS
In general, support for development aid has increased from 2011 to 2015, but was largely unaffected by migration status when applying the regression model. In 2015, the belief that development assistance is 'very important' was significantly higher in countries where migrants first arrived compared to other EU Member States, with a trend towards this association also apparent in 2011.

CONCLUSIONS
The positive trends in public support for development aid are encouraging in an age where economic hardships at home, as well as the tone of national political discourses and rising right wing populism appear to suggest otherwise.

D003906:Developing Countries
D005060:Europe
D005062:European Union
D014943:Global Health
D006801:Humans
D007391:International Cooperation
D011639:Public Opinion
D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
D014171:Transients and Migrants

Development aid
Migration
Cross-sectional survey
Public opinion


A Self-Powered, Threshold-Based Wireless Sensor for the Detection of Floor Vibrations.

Abstract: Smart buildings will soon be a reality due to innovative Internet of Things (IoT) applications. IoT applications can be employed not only for energy management in a building, but also for solving emerging social issues, such as inter-floor noise-related disputes in apartments and the solitary death of an elderly person. For example, acceleration sensors can be used to detect abnormal floor vibrations, such as large vibrations due to jumping children or unusual vibrations in a house where an elderly person is living alone. However, the installation of a conventional accelerometer can be restricted because of the sense of privacy invasion. In this study, a self-powered wireless sensor using a threshold-based method is studied for the detection of floor vibrations. Vibration levels of a bare slab in a testbed are first measured when a slab is impacted by a bang machine and an impact ball. Second, a piezoelectric energy harvester using slab vibration is manufactured to generate electrical power over a threshold. Next, the correlation among harvested energy, floor vibration, and impact noise is studied to check whether harvested energy can be employed as a condition detection threshold. Finally, a prototype of a self-powered wireless sensor to detect abnormal conditions in floor vibrations is developed and its applicability is demonstrated.

Jung|Byung C|BC|
Huh|Young Cheol|YC|
Park|Jin-Woo|JW|

detection of floor vibration
smart building
piezoelectric energy harvester
vibration-based energy harvester


Prognostic significance of preoperative haemoglobin A1c level in patients with lung adenocarcinoma.

Abstract:
OBJECTIVES
We investigated the influence of the preoperative haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) value on the prognosis and pathology of patients with lung adenocarcinoma who underwent surgery.

METHODS
We reviewed the medical records of 400 lung adenocarcinoma patients who underwent lobectomy with mediastinal lymph node dissection between 2009 and 2013 using a prospectively maintained database. We stratified 400 patients into 4 groups according to the preoperative HbA1c value as follows: HbA1c ≤ 5.9 (n = 296), 6.0 ≤ HbA1c ≤ 6.9 (n = 70), 7.0 ≤ HbA1c ≤ 7.9 (n = 21) and HbA1c ≥ 8.0 (n = 12). We compared the recurrence-free survival and overall survival (OS) among these 4 groups. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the risk factors for recurrence.

RESULTS
The median follow-up period was 61.2 months. On comparing the recurrence-free survival and OS rates among these 4 groups, we found that these rates among patients in the HbA1c ≥ 8.0 group were significantly poorer compared with the other 3 groups (5-year recurrence-free survival: HbA1c ≤ 5.9, 70.4%; 6.0 ≤ HbA1c ≤ 6.9, 69.7%; 7.0 ≤ HbA1c ≤ 7.9, 70.7%; ≥8.0 HbA1c, 18.8%; P = 0.002; and 5-year OS: HbA1c ≤ 5.9, 88.7%; 6.0 ≤ HbA1c ≤ 6.9, 80.6%; 7.0 ≤ HbA1c ≤ 7.9, 90.2%; ≥8.0 HbA1c, 66.7%; P = 0.046). Patients in the HbA1c ≥ 8.0 group had significantly more tumours with vascular invasion (P = 0.041) and experienced distant metastasis significantly more often (P = 0.028) than those with other values. A multivariate analysis revealed that preoperative HbA1c ≥ 8.0 [hazard ratio (HR) 2.33; P = 0.026] and lymph node metastasis (HR 3.94; P < 0.001) were significant independent prognostic factors for recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results revealed that preoperative HbA1c ≥ 8.0 is associated to poor prognosis due to the occurrence of distant metastasis and we should carefully follow these patients after surgery.

CLINICAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
Hyogo Cancer Center, G-57.

D000077192:Adenocarcinoma of Lung
D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin A
D006801:Humans
D008175:Lung Neoplasms
D009367:Neoplasm Staging
D011379:Prognosis


Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Etoricoxib Facilitates the Application of Individualized Exercise Programs in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis.

Abstract: Background and objectives: The main objective of this study is to highlight the efficiency of different therapeutic means in patients with ankylosing spondylitis, resulting in the improvement of their quality of life. Materials and Methods: We conducted a randomized, longitudinal, controlled trial on 92 patients with ankylosing spondylitis over a period of 6 years. Disease activity was assessed using the BASDAI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index) score. The assessment of functional disabilities was performed using BASFI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index). We assessed the quality of life using the HAQ questionnaire (Health Assessment Questionnaire). Based on the HAQ, we calculated the minimum number of patients to be treated for 52 weeks to prevent a decrease in the quality of life for at least one of them (the number needed to treat (NNT)). Results: For the combination therapy group, the result we obtained was 2, lower than the other therapies compared (the medication group and the group with physical exercise). We point out a correlation between the improvement of the functional status (BASFI) and the increase of the quality of life (HAQ), estimated as moderately high (0.8). The superiority of the effects of the combined treatment, in which we combined a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (etoricoxib) to the exercise program, is reflected by the model of the significant improvements (p < 0.05) obtained for the functional status and quality of life scores (BASFI and HAQ). Conclusions: The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, in our case, etoricoxib, facilitate the application of individualized exercise programs in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.

Marcu|Iulia Rahela|IR|
Dop|Dalia|D|
Padureanu|Vlad|V|0000-0001-7398-5689
Niculescu|Stefan Adrian|SA|
Padureanu|Rodica|R|0000-0002-3095-736X
Niculescu|Carmen Elena|CE|
Rogoveanu|Otilia Constantina|OC|

ankylosing spondylitis
quality of life
physical exercise
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs


Effect of sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin and propylene glycol alginate on the solubility of clozapine.

