An impulse-based energy tracking method for collision resolution
DEM can be based on penalties or impulses to resolve collisions. The impulse-based energy tracking method (ETM) resolves multiple collisions consistently. ETM models multiple collisions iteratively yet simultaneously, while tracking the system energy. ETM does not rely on penalties and does not require computation of penetration of bodies. The method is validated in the context of energy conservation and meso-scale angles of repose.
energy conservation discrete element method impulse method multiple-body collision