Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial and fungal infections among infected diabetic patients.

Abstract:
Objective
To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the most common bacterial and fungal infections among infected diabetic patients.

Methods
This study was conducted at the Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, from June 2011 to June 2012, and comprised specimens collected from diabetics. Antibiotic susceptibility test using disc diffusion method was performed for bacterial isolates, and antifungal susceptibility test using colorimetric method for candida isolates.

Results
Of the 138 specimens, antibacterial susceptibility test was performed for 129(93.5%) bacterial isolates while antifungal resistance test was performed for 9(6.5%) candida isolates. Of the bacterial isolates, 27(20.9%) were escherichia coli, 26(20.1%) staphylococcus aureus and 15(11.6%) were pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. All Escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus were susceptible to amikacin and vancomycin (100% each). Moreover, all candida species were susceptible to amphotericin B, econazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole and nystatin (100% each).

CONCLUSIONS
The most effective antibiotics for bacterial infections among diabetic patients were vancomycin for gram-positive bacteria, amikacin for gram-negative bacteria and for bacteria isolated from diabetic patients with foot infections.

Diabetic patients, Antibiotic susceptibility test, Antifungal susceptibility test.


Epicardial Brugada syndrome ablation unmasking inferior J waves.

Abstract: Patients with Brugada syndrome are at risk of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Epicardial substrate ablation for Brugada syndrome has been described as a means of controlling these arrhythmias and recent reports describe elimination of the Brugada phenotype with ablation. We describe a unique case in which a patient developed inferior J waves with an early repolarization-type electrocardiogram following successful epicardial infundibular substrate ablation (which eliminated the Brugada syndrome electrocardiogram on ajmaline challenge). We discuss the likely underlying pathophysiology responsible for this phenomenon, its relationship to the anatomic obstacles encountered during epicardial ablation, and the implications for long-term arrhythmic risk.

Brugada syndrome
J waves
ajmaline
epicardial ablation
early repolarization


Two cryptic species of California mustard within Caulanthus lasiophyllus.

Abstract:
PREMISE
Cryptic species are evolutionarily distinct lineages lacking distinguishing morphological traits. Hidden diversity may be lurking in widespread species whose distributions cross phylogeographic barriers. This study investigates molecular and morphological variation in the widely distributed Caulanthus lasiophyllus (Brassicaceae) in comparison to its closest relatives.

METHODS
Fifty-two individuals of C. lasiophyllus from across the species' range were sequenced for the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and the chloroplast trnL-F region. A subset of these samples were examined for the chloroplast ndhF gene. All 52 individuals were scored for 13 morphological traits, as well as monthly and annual climate conditions at the collection locality. Morphological and molecular results are compared with the closest relatives-C. anceps and C. flavescens-in the "Guillenia Clade." To test for polyploidy, genome size estimates were made for four populations.

RESULTS
Caulanthus lasiophyllus consists of two distinct lineages separated by eight ITS differences-eight times more variation than what distinguishes C. anceps and C. flavescens. Fewer variable sites were detected in trnL-F and ndhF regions, yet these data are consistent with the ITS results. The two lineages of C. lasiophyllus are geographically and climatically distinct; yet morphologically overlapping. Their genome sizes are not consistently different.

CONCLUSIONS
Two cryptic species within C. lasiophyllus are distinguished at the molecular, geographic, and climatic scales. They have similar genome sizes and are morphologically broadly overlapping, but an ephemeral basal leaf character may help distinguish the species.

D001483:Base Sequence
D002140:California
D018742:DNA, Chloroplast
D014644:Genetic Variation
D009149:Mustard Plant
D010802:Phylogeny
D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA

California mustard
Brassicaceae
internal transcribed spacer region
chloroplast trnL-F region
chloroplast ndhF gene
annual precipitation
mean temperature
morphological analysis


EQ-5D-5L and SF-6Dv2 utility scores in people living with chronic low back pain: a survey from Quebec.

Abstract:
OBJECTIVE
To describe how chronic low back pain (CLBP) impacts on utility scores and which patients' characteristics most affect these scores in the province of Quebec.

SETTINGS
Province of Quebec, Canada.

PARTICIPANTS
569 adult patients with CLBP.

METHODS AND OUTCOMES
An online survey on low back pain was conducted between October 2018 and January 2019. The EuroQol Five Dimensions (EQ-5D-5L) and the Short Form Six Dimensions version 2 (SF-6Dv2) are two generic preference-based measures used to evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and provide quality-adjusted life-year utility values.

RESULTS
The number of subjects who agreed to participate was 610, but 41 were excluded because 8 had low back pain for less than 3 months and 33 did not start the survey. A total of 569 subjects were analysed, but only 410 completed the survey up to the EQ-5D-5L or SF-6Dv2 sections. Median (range) of EQ-5D-5L was 0.622 (-0.072 to 0.905), and mean (range) of SF-6Dv2 and EQ-Visual Analogue Scale was 0.561 (0.301-0.829) and 51.0 (0-100), respectively. In all multivariate models, health or life satisfaction increased the health utility score, while pain reduced it. Co-occurring health problems were present for a majority (68%) of participants, mainly fatigue/insomnia (57.4%), musculoskeletal disorder (56.2%) and mental disorder (44%).

CONCLUSION
This study provided utility scores with EQ-5D-5L and SF-6Dv2 in patients with CLBP in Quebec, and results were similar to other studies conducted in different settings. These values were well below those reported in the Quebec general population and highlight the association between CLBP and HRQoL.

Poder|Thomas G|TG|0000-0001-7017-096X
Wang|Liang|L|
Carrier|Nathalie|N|

back pain
health economics
pain management


Stimulation of Fengycin-Type Antifungal Lipopeptides in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in the Presence of the Maize Fungal Pathogen Rhizomucor variabilis.

Abstract: Most isolates belonging to the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum clade retain the potential to produce a vast array of structurally diverse antimicrobial compounds that largely contribute to their efficacy as biocontrol agents against numerous plant fungal pathogens. In that context, the role of cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) has been well-documented but still little is known about the impact of interactions with other soil-inhabiting microbes on the expression of these molecules. In this work, we wanted to investigate the antagonistic activity developed by this bacterium against Rhizomucor variabilis, a pathogen isolated from diseased maize cobs in Democratic Republic of Congo. Our data show that fengycins are the major compounds involved in the inhibitory activity but also that production of this type of CLP is significantly upregulated when co-cultured with the fungus compared to pure cultures. B. amyloliquefaciens is thus able to perceive fungal molecules that are emitted and, as a response, up-regulates the biosynthesis of some specific components of its antimicrobial arsenal.

Zihalirwa Kulimushi|Parent|P|
Argüelles Arias|Anthony|A|
Franzil|Laurent|L|
Steels|Sébastien|S|
Ongena|Marc|M|

Bacillus
Rhizomucor
fengycin
biological control
signaling


Physical activity and health-related quality of life in pediatric cancer patients following a 4-week inpatient rehabilitation program.

Abstract:
PURPOSE
Chronic health conditions and impaired quality of life are commonly experienced in childhood cancer survivors. While rehabilitation clinics support patients in coping with the disease, studies evaluating an inpatient rehabilitation program on promoting physical activity (PA) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are missing.

METHODS
A 4-week inpatient rehabilitation program was prospectively evaluated. One hundred fifty patients with leukemia or lymphoma (N = 86), brain tumors (N = 38), and sarcomas (N = 26) were enrolled on average 17 months after cessation of acute medical treatment. PA amount and cadence (indicating the intensity of walking activity) using the StepWatch™ 3 Activity Monitor and HRQoL global and physical well-being scores using the KINDL(®) questionnaire were assessed before, immediately after, and 6 and 12 months following the program and analyzed using multiple linear mixed models.

RESULTS
Significant effects on PA were only found at 12-month follow-up for amount and cadence variables (all p < 0.05). While leukemia and lymphoma patients revealed the highest PA level throughout the study, rehabilitation effects were more pronounced for cadence variables in brain tumor and sarcoma patients. The rehabilitation program had immediate (t = 4.56, p < 0.001) and sustainable effects on HRQoL global scores (6-month follow-up, t = 4.08, p < 0.001; 12-month follow-up, t = 3.13, p < 0.006).

CONCLUSIONS
Immediate and sustainable increases in HRQoL indicate that a 4-week rehabilitation program is beneficial for improving psychosocial well-being, while the significant increase in PA levels could be related to general recovery as well. The lack of a control group hampers the evaluation of the rehabilitation program on promoting PA levels in pediatric cancer patients.

Müller|Carsten|C|
Krauth|Konstantin A|KA|
Gerß|Joachim|J|
Rosenbaum|Dieter|D|

Physical activity
Quality of life
Rehabilitation
Childhood cancer
Pediatric oncology
Physical therapy


The role of abnormal subaortic morphometry as a substrate for left ventricular outflow tract obstruction following atrioventricular septal defect repair.

Abstract:
OBJECTIVES
Although left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction is a recognized risk after atrioventricular (AV) septal defect (AVSD) repair, quantitative assessments to define the substrate of the obstruction are lacking.

METHODS
Morphometric analyses were based on measurements from early 2-dimensional echocardiographic scans (within 3 months postoperatively) for 117 patients (82 CAVVO = common AV valve; 35 SAVVO = separate AV valve orifices), which were compared to 50 age/weight matched controls (atrial septal defect/ventricular septal defect). Late echocardiographic analyses were performed in 57 patients with AVSD (follow-up range, 1.2-10.7 years).

RESULTS
Adequate z scores (above -2.5) were observed in 109 (93%) patients with AVSD at the aortic annulus and in 89 (76%) with AVSD in the subaortic area. Compared to the control group, patients with AVSD had lower median z scores at the aortic annulus (-0.64 vs 0.60; P < 0.001) and the subaortic areas (-1.48 vs 0.59; P < 0.001), disproportionate subaortic/aortic annulus ratio <1.00 (67% vs 22%; P < 0.001), narrower annuloaortic-septal angle (94.0 vs 104.0; P < 0.001) and annuloaortic left AV valve angle (78.0 vs 90.0; P < 0.001). Compared to patients with CAVVO, those with SAVVO had narrower annuloaortic-septal angles (P = 0.022) that persisted at late analysis, with lower subaortic/aortic annular ratios (P = 0.039). In patients with CAVVO, lower early postoperative subaortic z scores were found following modified single-patch repairs (median -2.12 vs -1.02 in two-patch repairs; P = 0.004). A total of 6/117 (5%) patients (4 CAVVO, 5% and 2 SAVVO, 6%) required reoperations for LVOT obstruction (mean 6.9 years postoperatively), with no difference in morphology or types of operations.

CONCLUSIONS
Despite having adequate z scores, patients with AVSD demonstrated abnormal LVOT morphometrics early postoperatively. Besides intrinsic morphology, repair techniques may have an impact on postoperative LVOT morphometrics and requires further evaluation.

Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction


Pathology-proven extradural ("distant") metastases of gliomas in adults in the Netherlands between 1971 and 2018: a systematic case series.

Abstract:
Background
Diffuse gliomas are the most frequent primary tumors originating in the central nervous system parenchyma. Although the majority of these tumors are highly malignant, extradural metastases (EDM) are extremely rare. We aimed to perform a systematic review of patients with pathology-proven EDM of diffuse gliomas in the Netherlands.

Methods
From the Nationwide Network and Registry of Histo- and Cytopathology in the Netherlands information on all cases with EDM between 1971 and October 2018 was retrieved. Patients aged < 18 years or with a diagnosis of ependymoma or continuous tumor growth from intradural to extradural were excluded. Demographics, initial tumor diagnosis, treatment characteristics, location of the EDM, and survival data were collected. IDH1 R132H immunohistochemistry was performed on cases in which a paraffin block of the metastatic tumor could be retrieved.

Results
Twenty-five patients with diffuse glioma and pathology-proven EDM were identified. Median age at diagnosis of glioma was 46 years (IQR: 35-59); 21 patients (84%) were male. Histopathologic diagnosis was glioblastoma in 17 patients (68%) and lower-grade tumor in eight patients. In 3 out of 12 patients of which a paraffin block could be retrieved immunohistochemistry revealed an IDH1-mutant glioma. Most frequent EDM locations were bone/bone marrow (14/25 patients; 56%), and lymph nodes (6/25 patients; 24%).

Conclusion
EDM of diffuse glioma are rare. They occur most frequently in patients with glioblastoma, however, they can also originate from lower-grade, IDH-mutant gliomas. In daily practice, EDM of diffuse glioma should be considered in patients with tumefactive lesions of the bone or lymph nodes.

extradural metastases glioma histopathology


Bacteria causing ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections in a Kenyan population.

Abstract:
OBJECT
Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with hydrocephalus. Most data about these infections come from the Western literature. Few data about infecting organisms in Africa are available, yet knowledge of these organisms is important for the prevention and treatment of infectious complications. The purpose of this study was to determine the organisms cultured from infected shunts in a rural Kenyan hospital.

METHODS
The authors conducted a retrospective study of patients with VPS infections recorded in the neurosurgical database of BethanyKids at Kijabe Hospital between September 2010 and July 2012.

RESULTS
Among 53 VPS infections confirmed by culture, 68% occurred in patients who were younger than 6 months. Seventy-nine percent of the infections occurred within 2 months after shunt insertion. Only 51% of infections were caused by Staphylococcus species (Staphylococcus aureus 25%, other Staphylococcus species 26%), whereas 40% were caused by gram-negative bacteria. All S. aureus infections and 79% of other Staphylococcus infections were sensitive to cefazolin, but only 1 of 21 gram-negative bacteria was sensitive to it. The majority of gram-negative bacterial infections were multidrug resistant, but 17 of the 20 gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to meropenem. Gram-negative bacterial infections were associated with worse outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS
The high proportion of gram-negative infections differs from data in the Western literature, in which Staphylococcus epidermidis is by far the most common organism. Once a patient is diagnosed with a VPS infection in Kenya, immediate treatment is recommended to cover both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial infections. Data from other Sub-Saharan countries are needed to determine if those countries have the same increased frequency of gram-negative infections.

Ochieng'|Naomi|N|
Okechi|Humphrey|H|
Ferson|Susan|S|
Albright|A Leland|AL|

bacteria
hydrocephalus
EVD = external ventricular drain
ICP = intracranial pressure
VP shunt infections
VPS = ventriculoperitoneal shunt
WBC = white blood cell
antibiotics


The hypocretins (orexins) mediate the "phasic" components of REM sleep: A new hypothesis.

Abstract: In 1998, a group of phenotypically distinct neurons were discovered in the postero-lateral hypothalamus which contained the neuropeptides hypocretin 1 and hypocretin 2 (also called orexin A and orexin B), which are excitatory neuromodulators. Hypocretinergic neurons project throughout the central nervous system and have been involved in the generation and maintenance of wakefulness. The sleep disorder narcolepsy, characterized by hypersomnia and cataplexy, is produced by degeneration of these neurons. The hypocretinergic neurons are active during wakefulness in conjunction with the presence of motor activity that occurs during survival-related behaviors. These neurons decrease their firing rate during non-REM sleep; however there is still controversy upon the activity and role of these neurons during REM sleep. Hence, in the present report we conducted a critical review of the literature of the hypocretinergic system during REM sleep, and hypothesize a possible role of this system in the generation of REM sleep.

Hypothalamus
Narcolepsy
Cataplexy
MCH
Paradoxical sleep
Peptides


Spinal cord stimulation for intractable pain evaluated by a collision study using somatosensory evoked potentials: a preliminary report.

Abstract:
OBJECTIVE
Appropriate stimulation of the dorsal column is required in order to achieve optimal control over pain by way of spinal cord stimulation (SCS). In this study, we objectively evaluated changes in somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) during a collision test in order to investigate whether paresthetic sensation or amount of pain reduction was correlated with the degree of dorsal column stimulation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
We studied 12 patients with intractable pain who underwent permanent SCS implantation. SEP collision was examined while recording the cortical SEP components elicited by posterior tibial nerve stimulation. A positive collision effect was observed when the SEP amplitude was clearly reduced by the SCS.

RESULTS
Based on the SEP collision findings, the effects of SCS were classified into four patterns: positive collision with pain reduction (Type 1), positive collision without pain reduction (Type 2), negative collision with pain reduction (Type 3), and negative collision without pain reduction (Type 4). Type 1 was observed for well-known diseases in which SCS was very effective, whereas Type 2 was seen in poor candidates for dorsal column stimulation. Patients with poststroke pain exhibited various patterns including types 1, 2, and 3. One patient showed Type 4 patterning, and we recommended further SCS trials before the abandonment of SCS therapy for this patient.

CONCLUSIONS
We show that SEP collision is useful for evaluating the degree of dorsal column stimulation needed as well as in considering factors related to differences between responders and nonresponders to SCS therapy.

Urasaki|Eiichirou|E| Tsuda|Mami|M| Nakane|Shunya|S| Toyoda|Keisuke|K| Umeno|Tetsuya|T| Yamakawa|Yuzo|Y|

pain
Collision study
spinal cord stimulation (SCS)
somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP)
dorsal column stimulation


Still's Disease Mortality Trends in France, 1979-2016: A Multiple-Cause-of-Death Study.

Abstract: Still's disease (SD) is often considered a benign disease, with low mortality rates. However, few studies have investigated SD mortality and its causes and most of these have been single-center cohort studies. We sought to examine mortality rates and causes of death among French decedents with SD. We performed a multiple-cause-of-death analysis on data collected between 1979 and 2016 by the French Epidemiological Center for the Medical Causes of Death. SD-related mortality rates were calculated and compared with the general population (observed/expected ratios, O/E). A total of 289 death certificates mentioned SD as the underlying cause of death (UCD) (n = 154) or as a non-underlying causes of death (NUCD) (n = 135). Over the study period, the mean age at death was 55.3 years (vs. 75.5 years in the general population), with differences depending on the period analyzed. The age-standardized mortality rate was 0.13/million person-years and was not different between men and women. When SD was the UCD, the most frequent associated causes were cardiovascular diseases (n = 29, 18.8%), infections (n = 25, 16.2%), and blood disorders (n = 11, 7.1%), including six cases (54%) with macrophage activation syndrome. As compared to the general population, SD decedents aged <45 years were more likely to die from a cardiovascular event (O/E = 3.41, p < 0.01); decedents at all ages were more likely to die from infection (O/E = 7.96-13.02, p < 0.001).

systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis


The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in heart failure for the non-specialist: the past, the present and the future.

Abstract: Heart failure is one of the major public health challenges facing the Western world. Its prevalence is increasing as the population ages and modern techniques are implemented to manage cardiac disease. In response, there has been a sustained effort to develop novel strategies to address the high levels of associated morbidity and mortality. Indeed, agents that target the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) have transformed the way in which we manage heart failure. Despite this, mortality in heart failure is poorer than in many malignancies and a large burden of morbidity and recurrent hospitalisation remains. Here, we review the role of RAAS modulation within the field of systolic heart failure. In particular, we provide practical guidance on using current RAAS blockade agents and focus on the recent emergence of new agents that promise additional substantial benefit to those living with left ventricular systolic dysfunction.

Orsborne|Christopher|C|
Chaggar|Parminder S|PS|
Shaw|Steven M|SM|
Williams|Simon G|SG|

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

Angiotensin receptor and neprilysin inhibitor


New Insights to Adenovirus-Directed Innate Immunity in Respiratory Epithelial Cells.

Abstract: The nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) family of transcription factors is a key component of the host innate immune response to infectious adenoviruses and adenovirus vectors. In this review, we will discuss a regulatory adenoviral protein encoded by early region 3 (E3) called E3-RIDα, which targets NFκB through subversion of novel host cell pathways. E3-RIDα down-regulates an EGF receptor signaling pathway, which overrides NFκB negative feedback control in the nucleus, and is induced by cell stress associated with viral infection and exposure to the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. E3-RIDα also modulates NFκB signaling downstream of the lipopolysaccharide receptor, Toll-like receptor 4, through formation of membrane contact sites controlling cholesterol levels in endosomes. These innate immune evasion tactics have yielded unique perspectives regarding the potential physiological functions of host cell pathways with important roles in infectious disease.

innate immunity
NFκB
adenovirus
early region 3


The Major Fusarium Species Causing Maize Ear and Kernel Rot and Their Toxigenicity in Chongqing, China.

Abstract: Fusarium verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. meridionale were identified as the predominant fungi among 116 Fusarium isolates causing maize ear and kernel rot, a destructive disease in Chongqing areas, China. The toxigenic capability and genotype were determined by molecular amplification and toxin assay. The results showed that the key toxigenic gene FUM1 was detected in 47 F. verticillioides and 19 F. proliferatum isolates. Among these, F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum isolates mainly produced fumonisin B₁, ranging from 3.17 to 1566.44, and 97.74 to 11,100.99 µg/g for each gram of dry hyphal weight, with the averages of 263.94 and 3632.88 µg/g, respectively, indicating the F. proliferatum isolates on average produced about an order of magnitude more fumonisins than F. verticillioides did in these areas, in vitro. Only NIV genotype was detected among 16 F. meridionale and three F. asiaticum isolates. Among these, 11 F. meridionale isolates produced NIV, varying from 17.40 to 2597.34 µg/g. ZEA and DON toxins were detected in 11 and 4 F. meridionale isolates, with the toxin production range of 8.35-78.57 and 3.38-33.41 µg/g, respectively. Three F. asiaticum isolates produced almost no mycotoxins, except that one isolate produced a small amount of DON. The findings provide us with insight into the risk of the main pathogenic Fusarium species and a guide for resistance breeding in these areas.