Abstract: Clozapine (CLZ) is an atypical antipsychotic medication used in the treatment of schizophrenia and is poorly soluble in water (0.05 mM). In this study, we have investigated the effect of β-cyclodextrin (CD) and its derivatives on the solubility of CLZ. The solubility of the CLZ was measured to generate a phase solubility diagram, and the interaction between CLZ and sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) in aqueous solution was observed by 1H- and 2D rotating-frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (ROESY)-NMR methods. Moreover, the synergistic effect of SBE-β-CD and water-soluble polymers, including polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium alginate, and propylene glycol alginate (PGA), on the solubility of CLZ was investigated. The results show that the solubility of CLZ with 1 w/v% PGA was 7.6 mM, which was almost four times greater than that of CLZ without PGA in a 15 mM SBE-β-CD solution. In contrast, the solubility of CLZ with 1 w/v % PGA in an aqueous solution decreased by one-third relative to that of CLZ in a 15 mM SBE-β-CD solution. 2D ROESY-NMR indicated that a CLZ/SBE-β-CD/PGA ternary complex formed. It was found that the combination of PGA and SBE-β-CD enhanced the solubility of CLZ.

propylene glycol alginate
solubility
Clozapine
ternary complex
NMR spectrum
cyclodextrins


Effectiveness and Safety of Tourniquet Application Strategies in Total Knee Arthroplasty: a Meta-analysis.

Abstract:
Background
We conducted the present meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness and safety of long-duration tourniquet and short-duration tourniquet for patients with total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Methods
Published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified from the following electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library from inception to January 1, 2021. Studies comparing long-duration tourniquet and short-duration tourniquet in total knee arthroplasty were included. Either a random-effects model or a fixed-effects model was used for meta-analysis depending on the heterogeneity. Statistical analysis was assessed using RevMan 5.3 software.

Results
A total of 8 RCTs with a total of 484 patients were eligible and ultimately included in the meta-analysis. Compared with patients in the long-duration tourniquet, those in the short-duration tourniquet were significantly correlated with postoperative drainage volume (WMD = -71.85, 95% CI - 76.52 to - 67.17, P = 0.31), but an increased risk of total blood loss (WMD = 68.13, 95% CI 5.15-131.12, P = 0.03) and intraoperative blood loss (WMD = 137.13, 95% CI 69.06-205.20, P < 0.00001). Two groups showed no significant difference in operation time, visual analogue scale score of knee in early, transfusion rate and incidence of deep venous thrombosis.

Conclusions
Our meta-analysis suggested that the short-duration tourniquet in TKA significantly decreased the postoperative drainage volume, increased the total blood loss and intraoperative blood loss. However, it did not marked decrease the occurrence of transfusion rate. Although the incidence of deep venous thrombosis was reduced in some study, it was not statistically significant. Additional high quality RCTs are needed to identify the hypothesis. Therefore, we recommend prolonged use of tourniquets during TKA surgery.

He|Yi-Xiang|YX| Qiao|Wan-Jia|WJ| Zhao|Yu-Hao|YH| Gao|Zhao|Z| Wang|Wen-Ji|WJ|

Tourniquet
Total knee arthroplasty
Meta-analysis
Joint arthroplasty


Intraoperative Resting-State Functional Connectivity Based on RGB Imaging.

Abstract: RGB optical imaging is a marker-free, contactless, and non-invasive technique that is able to monitor hemodynamic brain response following neuronal activation using task-based and resting-state procedures. Magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and functional near infra-red spectroscopy (fNIRS) resting-state procedures cannot be used intraoperatively but RGB imaging provides an ideal solution to identify resting-state networks during a neurosurgical operation. We applied resting-state methodologies to intraoperative RGB imaging and evaluated their ability to identify resting-state networks. We adapted two resting-state methodologies from fMRI for the identification of resting-state networks using intraoperative RGB imaging. Measurements were performed in 3 patients who underwent resection of lesions adjacent to motor sites. The resting-state networks were compared to the identifications provided by RGB task-based imaging and electrical brain stimulation. Intraoperative RGB resting-state networks corresponded to RGB task-based imaging (DICE:0.55±0.29). Resting state procedures showed a strong correspondence between them (DICE:0.66±0.11) and with electrical brain stimulation. RGB imaging is a relevant technique for intraoperative resting-state networks identification. Intraoperative resting-state imaging has several advantages compared to functional task-based analyses: data acquisition is shorter, less complex, and less demanding for the patients, especially for those unable to perform the tasks.

resting-state
functional connectivity
RGB imaging
optical imaging
intraoperative imaging


Comparison of the thermal stabilization of proteins by oligosaccharides and monosaccharide mixtures: Measurement and analysis in the context of excluded volume theory.

Abstract: The thermal stability of apo α-lactalbumin (α-LA) and lysozyme was measured in the presence of mixtures of glucose, fructose, and galactose. Mixtures of these monosaccharides in the appropriate stoichiometric ratio were found to have a greater stabilizing effect on each of the two proteins than equal weight/volume concentrations of di- tri- and tetrasaccharides with identical subunit composition (sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, and stachyose). The excluded volume model for the effect of a single saccharide on the stability of a protein previously proposed by Beg et al. [Biochemistry 54 (2015) 3594] was extended to treat the case of saccharide mixtures. The extended model predicts quantitatively the stabilizing effect of all monosaccharide mixtures on α-LA and lysozyme reported here, as well as previously published results obtained for ribonuclease A [Biophys. Chem. 138 (2008) 120] to within experimental uncertainty.

Beg|Ilyas|I|
Minton|Allen P|AP|
Islam|Asimul|A|
Hassan|Md Imtaiyaz|MI|
Ahmad|Faizan|F|

Oligosaccharides
Monosaccharides
Degree of stabilization
Excluded volume effect
Osmolytes


New Insight into the Working Mechanism of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries under a Wide Temperature Range.

