Pre-test probability of urinary tract infection in dogs with clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease.

Abstract: Clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease in dogs are characteristic but non-specific for infection. It has been hypothesized that age, sex and neuter status influences the prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI), but the predictive value of the combined clinical presentation has not been explored in dogs. The aim of the study was to assess clinical predictors (sex/neuter status, age, dysuria/stranguria, pollakiuria, macroscopic hematuria, malodorous urine and history of recurrent UTI) for bacterial cystitis, and to develop a clinical decision rule. Data was retrieved from medical records (retrospective cases) or from standardized recording sheets (prospective cases). Bacterial cystitis was defined as significant bacteriuria on quantitative bacterial culture in dogs with compatible clinical signs of urinary tract disease. Dogs of any breed, sex and age were included. A total of 1727 microbiology records were screened and 424 samples were included in the analysis. Bacterial cystitis was confirmed in 46% of the cases. Four variables predicted bacterial cystitis: sex/neuter status, age, pollakiuria and hematuria. A score was designated to each variable and a clinical rule was constructed. This rule attained an AUC of 0.75 and had sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 55% at its optimal cut-off (score ≥2.0). A score cut-off of ≥3.0 had a positive predictive value of 70%. Several factors predicted bacterial cystitis, but the clinical rule had only modest predictive value. Other variables or point-of-care test results should be included in future research to optimize overall precision.

Sørensen|T M|TM|
Holmslykke|M|M|
Nordlund|M|M|
Siersma|V|V|
Jessen|L R|LR|

UTI
Clinical rule
Sensitivity
Specificity
Canine


Detection of Mycoplasma spp., herpesviruses, topiviruses, and ferlaviruses in samples from chelonians in Europe.

Abstract: We tested samples from 1,015 chelonians in Europe for Mycoplasma spp., herpesviruses, ranaviruses, picornaviruses, and ferlaviruses by PCR. Mycoplasma spp. were detected in 42.1% and herpesviruses were detected in 8.0% of tested chelonians. Differentiation of the herpesviruses revealed that 46.9% of the detected chelonian viruses were testudinid herpesvirus 1 (TeHV-1) and 54.3% were TeHV-3, including co-detections of TeHV-1 and -3 in 3 tortoises. TeHV-4 was detected in a leopard tortoise ( Stigmochelys pardalis), and a herpesvirus that could not be further characterized was found in a pond slider ( Trachemys scripta). Picornaviruses (topiviruses) were detected in 2.2% of the tested animals; ferlaviruses were found in 0.6%; no ranaviruses were detected in any of the animals tested. Mycoplasma spp. were detected significantly more often in Horsfield's tortoises ( Testudo horsfieldii), leopard tortoises, and Indian star tortoises ( Geochelone elegans) than in other species. Horsfield's tortoises were also significantly more often positive for TeHV-1. Mycoplasma and TeHV-1 were co-detected in 3.0%, and mycoplasma and TeHV-3 in 2.3%. The TeHV-4-positive tortoise was also positive for mycoplasma. Mycoplasma and picornaviruses were co-detected in 1.2% of the tortoises. A spur-thighed tortoise ( Testudo graeca) was positive for mycoplasma and a ferlavirus. In some cases, >2 pathogens were detected. A significant correlation between mycoplasma and herpesvirus detection was found. Of all tested animals, 47.6% were positive for at least one pathogen, demonstrating the importance of pathogen detection in captive chelonians.

Kolesnik|Ekaterina|E|
Obiegala|Anna|A|
Marschang|Rachel E|RE|

Mycoplasma
Chelonians
herpesvirus
Testudo
ferlavirus
Hermann’s tortoise
Horsfield’s tortoise
picornavirus
ranavirus
turtles


Molecularly imprinted polymer grafted on paper and flat sheet for selective sensing and diagnosis: a review.

Abstract: Molecularly imprinted polymers are efficient and selective adsorbents which act as artificial receptors for desired compounds with the ability to recognize the size, shape, and functional groups of the compounds simultaneously. A molecularly imprinted polymer is prepared by the polymerization of functional monomers around a template (analyte) molecule. Afterward, the removal of the template from the polymer matrix leaves a selective cavity behind. The fabrication and development of molecularly imprinted polymers grew rapidly, due to their low cost, simple preparation, selectivity, sensitivity, and stable physicochemical properties. Traditionally, molecularly imprinted polymers can be synthesized using two main methods, namely bulk and surface imprinting. For more efficient use of the latter method, researchers have developed molecularly imprinted polymers grafted on the solid-phase matrix (substrate). This grafting technique would be particularly useful for surface imprinting of macromolecules, such as proteins. Cellulose fibers of papers with unique properties such as being abundant, retaining a porous structure, having good adsorption properties, and possessing hydroxyl groups naturally have gained much attention as substrate. The goal of this review is to introduce molecularly imprinted polymer-grafted or molecularly imprinted polymer-coated paper, as an interesting, simple, and efficient method in the detection and separation of small and large molecules. Therefore, in the present paper, several recent preparation techniques and applications of molecularly imprinted polymer-grafted paper are reviewed and discussed in detail. Green, cost-effective, selective, and sensitive paper-based sensor prepared via grafting molecularly imprinted polymer on paper surface with the potential use for online detection trace of analytes in the point-of-care testing.

Sensors
Cellulose paper
Grafted cellulose
Grafted polymer flat sheet
Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)
Paper-based MIP detection
Quantum dots (QDs)


Determining EDS and EELS partial cross-sections from multiple calibration standards to accurately quantify bi-metallic nanoparticles using STEM.

Abstract: Spectroscopic signals such as EDS and EELS provide an effective way of characterising multi-element samples such as Pt-Co nanoparticles in STEM. The advantage of spectroscopy over imaging is the ability to decouple composition and mass-thickness effects for thin samples, into the number of various types of atoms in a sample. This is currently not possible for multi element samples using conventional ADF quantification techniques alone. With recent developments in microscope hardware and software, it is now possible to acquire the ADF, EDS and EELS signals simultaneously and at high speed. However, the methods of quantifying the signals emitted from the sample vary greatly. Most approaches use pure-element standards in the form of needles, nanoparticles and wedges to quantify the spectroscopic signal into either partial scattering cross-sections, zeta-factors or k-factors. But self-consistency between the different methods has not been verified and the units of the quantification are not standardised. We present a robust approach for measuring and combining ADF, EDS and EELS signals using needle and nanoparticle standards in units of the partial scattering cross-section. The partial scattering cross-section allows an easy interpretation of the signals emitted from the sample and enables accurate atom-counting of the sample.

Varambhia|Aakash|A|
Jones|Lewys|L|
London|Andrew|A|
Ozkaya|Dogan|D|
Nellist|Peter D|PD|
Lozano-Perez|Sergio|S|

EDS
EELS
STEM
ADF
Quantitative spectroscopy


How do I cope with pain? Let me count the ways: awareness of pain coping behaviors and relationships with depression and anxiety.

Abstract: Patients with chronic pain are often undertreated with medications alone and need alternative ways of coping. Identifying pain coping skills patients use may be beneficial; however, no research has investigated whether patients are aware of their coping skills. The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients are aware of their pain coping skills, whether certain patient characteristics were related to using coping strategies, and whether coping strategies were related to psychiatric symptoms. Chart reviews were conducted on seventy-eight chronic pain patients who completed a semi-structured psychological interview. Patients endorsed using more coping strategies on the measure compared to the verbal self-report. Identifying with certain patient demographics was related to higher use of some coping strategies. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were also related to the use of some coping strategies. Anxiety was negatively related to ignoring the pain and using self-talk coping statements and positively related to catastrophizing. Depression was negatively related to the use of distraction, ignoring the pain, and using self-talk coping statements. Depression and pain severity were both positively related to catastrophizing and prayer. Results suggest that clinicians may need to help patients become aware of adaptive coping strategies they already use and that the use of certain coping strategies is related to lower levels of depression and anxiety.

Miller-Matero|Lisa R|LR|
Chipungu|Katie|K|
Martinez|Sarah|S|
Eshelman|Anne|A|
Eisenstein|David|D|


Spatiotemporal control of gene expression boundaries using a feedforward loop.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
A feedforward loop (FFL) is commonly observed in several biological networks. The FFL network motif has been mostly studied with respect to variation of the input signal in time, with only a few studies of FFL activity in a spatially distributed system such as morphogen-mediated tissue patterning. However, most morphogen gradients also evolve in time.

RESULTS
We studied the spatiotemporal behavior of a coherent FFL in two contexts: (a) a generic, oscillating morphogen gradient and (b) the dorsal-ventral patterning of the early Drosophila embryo by a gradient of the NF-κB homolog dorsal with its early target Twist. In both models, we found features in the dynamics of the intermediate node-phase difference and noise filtering-that were largely independent of the parameterization of the models, and thus were functions of the structure of the FFL itself. In the dorsal gradient model, we also found that proper target gene expression was not possible without including the effect of maternal pioneer factor Zelda.

CONCLUSIONS
An FFL buffers fluctuation to changes in the morphogen signal ensuring stable gene expression boundaries.

D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental

feedforward loop
Drosophila embryo
Twist
Zelda
dorsal morphogen
gene expression model
spatiotemporal dynamics
transcription factor


A Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial of Perioperative Palliative Care Surrounding Cancer Surgery for Patients and Their Family Members (PERIOP-PC).

Abstract: Despite positive outcomes associated with specialist palliative care (PC) in diverse medical populations, little research has investigated specialist PC in surgical ones. Although cancer surgery is predominantly safe, operations can be extensive and unpredictable perioperative morbidity and mortality persist, particularly for patients with upper gastrointestinal (GI) cancers.  Our objective is to complete a multicenter, randomized controlled trial comparing surgeon-PC co-management with surgeon-alone management among patients pursuing curative-intent surgery for upper GI cancers. We hypothesize that perioperative PC will improve patient postsurgical quality of life. This study and design are based on >8 years of engagement and research with patients, family members, and clinicians surrounding major cancer surgery and advance care planning/PC for surgical patients.  Randomized controlled superiority trial with two study arms (surgeon-PC team co-management and surgeon-alone management) and five data collection points over six months. The principal investigator and analysts are blinded to randomization.  Four, geographically diverse, academic tertiary care hospitals. Data collection began December 20, 2018 and continues to December 2020.  Patients recruited from surgical oncology clinics who are undergoing curative-intent surgery for an upper GI cancer.  In the intervention arm, patients receive care from both their surgical team and a specialist PC team; the PC is provided before surgery, immediately after surgery, and at least monthly until three months postsurgery. Patients randomized to the usual care arm receive care from only the surgical team.  Primary outcome: patient quality of life. Secondary outcomes: patient: symptom experience, spiritual distress, prognostic awareness, health care utilization, and mortality. Caregiver: quality of life, caregiver burden, spiritual distress, and prognostic awareness. Intent-to-treat analysis will be used.  This study has been approved by the institutional review boards of all study sites and is registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03611309, First received: August 2, 2018).

