characterizing chip-multiprocessor variability-tolerance
Spatially-correlated intra-die process variations result in significant core-to-core frequency variations in chip-multiprocessors. An analytical model for frequency island chip-multiprocessor throughput is introduced. The improved variability-tolerance of FI-CMPs over their globally-clocked counterparts is quantified across a range of core counts and sizes under constant die area. The benefits are highest for designs consisting of many small cores, with the throughput of a globally-clocked design with 70 small cores increasing by 8.8\% when per-core frequency islands are used. The small-core FI-CMP also loses only 7.2\% of its nominal performance to process variations, the least among any of the designs.
chip-multiprocessor frequency islands process variability