Abstract: Sweet potato-derived carbon with a unique solid core/porous layer core/shell structure is used as a conductive substrate for gradually immobilizing sulfur to construct a cathode for Li-S batteries. The first discharge specific capacity of the Li-S batteries with the C-10K@2S composite cathode at 0.1C is around 1645 mAh g-1, which is very close to the theoretical specific capacity of active sulfur. Especially, after 175 cycles at 0.5C, the maintained specific discharge capacities of the C-10K@2S cathode at -20, 0, 25, and 40 °C are about 184.9, 687.2, 795.5, and 758.3 mAh g-1, respectively, and the cathode is superior to most of the classical carbon form matrices. Working mechanisms of the cathodes under different temperatures are confirmed based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterizations. Distinctively, during the discharge stage, the widely proposed two-step cathodic reactions occur simultaneously rather than sequentially. In addition, the largely accelerated phase conversion efficiency of the cathode at a higher temperature (from room temperature to 40 °C) contributes to its enhanced charge/discharge specific capacity, while the byproduct Li2S2O7 or Li3N irreversibly formed during the cycles limits its application performance at 0 °C. These conclusions would be very significant and useful for designing cathodes for Li-S batteries with excellent wide working temperature performance.

XPS spectroscopy
graphitic structure
in situ XRD
sweet potato starch-derived carbon
wide-temperature working mechanisms


Nanoemulsion gel-based topical delivery of an antifungal drug: in vitro activity and in vivo evaluation.

Abstract:
OBJECTIVE
In this study, attempt has been focused to prepare a nanoemulsion (NE) gel for topical delivery of amphotericin B (AmB) for enhanced as well as sustained skin permeation, in vitro antifungal activity and in vivo toxicity assessment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A series of NE were prepared using sefsol-218 oil, Tween 80 and Transcutol-P by slow spontaneous titration method. Carbopol gel (0.5% w/w) was prepared containing 0.1% w/w AmB. Furthermore, NE gel (AmB-NE gel) was characterized for size, charge, pH, rheological behavior, drug release profile, skin permeability, hemolytic studies and ex vivo rat skin interaction with rat skin using differential scanning calorimeter. The drug permeability and skin irritation ability were examined with confocal laser scanning microscopy and Draize test, respectively. The in vitro antifungal activity was investigated against three fungal strains using the well agar diffusion method. Histopathological assessment was performed in rats to investigate their toxicological potential.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The AmB-NE gel (18.09 ± 0.6 µg/cm(2)/h) and NE (15.74 ± 0.4 µg/cm(2)/h) demonstrated the highest skin percutaneous permeation flux rate as compared to drug solution (4.59 ± 0.01 µg/cm(2)/h) suggesting better alternative to painful and nephrotoxic intravenous administration. Hemolytic and histopathological results revealed safe delivery of the drug. Based on combined results, NE and AmB-NE gel could be considered as an efficient, stable and safe carrier for enhanced and sustained topical delivery for AmB in local skin fungal infection.

CONCLUSION
Topical delivery of AmB is suitable delivery system in NE gel carrier for skin fungal infection.

Hussain|Afzal|A|
Samad|Abdus|A|
Singh|S K|SK|
Ahsan|M N|MN|
Haque|M W|MW|
Faruk|A|A|
Ahmed|F J|FJ|

D052978:Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests

nanoemulsion
topical delivery
gel
Amphotericin B
nephrotoxicity


Balancing between the two: Are freezing of gait and postural instability in Parkinson's disease connected?

Abstract: Postural instability and freezing of gait (FoG) are key features of Parkinson's disease (PD) closely related to falls. Growing evidence suggests that co-existing postural deficits could influence the occurrence and severity of FoG. To date, the exact nature of this interrelationship remains largely unknown. We analyzed the complex interaction between postural instability and gait disturbance by comparing the findings available in the posturographic literature between patients with and without FoG. Results showed that FoG and postural instability are intertwined, can influence each other behaviorally and may coincide neurologically. The most common FoG-related postural deficits included weight-shifting impairments, and inadequate scaling and timing of postural responses most apparent at forthcoming postural changes under time constraints. Most likely, a negative cycle of combined and more severe postural deficits in people with FoG will enhance postural stability breakdown. As such, the wide brain network deficiencies involved in FoG may also concurrently influence postural stability. Future work needs to examine whether training interventions targeting both symptoms will have extra clinical benefits on fall frequency.

Bekkers|E M J|EMJ|
Dijkstra|B W|BW|
Heremans|E|E|
Verschueren|S M P|SMP|
Bloem|B R|BR|
Nieuwboer|A|A|

Freezing of gait
Parkinson’s disease
Postural control
Posturography


Evaluation and implementation of commercial antibodies for improved nanoparticle-based immunomagnetic separation and real-time PCR for faster detection of Listeria monocytogenes.

Abstract: L. monocytogenes continues to be a major health issue in Europe, as well as worldwide. Faster methods, not only for detection, but also for sample preparation are of great interest particularly for this slow-growing pathogen. Immunomagnetic separation has been previously reported to be an effective way to concentrate bacteria, and remove inhibitors. In the present study, different commercial antibodies were evaluated to select the most appropriate one, in order to develop a highly specific method. Additionally, magnetic nanoparticles, instead of microparticles, were selected due to their reported advantages (higher surface-volume ration and faster kinetics). Finally, the separation protocol, with a calculated capture efficiency of 95%, was combined with real-time PCR for highly sensitive detection of the concentrated bacteria. The optimized IMS-qPCR allowed to reduce hands-on time in the sample treatment, without affecting the overall performance of the method as a very low limit of detection was still obtained (9.7 CFU/ 25 g) with values for sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values of 100%, resulting in a kappa index of concordance of 1.00. These results were obtained in spiked food samples of different types (chicken, fish, milk, hard and fresh cheese), further demonstrating the applicability of the optimized methodology presented.

