Design procedure for two-stage CMOS transconductance operational amplifiers: A tutorial
This paper deals with well-defined design criteria for two-stage CMOS transconductance operational amplifiers. A novel and simple design procedure is presented, which allows electrical parameters to be univocally related to the value of each circuit element and biasing value. Unlike previous methods, the proposed one is suited for a pencil-and-paper design and yields accurate performance optimization without introducing unnecessary circuit constraints. Bandwidth optimization strategies are also discussed. SPICE simulations based on the proposed procedures are given which closely agree the expected results.
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