The Estimation of Environmental Kuznets Curve in China: Nonparametric Panel Approach
In this paper, the panel data of industrial CO\(_2\) emissions among 31 provincial regions in China from 1985 to 2010 are utilized to analyze the nonlinear relationship between industrial pollution and economic development level based on nonparametric method for testing and verifying the environmental Kuznets hypothesis of carbon dioxide (CKC) in China. The industrial carbon dioxide emissions and GDP per capita are as measures of the industrial pollution and the level of economic development. The nonlinear methods have much more flexibility than linear model because there is no linear hypothesis, which may lead to the problem of model misspecification. Thus, nonlinear methods can obtain more accurate and effective results. Our results show that the nonlinear relationship between the industrial carbon dioxide emissions and the level of economic development has an inverted-U shape, which is the pattern of CKC curves. Moreover, Shanghai, Beijing and Tianjin have crossed the CKC inflection point and are now in developmental stage of environmental pollution reduced since 2005, 2006 and 2008 respectively. However, other areas are still in the earlier stage of environmental pollution, economic growth is accompanied by the tendency towards worsening environmental pollution.
environmental kuznets curve industrial pollution economic growth nonlinear studies