Garrido-Maestu|Alejandro|A| Azinheiro|Sarah|S| Carvalho|Joana|J| Espiña|Begoña|B| Prado|Marta|M|

Listeria monocytogenes
Magnetic nanoparticles
IMS-qPCR
Rapid methods
hly


Re-osseointegration following reconstructive surgical therapy of experimental peri-implantitis. A pre-clinical in vivo study.

Abstract:
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effect of bone substitute materials on hard and soft tissue healing in reconstructive surgical therapy of experimental peri-implantitis at implants with different surface characteristics.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Six female, Labrador dogs were used. 3 months after tooth extraction, four implants with two different surface characteristics (A and B) were installed on each side of the mandible. Experimental peri-implantitis was induced 3 months later. During surgical treatment of peri-implantitis, the implants were cleaned with curettes and cotton pellets soaked in saline. The implant sites were allocated to one of four treatment categories; (a) Group C; no augmentation, (b) Group T1; bone defect filled with deproteinized bovine bone mineral (c) Group T2; bone defect filled with a biphasic bone graft material, (d) Group T3; bone defect filled as T1 and covered with a collagen membrane. Clinical and radiological examinations were performed, and biopsies were obtained and prepared for histological analysis 6 months after peri-implantitis surgery.

RESULTS
Implant B (smooth surface) sites showed significantly (a) larger radiographic bone level gain, (b) enhanced resolution of peri-implantitis lesions, and (c) larger frequency of re-osseointegration than implant A (moderately rough surface) sites. Implant B sites also showed superior preservation of the mucosal margin. Differences between bone substitute materials and control procedures were overall small with limited advantages for T1 and T2 sites.

CONCLUSION
Healing following reconstructive surgical treatment of experimental peri-implantitis was superior around implants with a smooth surface than implants with a moderately rough surface. Benefits of using bone substitute materials during surgical therapy were overall small.

bone substitute material
histology
radiograph
bone level
bone regeneration
implant surface


Tissue expression of Toll-like receptors 2, 3, 4 and 7 in swine in response to the Shimen strain of classical swine fever virus.

Abstract: The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) of the innate immune system provide the host with the ability to detect and respond to viral infections. The present study aimed to investigate the mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR2, 3, 4 and 7 in porcine tissues upon infection with the highly virulent Shimen strain of classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of CSFV and TLR, whereas western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of TLR proteins. In addition, tissues underwent histological examination and immunohistochemistry to reveal the histopathological alterations associated with highly virulent CSFV infection and to detect TLR antigens. Furthermore, porcine monocyte‑derived macrophages (pMDMs) were prestimulated with peptidoglycan from Staphylococcus aureus (PGN‑SA), polyinosinic‑polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)], lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli 055:B5 (LPS‑B5) or imiquimod (R837) in order to analyze the association between TLR expression and CSFV replication. Following stimulation for 12 h (with TLR‑specific ligands), cells were infected with CSFV Shimen strain. The results revealed that the expression levels of TLR2 and TLR4 were increased in the lung and kidney, but were decreased in the spleen and lymph nodes in response to CSFV. TLR3 was strongly expressed in the heart and slightly upregulated in the spleen in response to CSFV Shimen strain infection, and TLR7 was increased in all examined tissues in the presence of CSFV. Furthermore, R837 and LPS‑B5 exerted inhibitory effects on CSFV replication in pMDMs, whereas PGN‑SA and poly(I:C) had no significant effect. These findings highlight the potential role of TLR expression in the context of CSFV infection.

Cao|Zhi|Z| Zheng|Minping|M| Lv|Huifang|H| Guo|Kangkang|K| Zhang|Yanming|Y|

D000818:Animals
D002478:Cells, Cultured
D006691:Classical Swine Fever
D006692:Classical Swine Fever Virus
D012333:RNA, Messenger
D013552:Swine
D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2
D051196:Toll-Like Receptor 3
D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4
D051199:Toll-Like Receptor 7
D015854:Up-Regulation

classical  swine  fever  virus
Toll-like  receptors
tissue  expression
porcine monocyte-derived macrophages


Numerical study of heat generating γ Al  O  - H  O nanofluid inside a square cavity with multiple obstacles of different shapes.

Abstract: A numerical research on uniformly heat generating γ Al  O  -H  O nanofluid filled square cavity with multiple obstacles of different shapes is carried out. The cavity is assumed to be heated at bottom and cooled by vertical walls with linearly varying temperature. An adiabatic condition is assumed at the top of the cavity. Circular, square and triangular shaped obstacles are considered. The mathematical model has been solved using Galerkin finite element method. Results are presented for streamlines, isotherms, local and mean Nusselt numbers. Multiple rotating cells are observed in the streamlines. It is found that the local and mean Nusselt numbers increase with nanoparticle volume fraction and higher heat transfer is achieved in the cavity with triangular obstacles.

Ganesh|N Vishnu|NV|
Javed|Shumaila|S|
Al-Mdallal|Qasem M|QM|
Kalaivanan|R|R|
Chamkha|Ali J|AJ|

Nanofluids
Square cavity
Multiple obstacles
Internal heat generation


Methylphenidate Treatment of Cognitive Dysfunction in Adults After Mild to Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury: Rationale, Efficacy, and Neural Mechanisms.

Abstract: Positive effects of methylphenidate (MPH) on attention and cognitive processing speed have been reported in studies of patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Studies which have acquired functional brain imaging before and while using MPH have also found alteration of brain activation while performing a cognitive task; in some studies, this alteration of activation in selective brain regions was also related to improved performance on cognitive tests administered outside of the scanning environment. Enhanced cognitive performance has been reported after single doses of MPH and after daily treatment over durations of up to and exceeding 1 month. Preclinical research and both positron emission tomography and single photon emission tomography of humans have shown that MPH increases extracellular dopamine and norepinephrine; the dose effects of MPH have an inverted U-shaped function where high doses may cause insomnia, nervousness, and increased heart rate among other symptoms and impair cognitive performance, whereas too low a dose fails to improve cognitive performance. In the past 5 years, small clinical trials, and experimental pilot studies have found therapeutic effects of single and repeated low doses of MPH in patients with mild TBI who reported cognitive dysfunction. This literature also suggests that MPH may interact with concurrent cognitive interventions to enhance their effects. This focused review will critically evaluate the recent literature on MPH effects on cognitive dysfunction after mild to moderate TBI. To elucidate the neural mechanisms of MPH effects, this review will also include recent imaging research, preclinical, and experimental human studies.