Zhou|Danni|D| Wang|Xiaoming|X| Chen|Guokang|G| Sun|Suli|S| Yang|Yang|Y| Zhu|Zhendong|Z| Duan|Canxing|C|0000-0002-6534-1426

Fusarium species
maize
ear and kernel rot
mycotoxin production
toxigenic genotype


Standardization of the Prosody in Use Battery (PUB): a speech prosody perception test in Danish.

Abstract: Assessment of prosody perception may be useful in a number of clinical scenarios, including the rehabilitation of cochlear implant recipients. It is with this group in mind that we have derived and standardized a battery of tests that assess speech prosody perception in the Danish language. The prosodic contrasts included in the battery are vowel length, compounds and phrases, emotions, questions and statements, prominence and pronoun reference, all of which are commonly encountered in everyday communication. Lists of candidate stimuli were compiled and recorded by a representative speaker of Danish. All candidate stimuli were presented to normal hearing subjects (n = 12) in both unprocessed and 8-channel noise vocoded conditions. Subjects performed closed-set identification and the results were used to derive the final stimulus set. We report the results of the six subtests, in which we observed a bias to compounds in the compound/phrase subtest, and to statements in question/statement subtest. The pronoun reference subtest assessed the ability of a listener to infer a referent from the stress status of a pronoun, and we found high accuracy rates on this task indicating that it is suitable for inclusion in the battery. We discuss the possible uses of the Prosody in Use Battery in cochlear implant mapping and device verification. We also consider the role of the results from the test battery in guiding clinicians to material suitable for aural rehabilitation.

Morris|David Jackson|DJ|
Burholt Kristensen|Line|L|
Tøndering|John|J|

prosody
Danish
assessment
cochlear implant


Pooled molecular occurrence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in poultry: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract: Worldwide, Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and M. synoviae (MS) are the main agents responsible for chronic respiratory disease in poultry. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate their occurrence. We searched electronic databases to find peer-reviewed publications reporting the molecular detection of MG and MS in poultry and used meta-analysis to estimate their pooled global occurrence (combined flock and individual), aggregating results at the regional and national levels. We performed a subgroup meta-analysis for subpopulations (broilers, layers, breeders and diverse poultry including turkeys, ducks and ostriches) and used meta-regression with categorical modifiers. We retrieved 2294 publications from six electronic databases and included 85 publications from 33 countries that reported 62 studies with 22,162 samples for MG and 48 studies with 26,413 samples for MS. The pooled global occurrence was 38.4% (95% CI: 23.5-54.5) for MS and 27.0% (20.4-34.2) for MG. Among regions, Europe and Central Asia had the lowest occurrence for both pathogens, while MG and MS were highly prevalent in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, respectively. At the national level, MG occurrence was higher in Algeria, Saudi Arabia and Sudan, whereas China, Egypt and Ethiopia reported higher values of MS. Among the poultry subpopulations, MS and MG were more prevalent in the breeders and layers (62.6% and 31.2%, respectively) than in diverse poultry. The year of publication, the sample size and the level of ambient air pollution (measured indirectly by PM2.5) were associated with the occurrence of both mycoplasmas. Our study revealed high and heterogeneous occurrence values of MG and MS and justifies the need for early detection and improved control measures to reduce the spread of these pathogens.

molecular detection
avian mycoplasmosis
avian respiratory disease
bacterial infection
systematic study


Working memory impairment in cannabis- and opioid-dependent adolescents.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Cannabis and opioid use are associated with cognitive impairment, whether preexisting or substance-induced, but there have been few substance-specific assessments of cognitive functioning in adolescent substance users. Working memory impairment may be particularly important, as it has been linked to poorer performance in substance abuse treatment.

METHODS
Working memory (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV or Adult Intelligence Scale-IV) and baseline substance use were assessed in 42 youth (mean age = 17.9 years, SD = 1.3, range: 16-20; 65% Caucasian, 30% female) 1-2 weeks after admission to residential treatment with supervised abstinence, 19 for primary cannabis dependence and 23 for primary opioid dependence.

RESULTS
There were substantial deficits in working memory in both groups, with significant differences (P < .001) between the opioid (M = 39.1th%ile, SD = 25.6) and cannabis (M = 16.3th%ile, SD = 13.6) groups. The primary opioid group had high rates of cannabis use, with no significant difference in past-month days of cannabis use from the primary cannabis group. The opioid group was older and had completed more years of formal education. Seventy-nine percent of the cannabis group had public health care coverage (mostly Medicaid), compared with 24% of the opioid sample.

CONCLUSIONS
Working memory impairment was substantial in treatment-seeking youth with primary cannabis and opioid dependence (the latter actually having comparable rates of cannabis use), and significantly more pronounced in the primary cannabis-dependent group. Without an assessment of working memory prior to substance exposure, the differential contributions of substance-induced vs. preexisting impairment are unclear. Lower scores in the cannabis group may reflect lower socioeconomic status (SES), which is typically correlated with cognitive performance. These findings highlight underrecognized cognitive impairment in youth with SUDs, especially inner-city cannabis-dependent youth. Modification of treatments to account for cognitive capacity and/or cognitive remediation interventions may be indicated to improve treatment outcomes.

Vo|Hoa T|HT|
Schacht|Rebecca|R|
Mintzer|Miriam|M|
Fishman|Marc|M|

Adolescents, cannabis, opioid, working memory, substance use


Covalent Modifications of RUNX Proteins: Structure Affects Function.

Abstract: The RUNX family of transcription factors plays important roles in tissue-specific gene expression. Many of their functions depend on specific post-translational modifications (PTMs), and in this review, we describe how PTMs govern RUNX DNA binding, transcriptional activity, protein stability, cellular localization, and protein-protein interactions. We also report how these processes can be disrupted in disease settings. Finally, we describe how alterations of RUNX1, or the enzymes that catalyze its post-translational modifications, contribute to hematopoietic malignancies.

Blumenthal|Ezra|E|
Greenblatt|Sarah|S|
Huang|Guang|G|
Ando|Koji|K|
Xu|Ye|Y|
Nimer|Stephen D|SD|

D050657:Core Binding Factor alpha Subunits

Post-Translational Modifications
Transcriptional Activation
RUNX1
Acetylation
Acute Myeloid Leukemia
CBFβ
Cleidocranial Dysplasia
FPD/AML
Methylation
Phosphorylation
RUNX2
RUNX3
Transcriptional Repression
Ubiquitylation


DiffGRN: differential gene regulatory network analysis.

Abstract: Identification of differential gene regulators with significant changes under disparate conditions is essential to understand complex biological mechanism in a disease. Differential Network Analysis (DiNA) examines different biological processes based on gene regulatory networks that represent regulatory interactions between genes with a graph model. While most studies in DiNA have considered correlation-based inference to construct gene regulatory networks from gene expression data due to its intuitive representation and simple implementation, the approach lacks in the representation of causal effects and multivariate effects between genes. In this paper, we propose an approach named Differential Gene Regulatory Network (DiffGRN) that infers differential gene regulation between two groups. We infer gene regulatory networks of two groups using Random LASSO, and then we identify differential gene regulations by the proposed significance test. The advantages of DiffGRN are to capture multivariate effects of genes that regulate a gene simultaneously, to identify causality of gene regulations, and to discover differential gene regulators between regression-based gene regulatory networks. We assessed DiffGRN by simulation experiments and showed its outstanding performance than the current state-of-the-art correlation-based method, DINGO. DiffGRN is applied to gene expression data in asthma. The DiNA with asthma data showed a number of gene regulations, such as ADAM12 and RELB, reported in biological literature.

Kim|Youngsoon|Y|
Hao|Jie|J|
Gautam|Yadu|Y|
Mersha|Tesfaye B|TB|
Kang|Mingon|M|

gene regulatory network
differential network analysis
DiNA


Prevalence of breast cancer in a defined population of iran.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Prevalence of breast cancer in Asian developing countries is much lower than western developed countries. The main aim of this study was to measure breast cancer prevalence in a defined population of Iran.

METHODS
A total of 25201 women who were under coverage of "Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation (IKRF)", which is an organization for delivering supportive social and cultural services to the deprived and poor subgroups of the society, were involved in the study. The study was conducted during years 2007 and 2008. All subjects were interviewed for their socio-demographic features and underwent precise clinical and para-clinical breast examination.

RESULTS
Mean age was 47 years with standard deviation 10 ranging from 11 to 88 years. Subjects were from deprived subgroups of the community; were mainly illiterate or had primary school education (86%) and majority of them (93%) had their first full-term pregnancy at age less than 26 years and also were multiparous. With confirmed diagnosis by breast biopsy, breast cancer prevalence was 0.15% (95%CI; 0.10-0.20).

CONCLUSION
Compared with developed countries, Asian developing countries have been at a lower risk of breast cancer development. It is seen that more deprived subgroups are at much lower risk. The more industrialized life is accompanied with more hazards.

Rezaianzadeh|A|A|
Heydari|S T|ST|
Hosseini|H|H|
Haghdoost|A A|AA|
Barooti|E|E|
Lankarani|K B|KB|

Prevalence
Breast cancer
Iran
Household women


Dynamic Field Monitoring Based on Multitask Learning in Sensor Networks.

Abstract: Field monitoring serves as an important supervision tool in a variety of engineering domains. An efficient monitoring would trigger an alarm timely once it detects an out-of-control event by learning the state change from the collected sensor data. However, in practice, multiple sensor data may not be gathered appropriately into a database for some unexpected reasons, such as sensor aging, wireless communication failures, and data reading errors, which leads to a large number of missing data as well as inaccurate or delayed detection, and poses a great challenge for field monitoring in sensor networks. This fact motivates us to develop a multitask-learning based field monitoring method in order to achieve an efficient detection when considerable missing data exist during data acquisition. Specifically, we adopt a log likelihood ratio (LR)-based multivariate cumulative sum (MCUSUM) control chart given spatial correlation among neighboring regions within the monitored field. To deal with the missing data problem, we integrate a multitask learning model into the LR-based MCUSUM control chart in the sensor network. Both simulation and real case studies are conducted to validate our proposed approach and the results show that our approach can achieve an accurate and timely detection for an out-of-control state when a large number of missing data exist in the sensor database. Our model provides an effective field monitoring strategy for engineering applications to accurately and timely detect the products with abnormal quality during production and reduce product losses.

field monitoring
multitask learning
missing data
cumulative sum (CUSUM) control chart


Mussel oligopeptides protect human fibroblasts from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced premature senescence.