Aslakson|Rebecca A|RA|
Chandrashekaran|Shivani V|SV|
Rickerson|Elizabeth|E|
Fahy|Bridget N|BN|
Johnston|Fabian M|FM|
Miller|Judith A|JA|
Conca-Cheng|Alison|A|
Wang|Suwei|S|
Morris|Arden M|AM|
Lorenz|Karl|K|
Temel|Jennifer S|JS|
Smith|Thomas J|TJ|

D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures

D064946:Hospice and Palliative Care Nursing

perioperative palliative care
palliative care for surgery
patient-centered outcomes research


Menstrual cycle alters training strain, monotony, and technical training length in young.

Abstract: The menstrual cycle (MC) phases carry to several psychophysiological alterations; however, no study has investigated the impact of MC phases on training load or technical training. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the follicular phase (FP), ovulatory phase (OP), and luteal phase (LP) on training load and technical training in young athletes. Twelve female athletes performed regular daily training sessions with the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and duration being registered every session. Training impulse (TRIMP), monotony and strain were calculated. MC symptoms, RPE, and duration were also measured during technical training, which was carried out on a specific day during each phase. The TRIMP was not affected by MC phases during regular training (p > .05), but training monotony and strain were higher in FP compared to OP (p < .05). During the technical training, MC phases did not affect RPE (p > .05), but the session was longer in both FP and LP, compared to OP (p < .05). MC symptoms were exacerbated in FP compared to both OP and LP (p < .05). These findings suggest that MC disorders were elevated during FP, which indicate that monitoring MC phases might provide important feedbacks for programming training and expected results during competitions.

training load
female
Adolescent
premenstrual
psychological disorders


Is FFR-CT a "game changer" in the diagnostic management of stable coronary artery disease?

Abstract: The introduction of fractional flow reserve computed tomography (FFR-CT) that is performed from static coronary CT angiography datasets may open new horizons in the diagnostic management of patients with suspected coronary artery disease. FFR-CT has a high sensitivity and moderate specificity in identifying ischemia in intermediate coronary stenoses. It has been demonstrated that this technology has the potential to significantly reduce the number of invasive coronary angiograms and the rate of normal coronary angiograms that are not followed by an intervention. Furthermore, initial data indicate that FFR-CT may predict the hemodynamic effect of stenting and even of bypass surgery. Thus, FFR-CT, with its capacity to serve as an effective gatekeeper before invasive angiography and the option to virtually predict the success of revascularization, constitutes a completely new concept in managing patients with stable angina pectoris. Before this exciting technology can enter clinical practice, however, some evident limitations need to be overcome and significantly more data concerning accuracy and influence on clinical and economic outcome parameters need to be generated.

D053805:Fractional Flow Reserve, Myocardial

D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted

Coronary artery disease
Angina pectoris
Cardiac computed tomography
Coronary angiography
Myocardial fractional flow reserve


Cardiac GR and MR: From Development to Pathology.

Abstract: The efficacy of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonism in the treatment of certain patients with heart failure has highlighted the pivotal role of aldosterone and MR in heart disease. The glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR) is also expressed in heart, but the role of cardiac GR had received much less attention until recently. GR and MR are highly homologous in both structure and function, although not in cellular readout. Recent evidence in animal models has uncovered a tonic role for GC action via GR in cardiomyocytes in prevention of heart disease. Here, we review this evidence and the implications for a balance between GR and MR activation in the early life maturation of the heart and its subsequent health and disease.

Richardson|Rachel V|RV|
Batchen|Emma J|EJ|
Denvir|Martin A|MA|
Gray|Gillian A|GA|
Chapman|Karen E|KE|

D000818:Animals
D006331:Heart Diseases
D006801:Humans
D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac
D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid
D018161:Receptors, Mineralocorticoid
D015398:Signal Transduction

mineralocorticoid receptor
heart
11β-HSD
Corticosteroids
glucocorticoid receptor


Probing the role of highly conserved residues in triosephosphate isomerase--analysis of site specific mutants at positions 64 and 75 in the Plasmodial enzyme.

Abstract:
UNLABELLED
Highly conserved residues in enzymes are often found to be clustered close to active sites, suggesting that functional constraints dictate the nature of amino acid residues accommodated at these sites. Using the Plasmodium falciparum triosephosphate isomerase (PfTIM) enzyme (EC 5.3.1.1) as a template, we have examined the effects of mutations at positions 64 and 75, which are not directly involved in the proton transfer cycle. Thr (T) occurring at position 75 is completely conserved, whereas only Gln (Q) and Glu (E) are accommodated at position 64. Biophysical and kinetic data are reported for four T75 (T75S/V/C/N) and two Q64 (Q64N/E) mutants. The dimeric structure is weakened in the Q64E and Q64N mutants, whereas dimer integrity is unimpaired in all four T75 mutants. Measurement of the concentration dependence of enzyme activity permits an estimate of Kd values for dimer dissociation (Q64N = 73.7 ± 9.2 nm and Q64E = 44.6 ± 8.4 nm). The T75S/V/C mutants have activities comparable to the wild-type enzyme, whereas a fourfold drop is observed for T75N. All four T75 mutants show a dramatic fall in activity between 35 °C and 45 °C. Crystal structure determination of the T75S/V/N mutants provides insights into the variations in local interactions, with the T75N mutant showing the largest changes. Hydrogen-bond interactions determine dimer stability restricting the choice of residues at position 64 to Gln (Q) and Glu (E). At position 75, the overwhelming preference for Thr (T) may be dictated by the imperative of maintaining temperature stability of enzyme activity.

DATABASE
Structural data have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank under accession numbers 4ZZ9, 5BMW, 5BMX, 5BNK and 5BRB.

Bandyopadhyay|Debarati|D|
Murthy|Mathur R N|MR|
Balaram|Hemalatha|H|
Balaram|Padmanabhan|P|

D000595:Amino Acid Sequence
D019943:Amino Acid Substitution
D055162:Biocatalysis
D017124:Conserved Sequence
D030562:Databases, Protein
D019281:Dimerization
D004795:Enzyme Stability
D018698:Glutamic Acid
D005973:Glutamine
D006358:Hot Temperature
D006860:Hydrogen Bonding
D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
D008958:Models, Molecular
D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
D050505:Mutant Proteins
D010963:Plasmodium falciparum
D011487:Protein Conformation
D015800:Protozoan Proteins
D011994:Recombinant Proteins
D013912:Threonine
D014305:Triose-Phosphate Isomerase

mutational effects on triosephosphate isomerase


Cyclic negative pressure wound therapy: an alternative mode to intermittent system.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop and test a novel mode of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) that minimises pain while preserving the efficacy in wound healing. A porcine model was used in this study. Wounds were generated in animals and treated with either simple dressing or various treatment modes of NPWT. The wound volume, perfusion level and vasculature status were analysed and compared among different groups. Clinical application was performed to evaluate the level of pain occurring when negative pressure is applied. Among the NPWT groups, the Cyclic-50 group showed most decrement in wound volume, even though statistical relevance was not found (P = 0·302). The perfusion level was significantly increased in the Cyclic-50 group compared with the Intermittent group (P < 0·001) and the Cyclic-100 group (P = 0·004). Evaluation of blood vessel formation revealed that the Cyclic-50 group showed the highest number of vasculature with statistical significance (P < 0·001). In clinical application, the cyclic group showed significant decrease in pain compared with the intermittent group (P = 0·001). The cyclic NPWT mode decreased patient discomfort while maintaining superior wound healing effects as the intermittent mode.

Lee|Kangwoo N|KN|
Ben-Nakhi|Muneera|M|
Park|Eun J|EJ|
Hong|Joon P|JP|

Negative pressure wound therapy
Wound
Cyclic mode
Diabetic foot


Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients.

Abstract:
Introduction
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common entrapment neuropathy of the upper extremity. It is usually associated with the compression of the median nerve in the median groove. Because the main symptoms of CTS pain and numbness worsen at night, sleep disorders in CTS patients and the impact of preferred sleeping position on CTS development have been formerly studied. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study assessing the frequency of CTS in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients. This study aimed to determine the frequency of CTS in OSA patients and evaluate the causative relation between the two diseases.

Methods
Records of individuals who were admitted to our sleep laboratory were retrospectively scanned. Eighty patients who were diagnosed with OSA and did not have comorbidities that might cause OSA (e.g., diabetes mellitus, hypothyroiditis, rheumatic diseases, and cervical radiculopathy) were included in the study along with 80 healthy controls who matched for age, sex, and BMI of OSA patients. To maintain observer blindness, patients were not questioned regarding their symptoms or the clinical data that would be used in the study. All participants underwent nerve conduction studies. Those who were diagnosed with CTS were questioned regarding CTS symptoms and the preferred sleeping position. Subsequently, patients were given the Boston CTS questionnaire.

Results
CTS frequency in OSA patients was found to be 27.5%. There was no significant relation between preferred sleeping position or being a manual worker and having CTS.

Conclusion
CTS frequency in OSA patients is significantly higher than that in healthy individuals. In contrast to previous studies that have been performed in the absence of polysomnographic and electrophysiological data, in our study biomechanical factors were not associated with CTS presence. Therefore, we conclude that intermittent hypoxemia is the main etiological factor for CTS in OSA patients. Inflammation may be a common factor for etiopathogenesis for both diseases, but this hypothesis needs further investigation.

Bilgin Topçuoğlu|Özgür|Ö|
Oruç|Özlem|Ö|
Saraç|Sema|S|
Çetintaş Afşar|Gülgün|G|
Uluç|Kayıhan|K|

carpal tunnel syndrome
Obstructive sleep apnea
nerve conduction study
PSG
nerve entrapment


Synergistic chromatin repression of the tumor suppressor gene RARB in human prostate cancers.

Abstract: DNA methylation and polycomb proteins are well-known mediators of epigenetic silencing in mammalian cells. Usually described as mutually exclusive, this statement is today controversial and recent in vitro studies suggest the co-existence of both repressor systems. We addressed this issue in the study of Retinoic Acid Receptor β (RARβ), a tumor suppressor gene frequently silenced in prostate cancer. We found that the RARβ promoter is hypermethylated in all studied prostate tumors and methylation levels are positively correlated with H3K27me3 enrichments. Thus, by using bisulfite conversion and pyrosequencing of immunoprecipitated H3K27me3 chromatin, we demonstrated that DNA methylation and polycomb repression co-exist in vivo at this locus. We found this repressive association in 6/6 patient tumor samples of different Gleason score, suggesting a strong interplay of DNA methylation and EZH2 to silence RARβ during prostate tumorigenesis.