Levin|Harvey|H|
Troyanskaya|Maya|M|
Petrie|JoAnn|J|
Wilde|Elisabeth A|EA|
Hunter|Jill V|JV|
Abildskov|Tracy J|TJ|
Scheibel|Randall S|RS|

methylphenidate
cognition
traumatic brain injury
imaging
dopamine
clinical trials


Corticosteroids and Anti-Complement Therapy in Retinal Diseases.

Abstract: Corticosteroids are unique in that they are the one class of agents that acts upon most of the multiple processes in the pathophysiology of macular edema. Corticosteroids are capable of inhibiting prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis as well as interfering with intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), interleukin-6, VEGF-A, and stromal cell derived factor-1 pathways. Triamcinolone, dexamethasone, and fluocinolone have been extensively used in the treatment of retinal and choroidal vascular diseases. Sustained release implants of steroids have reduced the burden of repeated intravitreal injections necessary in most of the retinal diseases. Complement factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Inhibitors of complement could provide a breakthrough in the treatment of dry AMD. Complement factor inhibitors, such as POT-4, lampalizumab, and eculizumab, have been tested in clinical trials for dry AMD with promising results. However, results of phase 3 trials are awaited.

Triamcinolone Dexamethasone Fluocinolone Steroids Complement Lampalizumab Eculizumab


Pre- to postexpedition changes in the energy usage of women undertaking sustained expeditionary polar travel.

Abstract: This paper reports the metabolic energy changes in six women who made the first unsupported traverse of Antarctica, covering a distance of 1,700 km in 61 days, hauling sledges weighing up to 80 kg. Pre- and postexpedition, measurements of energy expenditure and substrate utilization were made on all six members of the expedition over a 36-h period in a whole body calorimeter. During the study, subjects were fed an isocaloric diet: 50% carbohydrate, 35% fat, and 15% protein. The experimental protocol contained pre- and postexpedition measurement, including periods of sleep, rest, and three periods of standardized stepping exercise at 80, 100, and 120 steps/min. A median (interquartile range) decrease in the lean and fat weight of the subjects of 1.4 (1.0) and 4.4 (1.8) kg, respectively (P < 0.05) was found, using air-displacement plethysmography. No statistically significant difference was found between pre- and postexpedition values for sleeping or resting metabolic rate, nor for diet-induced thermogenesis. A statistically significant difference was found in energy expenditure between the pre- and postexpedition values for exercise at 100 [4.7 (0.23) vs. 4.4 (0.29), P < 0.05] and 120 [5.7 (0.46) vs. 5.5 (0.43), P < 0.05] steps/min; a difference that disappeared when the metabolic rate values were normalized to body weight. The group was well matched for the measures studied. Whereas a physiological change in weight was seen, the lack of change in metabolic rate measures supports a view that women appropriately nourished and well prepared can undertake polar expeditions with a minimal metabolic energy consequence. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study on the metabolic energy consequences for women undertaking expeditionary polar travel. The results show that participant selection gave a "well-matched" group, particularly during exercise. Notwithstanding this, individual differences were observed and explored. The results show that appropriately selected, trained, and nourished women can undertake such expeditions with no change in their metabolic energy requirements during rest or while undertaking moderate exercise over a sustained period of time.

Hattersley|John|J|
Wilson|Adrian J|AJ|
Gifford|Robert M|RM|
Cobb|Rin|R|
Thake|C Doug|CD|
Reynolds|Rebecca M|RM|
Woods|David R|DR|
Imray|Christopher H E|CHE|

change in energy expenditure and substrate utilization


Neonatal presentation of chromosome 9q33.2-q34.3 duplication.

Abstract: Partial terminal duplication of chromosome 9 is a rare anomaly that is known to be associated with specific dysmorphic features. While having common characteristics, these patients also have inconsistent phenotypic features. These inconsistent features may be attributed to the length and the region of the duplicated segment of chromosome 9. We discuss a case of an infant with similar physical features to those previously reported including dysmorphology of the craniofacial region, hands and feet. However we also describe findings of malrotation and renal anomalies. Microarray demonstrated duplication of 9q33.2-q34.3 with normal parental karyotyping. This is the first reported case of duplication of this specific region of chromosome 9q and the phenotypic presentation represents a new constellation of clinical findings.

Moody|Alexandra|A|
Athikarisamy|Sam E|SE|
Yeung|Alison|A|
Burgess|Trent|T|
Malhotra|Atul|A|

D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis

Malrotation
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
GH
Growth hormone
Hydronephrosis
IQ
Intelligence quotient
PUJ
Partial duplication 9q
Pelviureteric junction
UCSC
University of California, Santa Cruz
VCGS
Victorian Clinical Genetics Service


Preservation of cognitive function following whole brain radiotherapy in patients with brain metastases: Complications, treatments, and the emerging role of memantine.

Abstract: Whole brain radiotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for patients suffering from stage IV malignancies that have metastasized to the brain. Although this therapy is often effective at reducing tumor size and burden, it is associated with a spectrum of toxicities that often result in irreversible cognitive decline. Various drug and non-drug therapies have been evaluated to treat this neurotoxicity after whole brain radiotherapy is administered; however, currently available options have shown little benefit or come with side effects themselves that may outweigh the benefits of their use. For this reason, current investigations are focusing on preventing cognitive decline, rather than attempting to attenuate symptoms after they occur. Memantine has consistently shown promise in both in-vitro and in-vivo studies as a neuroprotective agent that may improve cognitive outcomes in patients undergoing whole brain radiotherapy. Memantine use prior to and during whole brain radiotherapy has been shown to significantly delay time to cognitive failure and reduce the rate of decline in memory, cognitive function, and processing speed. Its use has also been linked to significant decreases in brain edema, brain infarct size, and brain vasculature changes following whole brain radiotherapy. Memantine offers a promising safety profile with high tolerability and limited side effects. The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the target patient population, the neurotoxic effects of WBRT, current treatment options, and a summary of the available literature surrounding the use of memantine in this setting.

cognition
cognitive function
Brain metastases
memantine
whole brain radiation


Classification of facial vitiligo: A cluster analysis of 473 patients.