Abstract: Mussel bioactive peptides have been viewed as mediators to maximize the high quality of life. In this study, the anti-aging activities of mussel oligopeptides were evaluated using H2O2-induced prematurely senescent MRC-5 fibroblasts. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry displayed that exposure to H2O2 led to the loss of cell viability and cell cycle arrest. In addition, H2O2 caused the elevation of senescence-associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity and formation of senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF). It was found that pretreatment with mussel oligopeptides could significantly attenuate these properties associated with cellular senescence. Mussel oligopeptides also led to the increase of glutathione (GSH) level and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm) recovery. In addition, mussel oligopeptides resulted in an improvement in transcriptional activity of peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx1), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). This study revealed that mussel oligopeptides could protect against cellular senescence induced by H2O2, and the effects were closely associated with redox cycle modulating and potentiating the SIRT1 pathway. These findings provide new insights into the beneficial role of mussel bioactive peptides on retarding senescence process.

Zhou|Yue|Y| Dong|Ying|Y| Xu|Qing-Gang|QG| Zhu|Shu-Yun|SY| Tian|Shi-Lei|SL| Huo|Jing-jing|JJ| Hao|Ting-Ting|TT| Zhu|Bei-Wei|BW|

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P M U U U U M U U U M M


Chiral Separations by Countercurrent Chromatography.

Abstract: Chiral separations by countercurrent chromatography are mainly divided into two types: homogeneous chiral selector addition and interfacial chiral ligand exchange. In this chapter, we describe two methods for the enantioseparation of phenylsuccinic acid and α-hydroxy acids by high-speed countercurrent chromatography using hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and N-n-dodecyl-L-proline as chiral selectors for both above mentioned modes.

D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

Chiral separation
Countercurrent chromatography
Homogeneous chiral selector
Chiral ligand exchange
Biphasic solvent system


Maternal and paternal anxiety levels through primary lip surgery.

Abstract:
AIM
The aim of this study was to evaluate the anxiety levels of the parents of infants with cleft lip and palate (CLP) before and after primary lip surgery.

MATERIALS AND METHOD
Forty mothers (mean ages: 31.9 ± 6.16 years) and 40 fathers (mean ages: 34.6 ± 5.91 years) of infants with CLP were included in this study. They were asked to answer the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) and Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) just 1 h before the primary lip surgery (T0) and 1 month after (T1) surgery. Student t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for inter-group comparison, the paired-sample t was used for the intra-group comparisons (p < 0.05).

RESULTS
There were no statistically significant differences for the comparisons of state (STAI-S) and trait (STAI-T) anxiety or APAIS scores between the parents. While state anxiety scores of the mothers increased significantly post-surgically, APAIS scores showed significant decreases in both parents (p < 0.05). APAIS scores of the fathers with bilateral CLP infants were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the fathers of unilateral ones. The parents with local anesthesia experience showed significantly lower APAIS scores (p < 0.05). A negative correlation was present between maternal age and STAI-T, whereas a positive correlation was present between paternal age and the anxiety.

CONCLUSIONS
The anxiety levels of the parents were similar. Parents asked for more information about the anesthesia than the surgery, therefore communication with the anesthesiologist in the preoperative period is important. Routine assessment of parents' stress and psychosocial support should be provided by the cleft team.


Pesticide-mediated displacement of a phytoseiid predator, Neoseiulus womersleyi, by another phytoseiid predator, N. californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae).

Abstract: Neoseiulus womersleyi and N. californicus are two predators that are frequently used to control spider mites in fruit-tree orchards. Neoseiulus womersleyi used to be the dominant predator species in Japan, but since the 1990s in central and southwestern Japan, N. californicus populations have been increasing and have displaced populations of N. womersleyi. We previously observed the same phenomenon under laboratory conditions when these species were released at a 1:1 ratio, and attributed the displacement to asymmetrical intraguild predation. However, the ratio in fruit-tree orchards could be different from 1:1. Therefore, we hypothesized that differential susceptibilities to pesticides might accelerate species displacement of N. womersleyi by N. californicus, even if the ratio between these two species was extremely skewed in favor of N. womersleyi and no species displacement occurred otherwise. We examined the effects of 21 pesticides on egg-to-adult and adult survivorship in N. womersleyi and N. californicus. Among these pesticides, two neonicotinoids (acetamiprid and imidacloprid) had much severer effects on N. womersleyi than on N. californicus and thus could possibly account for the species displacement. When the two species were released onto leaf arenas at an N. californicus: N. womersleyi ratio of 1:9 in the absence of insecticide, no displacement was observed. However, just after acetamiprid or imidacloprid application, the proportion of N. californicus increased, causing N. californicus to displace N. womersleyi. Our results indicate that displacement in predator complexes of fruit-tree orchards could be due to different degrees of pesticide susceptibility.

Ullah|Mohammad Shaef|MS|
Hanawa|Masumi|M|
Gotoh|Tetsuo|T|

Phytoseiids
Neoseiulus womersleyi
Pesticides
Species displacement
Neonicotinoids
Neoseiulus californicus


Prenatal ultrasound combined with cardiovascular casts diagnose symmetrically complex cardiac malformations in two fetuses.

Abstract: Dextrocardia with a ductus arteriosus (DA) malformation is extremely rare. Here, we present a case of dextrocardia complicated with a right DA that is circuitously connecting the pulmonary artery and the right brachiocephalic artery. Coincidentally, the deformities of this fetus are almost symmetrical with those in another fetus (also presented here), which is astonishing and meaningful. Dextrocardia is rare, complicated, and not well understood. In this report, we carefully compared prenatal echocardiographic images and cardiovascular casts from two fetuses. Our report of these cases may provide new insights for cardiologists to better understand dextrocardia and its associated malformations.

cardiovascular casting
dextrocardia
fetal cardiology
prenatal echocardiography
symmetric cardiac malformations


Minor triterpenes from an aqueous extract of the hook-bearing stem of Uncaria rhynchophylla.

Abstract: Six new triterpenes, uncarinic acids KP (1-6), along with 24 known analogues, were isolated as minor constituents of an aqueous decoction of the hook-bearing stems of Uncaria rhynchophylla (Gou-teng). By comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis, their structures were elucidated as derivatives of olean-12-en-28-oic acid and urs-12-en-28-oic acid with different oxidized forms at C-3, C-6, and/or C-23, respectively. Cell-based preliminary bioassay showed that the (E)-/(Z)-coumaroyloxy and (E)-/(Z)-feruloyloxy units at C-27 of olean-12-en-28-oic acid and urs-12-en-28-oic acid played roles in their bioactivities.[Formula: see text].

Li|Ruo-Fei|RF| Guo|Qing-Lan|QL| Zhu|Cheng-Gen|CG| Xu|Cheng-Bo|CB| Wei|Ya-Zi|YZ| Cai|Jian|J| Wang|Yue|Y| Sun|Hua|H| Zhang|Tian-Tai|TT| Shi|Jian-Gong|JG|

triterpene
Uncaria rhynchophylla
uncarinic acids KP
Rubiaceae


The Development of Prostate Adenocarcinoma in a Transgender Male to Female Patient: Could Estrogen Therapy Have Played a Role?

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa) is a rare diagnosis in the male to female transgender (MtFT) population with only a few case reports published in the current medical literature. Long standing beliefs of androgen suppression conferring a protective effect against prostate cancer development have been challenged by the literature citing adenocarcinoma development in the prostate of rodent models following combined estrogen and testosterone treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
We herein present a MtFT patient who presented with high grade PCa following 20 years of exogenous estrogen therapy.

RESULTS
Immunohistochemical (IHC) localization of estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) and progesterone receptor (PR) demonstrated positive staining in stromal cells; while, androgen receptor (AR) demonstrated positive staining in malignant glands and weak scattered staining in adjacent stroma.

CONCLUSION
This pattern of staining raises concern for a possible contributing role of exogenous estrogen therapy in tumorigenesis. As awareness of gender dysphoria and acceptance of gender reassignment surgery has seen a recent increase, the unique needs of this population must be recognized. Prostate 77:824-828, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Sharif|Asma|A|
Malhotra|Neha R|NR|
Acosta|Andres M|AM|
Kajdacsy-Balla|Andre A|AA|
Bosland|Maarten|M|
Guzman|Grace|G|
Prins|Gail S|GS|
Abern|Michael R|MR|

prostate adenocarcinoma
transgender
male to female
estrogen
testosterone


New insights on the cardiac safety factor: Unraveling the relationship between conduction velocity and robustness of propagation.

Abstract: Cardiac conduction disturbances are linked with arrhythmia development. The concept of safety factor (SF) has been derived to describe the robustness of conduction, but the usefulness of this metric has been constrained by several limitations. For example, due to the difficulty of measuring the necessary input variables, SF calculations have only been applied to synthetic data. Moreover, quantitative validation of SF is lacking; specifically, the practical meaning of particular SF values is unclear, aside from the fact that propagation failure (i.e., conduction block) is characterized by SF < 1. This study aims to resolve these limitations for our previously published SF formulation and explore its relationship to relevant electrophysiological properties of cardiac tissue. First, HL-1 cardiomyocyte monolayers were grown on multi-electrode arrays and the robustness of propagation was estimated using extracellular potential recordings. SF values reconstructed purely from experimental data were largely between 1 and 5 (up to 89.1% of sites characterized). This range is consistent with values derived from synthetic data, proving that the formulation is sound and its applicability is not limited to analysis of computational models. Second, for simulations conducted in 1-, 2-, and 3-dimensional tissue blocks, we calculated true SF values at locations surrounding the site of current injection for sub- and supra-threshold stimuli and found that they differed from values estimated by our SF formulation by <10%. Finally, we examined SF dynamics under conditions relevant to arrhythmia development in order to provide physiological insight. Our analysis shows that reduced conduction velocity (Θ) caused by impaired intrinsic cell-scale excitability (e.g., due to sodium current a loss-of-function mutation) is associated with less robust conduction (i.e., lower SF); however, intriguingly, Θ variability resulting from modulation of tissue scale conductivity has no effect on SF. These findings are supported by analytic derivation of the relevant relationships from first principles. We conclude that our SF formulation, which can be applied to both experimental and synthetic data, produces values that vary linearly with the excess charge needed for propagation. SF calculations can provide insights helpful in understanding the initiation and perpetuation of cardiac arrhythmia.

Boyle|Patrick M|PM|
Franceschi|William H|WH|
Constantin|Marion|M|
Hawks|Claudia|C|
Desplantez|Thomas|T|
Trayanova|Natalia A|NA|
Vigmond|Edward J|EJ|

D000200:Action Potentials
D000818:Animals
D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac
D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena
D006327:Heart Block
D006339:Heart Rate
D006801:Humans
D008955:Models, Cardiovascular
D009200:Myocardial Contraction
D009206:Myocardium
D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac
D013814:Thermal Conductivity

Cardiac safety factor
Conduction velocity
Cardiac electrophysiology
Cardiac excitability
Fibrosis
Sodium channel
Source-sink mismatch


Minimal renal toxicity after Rituximab DHAP with a modified cisplatin application scheme in patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Rituximab (R) in combination with DHAP is a widely accepted salvage regimen for patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). A common adverse effect of this protocol is renal toxicity which may result in treatment discontinuation. Assuming that a lower single dose of cisplatin over several days would reduce renal toxicity, our institution has chosen to administer cisplatin in a dosage of 25 mg/m(2) per day as a 3-h infusion over 4 consecutive days.

