listing's and donders' laws and the estimation of the point-of-gaze
This paper examines the use of Listing's and Donders' laws for the calculation of the torsion of the eye in the estimation of the point-of-gaze. After describing Listing's and Donders' laws and providing their analytical representation, experimental results obtained while subjects looked at a computer screen are presented. The experimental results show that when the point-of-gaze was estimated using Listing's and Donders' laws there was no significant accuracy improvement relative to when eye torsion was ignored. While for a larger range of eye rotation the torsion would be more significant and should be taken into account, the torsion predicted by Listing's and Donders' laws may be inaccurate, even in ideal conditions. Moreover, eye torsion resulting from lateral head tilt can be significantly larger than the torsion predicted by Listing's and Donders' laws, and even have opposite direction. To properly account for eye torsion, it should be measured independently (e.g., by tracking the iris pattern and/or the scleral blood vessels).
donders' law eye torsion listing's law gaze estimation accuracy kinematics of the eye