Abstract: Vitiligo has a substantial negative impact on quality of life in affected patients, especially those with the involvement of the face. However, the current system can barely distinguish between specific patterns of facial involvement except for the segmental type when focusing only on facial lesions. We classified facial vitiligo into three distinct subtypes using cluster analysis based on facial topography (n = 473): centrofacial vitiligo (72.9%), panfacial vitiligo (18.0%), and hairline vitiligo (9.1%). Centrofacial vitiligo was the most common type and is thought to comprise the typical facial involvement of generalized vitiligo. Panfacial vitiligo was a distinct subtype with onset in old age and less involvement of other body parts. Hairline vitiligo was another distinct subtype with onset in old age and a poor response to conventional phototherapy. A relevant classification system could help us to explore the causes, anticipate the prognosis, and manage the condition in patients with vitiligo.

Bae|Jung Min|JM|0000-0001-5975-8519
Jung|Yu Seok|YS|
Jung|Han Mi|HM|
Park|Ji Hun|JH|
Hann|Seung-Kyung|SK|

classification
vitiligo
cluster analysis
face
pattern


Pattern of Injuries from Road Traffic Accidents Presented at a Rural Teaching Institution of Karachi.

Abstract: The aim of the study is to study the pattern of injuries from road traffic accidents presented at the emergency department of a rural teaching institution in Karachi. This descriptive case series was conducted prospectively in the Emergency Department of Fatima Hospital and Baqai Medical University from 1 January 2012 to 21 March 2013. There were 385 patients in the series. All of the patients with recent injuries from road traffic accidents were included. Cases with injuries more than 72 h old were excluded. The majority of patients had lower limb injuries 172 (44.7%), followed by head and neck injuries 107 (27.8%), multiple injuries 62 (16.1%), upper limb injuries 22 (5.7%), abdominoperineal injuries 19 (5%), and chest injuries 3 (0.8%). Majority (229, 59.5%) of patients were given first aid treatment and discharged, while 151 (39.3%) patients were either admitted or referred to better equipped hospitals. Three patients were brought dead, and two patients left against medical advice. The lower limb injuries were the commonest road traffic accidental injuries, followed by head and neck injuries, multiple injuries, upper limb injuries, abdominoperineal injuries, and chest injuries.

Injuries
Road traffic accidents
Karachi
Lower limb
RTA


Folate-producing lactic acid bacteria reduce inflammation in mice with induced intestinal mucositis.

Abstract:
AIM
To evaluate two folate-producing strains, Streptococcus (Strep.) thermophilus CRL 808 and Strep. thermophilus CRL 415, against chemically induced mucositis in mice.

METHODS AND RESULTS
In vitro assays with Caco-2 cells were performed to evaluate the effect of the bacteria in the presence of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). For in vivo studies, mice were daily injected with 5-FU to induce intestinal mucositis (IM) and orally administered with folate-producing strains during 6 days. Clinical symptoms, histological parameters and cytokine profiles were assessed. The results showed that Strep. thermophilus CRL 808 increased the cytotoxicity of 5-FU against Caco-2 cells. Administration of this strain in mice with chemically induced IM resulted in a reduction in diarrhoea score and restoration of the intestinal architecture. Cytokine analysis showed that the anti-inflammatory effect by the bacterium is not associated with an immune mechanism. Regarding Strep. thermophilus CRL 415, no improvements were observed in any of the parameters evaluated.

CONCLUSION
The administration of the folate-producing Strep. thermophilus CRL 808 has the potential to prevent IM induced by 5-FU in mice.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
Folate-producing LAB could be used in chemotherapy patients to reduce the symptoms of IM, improve their nutritional status and increase the effectiveness of 5-FU.

de Moreno de LeBlanc|A|A|http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0352-374X

lactic acid bacteria
inflammation
mucositis
5-fluorouracil
chemotherapy
folate
probiotic


Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Emberiza sulphurata (Emberizidae: Emberiza).

Abstract: The Japanese yellow bunting (Emberiza sulphurata) is considered to be an endangered species. Here, the complete mitochondrial genome of E. sulphurata (16,797 bp in length) was determined. The genome consists of 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and 22 transfer RNA genes) and one control region (D-loop), and so is highly similar in architecture to the typical vertebrate mtDNA genome. The base composition of the mtDNA was A (29.9%), C (32.6%), G (14.5%), and T (23.0%), so the percentage of A and T (52.9%) was slightly higher than that of G and C. All the genes in E. sulphurata were encoded on the H-strand, except for the genes for the ND6 subunit and eight tRNAs, which were encoded on the L-stand. Phylogenetic analysis using Emberizidae mitogenomes revealed that E. sulphurata was grouped into the family Emberizidae and that E. spodocephala is the most closely related species.

Lee|Mu-Yeong|MY|
Jeon|Hey Sook|HS|
An|Junghwa|J|

genome
Emberiza sulphurata
Japanese yellow bunting
mitochondrion


Cost-effectiveness modelling to optimise active screening strategy for gambiense human African trypanosomiasis in endemic areas of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT) has been brought under control recently with village-based active screening playing a major role in case reduction. In the approach to elimination, we investigate how to optimise active screening in villages in the Democratic Republic of Congo, such that the expenses of screening programmes can be efficiently allocated whilst continuing to avert morbidity and mortality.

METHODS
We implement a cost-effectiveness analysis using a stochastic gHAT infection model for a range of active screening strategies and, in conjunction with a cost model, we calculate the net monetary benefit (NMB) of each strategy. We focus on the high-endemicity health zone of Kwamouth in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

RESULTS
High-coverage active screening strategies, occurring approximately annually, attain the highest NMB. For realistic screening at 55% coverage, annual screening is cost-effective at very low willingness-to-pay thresholds (<DOLLAR/>20.4 per disability adjusted life year (DALY) averted), only marginally higher than biennial screening (<DOLLAR/>14.6 per DALY averted). We find that, for strategies stopping after 1, 2 or 3 years of zero case reporting, the expected cost-benefits are very similar.

