Modelling facial expressions: A framework for simulating nonlinear soft tissue deformations using embedded 3D muscles
We model the deformation of the human face due to muscle contraction. 3-D muscles with anatomical geometry and fibre orientation is used. Muscle forces are represented as discrete point load at the integration points. Increasing the number of embedded muscles does not increase the degrees of freedom.
embedded muscles facial biomechanics nonlinear elasticity cubic hermite elements mixed finite element method