Moison|Céline|C|
Assemat|Fanny|F|
Daunay|Antoine|A|
Tost|Jörg|J|
Guieysse-Peugeot|Anne-Laure|AL|
Arimondo|Paola B|PB|

prostate cancer
polycomb protein
EZH2
DNA hypermethylation
H3K27 trimethylation
retinoic acid receptor beta (RARβ)


Correlation Between Stress Scale and Serum Substance P Level in Acne Vulgaris.

Abstract:
Introduction
Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease of pilosebaceous follicles with polymorphic lesions, consisting of comedones, papules, pustules and nodules with varying degrees of severity. Stress is one of the triggers of acne vulgaris. Peripheral nerves release substance P in response to stress. Substance P causes proliferation and differentiation of sebaceous glands and increases lipid synthesis in sebocytes.

Purpose
To determine the correlation between stress scale and serum substance P level in acne vulgaris.

Patients and Methods
This study was an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design involving 30 patients with acne vulgaris and 30 controls. History taking, dermatological examination and the Holmes-Rahe stress scale questionnaire were performed with each patient to evaluate stress scale, followed by taking blood samples to assess substance P serum levels using the ELISA test. The collected data were analyzed using the Spearman correlation test.

Results
In both groups, the majority of subjects were 23-27 years old (36.7%) and most of them were female (76.7%). The majority in the acne vulgaris group had low scores on the stress scale, represented by 17 patients (56.7%). The main cause of stress in the acne vulgaris group was a major change in sleeping habits (66.7%). In the acne vulgaris group, the highest mean value of serum substance P level in high stress scale group was 168.2 pg/mL. There was a positive correlation between stress scale and serum substance P level in acne vulgaris with moderate strength and this was statistically significant (r = 0.446; p = 0.014). Meanwhile, stress scale and serum substance P level in controls were not correlated and this was not statistically significant (r = -0.090; p = 0.636).

Conclusion
There was a correlation between stress scale and serum substance P level in acne vulgaris.


Composite vascular grafts with high cell infiltration by co-electrospinning.

Abstract: There is an increasing demand for functional small-diameter vascular grafts (diameter<6mm) to be used in clinical arterial replacement. An ideal vascular graft should have appropriate biomechanical properties and be biocompatible. Electrospinning has become a popular polymer processing technique for vascular tissue engineering, but the grafts fabricated by electrospinning often have relatively small pores and low porosity, which limit cell infiltration into scaffolds and hinder the regeneration and remodeling of grafts. In the present study, we aimed to develop an efficient method to prepare electrospun composite vascular grafts comprising natural and synthetic materials. We fabricated grafts made of polycaprolactone, gelatin, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) by co-electrospinning, and the scaffolds were further functionalized by immobilizing heparin on them. The PVA fibers degraded rapidly in vivo and generated electrospun scaffolds with high porosity, which significantly enhanced cell proliferation and infiltration. The mechanical properties of the grafts are suitable for use in artery replacement. Heparin functionalization of the grafts yielded a good antithrombogenic effect, which was demonstrated in platelet adhesion tests. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo results demonstrated that the heparin release from the grafts enhanced the growth of endothelial cells, which is important for the endothelium of implanted grafts. The results of this study indicate that our method is effective and controllable for the fabrication of vascular grafts that meet the clinical requirements for blood vessel transplantation.

Tan|Zhikai|Z| Wang|Hongjie|H| Gao|Xiangkai|X| Liu|Tong|T| Tan|Yongjun|Y|

D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Vascular graft
Cell infiltration
Co-electrospinning
Porosity
Polyvinyl alcohol


'One Stroak of His Razour': Tales of Self-Gelding in Early Modern England.

Abstract: This article examines stories of men who gelded themselves in early modern England. These events, it argues, were shaped and partly motivated by a culture in which castration was seen as both degrading and potentially empowering. Religious precedents such as that of Origen of Alexandria framed self-gelding as a foolhardy activity, but one which nevertheless indicated an impressive degree of mastery over the body and its urges. Meanwhile, judicial and popular contexts framed castration as a humiliating and emasculating ordeal. Instances of self-gelding in this period are rare but nonetheless illuminating. Relayed in medical texts and popular ballads, such actions typically occurred as a response to emotional distress. In particular, men gelded themselves as a means to express feelings of emasculation within heterosexual relationships, and to dramatically renounce their role in the libidinal economy.

disability
gender
mental health
self-harm
sexuality
surgery


The geographies of digital health - Digital therapeutic landscapes and mobilities.

Abstract: Digital technologies have long impacted the field of health, causing fundamental changes for the geographies of the production, movement, and consumption of health. Despite this, there is limited health geography engagement with digital health, and an understanding of how digital health affects the spatialities of health remains underdeveloped. Here, using autoethnography, I reflect on personal encounters with digital health in the UK to initiate analytical attention into the geographies of digital health. I demonstrate that digital health technologies are interconnected and increasingly structure access to health, impacting the equality of health; and that digital health disrupts existing, and creates new, therapeutic landscapes and mobilities.

Digital health
Therapeutic landscapes
Health geography
Autoethnography
Digital geography
Therapeutic mobilities


How accurate is the neurosurgery literature? A review of references.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
The reference list is an important part of academic manuscripts. The goal of this study is to evaluate the reference accuracy in the field of neurosurgery.

METHODS
This study examines four major peer-reviewed neurosurgery journals, chosen based on their clinical impact factor: Neurosurgery, J Neurosurg, World Neurosurg, and Acta Neurochir. For each of the four journals, five articles from each of the journal's 12 issues published in 2019 were randomly selected using an online generator. This resulted in a total of 240 articles, 60 from each journal. Additionally, from each article's list of references, one reference was again randomly selected and checked for a citation or quotation error. The chi-square test was used to analyze the association between the occurrence of citation and quotation errors and the presence of hypothesized risk factors that could impact reference accuracy.

RESULTS
62.1% of articles had a minor citation error, 8.33% had a major citation error, 12.1% had a minor quotation error, and 5.8% of articles had a major quotation error. Overall, Acta Neurochir presented with the fewest quotation errors compared with the other journals evaluated. The only association between the frequency of errors and potential markers of reference mistakes was with the length of the bibliography. Surprisingly, this correlation indicated that the articles with longer reference lists had fewer citation errors (p < 0.01). Statistical significance was found between the occurrence of citation errors and the journals of publication (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
In order to advance medical treatment and patient care in neurosurgery, detailed documentation and attention to detail are necessary. The results from this analysis illustrate that improved reference accuracy is required.

D066209:Medical Writing
D009493:Neurosurgery
D010506:Periodicals as Topic

Neurosurgery literature
Reference list
Reference accuracy
Quotation error
Citation error


Use of whole-genome sequencing to identify clusters of Shigella flexneri associated with sexual transmission in men who have sex with men in England: a validation study using linked behavioural data.

Abstract: Since the 1970s, shigellosis has been reported as a sexually transmissible infection, and in recent years, genomic data have revealed the breadth of Shigella spp. transmission among global networks of men who have sex with men (MSM). In 2015, Public Health England (PHE) introduced routine whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of Shigella spp. to identify transmission clusters. However, limited behavioural information for the cases hampers interpretation. We investigated whether WGS can distinguish between clusters representing sexual transmission in MSM and clusters representing community (non-sexual) transmission to inform infection control. WGS data for Shigella flexneri from August 2015 to July 2017 were aggregated into single linkage clusters based on SNP typing using a range of SNP distances (the standard for Shigella surveillance at PHE is 10 SNPs). Clusters were classified as 'adult male', 'household', 'travel-associated' or 'community' using routine demographic data submitted alongside laboratory cultures. From August 2015 to March 2017, PHE contacted those with shigellosis as part of routine public-health follow-up and collected exposure data on a structured questionnaire, which for the first time included questions about sexual identity and behaviour. The questionnaire data were used to determine whether clusters classified as 'adult male' represented likely sexual transmission between men, thereby validating the use of the SNP clustering tool for informing appropriate public-health responses. Overall, 1006 S. flexneri cases were reported, of which 563 clustered with at least one other case (10-SNP threshold). Linked questionnaire data were available for 106 clustered cases, of which 84.0 % belonged to an 'adult male' cluster. At the 10-SNP threshold, 95.1 % [95 % confidence interval (CI) 88.0-98.1%] of MSM belonged to an 'adult male' cluster, while 73.2 % (95 % CI 49.1-87.5%) of non-MSM belonged to a 'community' or 'travel-associated' cluster. At the 25-SNP threshold, all MSM (95 % CI 96.0-100%) belonged to an 'adult male' cluster and 77.8 % (95 % CI 59.2-89.4%) of non-MSM belonged to a 'community' or 'travel-associated' cluster. Within one phylogenetic clade of S. flexneri, 9 clusters were identified (7 'adult male'; 2 'community') using a 10-SNP threshold, while a single 'adult male' cluster was identified using a 25-SNP threshold. Genotypic markers of azithromycin resistance were detected in 84.5 % (294/348) of 'adult male' cases and 20.9 % (9/43) of cases in other clusters (10-SNP threshold), the latter of which contained gay-identifying men who reported recent same-sex sexual contact. Our study suggests that SNP clustering can be used to identify Shigella clusters representing likely sexual transmission in MSM to inform infection control. Defining clusters requires a flexible approach in terms of genetic relatedness to ensure a clear understanding of underlying transmission networks.

Mitchell|Holly D|HD|
Mikhail|Amy F W|AFW|
Painset|Anaïs|A|
Dallman|Timothy J|TJ|
Jenkins|Claire|C|
Thomson|Nicholas R|NR|
Field|Nigel|N|
Hughes|Gwenda|G|

D015231:Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial

whole-genome sequencing
Shigella
England
surveillance


The association between self-perceptions of aging and antihypertensive medication adherence in older Chinese adults.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Approximately one billion adults worldwide are hypertensive and most aged 60 or above. Poor adherence with medication treatment is still one of the main causes of failure in achieving blood pressure control. Compared to younger individuals, aging perception may be the main factor influencing elders receiving preventive care. Some studies have investigated the impact of self-perceptions of aging on some preventive health behaviors including "followed the directions for taking prescription medications" in developed countries in the West. However, there is a scarcity of studies evaluating the self-perceptions of aging and its association with antihypertensive adherence among Chinese older adults.

AIM
This study aimed to identify the association between aging perceptions and antihypertensive drug adherence among Chinese older adults.

METHODS
A cross-sectional investigation was conducted in wards and outpatient clinic of a University Hospital and communities in Suzhou, China. Older adults who were taking at least one antihypertensive drug currently were invited to complete a self-administered questionnaire, including basic socio-demographic and clinical information, self-reported medication adherence and self-perceptions of aging.