METHODS
In this study, we analyzed the renal function of 122 patients with relapsed or refractory DLBCL treated with R-DHAP at our institution. Overall, 256 R-DHAP cycles were administered. 31 (25%), 61 (50%), 14 (12%) and 16 (13%) patients received one, two, three or four R-DHAP courses, respectively.

RESULTS
A glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decrease was observed after each R-DHAP cycle. However, in none of the subgroups the median GFR was lower than 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2). In most patients, only renal impairment stage I and II was observed. Renal impairment stage III was seen in 10% and stage IV only in 1% of patients.

CONCLUSION
We conclude that a modified R-DHAP regimen with administration of cisplatin 25 mg/m(2) over 4 consecutive cycles leads only to minimal renal toxicity.

Lisenko|K|K|
McClanahan|F|F|
Schöning|T|T|
Schwarzbich|M A|MA|
Cremer|M|M|
Dittrich|T|T|
Ho|A D|AD|
Witzens-Harig|M|M|

D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols


Management guideline for Werner syndrome 2020. 2. Sarcopenia associated with Werner syndrome.

Abstract:
AIM
Sarcopenia is defined as a condition that combines decreased skeletal muscle mass with weakness or decreased physical function. It is well known that in older adults, the presence of sarcopenia is a risk of frailty, falls and physical dysfunction. Patients with Werner syndrome are characterized by visceral fat accumulation and thin limbs, but the prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with Werner syndrome has not been investigated.

METHODS
A literature search was conducted using Werner syndrome and skeletal muscle as keywords. We also analyzed data from our 7 Werner syndrome patients.

RESULTS
A literature search on the relationship between Werner syndrome and skeletal muscle yielded only one article reported from Japan. According to this paper, a decrease in skeletal muscle mass (appendicular skeletal muscle index) was observed in all 9 Werner syndromes investigated. On the other hand, in our 7 Werner syndrome patients, their appendicular skeletal muscle indexes were below the standard value except for one male patient who had continued resistance exercise.

CONCLUSION
The decrease in skeletal muscle mass frequently occurs in patients with Werner syndrome. However, resistance exercise may prevent the appearance of sarcopenia and requires early intervention in patients with Werner syndrome. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 139-141.

management guideline
Werner syndrome
others
clinical medicine
geriatric medicine


Two closely related {4-[(N-substituted amino)(diethoxyphosphoryl)methyl]phenyl}boronic acids.

Abstract: Organic phosphonic acids and organic phosphonic acid esters have been of much interest due to their applications in the fields of medicine, agriculture and industrial chemistry. Boronic acids can act as synthetic intermediates and building blocks and are used in sensing, protein manipulation, therapeutics, biological labelling and separation. The additional introduction of an aminophosphonic acid group into a boronic acid may give new opportunities for application. To study the structure of such multifunctional compounds, we prepared two new derivatives which can be easily converted to the corresponding phosphonic acids. In the title compounds, {4-[(butylamino)(diethoxyphosphoryl)methyl]phenyl}boronic acid monohydrate, C15H27BNO5P·H2O, (I), and {4-[(diethoxyphosphoryl)(4-nitroanilino)methyl]phenyl}boronic acid, C17H22BN2O7P, (II), three different substituents are attached to a central C-H group, namely 4-boronophenyl, diethoxyphosphoryl and amine. Compound (I) crystallizes as a monohydrate and OB-H...N hydrogen bonds link neighbouring molecules into chains along the [001] direction. The solvent water molecule connects two such chains running in opposite directions. Compound (II) crystallizes as an ansolvate and classical hydrogen bonds result in a layer structure in the (001) plane.

Zhang|Rui|R| Zhang|Yundi|Y| Ge|Chunhua|C| Miao|Jinpeng|J| Zhang|Xiangdong|X|

boronic acids
C—P bonds
crystal structure
phosphonic acid diethyl esters


Effect of preparation methods on the performance of CuFe-SSZ-13 catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3.

Abstract: CuFe-SSZ-13 catalyst showed excellent performance in the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 (NH3-SCR) for diesel engine exhaust purification. To investigate the effect of preparation methods on NH3-SCR performance, Fe was loaded into one-pot synthesized Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts through solid-state ion-exchange (SSIE), homogeneous deposition precipitation (HDP) and liquid ion-exchange (IE), respectively. Three CuFe-SSZ-13 catalysts showed similar SO2 resistance, which was better than that of Cu-SSZ-13. The improvement was attributed to the protection of Fe species. Hydrothermal stability of three CuFe-SSZ-13 catalysts was significantly different, which was attributed to the state of active species caused by different preparation methods. Compared with the other two catalysts, more active species existed inside the zeolite pores of CuFe-SSZ-13SSIE. During hydrothermal aging, the aggregation of these active species in the pores caused the collapse of catalyst structure, ultimately leading to the deactivation of CuFe-SSZ-13SSIE. In contrast, Fe species was dispersed better on the surface over CuFe-SSZ-13IE, enhancing the hydrothermal stability of catalysts. Consequently, Fe loading effectively improved the resistance of SO2 and H2O over Cu-SSZ-13. For CuFe-SSZ-13, large amounts of active species located inside the zeolite pores are not beneficial for the hydrothermal stability.

Wang|Yijiao|Y| Xie|Lijuan|L| Liu|Fudong|F| Ruan|Wenquan|W|

Preparation methods
CuFe-SSZ-13
Active species
NH(3)-SCR performance
NO(x) removal


Seroepidemiological survey on sporotrichosis-infection in rural areas of the south of Minas Gerais State, Brazil.

Abstract: Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis caused by traumatic inoculation into the skin by fungi species of the genus Sporothrix. The disease has different clinical manifestations (cutaneous, lymphocutaneous, and disseminated), and can also progress to a systemic infection. Despite having a worldwide distribution, sporotrichosis is most prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries. In Brazil, reports of the disease are higher frequent, where cases of the disease were found in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Curitiba, Pernambuco, and Paraiba, among others. Certain groups of people may be more exposed to the causative agent of disease, such as residents of rural areas. Thus, this work aimed to carry out a seroepidemiological survey of the prevalence of sporotrichosis in four rural locations in the south of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. In this study, we used an indirect ELISA test in the survey on the prevalence of sporotrichosis. Data obtained in this study evaluated a population of 631 individuals and showed a prevalence of 44.69%. The distribution of seroprevalence of sporotrichosis with respect to age groups and gender showed no significant statistical difference. Thus, we found a high seroprevalence of sporotrichosis-infection in rural regions of southern Minas Gerais State, Brazil, with no difference in prevalence in relation to gender and age.

Grisolia|Julianne Caravita|JC|
Santos|Lauana Aparecida|LA|
Coelho|Letícia Maria Leomil|LML|
Silva|Roberta Ribeiro|RR|
de Camargo|Zoilo Pires|ZP|
Velloso|Tania Regina Grão|TRG|
Coelho|Luiz Felipe Leomil|LFL|
Chavasco|Jorge Kleber|JK|
Malaquias|Luiz Cosme Cotta|LCC|

Sporotrichosis Sporothrix ELISA Seroprevalence


Insulin receptor-insulin interaction kinetics using multiplex surface plasmon resonance.

Abstract: Type 2 diabetes affects millions of people worldwide, and measuring the kinetics of insulin receptor-insulin interactions is critical to improving our understanding of this disease. In this paper, we describe, for the first time, a rapid, real-time, multiplex surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay for studying the interaction between insulin and the insulin receptor ectodomain, isoform A (eIR-A). We used a scaffold approach in which anti-insulin receptor monoclonal antibody 83-7 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) was first immobilized on the SPR sensorchip by amine coupling, followed by eIR-A capture. The multiplex SPR system (ProteOn XPR36™, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) enabled measurement of replicate interactions with a single, parallel set of analyte injections, whereas repeated regeneration of the scaffold between measurements caused variable loss of antibody activity. Interactions between recombinant human insulin followed a two-site binding pattern, consistent with the literature, with a high-affinity site (dissociation constant K(D1)  = 38.1 ± 0.9 nM) and a low-affinity site (K(D2)  = 166.3 ± 7.3 nM). The predominantly monomeric insulin analogue Lispro had corresponding dissociation constants K(D1)  = 73.2 ± 1.8 nM and K(D2)  = 148.9 ± 6.1 nM, but the fit to kinetic data was improved when we included a conformational change factor in which the high-affinity site was converted to the low-affinity site. The new SPR assay enables insulin-eIR-A interactions to be followed in real time and could potentially be extended to study the effects of humoral factors on the interaction, without the need for insulin labeling.

Subramanian|Kannan|K|
Fee|Conan J|CJ|
Fredericks|Rayleen|R|
Stubbs|Richard S|RS|
Hayes|Mark T|MT|

insulin
interactions
kinetics
surface plasmon resonance
insulin receptor
Lispro


Glaucoma and optical coherence tomography changes in migraine: A comparative cross-sectional study.

Abstract:
Purpose
To study the prevalence of glaucoma among adults with migraine and the effect of migraine on peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) and central macular thickness (CMT) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) compared to those without migraine headache, i.e. in tension-type headache (TTH) and normal group.

Methods
One hundred and eleven patients (222 eyes) were recruited in three groups. migraine, TTH, and normal subjects visiting hospital outpatient services. After noting demographic details and pertinent history, ophthalmological evaluation including optic disc for glaucomatous changes along with computerized visual field testing and OCT for pRNFL thickness and CMT was performed in all eyes. Continuous variables were compared using ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test, while categorical variables including the association of glaucoma with migraine were analyzed using Chi-square or Fisher's exact test.

Results
Prevalence of glaucoma in migraine group (12.2%) was more than in comparison groups (6.8% in TTH, 4.1% in normal) which was however not significant (Fisher's exact P = 0.207). Average pRNFL thickness (103.59 ± 12.82 μm) and thickness in nasal (90.49 ± 19.19 μm) and temporal quadrants (70.58 ± 16.13 μm) and CMT (213.78 ± 19.81 μm) were significantly reduced (ANOVA P < 0.05) in migraine patients when compared to the other groups and this was independent of the presence of glaucoma.

Conclusion
Prevalence of glaucoma is not significantly higher in migraine patients. However, migraine causes thinning of retinal layers on OCT that is statistically significant.