CONCLUSIONS
We highlight the current recommended strategy-annual screening with three years of zero case reporting before stopping active screening-is likely cost-effective, in addition to providing valuable information on whether transmission has been interrupted.

D015023:Democratic Republic of the Congo

Cost-effectiveness
African trypanosomiasis
African sleeping sickness
Mathematical model


Evidence-based management of the second stage of labor.

Abstract: The second stage of labor is defined as the time from complete dilation of the cervix to delivery of the fetus. The objective of this seminar is to provide a contemporary, evidence-based approach to management of the second stage of labor. This seminar reviews background maternal and fetal characteristics that impact the duration of the second stage of labor, the recommended evidence-based management (e.g. immediate pushing, manual rotation, operative vaginal delivery), and the maternal/neonatal morbidity clinicians must consider when deciding between operative delivery and a prolonged second stage of labor.

Polnaszek|Brock E|BE|
Cahill|Alison G|AG|

Evidence-based management
Second stage
Immediate pushing
Operative vaginal delivery
Labor management


Accuracy of screening women at familial risk of breast cancer without a known gene mutation: Individual patient data meta-analysis.

Abstract:
INTRODUCTION
Women with a strong family history of breast cancer (BC) and without a known gene mutation have an increased risk of developing BC. We aimed to investigate the accuracy of screening using annual mammography with or without magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for these women outside the general population screening program.

METHODS
An individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis was conducted using IPD from six prospective screening trials that had included women at increased risk for BC: only women with a strong familial risk for BC and without a known gene mutation were included in this analysis. A generalised linear mixed model was applied to estimate and compare screening accuracy (sensitivity, specificity and predictive values) for annual mammography with or without MRI.

RESULTS
There were 2226 women (median age: 41 years, interquartile range 35-47) with 7478 woman-years of follow-up, with a BC rate of 12 (95% confidence interval 9.3-14) in 1000 woman-years. Mammography screening had a sensitivity of 55% (standard error of mean [SE] 7.0) and a specificity of 94% (SE 1.3). Screening with MRI alone had a sensitivity of 89% (SE 4.6) and a specificity of 83% (SE 2.8). Adding MRI to mammography increased sensitivity to 98% (SE 1.8, P < 0.01 compared to mammography alone) but lowered specificity to 79% (SE 2.7, P < 0.01 compared with mammography alone).

CONCLUSION
In this population of women with strong familial BC risk but without a known gene mutation, in whom BC incidence was high both before and after age 50, adding MRI to mammography substantially increased screening sensitivity but also decreased its specificity.

Phi|Xuan-Anh|XA|
Houssami|Nehmat|N|
Hooning|Maartje J|MJ|
Riedl|Christopher C|CC|
Leach|Martin O|MO|
Sardanelli|Francesco|F|
Warner|Ellen|E|
Trop|Isabelle|I|
Saadatmand|Sepideh|S|
Tilanus-Linthorst|Madeleine M A|MMA|
Helbich|Thomas H|TH|
van den Heuvel|Edwin R|ER|
de Koning|Harry J|HJ|
Obdeijn|Inge-Marie|IM|
de Bock|Geertruida H|GH|

D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease

Meta-analysis
Mammography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Breast neoplasms
Early detection of cancer
Genetic predisposition to disease


Systematic Analysis Identifies a Specific RNA-Binding Protein-Related Gene Model for Prognostication and Risk-Adjustment in HBV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Abstract:
Objective
Increasing evidence shows that dysregulated RNA binding proteins (RBPs) modulate the progression of several malignancies. Nevertheless, their clinical implications of RBPs in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain largely undefined. Here, this study systematically analyzed the associations of RBPs with HBV-related HCC prognosis.

Methods
Based on differentially expressed RBPs between HBV-related HCC and control specimens, prognosis-related RBPs were screened by univariate analyses. A LASSO model was then created. Kaplan-Meier curves, ROCs, multivariate analyses, subgroup analyses and external verification were separately applied to assess the efficacy of this model in predicting prognosis and recurrence of patients. A nomogram was created by incorporating the model and clinical indicators, which was verified by ROCs, calibration curves and decision curve analyses. By CIBERSORT algorithm, the association between the risk score and immune cell infiltrations was evaluated.

Results
Totally, 54 RBPs were distinctly correlated to prognosis of HBV-related HCC. An 11-RBP model was created, containing POLR2L, MRPS12, DYNLL1, ZFP36, PPIH, RARS, SRP14, DDX41, EIF2B4, and NOL12. This risk score sensitively and accurately predicted one-, three- and five-year overall survival, disease-free survival, and progression-free interval. Compared to other clinical parameters, this risk score had the best predictive efficacy. Also, the clinical generalizability of the model was externally verified in the GSE14520 dataset. The nomogram may predict patients' survival probabilities. Also, the risk score was related to the components in the immune microenvironment.

Conclusion
Collectively, RBPs may act as critical elements in the malignant progression of HBV-related HCC and possess potential implications on prognostication and therapy decision.

Li|Maoshi|M| Liu|Zhongwei|Z| Wang|Jing|J| Liu|Huimin|H| Gong|Hongmei|H| Li|Shilian|S| Jia|Ming|M| Mao|Qing|Q|

hepatocellular carcinoma
prognosis
recurrence
HBV
RNA-binding protein
signature


Animal models of venous thrombosis.

Abstract: Venous thrombosis (VT) is a prevalent clinical condition with significant adverse sequela or mortality. Anticoagulation and pharmacologic or pharmacomechanical thrombolytic therapies are the mainstays of VT treatment. An understanding of thrombosis biology will allow for more effective VT-tailored diagnosis and therapy. In vivo models of thrombosis provide indispensable tools to study the pathogenesis of thrombus formation and to evaluate novel therapeutic or preventive adjuncts for VT management or prevention. In this article, we review the most prominent in vivo models of VT created in rodents and swine species and outline how each model can serve as a useful tool to promote our understanding of VT pathogenesis and to examine novel therapies.