RESULTS
From 585 old patients, 34.2 % was determined to have good medication adherence. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that good adherence to antihypertensive agents was more common among those with lower scores on "timeline cyclical" (p = 0.004) and "identity" (p < 0.001) dimensions, and higher scores on "control positive" (p = 0.004) dimension of aging perceptions.

CONCLUSION
Self-perceptions of aging, being significantly associated with medication adherence, are an important starting point when conducting intervention programmes for elder patients.

Hou|Yunying|Y| Zhang|Dandan|D| Gu|Jie|J| Xue|Feng|F| Sun|Yunjuan|Y| Wu|Qing|Q| Zhao|Xin|X| Wang|Xiaohua|X|

Self-perceptions of aging
Medication adherence
Hypertension


Biocide immobilized OMMT-carbon dot reduced Cu2O nanohybrid/hyperbranched epoxy nanocomposites: Mechanical, thermal, antimicrobial and optical properties.

Abstract: The present work demonstrated a transparent thermosetting nanocomposite with antimicrobial and photoluminescence attributes. The nanocomposites are fabricated by incorporation of different wt.% (1, 2 and 3) of a biocide immobilized OMMT-carbon dot reduced Cu2O nanohybrid (MITH-NH) in the hyperbranched epoxy matrix. MITH-NH is obtained by immobilization of 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one hydrochloride (MITH) at room temperature using sonication on OMMT-carbon dot reduced Cu2O nanohybid. The nanohybrid is prepared by reduction of cupric acetate using carbon dot as the reducing agent in the presence of OMMT at 70°C. The significant improvements in tensile strength (~2 fold), elongation at break (3 fold), toughness (4 fold) and initial thermal degradation temperature (30°C) of the pristine hyperbranched epoxy system are achieved by incorporation of 3wt.% of MITH-NH in it. The nanocomposites exhibit strong antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria and Candida albicans, a fungus. The nanocomposite also shows significant activity against biofilm formation compared to the pristine thermoset. Further, the nanocomposite films emit different colors on exposure of different wavelengths of UV light. The properties of these nanocomposites are also compared with the same nanohybrid without OMMT.

De|Bibekananda|B| Gupta|Kuldeep|K| Mandal|Manabendra|M| Karak|Niranjan|N|

Carbon dot reduced Cu(2)O-OMMT nanohybrid


Influence of corticosteroid therapy on viral reactivation in drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms.

Abstract: Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS)/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) is a severe adverse drug reaction characteristically associated with sequential reactivation of herpesviruses, such as human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV). Since systemic corticosteroids are thought to result in viral reactivation due to their immunosuppressive effects, we clarified the influence of systemic corticosteroid therapy on viral reactivation in DIHS/DRESS. Viral DNA in peripheral whole blood and serum sIL-2R level were measured during the disease course in twenty DIHS/DRESS patients. Six of seven patients treated without corticosteroids experienced HHV-6 viremia associated with elevated serum sIL-2R levels. In contrast, high-dose corticosteroids started within 1 week after onset tended to inhibit the occurrence of HHV-6 reactivation with remarkable suppression of serum sIL-2R level. Low-dose corticosteroids or late-start high-dose corticosteroids did not suppress occurrence of HHV-6 viremia and the increase of sIL-2R levels. HHV-6 load in the blood was clearly correlated with the serum sIL-2R level. On the other hand, increased CMV load were found in patients treated with corticosteroids regardless of the start time. The frequency of detection of EBV DNA in peripheral blood was similarly observed in all groups. In conclusion, high-dose corticosteroids started within 1 week tended to suppress HHV-6 reactivation through suppression of T cell activation. However, CMV proliferation was promoted by corticosteroids regardless of the start time. These observations suggested that careful consideration should be given to the dose and timing of administration of systemic corticosteroids in the treatment of DIHS/DRESS.


Polymorphisms of TLR2, TLR4 and TOLLIP and tuberculosis in two independent studies.

Abstract: Genetic polymorphisms for tuberculosis (TB) susceptibility have been researched by some studies, but few have studied multiple innate immunity genes associated with TB. Evidence suggests that the toll-like receptor 2, 4 (TLR2, TLR4) and toll interacting protein (TOLLIP) may be associated with TB susceptibility. In this self-validated study, we explored the association between common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TLR2, TLR4 and TOLLIP in the Chinese Han and Tibetan populations. A SNPscan™ method was used to genotype SNPs in the three genes. Multiple logistic regression adjusted by sex and age was used to detect the association between SNPs and TB. In TLR2, rs1898830 was associated with decreased risk against TB in the Chinese Han population, which was validated in the Tibetan population. In TLR4, rs11536889 was a protective factor for TB in the Tibetan population, but not in the Han population. Additionally, in the Tibetan population, we also found that the frequency of genotypes of TOLLIP rs11536889 differs significantly between TB patients and controls. We found rs1898830 in TLR2 was associated with TB susceptibility in both Chinese Han and Tibetan populations while rs11536889 in TLR4 and rs3750920 in TOLLIP were protective factors against TB in the Tibetan population.

Wu|Shouquan|S| Liu|Xiangmin|X| Chen|Ling|L| Wang|Yu|Y| Zhang|Miaomiao|M| Wang|Minggui|M| He|Jian-Qing|JQ|

D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease

D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins

tuberculosis
susceptibility
toll-like receptor 2
4
toll interacting protein


The cancer-testis gene, MEIOB, sensitizes triple-negative breast cancer to PARP1 inhibitors by inducing homologous recombination deficiency.

Abstract:
Objective
The newly defined cancer-testis (CT) gene, MEIOB, was previously found to play key roles in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of MEIOB in the carcinogenesis of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs).

Methods
The Cancer Genome Atlas database was used to quantify the expression of MEIOB. Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between MEIOB expression and the prognosis of human TNBC. The effects of MEIOB on cell proliferation and migration in TNBCs were also assessed in vitro. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models were used to assess the sensitivity of breast cancers with active MEIOB to PARP1 inhibitors.

Results
We confirmed MEIOB as a CT gene whose expression was restricted to the testes and breast tumors, especially TNBCs. Its activation was significantly associated with poor survival in breast cancer patients [overall, hazard ratio (HR) = 1.90 (1.16-2.06); TNBCs: HR = 7.05 (1.16-41.80)]. In addition, we found that MEIOB was oncogenic and significantly promoted the proliferation of TNBC cells. Further analysis showed that MEIOB participated in DSB repair in TNBCs. However, in contrast to its function in meiosis, it mediated homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) through the activation of polyADP-ribose polymerase (PARP)1 by interacting with YBX1. Furthermore, activated MEIOB was shown to confer sensitivity to PARP inhibitors, which was confirmed in PDX models.

Conclusions
MEIOB played an oncogenic role in TNBC through its involvement in HRD. In addition, dysregulation of MEIOB sensitized TNBC cells to PARP inhibitors, so MEIOB may be a therapeutic target of PARP1 inhibitors in TNBC.

Gu|Yayun|Y| Wang|Cheng|C| Zhu|Rongxuan|R| Yang|Jianshui|J| Yuan|Wenwen|W| Zhu|Yanhui|Y| Zhou|Yan|Y| Qin|Na|N| Shen|Hongbing|H| Ma|Hongxia|H| Wang|Hongxia|H| Liu|Xiaoan|X|0000-0001-5716-0740 Hu|Zhibin|Z|0000-0002-8277-5234

Cancer-testis gene
MEIOB
triple-negative breast cancer
PARP1 inhibitor
cell proliferation


Rapid Biodegradation of the Herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid by Cupriavidus gilardii T-1.

Abstract: Phytotoxicity and environmental pollution of residual herbicides have caused much public concern during the past several decades. An indigenous bacterial strain capable of degrading 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), designated T-1, was isolated from soybean field soil and identified as Cupriavidus gilardii. Strain T-1 degraded 2,4-D 3.39 times more rapidly than the model strain Cupriavidus necator JMP134. T-1 could also efficiently degrade 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), MCPA isooctyl ester, and 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid (2,4-DP). Suitable conditions for 2,4-D degradation were pH 7.0-9.0, 37-42 °C, and 4.0 mL of inoculums. Degradation of 2,4-D was concentration-dependent. 2,4-D was degraded to 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) by cleavage of the ether bond and then to 3,5-dichlorocatechol (3,5-DCC) via hydroxylation, followed by ortho-cleavage to cis-2-dichlorodiene lactone (CDL). The metabolites 2,4-DCP or 3,5-DCC at 10 mg L-1 were completely degraded within 16 h. Fast degradation of 2,4-D and its analogues highlights the potential for use of C. gilardii T-1 in bioremediation of phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides.

D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental
D049921:Cupriavidus
D006540:Herbicides
D015394:Molecular Structure
D012988:Soil Microbiology

biodegradation
Cupriavidus gilardii
2,4-D
phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicide
degradation pathway
degradation rate


Glutaraldehyde Cross-linking of HIV-1 Env Trimers Skews the Antibody Subclass Response in Mice.

Abstract: Well-ordered soluble HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) spike mimetics such as Native Flexibly Linked (NFL) trimers display high homogeneity, desired antigenicity, and high in vitro stability compared to previous generation soluble HIV-1 Env trimers. Glutaraldehyde (GLA) cross-linking was shown to further increase the thermostability of clade C 16055 NFL trimers and enhance the induction of tier 2 autologous neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs. Here, we investigated if GLA fixation affected other aspects of the Env-specific immune response by performing a comparative immunogenicity study in C57BL/6 mice with non-fixed and GLA-fixed 16055 NFL trimers administered in AbISCO-100 adjuvant. We detected lower Env-specific binding antibody titers and increased skewing toward Th2 responses in mice immunized with GLA-fixed trimers compared to mice immunized with unfixed trimers, as shown by a higher Env-specific IgG1:IgG2b antibody subclass ratio. These results suggest that the presence of GLA adducts on Env influences the quality of the induced antibody response.

Soldemo|Martina|M|
Àdori|Monika|M|
Stark|Julian M|JM|
Feng|Yu|Y|
Tran|Karen|K|
Wilson|Richard|R|
Yang|Lifei|L|
Guenaga|Javier|J|
Wyatt|Richard T|RT|
Karlsson Hedestam|Gunilla B|GB|

cross-linking
HIV-1 env
mice
immunogenicity
antibody isotypes
gluteraldehyde
vaccine responses


Effects of Fillet Weld Size and Sleeve Material Strength on the Residual Stress Distribution and Structural Safety While Implementing the New Sleeve Repair Process.

