Uncertainty principle guarantees genuine source of intrinsic randomness
The Borns rule introduces intrinsic randomness to the outcomes of a measurement performed on a quantum mechanical system. But, if the system is prepared in the eigenstate of an observable, then the measurement outcome of that observable is completely predictable, and hence, there is no intrinsic randomness. On the other hand, if two incompatible observables are measured (either sequentially on a particle or simultaneously on two identical copies of the particle), then uncertainty principle guarantees intrinsic randomness in the subsequent outcomes independent of the preparation state of the system. In this article, we show that this is true not only in quantum mechanics but for any no-signaling probabilistic theory. Also the minimum amount of intrinsic randomness that can be guaranteed for arbitrarily prepared state of the system is quantified by the amount of (un)certainty.
uncertainty principle randomness no signaling theory