Panicker|Gayathri|G| Kaliaperumal|Subashini|S| Narayan|Sunil|S| Mani|Malavika|M|

Glaucoma
migraine
optical coherence tomography (OCT)


The bark and bite of the logically negative soul: further reflections on Rilke's dog of 'divine inseeing'.

Abstract: Following on the approach taken in the previous essay, this article critically reflects Rilke's account of his having imaginatively entered into the interior of a passing dog more deeply into itself. In doing so, it illustrates the concepts of logical negativity and absolute negative interiorization, which are core concepts of the speculative turn within analytical psychology that is known by the name 'psychology as the discipline of interiority'. Just as analytical psychology often thinks in terms of the alchemical figure of 'the stone that is not a stone', so in this article the bark and bite of a logically negative 'dog that is not a dog' is grappled with. Further insights into what is meant by the author's phrase, 'the Archimedean-less interiority of the soul', are imparted.

Logical negativity
Rilke
absolute negative interiorization
analytical psychology
Giegerich
speculative self-relation


Synthesis of a Cytokinin Linked by a Spacer to Dexamethasone and Biotin: Conjugates to Detect Cytokinin-Binding Proteins.

Abstract: Yeast cells expressing cDNA libraries have provided two new approaches to facilitate further identification of cytokinin-binding proteins and receptors. These are the yeast three hybrid (Y3H) system and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). The Y3H system requires a synthetic hybrid ligand comprising an "anchor" moiety (e.g., dexamethasone) linked to a cytokinin via a spacer. In the yeast nucleus, this ligand by binding connects two fusion proteins leading to a reporter gene activation and detection and characterisation of cytokinin binding proteins. Herein is reported the first synthesis of dexamethasone-cytokinin ligands with a spacer linkage. This was attached to the purine ring of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) at positions 2, 8 or 9. To achieve this, dexamethasone was modified by periodate oxidation yielding a carboxylic group used for conjugation to the spacer by amide formation. Biotinyl derivatives of cytokinins for FACS included those synthesised by reaction of an activated ester of biotin with 8-(10-amino-decylamino) derivatives of BAP and BAP 9-riboside. Properties of the conjugates and some biological situations where they could be applicable are discussed briefly.

Wang|You|Y|
Letham|David S|DS|
John|Peter C L|PC|
Zhang|Ren|R|

cytokinin-binding proteins
yeast three hybrid
6-benzylaminopurine (BAP)
BAP-biotin conjugates
BAP-dexamethasone conjugates


The Relationship between Commercial Health Care Prices and Medicare Spending and Utilization.

Abstract:
OBJECTIVE
To explore the relationship between commercial health care prices and Medicare spending/utilization across U.S. regions.

DATA SOURCES
Claims from large employers and Medicare Parts A/B/D over 2007-2009.

STUDY DESIGN
We compared prices paid by commercial health plans to Medicare spending and utilization, adjusted for beneficiary health and the cost of care, across 301 hospital referral regions.

PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
A 10 percent lower commercial price (around the average level) is associated with 3.0 percent higher Medicare spending per member per year, and 4.3 percent more specialist visits (p < .01).

CONCLUSIONS
Commercial health care prices are negatively associated with Medicare spending across regions. Providers may respond to low commercial prices by shifting service volume into Medicare. Further investigation is needed to establish causality.

Romley|John A|JA|
Axeen|Sarah|S|
Lakdawalla|Darius N|DN|
Chernew|Michael E|ME|
Bhattacharya|Jay|J|
Goldman|Dana P|DP|

provider competition and health care prices


Computational and NMR Studies on the Complexation of Lithium Ion to 8-Crown-4.

Abstract: Lithium ion selective crown ethers have been the subject of much research for a multitude of applications. Current research is aimed at structurally rigidifying crown ethers, as restructuring of the crown ether ring upon ion binding is energetically unfavorable. In this work, the lithium ion binding ability of the relatively rigid 8-crown-4 was investigated both computationally by density functional theory calculations and experimentally by 1 H and 7 Li NMR spectroscopy. Although both computational and experimental results showed 8-crown-4 to bind lithium ion, this binding was found to be weak compared to larger crown ethers. The computational analysis revealed that the complexation is driven by enthalpy rather than entropy, illustrating that rigidity is only of nominal importance. To elucidate the origin of the favorable interaction of lithium ion with crown ethers, activation strain analyses and energy decomposition analyses were performed pointing to the favorable interaction being mainly electrostatic in nature. 8-crown-4 presents the smallest crown ether reported to date capable of binding lithium ion, possessing two distinct conformations from which it is able to do so.

crown ethers
lithium ion binding
activation strain model
density functional calculations
perching complex


Advanced Glycation-Modified Human Serum Albumin Evokes Alterations in Membrane and Eryptosis in Erythrocytes.

Abstract: Increased burden of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in case of hyperglycemic conditions leads to the development of retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. AGEs are considered as pro-oxidants, and their accumulation increases the oxidative stress. The prolonged exposure to these AGEs is the fundamental cause of chronic oxidative stress. Abnormal morphology of red blood cells (RBCs) and excessive eryptosis has been observed in diabetes, glomerulonephritis, dyslipidemia, and obesity, but yet the contribution of extracellular AGEs remains undefined. In this study, we investigated the effect of AGEs on erythrocytes to determine their impact on the occurrence of different pathological forms of these blood cells. Specifically, carboxymethyllysine (CML), carboxyethyllysine (CEL), and Arg-pyrimidine (Arg-P) which have been reported to be the most pre-dominant AGEs formed under in vivo conditions were used in this study. Results suggested the eryptotic properties of CML, CEL, and Arg-P for RBCs, which were evident from the highly damaged cell membrane and occurrence of abnormal morphologies. Methylglyoxal-modified albumin showed more severe effects, which can be attributed to the high reactivity and pro-oxidant nature of glycation end products. These findings suggest the possible role of AGE-modified albumin towards the morphological changes in erythrocyte's membrane associated with diabetic conditions.

Awasthi|Saurabh|S|
Gayathiri|S K|SK|
Ramya|R|R|
Duraichelvan|R|R|
Dhason|A|A|
Saraswathi|N T|NT|

D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced

Albumin
Eryptosis
Erythrocytes
Carboxymethyllysine
Carboxyethyllysine
Arg-pyrimidine
Advanced glycation end products


Multilocus genetic risk score associates with ischemic stroke in case-control and prospective cohort studies.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Genome-wide association studies have revealed multiple common variants associated with known risk factors for ischemic stroke (IS). However, their aggregate effect on risk is uncertain. We aimed to generate a multilocus genetic risk score (GRS) for IS based on genome-wide association studies data from clinical-based samples and to establish its external validity in prospective population-based cohorts.

METHODS
Three thousand five hundred forty-eight clinic-based IS cases and 6399 controls from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2 were used for derivation of the GRS. Subjects from the METASTROKE consortium served as a replication sample. The validation sample consisted of 22 751 participants from the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology consortium. We selected variants that had reached genome-wide significance in previous association studies on established risk factors for IS.

RESULTS
A combined GRS for atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, hypertension, and systolic blood pressure significantly associated with IS both in the case-control samples and in the prospective population-based studies. Subjects in the top quintile of the combined GRS had >2-fold increased risk of IS compared with subjects in the lowest quintile. Addition of the combined GRS to a simple model based on sex significantly improved the prediction of IS in the combined clinic-based samples but not in the population-based studies, and there was no significant improvement in net reclassification.

CONCLUSIONS
A multilocus GRS based on common variants for established cardiovascular risk factors was significantly associated with IS both in clinic-based samples and in the general population. However, the improvement in clinical risk prediction was found to be small.

Malik|Rainer|R|
Bevan|Steve|S|
Nalls|Michael A|MA|
Holliday|Elizabeth G|EG|
Devan|William J|WJ|
Cheng|Yu-Ching|YC|
Ibrahim-Verbaas|Carla A|CA|
Verhaaren|Benjamin F J|BF|
Bis|Joshua C|JC|
Joon|Aron Y|AY|
de Stefano|Anita L|AL|
Fornage|Myriam|M|
Psaty|Bruce M|BM|
Ikram|M Arfan|MA|
Launer|Lenore J|LJ|
van Duijn|Cornelia M|CM|
Sharma|Pankaj|P|
Mitchell|Braxton D|BD|
Rosand|Jonathan|J|
Meschia|James F|JF|
Levi|Christopher|C|
Rothwell|Peter M|PM|
Sudlow|Cathie|C|
Markus|Hugh S|HS|
Seshadri|Sudha|S|
Dichgans|Martin|M|
|||

D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease

genetics
risk factors
polymorphism, genetic
risk assessment


Clinical trials in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region: grandstanding or grandeur?

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Nearly 31% of the world's clinical trials are conducted outside the US and 25% of the new drug applications include data from international sites. The high population growth, demand for medication, increased prevalence of life-style related and rare genetic diseases in the MENA countries should be associated with a consequent scale-up of clinical trials in these countries. However, the region sponsors under 1% of global clinical trials.

METHODS
Determinants including the regulatory environment, patient protection, physician-preparedness, types of diseases, costs of trials and pace of subject recruitment, were analyzed to identify critical factors that influence barriers to the conduct clinical trials in MENA.

RESULTS
Strategic planning by the CRO can help overcome challenges related to regulatory and oversight requirements. Barriers related to trial quality and subject protection can be mitigated by risk-based monitoring. Growing healthcare infrastructure and communication technologies provide clear advantages for subject recruitment. Low operating costs combined with the increase in pharmaceutical sales provide incentives for the future conduct of clinical trials.

LIMITATIONS
Although the opportunities and challenges cited are common to the MENA region, further studies are needed to assess other potential contributing variables for the conduct of clinical trials specific to each MENA country.

CONCLUSION
Challenges in drug importation and site oversight can be overcome with systematic interventions. Social media network and community awareness programs can assist reductions in barriers in obtaining effective informed consents. Increasing pharmaceutical sales, population growth, high prevalence of genetic and life-style related diseases and reduced clinical trial development costs offer expanding opportunities for future clinical trials in MENA.

Nair|Satish Chandrasekhar|SC|
Ibrahim|Halah|H|
Celentano|David D|DD|

D000293:Adolescent
D000328:Adult
D000352:Africa, Northern
D000368:Aged
D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic
D017046:Cost Savings
D003906:Developing Countries
D017277:Drug Approval
D004345:Drug Industry
D005260:Female
D006784:Hospitals, Teaching
D006801:Humans
D007258:Informed Consent
D008297:Male
D008875:Middle Aged
D008877:Middle East
D018579:Patient Selection
D012577:Schools, Medical
D055815:Young Adult

Clinical trials
Regulatory
Recruitment
Disease pool
Gas price index
Middle East North Africa


Applications of Augmented Reality in Otolaryngology: A Systematic Review.