Abstract: The process optimization and structural safety improvement of the in-service repair welding of the X80 pipeline are very important. In this paper, the temperature, microstructure, and stress distribution were analyzed using the combination of TMM (thermal-metallurgical-mechanical) simulations and the corresponding verification experiments. The effects of the sleeve material strength and the fillet weld size were discussed. The results showed that the fillet weld zone was mainly composed of ferrite and bainite when the material of the sleeve pipe was Q345B. Furthermore, the sleeve pipe's HAZ (heat affected zone) was dominated by lath martensite, lath bainite, and granular bainite. Moreover, granular bainite and a small amount of ferrite were found in the HAZ of the X80 pipe. It was found that, as the fillet weld size increased, the welding residual stress distribution became more uniform. The hoop stress at weld toe reduced from ~860 MPa of case A to ~680 MPa of case E, and the axial stress at weld toe reduced from ~440 MPa of case A to ~380 MPa of case E. From the viewpoint of welding residual stress, fillet weld size was suggested to be larger than 1.4T. The stress concentration and the stress distribution showed a correlation with the cracking behavior. Weld re-solidification ripples on the weld surface and weld ripples between welding passes or near the weld toe could cause stress concentration and the corresponding crack initiation. Furthermore, when the material of the sleeve pipe changed from Q345B to X80, the high-level tensile stress zone was found to be enlarged. The hoop stress at weld toe increased from ~750 to ~800 MPa, and the axial stress at weld toe increased from ~500 to ~600 MPa. After implementing the new sleeve repair welding process where X80 replaces the material of sleeve pipe, the cracking risk in sleeve pipe will improve. From the perspective of the welding residual stress, it was concluded that the fillet weld size reduction and the sleeve material strength improvement are harmful to in-service welded structures' safety and integrity.

Zhang|Hongjie|H|0000-0003-0800-2222 Han|Tao|T| Wang|Yong|Y| Wu|Qian|Q|

fillet weld size
sleeve material strength
in-service repair welding
welding residual stress


A new biflavonoid from Solanum dulcamara L. and investigation of anti-hyperglycaemic activity of its fruit extract.

Abstract: A new biflavone, 6,2',3″,5″,4‴-pentahydroxy-3,7″-biflavone, has been isolated from the fruits of Solanum dulcamara L., in addition to two known compounds, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. Their structures were established on the basis of UV, IR, 1D, 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectroscopic methods. The anti-hyperglycaemic effect of S. dulcamara was investigated using diabetic rats. The anti-hyperglycaemic activity of the fruit extract of S. dulcamara was presented for the first time in this study.

biflavonoid
Solanum dulcamara
anti-hyperglycaemic activity
Solonaceae


Medical student education in emergency medicine: do students meet the national standards for clinical encounters of selected core conditions?

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Establishing a core curriculum for undergraduate Emergency Medicine (EM) education is crucial to development of the specialty. The Clerkship Directors in Emergency Medicine (CDEM) National Curriculum Task Force recommended that all students in a 4(th)-year EM clerkship be exposed to 10 emergent clinical conditions.

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the feasibility of encountering recommended core conditions in a clinical setting during a 4(th)-year EM clerkship.

METHODS
Students from three institutions participated in this ongoing, prospective observation study. Students' patient logs were collected during 4-week EM clerkships between July 2011 and June 2012. De-identified logs were reviewed and the number of patient encounters for each of the CDEM-identified emergent conditions was recorded. The percentage of students who saw each of the core complaints was calculated, as was the average number of core complaints seen by each.

RESULTS
Data from 130 students at three institutions were captured; 15.4% of students saw all 10 conditions during their rotation, and 76.9% saw at least eight. The average number of conditions seen per student was 8.4 (range of 7.0-8.6). The percentage of students who saw each condition varied, ranging from 100% (chest pain and abdominal pain) to 31% (cardiac arrest).

CONCLUSIONS
Most students do not encounter all 10 conditions during patient encounters throughout a 4-week EM rotation, although most have exposure to at least eight. Certain conditions are far less likely than others to be encountered, and may need to be taught in a nonclinical setting.

Avegno|Jennifer|J| Leuthauser|Amy|A| Martinez|Joseph|J| Marinelli|Melissa|M| Osgood|Gale|G| Satonik|Robert|R| Ander|Doug|D|

medical student
education
clinical conditions


Modeling development and quantitative trait mapping reveal independent genetic modules for leaf size and shape.

Abstract: Improved predictions of fitness and yield may be obtained by characterizing the genetic controls and environmental dependencies of organismal ontogeny. Elucidating the shape of growth curves may reveal novel genetic controls that single-time-point (STP) analyses do not because, in theory, infinite numbers of growth curves can result in the same final measurement. We measured leaf lengths and widths in Brassica rapa recombinant inbred lines (RILs) throughout ontogeny. We modeled leaf growth and allometry as function valued traits (FVT), and examined genetic correlations between these traits and aspects of phenology, physiology, circadian rhythms and fitness. We used RNA-seq to construct a SNP linkage map and mapped trait quantitative trait loci (QTL). We found genetic trade-offs between leaf size and growth rate FVT and uncovered differences in genotypic and QTL correlations involving FVT vs STPs. We identified leaf shape (allometry) as a genetic module independent of length and width and identified selection on FVT parameters of development. Leaf shape is associated with venation features that affect desiccation resistance. The genetic independence of leaf shape from other leaf traits may therefore enable crop optimization in leaf shape without negative effects on traits such as size, growth rate, duration or gas exchange.

Baker|Robert L|RL|
Leong|Wen Fung|WF|
Brock|Marcus T|MT|
Markelz|R J Cody|RJ|
Covington|Michael F|MF|
Devisetty|Upendra K|UK|
Edwards|Christine E|CE|
Maloof|Julin|J|
Welch|Stephen|S|
Weinig|Cynthia|C|

Brassica rapa
allometry
function valued traits
growth modeling
leaf development
modularity
quantitative genetics
quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping


Lessons in implementing infection prevention.

Abstract: This paper has been developed from a conference presentation given by Professor Alison Holmes at the IPS Learning Labs launch event (2015). In it the implementation of research into clinical practice is discussed with reference to the upcoming Health Foundation Spotlight Report. The difficulties of engaging those in clinical practice are discussed with the importance of involvement of clinical leaders being highlighted. The importance of recognising that implementation science as a social process to bring credibility and legitimacy is also stressed. Following this, the Spotlight Report that is focused on strengthening implementation in the UK is discussed. There remains considerable scope for improvement and the impact of surveillance, targets and fatigue are considered. The tension between top-down and bottom-up approaches to implementation are discussed and a recommendation for a blended approach when implementing measures that are the components of an organisational infection prevention and control strategy is proposed. There also needs to be more scrutiny of the reasons for the failure of research implementation through an examination of the 'soft periphery' that comprises the organisational structure, systems and people that will be responsible for implementing and sustaining an intervention.

implementation
research
barriers
healthcare-associated infections


A pilot study: a possible implication of Candida as an etiologically endogenous pathogen for oral lichen planus.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and genotypic profiles of Candida albicans in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Positive rates and genotypic profiles of Candida albicans strains from OLP patients and healthy controls were analyzed. Random amplified polymorphic DNA and internal transcribed spacer of ribosome DNA polymerase chain reactions were used to sequence the DNA of these strains, and then their genetic similarity was measured using BLAST, UIV Band, and Vector NTI Suite Sequence Analyses Software.

RESULTS
The prevalence of C. albicans strains detected from erosive-OLP, non-erosive OLP, and normal individuals was 18.87, 18.75, and 7.92%, respectively. Four different genotypes were revealed by the two methods. To be specific, type I was found only in the healthy subjects; type II a and II b were found in non-erosive OLP, and type III was identified in erosive OLP. Intragroup similarity coefficients, i.e. SAB were 100%, and inter-groups similarity coefficients, i.e. SAB were less than 30%.

CONCLUSIONS
The genotypic results of C. albicans in OLP revealed an endogenous rather than exogenous infection of C. albicans. In addition, a possible pathogenic role of C. albicans in OLP, with the etiologic sense contributing to a more proper recognition on the pathogenesis, development, and progression of OLP, as well as some strategies for its diagnosis and treatment were identified.

He|Hong|H|0000-0003-1299-0868 Xia|Xinyu|X| Yang|Haiping|H| Peng|Qiao|Q| Zheng|Jiaoer|J|

D019105:Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique

Etiology
Oral lichen planus
Candida albicans
Endogenous infection
Homology similarity coefficient SAB
ITS sequence


Flat-panel CT arthrography for cartilage defect detection in the ankle joint: first results in vivo.

Abstract:
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of flat-panel computed tomography (FPCT) arthrography for cartilage defect detection in the ankle joint to direct magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) arthrography as the reference standard.

METHODS
Twenty-seven patients with specific suspicion of articular cartilage lesion underwent ankle arthrography with injection of a mixture of diluted gadolinium and iobitridol and were examined consecutively with the use of FPCT, MDCT, and 1.5 T MR imaging. FPCT, MDCT, and MR arthrography examinations were blinded and randomly evaluated by two musculoskeletal radiologists in consensus. In each ankle, eight articular cartilage areas were assessed separately: medial talar surface, medial talar trochlea, lateral talar trochlea, lateral talar surface, tibial malleolus, medial tibial plafond, lateral tibial plafond, and fibular malleolus. Findings at FPCT and MR were compared with MDCT assessments in 216 cartilage areas.

RESULTS
For the detection of cartilage defects, FPCT demonstrated a sensitivity of 97%, specificity of 95%, and accuracy of 96%; and MR arthrography showed a sensitivity of 69%, specificity of 94%, and accuracy of 87%. FPCT and MR arthrography presented almost perfect agreement (κ = 0.87) and moderate agreement (κ = 0.60), respectively, with MDCT arthrography. Mean diagnostic confidence was higher for FPCT (2.9/3) than for MR (2.3/3) and MDCT (2.7/3) arthrography.

CONCLUSIONS
FPCT demonstrated better accuracy than did 1.5 T MR arthrography for cartilage defect detection in the ankle joint. Therefore, FPCT should be considered in patients scheduled for dedicated imaging of ankle articular cartilage.

Pagliano|Sarah|S|
Chemouni|David|D|
Guggenberger|Roman|R|
Pauly|Vanessa|V|
Guenoun|Daphné|D|
Champsaur|Pierre|P|
Le Corroller|Thomas|T|


Diagnostic Yield and Safety of Cerebellar and Brainstem Parenchymal Biopsy.

Abstract:
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to determine the diagnostic yield and safety of posterior fossa parenchymal biopsy.

METHODS
One-hundred-thirty-six patients who underwent 137 posterior fossa (brainstem or cerebellar) parenchymal biopsies at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minnesota, USA) between 1996 and 2009 were identified by chart review. Case histories; radiologic, surgical, and pathologic reports; and safety outcomes were assessed.

