Image processing for craniofacial landmark identification and measurement: a review of photogrammetry and cephalometry
Facial surface anthropometry and cephalometry have been used for many years for the diagnosis of malformations, surgical planning and evaluation, and growth studies. These disciplines rely on the identification of craniofacial landmarks. Methods for 3D reconstruction of landmarks have been introduced, as have image processing algorithms for the automation of landmark extraction. This paper reviews facial surface anthropometry and cephalometry with reference to the image processing algorithms that have been applied and their effectiveness.
image processing craniofacial landmark photogrammetry facial anthropometry cephalogram feature extraction shape analysis stereo