Abstract:
OBJECTIVE
Augmented reality (AR) is a rapidly developing technology. The aim of this systematic review was to (1) identify and evaluate applications of AR in otolaryngology and (2) examine trends in publication over time.

DATA SOURCES
PubMed and EMBASE.

REVIEW METHODS
A systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines without temporal limits. Studies were included if they reported otolaryngology-related applications of AR. Exclusion criteria included non-English articles, abstracts, letters/commentaries, and reviews. A linear regression model was used to compare publication trends over time.

RESULTS
Twenty-three articles representing 18 AR platforms were included. Publications increased between 1997 and 2018 ( P < .05). Twelve studies were level 5 evidence; 9 studies, level 4; 1 study, level 2; and 1 study, level 1. There was no trend toward increased level of evidence over time. The most common subspecialties represented were rhinology (52.2%), head and neck (30.4%), and neurotology (26%). The most common purpose of AR was intraoperative guidance (54.5%), followed by surgical planning (24.2%) and procedural simulations (9.1%). The most common source of visual inputs was endoscopes (50%), followed by eyewear (22.2%) and microscopes (4.5%). Computed tomography was the most common virtual input (83.3%). Optical trackers and fiducial markers were the most common forms of tracking and registration, respectively (38.9% and 44.4%). Mean registration error was 2.48 mm.

CONCLUSION
AR holds promise in simulation, surgical planning, and perioperative navigation. Although level of evidence remains modest, the role of AR in otolaryngology has grown rapidly and continues to expand.

Wong|Kevin|K|
Yee|Halina M|HM|
Xavier|Brian A|BA|
Grillone|Gregory A|GA|

augmented reality
otolaryngology
systematic review
simulation
virtual reality


Sample-size calculation and reestimation for a semiparametric analysis of recurrent event data taking robust standard errors into account.

Abstract: In some clinical trials, the repeated occurrence of the same type of event is of primary interest and the Andersen-Gill model has been proposed to analyze recurrent event data. Existing methods to determine the required sample size for an Andersen-Gill analysis rely on the strong assumption that all heterogeneity in the individuals' risk to experience events can be explained by known covariates. In practice, however, this assumption might be violated due to unknown or unmeasured covariates affecting the time to events. In these situations, the use of a robust variance estimate in calculating the test statistic is highly recommended to assure the type I error rate, but this will in turn decrease the actual power of the trial. In this article, we derive a new sample-size formula to reach the desired power even in the presence of unexplained heterogeneity. The formula is based on an inflation factor that considers the degree of heterogeneity and characteristics of the robust variance estimate. Nevertheless, in the planning phase of a trial there will usually be some uncertainty about the size of the inflation factor. Therefore, we propose an internal pilot study design to reestimate the inflation factor during the study and adjust the sample size accordingly. In a simulation study, the performance and validity of this design with respect to type I error rate and power are proven. Our method is applied to the HepaTel trial evaluating a new intervention for patients with cirrhosis of the liver.

Recurrent event data
Andersen-Gill model
Inflation factor
Internal pilot study
Sample-size determination


SNHG5 Promotes Breast Cancer Proliferation by Sponging the miR-154-5p/PCNA Axis.

Abstract: Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor and the main cause of cancer-associated mortality in females worldwide. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to play vital roles in breast cancer development and progression; however, our understanding of most lncRNAs in breast cancer is still limited. In this study, we demonstrated that small nucleolar RNA host gene 5 (SNHG5) promotes breast cancer cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo, and depletion of SNHG5 significantly led to cell-cycle arrest at G1 phase. Accumulating evidence has shown that many lncRNA transcripts could function as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) by competitively binding common microRNAs (miRNAs). We found that SNHG5 acts as a sponge for miR-154-5p, reducing its ability to repress proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). SNHG5 promoted breast cancer proliferation and cell-cycle progression by upregulation of PCNA expression. Clinically, we observed an increased SNHG5 expression in breast cancer, whereas miR-154-5p was decreased in breast cancer tissues compared with the adjacent normal breast tissues. Furthermore, the SNHG5 expression was significantly negatively correlated with miR-154-5p expression. Taken together, our data uncover the SNHG5-miR-154-5p-PCNA axis and provide a novel mechanism to explain breast cancer proliferation.

Chi|Jiang-Rui|JR| Yu|Zhi-Hao|ZH| Liu|Bo-Wen|BW| Zhang|Di|D| Ge|Jie|J| Yu|Yue|Y| Cao|Xu-Chen|XC|

SNHG5
breast cancer
proliferation
miR-154-5p
PCNA
cell cycle


Production of biomass and lipids by the oleaginous microalgae Monoraphidium sp. QLY-1 through heterotrophic cultivation and photo-chemical modulator induction.

Abstract: A two-step strategy comprising heterotrophic cultivation and photo-chemical modulator induction was developed to enhance biomass and lipid accumulation in the oleaginous Monoraphidium sp. QLY-1, which was isolated from Qilu Lake in Yunnan Plateau. The algae were first cultivated heterotrophically to achieve high biomass concentration (5.54gL(-1)) with a lipid content of 22.47%. The cultivated algae were diluted, transferred to light environment, and treated with different chemical elicitors. Results showed that the lipid content increased to 36.68% after 3-day of photoinduction. The lipid content was further enhanced by 1.21, 1.32, and 1.29 folds in algal cells treated with nitrogen deficiency, 20gL(-1) NaCl, and 5mM glycine betaine, respectively. The maximum lipid content (48.54%) and lipid productivity (121.27mgL(-1)d(-1)) were obtained in treatments with 20gL(-1) NaCl and 5mM GB, respectively. This study proposes a strategy to efficiently produce lipids by using microalgae.

Zhao|Yongteng|Y| Li|Dafei|D| Ding|Ke|K| Che|Raoqiong|R| Xu|Jun-Wei|JW| Zhao|Peng|P| Li|Tao|T| Ma|Huixian|H| Yu|Xuya|X|

Monoraphidium sp. QLY-1
NaCl
Glycine betaine
Lipid induction
Two-step cultivation


Recreational anglers' attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors related to catch-and-release practices of Pacific salmon in British Columbia.

Abstract: The fate of captured and released fish in recreational fisheries depends in large part on fisher handling and behavior. As such, there is a need for promoting adoption of responsible fishing practices. We interviewed recreational sockeye salmon anglers in the lower Fraser River, British Columbia, to assess their awareness of responsible fishing practices and identify gaps where improved education could promote conservation-oriented behaviors. Based on our interview data, we developed three latent class models of salmon angler typologies based on: 1) anglers' fishing behaviors and preferences, 2) anglers' perceived risks to salmon survival due to post-capture live release, and 3) anglers' level of support for education programs. In the first model, we identified salmon-only anglers (33% of sample), lake-species specialists (46%), and all-around anglers (21%). These classes were differentiated primarily by non-salmon fishing activities (e.g., other target species). In the second model, we found four classes of anglers who differed with regards to key factors they thought affected post-release survival: air exposure (39% of sample); water temperature (24%); hook location (22%); and revival effort (15%). In the third model, we found anglers were either supporters (73%) or non-supporters (27%) of angler education programs. Heterogeneity existed among anglers but we found no correlations in angler classes across models, nor any significant demographic or experiential predictors of class membership. Respondents generally had high awareness and application of catch-and-release best practices, with lake-species specialists rating a higher awareness and usage of recommended catch-and-release technique, and were significantly more likely to cut the line on deeply hooked fish than other groups. Our findings provide resource managers with important insight into the attitudes and behaviors of sockeye salmon anglers in the important lower Fraser River recreational fishery. Our findings also highlight, however, the need for further research on the determinants of angler beliefs and behavior in order to customize programs to build anglers' awareness and adoption of responsible fishing practices.

Nguyen|Vivian M|VM|
Rudd|Murray A|MA|
Hinch|Scott G|SG|
Cooke|Steven J|SJ|

D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources

Catch-and-release
Post-release survival
Angler education
Angler awareness
Angler heterogeneity
Human dimensions
Latent class cluster analysis
Social science


Experience with intrawound vancomycin powder for posterior cervical fusion surgery.

Abstract:
OBJECT
Recent studies have reported that the local delivery of vancomycin powder is associated with a decrease in spinal surgical site infection. This retrospective cohort study compares posterior cervical fusion cases before and after the routine application of spinal vancomycin powder to evaluate the ability of local vancomycin powder to prevent deep wound infection after posterior cervical spinal fusion.

METHODS
Posterior cervical fusion spinal surgeries performed at a single institution were reviewed from January 2011 to July 2013. Each cohort's baseline characteristics, operative data, and rates of wound infection were compared. Associations between infection and vancomycin powder, with and without propensity score adjustment for risk factors, were determined using logistic regression.

RESULTS
A total of 289 patients (174 untreated and 115 treated with vancomycin powder) were included in the study. The cohorts were similar in terms of baseline and operative variables. No significant change in deep wound infection rate was seen between the control group (6.9%) and intervention group (5.2%, p = 0.563). Logistic regression, with and without propensity score adjustment, demonstrated that the use of vancomycin powder did not impact the development of surgical site infection (OR 0.743 [95% CI 0.270-2.04], p = 0.564) and (OR 0.583 [95% CI 0.198-1.718], p = 0.328), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
Within the context of an ongoing debate on the effectiveness of locally administered vancomycin powder, the authors found no significant difference in the incidence of deep wound infection rates after posterior cervical fusion surgery with routine use of locally applied vancomycin powder. Future prospective randomized series are needed to corroborate these results.

Martin|Joel R|JR|
Adogwa|Owoicho|O|
Brown|Christopher R|CR|
Kuchibhatla|Maragatha|M|
Bagley|Carlos A|CA|
Lad|Shivanand P|SP|
Gottfried|Oren N|ON|

CDC = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

MRSA = methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus


Interrelationships between ghrelin, insulin and glucose homeostasis: Physiological relevance.

Abstract: Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid peptide mainly derived from the oxyntic gland of the stomach. Both acylated (AG) and unacylated (UAG) forms of ghrelin are found in the circulation. Initially, AG was considered as the only bioactive form of ghrelin. However, recent advances indicate that both AG and UAG exert distinct and common effects in organisms. Soon after its discovery, ghrelin was shown to promote appetite and adiposity in animal and human models. In response to these anabolic effects, an impressive number of elements have suggested the influence of ghrelin on the regulation of metabolic functions and the development of obesity-related disorders. However, due to the complexity of its biochemical nature and the physiological processes it governs, some of the effects of ghrelin are still debated in the literature. Evidence suggests that ghrelin influences glucose homeostasis through the modulation of insulin secretion and insulin receptor signaling. On the other hand, insulin was also shown to influence circulating levels of ghrelin. Here, we review the relationship between ghrelin and insulin and we describe the impact of this interaction on the modulation of glucose homeostasis.