RESULTS
Posterior fossa parenchymal biopsies were performed on 78 male and 58 female patients of median age 47 years (interquartile range 28-61). Preoperative clinical diagnosis in the majority of cases was of a malignant neoplasm. Glial neoplasm (51%) was the most common finding followed by lymphoma (7%) and neurosarcoidosis (7%). Normal tissue or nonspecific changes were observed in 28 cases (20%). Three deaths occurred: 2 at the time of biopsy (1%) and 1 due to underlying disease. All deaths occurred in patients who had a cerebellar biopsy. Transient neurologic deficits occurred in 15 patients (11%): worsening of presenting symptoms (4), cardiac arrhythmia (3), vertigo (2), diplopia (2), ataxia (3), seizure (1), decreased consciousness (1), and limb numbness (3). Sustained neurologic deficits occurred in 3 patients: fourth nerve palsy (1), hemiparesis (1), and facial numbness (1).

CONCLUSIONS
The diagnostic yield of posterior fossa parenchymal biopsy in Mayo Clinic patients with diverse pathologies was 80%. The complication rate was 11% with the majority being transient, but 2 deaths were attributed to biopsy. Evaluation of the diagnostic yield and complication rate at individual neurosurgical centers is needed to determine generalizability of these results.

Tobin|W Oliver|WO|
Meyer|Fredric B|FB|
Keegan|B Mark|BM|

Biopsy
Posterior fossa
Neoplasm
Inflammatory changes
Sarcoid
Spinal cord


Incorporation of carrot pomace powder in wheat flour: effect on flour, dough and cookie characteristics.

Abstract: Carrot pomace powder (CPP) of 72 and 120 mesh sizes was incorporated in wheat flour at 10, 15 and 20 % level and its impact on flour, dough and cookie characteristics was evaluated. Protein content of the flour blends (8.84-7.88 %) decreased and fibre content (4.63-6.68 %) increased upon blending of CPP in wheat flour. Wheat flour containing 120 mesh CPP showed better functional properties [water absorption (1.16-1.47 %), oil absorption (1.11-1.39 %), solubility index (41-50 %) and swelling power (1.34-1.39)] than those containing 72 mesh. Water solvent retention capacity and sucrose solvent retention capacity increased while lactic acid solvent retention capacity and sodium carbonate solvent retention capacity decreased with blending of CPP. Water absorption, dough development time and degree of softening increased whereas, dough stability and mixing tolerance decreased with increasing CPP. The highest decrease in pasting was observed flour containing 72 mesh CPP. Rheology of dough containing 120 mesh CPP closely resembled the control. Color of flour and cookies increased with blending of CPP irrespective of mesh size. Antioxidant activity of cookies was higher than the flour blends. The cookies containing CPP of 72 mesh showed the lowest hardness. However, cookies containing CPP of 120 mesh showed the best sensory properties. Incorporation of 120 mesh CPP produced low gluten cookies with manageable flour and dough characteristics and better antioxidant and sensory properties.

Ahmad|Mukhtar|M|
Wani|Touseef Ahmed|TA|
Wani|S M|SM|
Masoodi|F A|FA|
Gani|Adil|A|

Carrot pomace
Flour
Dough
Cookies
Dietary fibre


The progestin levonorgestrel affects sex differentiation in zebrafish at environmentally relevant concentrations.

Abstract: Synthetic progestins have become widespread environmental contaminants and may cause adverse effects on fish. In the present study, we investigated the effects of levonorgestrel (LNG) on sex differentiation in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Embryos were exposed to LNG at environmentally relevant concentrations (0, 1, 10, 33, and 100ng/L) and allowed to develop until sexual maturity. Histological examination at 63 days post fertilization (dpf) caused complete sex reversal and 100% males were observed in the 10, 33 and 100ng/L treatments; gross morphological and histological examination of gonads at 142dpf further confirmed 100% males at these exposure concentrations. The results indicate androgenic activity of LNG, and masculinization during zebrafish gonadal differentiation. The mRNA expression levels of genes involved in fish sex differentiation and gonadal development were examined at 28 and 42dpf. Down-regulation of the mRNA expression of aromatase (e.g., cyp19a1a, cyp19a1b), the forkhead transcription factor gene L2 (foxl2) and the Fushi tarazu factor-1d (nr5a1b) were observed. In contrast, transcription of the doublesex and mab-3-related transcription factor 1 (dmrt1) gene was up-regulated. Androgen receptor (ar) mRNA expression was significantly down-regulated at 28 and 42dpf. Co-exposure to flutamide (an androgen antagonist) and LNG, led to a decrease in the sex inversion potency of LNG. Our study has demonstrated that environmentally relevant concentrations of LNG could alter sex differentiation and gonadal development in zebrafish. Our results also suggest a potentially high ecological risk of LNG to fish populations in LNG-contaminated aquatic environments.

Hua|Jianghuan|J| Han|Jian|J| Guo|Yongyong|Y| Zhou|Bingsheng|B|

Progestin
Levonorgestrel
Sex differentiation
Zebrafish
Androgenic activity
Sex ratio


Animal models of tinnitus.

Abstract: Presented is a thematic review of animal tinnitus models from a functional perspective. Chronic tinnitus is a persistent subjective sound sensation, emergent typically after hearing loss. Although the sensation is experientially simple, it appears to have central a nervous system substrate of unexpected complexity that includes areas outside of those classically defined as auditory. Over the past 27 years animal models have significantly contributed to understanding tinnitus' complex neurophysiology. In that time, a diversity of models have been developed, each with its own strengths and limitations. None has clearly become a standard. Animal models trace their origin to the 1988 experiments of Jastreboff and colleagues. All subsequent models derive some of their features from those experiments. Common features include behavior-dependent psychophysical determination, acoustic conditions that contrast objective sound and silence, and inclusion of at least one normal-hearing control group. In the present review, animal models have been categorized as either interrogative or reflexive. Interrogative models use emitted behavior under voluntary control to indicate hearing. An example would be pressing a lever to obtain food in the presence of a particular sound. In this type of model animals are interrogated about their auditory sensations, analogous to asking a patient, "What do you hear?" These models require at least some training and motivation management, and reflect the perception of tinnitus. Reflexive models, in contrast, employ acoustic modulation of an auditory reflex, such as the acoustic startle response. An unexpected loud sound will elicit a reflexive motor response from many species, including humans. Although involuntary, acoustic startle can be modified by a lower-level preceding event, including a silent sound gap. Sound-gap modulation of acoustic startle appears to discriminate tinnitus in animals as well as humans, and requires no training or motivational manipulation, but its sensitivity, reliability, mechanism, and optimal implementation are incompletely understood. While to date animal models have significantly expanded the neuroscience of tinnitus, they have been limited to examining sensory features. In the human condition, emotional and cognitive factors are also important. It is not clear that the emotional features of tinnitus can be further understood using animal models, but models may be applied to examine cognitive factors. A recently developed model is described that reveals an interaction between tinnitus and auditory attention. This research suggests that effective tinnitus therapy could rely on modifying attention to the sensation rather than modifying the sensation itself. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled <Annual Reviews 2016>.

Animal model
Tinnitus
Thematic review
Future directions


Food industry: friend or foe?

Abstract: Open discourse and tolerance between the food industry and public sector is limited. As a result, the public and private sectors are reluctant to collaborate on pressing nutritional issues. Those in the public sector have never heard what they could do to encourage a food company's transition towards healthier foods and beverages, whereas many in the private sector dismissed policies and actions initiated within the public sector. During my career, I have sought to engage the broadest possible stakeholder groups required to develop evidence-based policies and with the aim of improving public health. My recent experience in industry confirmed my view about the need for scientific exchange regardless of the disagreements about policy. Open discourse and partnering is essential if we are to tackle complex food and health issues and improve the global food system. Private-public engagement can provide faster and more sustainable results than government alone without impacting profits. Moreover, a high-quality product in smaller portions will have higher profit margins than a bargain-sized product of lower quality. The food industry and private sector must come together to implement innovative strategies to address urgent nutritional needs.

Food industry
nutrition
private-public engagement


Arcuate nucleus neuropeptide coexpression and connections to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurones in the female rhesus macaque.

Abstract: The underlying hypothalamic neurocircuitry by which metabolism and feeding regulates reproductive function has been well-studied in the rodent; however, recent data have demonstrated significant neuroanatomical differences in the human brain. The present study had three objectives, centred on arcuate nucleus neuropeptides regulating feeding and reproduction: (i) to characterise coexpression patterns in the female nonhuman primate; (ii) to establish whether these neuronal populations make potential contacts with gonadotophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurones; and (iii) to determine whether these contacts differ between the low and high GnRH-releasing states of pre-puberty and adulthood, respectively. Female nonhuman primates have several coexpression patterns of hypothalamic neuropeptides that differ from those reported in rodents. Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is not coexpressed with pro-opiomelanocortin but instead with neuropeptide Y (NPY). CART is also expressed in a subpopulation of kisspeptin cells in the nonhuman primate, similar to observations in humans but diverging from findings in rodents. Very few GnRH-expressing neurones received close appositions from double-labelled kisspeptin/CART fibres; however, both single-labelled kisspeptin and CART fibres were in frequent apposition with GnRH neurones, with no differences between prepubertal and adult animals. NPY/agouti-related peptide (AgRP) coexpressing fibres contacted significantly more GnRH neurones in prepubertal animals than adults, consistent with increased NPY and AgRP mRNA observed in prepubertal animals. The findings of the present study detail significant differences in arcuate nucleus neuropeptide coexpression in the monkey compared to the rodent and are consistent with the hypothesis that arcuate nucleus NPY/AgRP neurones play an inhibitory role in controlling GnRH neuronal regulation in the prepubertal primate.

True|C|C|0000-0002-1280-2639
Takahashi|D|D|
Kirigiti|M|M|
Lindsley|S R|SR|
Moctezuma|C|C|
Arik|A|A|
Smith|M S|MS|
Kievit|P|P|
Grove|K L|KL|

D000367:Age Factors
D054369:Agouti-Related Protein
D000818:Animals
D001111:Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus
D002452:Cell Count
D005260:Female
D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
D059648:Kisspeptins
D008253:Macaca mulatta
D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins
D009474:Neurons
D009478:Neuropeptide Y


Hemophilia A in a Belgian Shepherd Malinois dog: case report.

Abstract: This case report presents a Belgian Shepherd Malinois dog affected by hemophilia A recognized at the age of seven months. The clinical follow-up including all the diagnostic procedures leading to the final diagnosis and the course of this disorder are presented. This is a typical proband case demonstrating the appearance of this genetic disease in a breed never involved by this coagulation disorder so far documented that started an intensive and laborious plan to reduce the incidence of hemophilia A and the further appearance of new cases.

Gavazza|A|A| Lubas|G|G| Trotta|M|M| Caldin|M|M|

Hemophilia A
Belgian Shepherd Malinois
Dog
Diagnosis
Outcome
Treatment


Childhood Behavioural Problems and Adverse Outcomes in Early Adulthood: a Comparison of Brazilian and British Birth Cohorts.