Albadawi|Hassan|H|
Witting|Avery A|AA|
Pershad|Yash|Y|
Wallace|Alex|A|
Fleck|Andrew R|AR|
Hoang|Peter|P|
Khademhosseini|Ali|A|
Oklu|Rahmi|R|

thrombosis
venous thrombosis (VT)
thrombolytic therapy
Veins
blood coagulation
experimental animal models


Using Data to Tell Your School Health Story.

Abstract: The beginning of a new school year provides an opportunity to share with teachers and principals how you, as the school nurse, support student learning. Presenting data, whether via an Excel spreadsheet, PowerPoint presentation, or handout is vital to telling your students' story. While often we talk about compiling data for year-end reports, you can share your data anytime. Data can be used to articulate the complexity of students' health and where needs exist. Presenting your data is a way to advocate for your students and describe your role as the school nurse. There are several questions to think about when preparing a data presentation: Who is your audience? What information are you presenting? How are you going to tell the story? And finally, why is this important? This article will provide tips on conveying your data-driven message to the audience with minimal effort, utilizing digital tools the 21st century school nurse is already familiar with.

D057286:Electronic Health Records
D006801:Humans
D057184:Practice Patterns, Nurses'
D012573:School Nursing

data
Excel
PowerPoint
Every Student Counts!
school electronic health record
school nurse presentation
stakeholder


Fibrin sealant use in pilonidal sinus: Systematic review.

Abstract:
AIM
To review the current data about the success rates of fibrin sealant use in pilonidal disease.

METHODS
Fibrin sealant can be used for different purposes in pilonidal sinus treatment, such as filling in the sinus tracts, covering the open wound after excision and lay-open treatment, or obliterating the subcutaneous dead space before skin closure. We searched Pubmed, Google-Scholar, Ebsco-Host, clinicaltrials, and Cochrane databases and found nine studies eligible for analysis; these studies included a total of 217 patients (84% male, mean age 24.2 ± 7.8).

RESULTS
In cases where fibrin sealant was used to obliterate the subcutaneous dead space, there was no reduction in wound complication rates (9.8% vs 14.6%, P = 0.48). In cases where sealant was used to cover the laid-open area, the wound healing time and patient comfort were reported better than in previous studies (mean 17 d, 88% satisfaction). When fibrin sealant was used to fill the sinus tracts, the recurrence rate was around 20%, despite the highly selected grouping of patients.

CONCLUSION
Consequently, using fibrin sealant to decrease the risk of seroma formation was determined to be an ineffective course of action. It was not advisable to fill the sinus tracts with fibrin sealant because it was not superior to other cost-effective and minimally invasive treatments. New comparative studies can be conducted to confirm the results of sealant use in covering the laid-open area.

Kayaalp|Cuneyt|C| Ertugrul|Ismail|I| Tolan|Kerem|K| Sumer|Fatih|F|

Fibrin sealant
Systematic review
Pilonidal disease
Evidence base medicine


Characterization of Guaiene Synthases from Stellera chamaejasme L. Flowers and Their Application in De novo Production of (-)-Rotundone in Yeast.

Abstract: Four terpene synthases for the biosynthesis of volatile terpenoids were identified from the transcriptome of Stellera chamaejasme L. flowers, including SchTPS1, SchTPS2, SchTPS3, and SchTPS4. Their functions were characterized by synthetic biology approaches in Escherichia coli and in vitro enzymatic assays. SchTPS1, SchTPS2, and SchTPS3 are guaiene synthases, while SchTPS4 is an (E,E)-geranyl linalool synthase. Next, SchTPS1 and α-guaiene 2-oxidase VvSTO2 were co-expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to reconstruct the biosynthetic pathway of (-)-rotundone, which is a unique aroma compound in fruits, vegetables, and wines. This is the first report for the construction of a (-)-rotundone-producing microbial platform.

guaiene synthase
Stellera chamaejasme L.
yeast
transcriptome
(−)-rotundone
metabolic engineering


Aerobic exercise alleviates depressive symptoms in patients with a major non-communicable chronic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract:
OBJECTIVE
To assess whether aerobic exercise was superior to usual care in alleviating depressive symptoms in patients living with a major non-communicable disease.

DATA SOURCES
Data were obtained from online databases (PubMed, PsycINFO and SPORTDiscus) as well as from reference lists. The search and collection of eligible studies was conducted up to 18 October 2018 (PROSPERO registration number CRD42017069089).

STUDY SELECTION
We included interventions that compared aerobic exercise with usual care in adults who reported depressive symptoms (ie, not necessarily the clinical diagnosis of depression) and were living with a major non-communicable disease.

RESULTS
Twenty-four studies were included in the meta-analysis (4111 patients). Aerobic exercise alleviated depressive symptoms better than did usual care (standardised mean difference (SMD)=0.50; 95% CI 0.25 to 0.76; Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation: low quality). Aerobic exercise was particularly effective in alleviating depressive symptoms in cardiac patients (SMD=0.67; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.99).

CONCLUSION
Aerobic exercise alleviated depressive symptoms in patients living with a major non-communicable disease, particularly in cardiac populations. Whether aerobic exercise treats clinically diagnosed depression was outside the scope of this study.

exercise
depression
non-communicable chronic disease
systematic review
intervention


Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis After Plasmodium Vivax Infection: Case Report and Review of Literature.

Abstract: Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM) usually occurs after viral infections or vaccination. Its occurrence after Plasmodium vivax infection is extremely uncommon. We report the case of an 8-year-old girl who had choreo-athetoid movements and ataxia after recovery from P.vivax infection. Diagnosis of ADEM was made on the basis of magnetic resonance imaging findings. The child responded to corticosteroids with complete neurological recovery.

Sidhu|Jasmeet|J| Maheshwari|Anu|A| Gupta|Raju|R| Devgan|Veena|V|

Plasmodium vivax
Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis
malaria
post-malaria neurological syndrome