Modeling evolution of frost damage in fully saturated porous materials exposed to variable hygro-thermal conditions
Frost-induced damage of concrete was simulated using the delayed damage approach. Thermodynamic model of kinetics of water freezing/melting in porous materials was presented. Volume averaging procedure was applied to calculate the mean crystallization pressure exerted on the deteriorating solid skeleton. The effective stress principle is applied to account for the crystallization pressure. FEM and FDM were exploited to solve mass, energy and momentum balance equations.
frost damage nonequilibrium freezing/thawing modelling rate type model of phase change