Abstract:
Purpose
Examine associations between childhood behavioural problems with criminal behaviour, emotional disorders, substance use and unemployment in early adulthood in two birth cohorts from a middle- and high-income country.

Methods
Data were utilised from large, prospective birth cohorts in Brazil (1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort; N = 3939) and the UK (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; ALSPAC; N = 5079). Behavioural problems were reported on by parents at age 11 years (including disobeys, temper, lies, fights, steals). Outcomes (assessed with youth between ages 22 and 24 years) included criminal behaviour, emotional disorders, substance use and NEET (not in education, employment or training).

Results
In both cohorts, children with 'conduct problems' (those with increased probability of all five behaviours at age 11), were at higher risk of criminal behaviour, emotional disorders and NEET in adulthood compared to those with 'low problems'. Associations for 'conduct problems' were stronger in Pelotas compared to ALSPAC for hazardous alcohol use [Pelotas: risk ratio = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.14-1.70; ALSPAC: risk ratio = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.57-1.02] and illegal drug use [Pelotas: risk ratio = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.16-1.50; ALSPAC: risk ratio = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.91-1.20], whereas associations for criminal behaviour [Pelotas: risk ratio = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.29-2.86; ALSPAC: risk ratio = 2.75, 95% CI = 2.04-3.73] and NEET [Pelotas: risk ratio = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.13-1.70; ALSPAC: risk ratio = 3.04, 95% CI = 1.99-4.65] were stronger in ALSPAC.

Conclusions
Childhood conduct problems were associated with criminal behaviour, emotional disorders and unemployment in adulthood in both Brazil and the UK. Additional associations were found for substance use in Brazil.

Hammerton|Gemma|G|0000-0002-7781-3857
Murray|Joseph|J|
Maughan|Barbara|B|
Barros|Fernando C|FC|
Gonçalves|Helen|H|
Menezes|Ana Maria B|AMB|
Wehrmeister|Fernando C|FC|
Hickman|Matthew|M|
Heron|Jon|J|

Behavioural problems
Brazil
Pelotas
ALSPAC
Measurement invariance


1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol as a Remarkable Medium for Atroposelective Sulfoxide-Directed Fujiwara-Moritani Reaction with Acrylates and Styrenes.

Abstract: Axially chiral biaryls are ubiquitous structural motifs of biologically active molecules and privileged ligands for asymmetric catalysis. Their properties are due to their configurationally stable axis, and therefore, the control of their absolute configuration is essential. Efficient access to atropo-enantioenriched biaryl moieties through asymmetric direct C-H activation, by using enantiopure sulfoxide as both the directing group (DG) and chiral auxiliary, is reported. The stereoselective oxidative Heck reactions are performed in high yields and with excellent atropo-stereoselectivities. The pivotal role of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropanol (HFIP) solvent, which enables a drastic increase in yield and stereoselectivity of this transformation, is evidenced and investigated. Finally, the synthetic usefulness of the herein disclosed transformation is showcased because the traceless character of the sulfoxide DG allows straightforward conversions of the newly accessed, atropopure sulfoxide-biaryls into several differently substituted axially chiral scaffolds.

Dherbassy|Quentin|Q|
Schwertz|Geoffrey|G|
Chessé|Matthieu|M|
Hazra|Chinmoy Kumar|CK|
Wencel-Delord|Joanna|J|
Colobert|Françoise|F|

chirality
C−H activation
asymmetric synthesis
fluorine
olefination


Effect of thermal treatments on the structural change and the hemostatic property of hair extracted proteins.

Abstract: Human hair is a readily available source for hair protein-based biomaterial and is increasingly explored as an alternative to existing hemostatic materials. The hair protein is a complex mixture of multiple proteins, which are preferably extracted at relatively high temperatures (50-90 °C) for increasing protein yields. However, the effect of processing temperature on the hemostatic property of the hair derived proteins are not yet well-understood. The objective of the current study was to characterize the influence of thermal treatments (37 °C, 50 °C, 75 °C, 80 °C, and 90 °C) on the (i) secondary structure of different fractions of hair proteins including keratin (40-65 kDa) and keratin-associated proteins (KAPs, 6-30 kDa), and (ii) their capability to precipitate the soluble fibrinogen in an in vitro fibrin clotting assay. Our results indicated that the thermal treatments induced changes to the helical contents of hair-derived protein extracts and also increased the precipitation amount and rate of soluble fibrinogen. While further studies are required to better understand the exact role of hair protein fractions on the coagulation process, the current research suggests that the hair proteins extracted under relatively high temperatures is a prerequisite approach for improving the hemostatic property of human hair-derived proteins.

Yang|Kai-Chiang|KC|
Huang|Lu-Ping|LP|
Huang|Mao-Cong|MC|
Thyparambil|Aby A|AA|
Wei|Yang|Y|

Keratins
Fibrin clot assay
Hemostasis
Keratin-associated proteins (KAPs)


Independent Older Adult's IADL and Executive Function According to Cognitive Performance.

Abstract: Participation in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) is essential in occupational therapy aiming to improve the life situation of elderly. Effective executive function (EF) is important to successful functioning in IADL. The purpose of this study was to examine EF and IADL performance differences according to cognitive levels as measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), age, and gender. In all, 80 elderly (49% female; age M = 73.4) were assessed at home, with Weekly Calendar Planning Activity (WCPA-10), IADL scale, and MoCA as a cognitive screening tool for dividing into normal cognitive (NC) level and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The comparison between the MoCA groups on the WCPA-10 and IADL shows significant differences between the groups; gender and age differed only in IADL. IADL and WCPA-10 performance among independent elderly relates to their cognitive level. We suggest that intervention that will focus on EF may assist in improving performance and maintaining participation in occupation.

D000073216:Mental Status and Dementia Tests

older adults
executive function
cognition
instrumental activities of daily living
community participation


Spatiotemporal image correlation analysis of blood flow in branched vessel networks of zebrafish embryos.

Abstract: Ramification of blood circulation is relevant in a number of physiological and pathological conditions. The oxygen exchange occurs largely in the capillary bed, and the cancer progression is closely linked to the angiogenesis around the tumor mass. Optical microscopy has made impressive improvements in in vivo imaging and dynamic studies based on correlation analysis of time stacks of images. Here, we develop and test advanced methods that allow mapping the flow fields in branched vessel networks at the resolution of 10 to 20  μm. The methods, based on the application of spatiotemporal image correlation spectroscopy and its extension to cross-correlation analysis, are applied here to the case of early stage embryos of zebrafish.

Ceffa|Nicolo G|NG|
Cesana|Ilaria|I|
Collini|Maddalena|M|
D'Alfonso|Laura|L|
Carra|Silvia|S|
Cotelli|Franco|F|
Sironi|Laura|L|
Chirico|Giuseppe|G|

image correlation
hemodynamics
single plane illumination microscopy


Primula dongchuanensis (Primulaceae), a new species from northern Yunnan, China.

Abstract: Primula dongchuanensis Z.K.Wu & Yuan Huang, a new species of Primulaceae from Dongchuan of northern Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. Both morphological and molecular evidence support P. dongchuanensis as a member of the sect. Proliferae. It is similar to P. aurantiaca W.W.Smith & Forrest, but is distinguished by having unique raceme inflorescences. Its distribution, phenology and conservation status are also provided.

Wu|Zhi-Kun|ZK| Zhao|Fu-Wei|FW| Chen|Jia-Hui|JH| Huang|Yuan|Y|

Primula dongchuanensis
Primulaceae
new species
Yunnan
China


Should we include monitors to improve assessment of awareness and pain in unconscious palliatively sedated patients? A case report.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
Awareness and pain during palliative sedation is typically assessed by observational scales, but the use of such scales has been put into question.

CASE PRESENTATION
A woman in her mid-80s was admitted to a palliative care unit, presenting with chronic lymphatic leukemia, depression, and a cerebrovascular accident, with right-sided hemiplegia and aphasia. The patient was unable to eat and was suffering from nausea and vomiting. Before admission, the patient had expressed her desire to discontinue treatment on several occasions.

CASE MANAGEMENT
The decision was made to initiate palliative sedation. The patient consented to take part in a study to assess level of comfort and pain using two monitoring devices (NeuroSense monitor and Analgesia Nociception Index monitor).

CASE OUTCOME
The patient died 90 h after initiation of palliative sedation. Titration of the medication was challenging and sedation was not deep enough during the first 2 days. Thirteen assessments made with the Ramsay Sedation Scale showed that the patient was considered to be in a deep sleep, while in fact the NeuroSense monitor indicated otherwise.

CONCLUSION
This case demonstrates the feasibility and potential advantages of using monitoring devices to objectify assessments of pain and discomfort in palliatively sedated patients.

Six|Stefaan|S|0000-0003-3584-6818 Laureys|Steven|S| Poelaert|Jan|J| Bilsen|Johan|J| Theuns|Peter|P| Musch|Liza|L| Deschepper|Reginald|R|

unconsciousness
Palliative care
deep sedation
pain measurement
patient monitoring


Effects of carbohydrate-hydration strategies on glucose metabolism, sprint performance and hydration during a soccer match simulation in recreational players.

Abstract:
OBJECTIVES
This study compared the effects of three carbohydrate-hydration strategies on blood glucose concentration, exercise performance and hydration status throughout simulated soccer match-play.

DESIGN
A randomized, double-blind and cross-over study design was employed.

METHODS
After familiarization, 14 recreational soccer players completed the soccer match simulation on three separate occasions. Participants consumed equal volumes of 9.6% carbohydrate-caffeine-electrolyte (∼ 6 mg/kg BW caffeine) solution with carbohydrate-electrolyte gels (H-CHO), 5.6% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution with electrolyte gels (CHO) or electrolyte solution and electrolyte gels (PL). Blood samples were taken at rest, immediately before exercise and every 15 min during exercise (first half: 15, 30, 45 min; second half: 60, 75, 90 min).

RESULTS
Supplementation influenced blood glucose concentration (time × treatment interaction: p<0.001); however, none of the supplementation regimes were effective in preventing a drop in blood glucose at 60 min. Mean sprint speed was 3 ± 1% faster in H-CHO when compared with PL (treatment: p=0.047). Supplementation caused a 2.3 ± 0.5% increase in plasma osmolality in H-CHO (p<0.001) without change in CHO or PL. Similarly, mean sodium concentrations were 2.1 ± 0.4% higher in H-CHO when compared with PL (p=0.006).

CONCLUSIONS
Combining high carbohydrate availability with caffeine resulted in improved sprint performance and elevated blood glucose concentrations throughout the first half and at 90 min of exercise; however, this supplementation strategy negatively influenced hydration status when compared with 5.6% carbohydrate-electrolyte and electrolyte solutions.

