evaluating the effectiveness of spatial memory in 2d and 3d physical and virtual environments
User interfaces can improve task performance by exploiting the powerful human capabilities for spatial cognition. This opportunity has been demonstrated by many prior experiments. It is tempting to believe that providing greater spatial flexibility-by moving from flat 2D to 3D user interfaces-will further enhance user performance. This paper describes an experiment that investigates the effectiveness of spatial memory in real-world physical models and in equivalent computer-based virtual systems. The different models vary the user's freedom to use depth and perspective in spatial arrangements of images representing web pages. Results show that the subjects' performance deteriorated in both the physical and virtual systems as their freedom to locate items in the third dimension increased. Subjective measures reinforce the performance measures, indicating that users found interfaces with higher dimensions more 'cluttered' and less efficient
effect spatial spatial memory 3d physical virtual environment virtualization use user user user interface interfaces task performance human capabilities spatial cognition experience paper physical model model systems arrangement imaging web page measurement performance measurement efficiency information visualization document management computation flexibility 3d user interfaces users