Optimized echo state networks using a big bangbig crunch algorithm for distance protection of series-compensated transmission lines
TCSC voltage is estimated using only measured phase currents at relaying point. ESN optimized by a BBBC algorithm and tested by many cases shows promising accuracy. ESN outperforms TDNN, RFBNN, NARX and Elman in estimations after fault incidence. ESN trained by signals recorded at a higher sampling frequency gives more accuracy. Simulations of relays with ESN-based voltage compensation show proper relaying.
echo state network distance protection big bangbig crunch optimization algorithm thyristor-controlled series capacitor time-delay neural network