Kingsley|Michael|M| Penas-Ruiz|Carlos|C| Terry|Chris|C| Russell|Mark|M|

Supplementation
Football
Rebound hypoglycemia
Shooting


Low density lipoprotein bionanoparticles: From cholesterol transport to delivery of anti-cancer drugs.

Abstract: In this review article, we highlight the importance of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and its implications in the field of drug delivery to cancer cells. LDL is naturally occurring bionanoparticles (BNP) with a size of 18-25 nm. These BNPs specifically transport cholesterol to cells expressing the LDL receptors (LDLRs). Several tumors overexpress LDLRs, presumably to provide cholesterol for sustaining a high rate of membrane synthesis. LDL BNPs are biocompatible and biodegradable, favorably bind hydrophobic and amphiphilic drugs, are taken up by a receptor-mediated mechanism, have a half-life of 2-4 days, and can be rerouted. Drugs can be loaded onto LDL BNPs by surface loading, core loading, and apoprotein interaction. LDL may be used as a drug carrier for treatment of atherosclerosis, cancer, and in photodynamic therapies.

Harisa|Gamaleldin I|GI|
Alanazi|Fars K|FK|

LDL
Drug delivery
Cancer
LDL receptor
Biological nanoparticles
Nanoparticles


Producing desired ice faces.

Abstract: The ability to prepare single-crystal faces has become central to developing and testing models for chemistry at interfaces, spectacularly demonstrated by heterogeneous catalysis and nanoscience. This ability has been hampered for hexagonal ice, Ih--a fundamental hydrogen-bonded surface--due to two characteristics of ice: ice does not readily cleave along a crystal lattice plane and properties of ice grown on a substrate can differ significantly from those of neat ice. This work describes laboratory-based methods both to determine the Ih crystal lattice orientation relative to a surface and to use that orientation to prepare any desired face. The work builds on previous results attaining nearly 100% yield of high-quality, single-crystal boules. With these methods, researchers can prepare authentic, single-crystal ice surfaces for numerous studies including uptake measurements, surface reactivity, and catalytic activity of this ubiquitous, fundamental solid.

ice
crystal lattice
ice surface
atmospheric chemistry
crystal faces


Adherent/invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) isolates from asymptomatic people: new E. coli ST131 O25:H4/H30-Rx virotypes.

Abstract:
BACKGROUND
The widespread Escherichia coli clone ST131 implicated in multidrug-resistant infections has been recently reported, the majority belonging to O25:H4 serotype and classified into five main virotypes in accordance with the virulence genes carried.

METHODS
Pathogenicity Islands I and II (PAI-I and PAI-II) were determined using conventional PCR protocols from a set of four E. coli CTXR ST131 O25:H4/H30-Rx strains collected from healthy donors' stool. The virulence genes patterns were also analyzed and compared them with the virotypes reported previously; then adherence, invasion, macrophage survival and biofilm formation assays were evaluated and AIEC pathotype genetic determinants were investigated.

FINDINGS
Non-reported virulence patterns were found in our isolates, two of them carried satA, papA, papGII genes and the two-remaining isolates carried cnfI, iroN, satA, papA, papGII genes, and none of them belonged to classical ST131 virotypes, suggesting an endemic distribution of virulence genes and two new virotypes. The presence of PAI-I and PAI-II of Uropathogenic E. coli was determined in three of the four strains, furthermore adherence and invasion assays demonstrated higher degrees of attachment/invasion compared with the control strains. We also amplified intI1, insA and insB genes in all four samples.

INTERPRETATION
The results indicate that these strains own non-reported virotypes suggesting endemic distribution of virulence genes, our four strains also belong to an AIEC pathotype, being this the first report of AIEC in México and the association of AIEC with healthy donors.

Arenas-Hernández|Margarita María de la Paz|MMP|


An integrative phylogenomic approach illuminates the evolutionary history of cockroaches and termites (Blattodea).

Abstract: Phylogenetic relationships among subgroups of cockroaches and termites are still matters of debate. Their divergence times and major phenotypic transitions during evolution are also not yet settled. We addressed these points by combining the first nuclear phylogenomic study of termites and cockroaches with a thorough approach to divergence time analysis, identification of endosymbionts, and reconstruction of ancestral morphological traits and behaviour. Analyses of the phylogenetic relationships within Blattodea robustly confirm previously uncertain hypotheses such as the sister-group relationship between Blaberoidea and remaining Blattodea, and Lamproblatta being the closest relative to the social and wood-feeding Cryptocercus and termites. Consequently, we propose new names for various clades in Blattodea: Cryptocercus + termites = Tutricablattae; Lamproblattidae + Tutricablattae = Kittrickea; and Blattoidea + Corydioidea = Solumblattodea. Our inferred divergence times contradict previous studies by showing that most subgroups of Blattodea evolved in the Cretaceous, reducing the gap between molecular estimates of divergence times and the fossil record. On a phenotypic level, the blattodean ground-plan is for egg packages to be laid directly in a hole while other forms of oviposition, including ovovivipary and vivipary, arose later. Finally, other changes in egg care strategy may have allowed for the adaptation of nest building and other novelties.

Evangelista|Dominic A|DA|
Wipfler|Benjamin|B|
Béthoux|Olivier|O|
Donath|Alexander|A|
Fujita|Mari|M|
Kohli|Manpreet K|MK|
Legendre|Frédéric|F|
Liu|Shanlin|S|
Machida|Ryuichiro|R|
Misof|Bernhard|B|
Peters|Ralph S|RS|
Podsiadlowski|Lars|L|
Rust|Jes|J|
Schuette|Kai|K|
Tollenaar|Ward|W|
Ware|Jessica L|JL|
Wappler|Torsten|T|
Zhou|Xin|X|
Meusemann|Karen|K|
Simon|Sabrina|S|

sociality
isoptera
maternal care
palaeontology
systematics
transcriptomes


A case report of Epstein-Barr virus-associated retinal vasculitis: successful treatment using only acyclovir therapy.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe a presumed case of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated retinal vasculitis in a 42-year-old female with sudden unilateral vision loss and successful treatment with acyclovir therapy. Diagnostic vitreous biopsy of the right eye was performed to test for EBV and other known infectious causes of retinitis and evaluate vitreous cells and serological testing. Vitreous polymerase chain reaction viral DNA testing result was positive for EBV but negative for herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and cytomegalovirus. Serologic testing was negative for toxoplasma gondii, syphilis, tuberculosis, and HIV. Histopathologic analysis of vitreous cells revealed atypical lymphocytes. Fluorescein angiography showed disk leakage, occluded retinal artery, peripheral vascular leakage, and ischemic area of the right eye. Intravenous acyclovir, 10 mg/kg/d, was prescribed for 14 days followed by oral acyclovir for 3 months. All lesions have become quiet. EBV may be a cause of retinal disease, and intravenous acyclovir is a successful treatment choice.

retinal vasculitis
treatment
acyclovir
Epstein-Barr virus


In vitro characterization of SynthoPlate™ (synthetic platelet) technology and its in vivo evaluation in severely thrombocytopenic mice.

Abstract:
Essentials Platelet transfusion suffers from availability, portability, contamination, and short shelf-life. SynthoPlate™ (synthetic platelet technology) can resolve platelet transfusion limitations. SynthoPlate™ does not activate resting platelets or stimulate coagulation systemically. SynthoPlate™ significantly improves hemostasis in thrombocytopenic mice dose-dependently.

SUMMARY
Background Platelet transfusion applications face severe challenges, owing to the limited availability and portability, high risk of contamination and short shelf-life of platelets. Therefore, there is significant interest in synthetic platelet substitutes that can provide hemostasis while avoiding these issues. Platelets promote hemostasis by injury site-selective adhesion and aggregation, and propagation of coagulation reactions on their membranes. On the basis of these mechanisms, we have developed a synthetic platelet technology (SynthoPlate™) that integrates platelet-mimetic site-selective 'adhesion' and 'aggregation' functionalities via heteromultivalent surface decoration of lipid vesicles with von Willebrand factor-binding, collagen-binding and active platelet integrin glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa-binding peptides. Objective To evaluate SynthoPlate for its effects on platelets and plasma in vitro, and for systemic safety and hemostatic efficacy in severely thrombocytopenic mice in vivo. Methods In vitro, SynthoPlate was evaluated with aggregometry, fluorescence microscopy, microfluidics, and thrombin and fibrin generation assays. In vivo, SynthoPlate was evaluated for systemic safety with prothrombin and fibrin assays on plasma, and for hemostatic effects on tail-transection bleeding time in severely thrombocytopenic (TCP) mice. Results SynthoPlate did not aggregate resting platelets or spontaneously promote coagulation in plasma, but could amplify the recruitment and aggregation of active platelets at the bleeding site, and thereby site-selectively enhance fibrin generation. SynthoPlate dose-dependently reduced bleeding time in TCP mice, to levels comparable to those in normal mice. SynthoPlate has a reasonable circulation residence time, and is cleared mostly by the liver and spleen. Conclusion The results demonstrate the promise of SynthoPlate as a synthetic platelet substitute in transfusion treatment of platelet-related bleeding complications.

Shukla|M|M|
Sekhon|U D S|UD|
Betapudi|V|V|
Li|W|W|
Hickman|D A|DA|
Pawlowski|C L|CL|
Dyer|M R|MR|
Neal|M D|MD|
McCrae|K R|KR|
Sen Gupta|A|A|

platelets
platelet transfusion
hemostasis
bleeding time
thrombocytopenia


A large-scale study of stress, emotions, and blood pressure in daily life using a digital platform.

Abstract: Stress is often associated with pathophysiologic responses, like blood pressure (BP) reactivity, which when experienced repeatedly may be one pathway through which stress leads to poor physical health. Previous laboratory and field studies linking stress to physiological measures are limited by small samples, narrow demographics, and artificial stress manipulations, whereas large-scale studies often do not capture measures like BP reactivity in daily life. We examined perceived stress, emotions, heart rate, and BP during daily life using a 3-wk app-based study. We confirmed the validity of a smartphone-based optic sensor to measure BP and then analyzed data from more than 330,000 daily responses from over 20,000 people. Stress was conceptualized as the ratio of situational demands relative to individual resources to cope. We found that greater demands were associated with higher BP reactivity, but critically, the ratio of demands relative to resources improved prediction of BP changes. When demands were higher and resources were lower, there was higher BP reactivity. Additionally, older adults showed greater concordance between self-reported stress and physiologic responses than younger adults. We also observed that physiologic reactivity was associated with current emotional state, and both valence and arousal mattered. For example, BP increased with high-arousal negative emotions (e.g., anger) and decreased with low-arousal positive emotions (e.g., contentment). Taken together, this work underscores the potential for expanding stress science and public health data using handheld phones to reliably and validly measure physiologic responses linked to stress, emotion, and physical health.

stress
emotions
blood pressure
digital platforms
EMA