Chabot|François|F|
Caron|Alexandre|A|
Laplante|Mathieu|M|
St-Pierre|David H|DH|

Glucose homeostasis
Insulin secretion
Insulin receptor signalling
Acylated ghrelin
Unacylated ghrelin
β-cell functions


Gloger's rule in plants: The species and ecosystem levels.

Abstract: Gloger's rule posits that darker birds are found more often in humid environments than in arid ones, especially in the tropics. Accordingly, desert-inhabiting animals tend to be light-colored. This rule is also true for certain mammalian groups, including humans. Gloger's rule is manifested at 2 levels: (1) at the species level (different populations of the same species have different pigmentation at different latitudes), and (2) at the species assembly level (different taxa at a certain geography have different pigmentation than other taxa found at different habitats or latitudes). Concerning plants, Gloger's rule was first proposed to operate in many plant species growing in sand dunes, sandy shores and in deserts, because of being white, whitish, or silver colored, based on white trichomes, because of sand grains and clay particles glued to sticky glandular trichomes, or because of light-colored waxes. Recently, Gloger's rule was shown to also be true at the intraspecific level in relation to protection of anthers from UV irradiation. While Gloger's rule is true in certain plant taxa and ecologies, there are others where "anti-Gloger" coloration patterns exist. In some of these the selective agents are known and in others they are not. I present both Gloger and "anti-Gloger" cases and argue that this largely neglected aspect of plant biology deserves much more research attention.

Gloger's rule
plants
crypsis
defensive coloration
herbivory


Practical recommendations in the obstetrical patient with a COVID-19 infection.

Abstract: COVID-19 infection also affects obstetric patients. Regular obstetric care has continued despite the pandemic. Case series of obstetric patients have been published. Neuroaxial techniques appear to be safe and it is important to obtain the highest possible rate of success of the blocks before a cesarean section. For this reason, it is recommended that the blocks be carried out by senior anesthesiologists. The protection and safety of professionals is a key point and in case of general anesthesia, so it is also recommended to call to the most expert anesthesiologist. Seriously ill patients should be recognized quickly and early, in order to provide them with the appropriate treatment as soon as possible. Susceptibility to thrombosis makes prophylactic anticoagulation a priority.

D017758:Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional

COVID-19
Pandemic
Anaesthesia
Analgesia
Anestesia
Anestesia obstétrica
Embarazo
Gestante
Obstetric anesthesia
Pandemia
Pregnancy
Pregnant


Diagnosis of Retrolingual Obstruction during Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy versus Polysomnography with Nasopharyngeal Tube in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Abstract:
OBJECTIVE
To compare the retrolingual obstruction during drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) with the retrolingual obstruction during polysomnography with nasopharyngeal tube (NPT-PSG).

METHODS
A cross-sectional study of 77 consecutive patients with moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was conducted. After 15 patients were excluded from the study for not completing DISE or NPT-PSG successfully, 62 patients were included in this study. Retrolingual sites of obstruction grade 2 determined by DISE according to the VOTE (velum, oropharynx lateral wall, tongue base, and epiglottis) classification were considered as retrolingual obstruction, while apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 15 events/hour determined by NPT-PSG was considered as retrolingual obstruction. The extent of agreement between DISE and NPT-PSG findings was evaluated using unweighted Cohen's kappa test.

RESULTS
The 62 study participants (11 moderate OSA, 51 severe OSA) had a mean (SD) age of 39.8 (9.9) years, and 58 (94%) were men. No statistically significant differences between included and excluded patients were observed in patient characteristics. The extent of agreement in retrolingual obstruction between DISE and NPT-PSG was 80.6% (Cohen k = 0.612; 95% CI, 0.415-0.807).

CONCLUSION
Retrolingual obstruction requiring treatment showed good agreement between DISE and NPT-PSG, suggesting that NPT-PSG may also be a reliable method to assess the retrolingual obstruction.

retrolingual obstruction
drug-induced sleep endoscopy
polysomnography
nasopharyngeal tube
obstructive sleep apnea


Lactosylceramide Mediates the Expression of Adhesion Molecules in TNF-α and IFNγ-stimulated Primary Cultured Astrocytes.

Abstract: Here we have investigated how lactosylceramide (LacCer) modulates gene expression of adhesion molecules in TNF-α and IFNγ (CM)-stimulated astrocytes. We have observed that stimulation of astrocytes with CM increased the gene expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. D-Threo-1-phenyl- 2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PDMP) and N-butyldeoxynojirimycin (NBDNJ), inhibitors of glucosylceramide synthase (GLS) and LacCer synthase (galactosyltransferase, GalT-2), inhibited the gene expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 and activation of their gene promoter induced by CM, which were reversed by exogenously supplied LacCer. Silencing of GalT-2 gene using its antisense oligonucleotides also attenuated CM-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression, which were reversed by LacCer. PDMP treatment and silencing of GalT-2 gene significantly reduced CM-induced luciferase activities in NF-KB, AP-1, GAS, and STAT-3 luciferase vectors-transfected cells. In addition, LacCer reversed the inhibition of NF-KB and STAT-1 luciferase activities by PDMP. Taken together, our results suggest that LacCer may play a crucial role in the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 via modulating transcription factors, such as NF-KB, AP-1, STAT-1, and STAT-3 in CM-stimulated astrocytes.

Lee|Jin-Koo|JK| Kim|Jin-Kyu|JK| Park|Soo-Hyun|SH| Sim|Yun-Beom|YB| Jung|Jun-Sub|JS| Suh|Hong-Won|HW|


A correlation study between thyroid imaging report and data systems and the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytology with surgical follow-up - an ultrasound-trained cytopathologist's experience.

Abstract:
INTRODUCTION
Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data Systems (TI-RADS) including a modified system (M TI-RADS) and American College Radiology (ACR) TI-RADS are introduced. Correlation studies between both TI-RADSs and The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytology (TBSRTC) for Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (US-FNA) cases with surgical follow-up (SFU) are presented.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Three hundred and forty six thyroid US-FNA cases performed at the US-FNA clinic of Stony Brook University Hospital by an Ultrasound-trained interventional Cytopathologist between December 1, 2014 to February 28, 2018 were reviewed. All ultrasound images from 346 cases were evaluated and assigned M TI-RADS scores based on ultrasound features present in Table 1. One hundred and fifty four cases from Dcember 1, 2014 to February 28, 2016 were assigned scores using ACR TI-RADS.TBSRTC category along with SFU data was collected and correlated with both TI-RADS scores by using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and overall accuracy for M TI-RADS and TBSRTC were also calculated using SFU diagnosis as a gold standard. McNemar test was applied to evaluate the significance of the difference between M TI-RADS and TBSRTC.

RESULTS
Based on 346 thyroid nodules studied, the overall r-value between M TI-RADS scores and TBSRTC categories is 0.465. The r-values between Composition, Echogenicity, Shape, Margin, Echogenic foci, the summary points, and the converted TR level of ACR TI-RADS and TBSRTC are 0.145, 0.042, 0.259, 0.310, 0.405, and 0.379, respectively. Fifty (14.5%) cases have SFUs. Considering TI-RADS 5&6 and TBSRTC 5&6 as positives, and TI-RADS 2 and TBSRTC 2 as negatives, the Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy are 96%, 53%, 76%, 89%, 79% for TI-RADS vs 100%, 93%, 96%, 100%, 97% for TBSRTC, respectively (P = .038). The data for indeterminate cases are summarized.

CONCLUSION
Both TI-RADSs could be helpful to a moderate degree. M TI-RADS appeared to correlate to TBSRTC slightly better than that of ACR TI-RADS. TBSRTC is significantly more accurate than M TI-RADS for the majority of determined cases.

D061765:Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration


Patterns and determinants of elephant attacks on humans in Nepal.

Abstract: Attacks on humans by Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) is an extreme form of human-elephant conflict. It is a serious issue in southern lowland Nepal where elephant-related human fatalities are higher than other wildlife. Detailed understanding of elephant attacks on humans in Nepal is still lacking, hindering to devising appropriate strategies for human-elephant conflict mitigation. This study documented spatiotemporal pattern of elephant attacks on humans, factors associated with the attacks, and human/elephant behavior contributing to deaths of victims when attacked. We compiled all the documented incidences of elephant attacks on humans in Nepal for last 20 years across Terai and Chure region of Nepal. We also visited and interviewed 412 victim families (274 fatalities and 138 injuries) on elephant attacks. Majority of the victims were males (87.86%) and had low level of education. One fourth of the elephant attacks occurred while chasing the elephants. Solitary bulls or group of subadult males were involved in most of the attack. We found higher number of attacks outside the protected area. People who were drunk and chasing elephants using firecrackers were more vulnerable to the fatalities. In contrast, chasing elephants using fire was negatively associated with the fatalities. Elephant attacks were concentrated in proximity of forests primarily affecting the socioeconomically marginalized communities. Integrated settlement, safe housing for marginalized community, and community grain house in the settlement should be promoted to reduce the confrontation between elephants and humans in entire landscape for their long-term survival.

attacks on humans
Asian elephant
spatiotemporal pattern
Terai–Chure region


Overexpression of MiR-506 in Jurkat (Acute T Cell Leukemia) Cell Line.

Abstract:
Background & Objective
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant disease that arises from various mutations in B or T-lymphoid progenitors. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression by binding to the 3' untranslated region of protein-coding genes. Dysregulation of miRNA expression may result in the development of cancerous phenotypes. Therefore, for the first time in this field, the present study aims to investigate the effect of overexpression of miR-506 in Jurkat (acute T cell leukemia) cell line.

Methods
In this study, Jurkat cell lines were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium. Next, miR-506 was transfected with concentrations of 50 and 100 nM with Lipofectamine 2000. The accuracy of the transfection was confirmed by the transfection of siRNA conjugated with FITC. 48 h after transfection, the cells were prepared for other tests (flow cytometry, MTT assay, and RNA extraction). The expression level of miR-506 in the cells was analyzed using the quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Finally, SPSS 21 software was used for the data analysis.

Results
According to our results, the viability of cells in concentrations of 50 and 100 nM was significantly higher than the control group. By overexpression of miR-506, the expressions of pro-apoptotic genes (p53, p21) and anti-apoptotic gene B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) are decreased and increased, respectively.

Conclusion
This study showed that miR-506 may function as an oncogenic miRNA in the T- ALL cell line. In conclusion, overexpression of miR-506 leads to an increase in viable cancer cells.

Rostami Yasuj|Shaghayegh|S|
Obeidi|Narges|N|
Khamisipou|Gholamreza|G|
Gharehdaghi|Zeynab|Z|
Zangeneh|Zivar|Z|

miR-506
MicroRNA
Jurkat cell
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
Apoptosis
p53 Genes