Modelling chain for the effect of road traffic on air and water quality: Techniques, current status and future prospects
We present a state of the art of traffic, emissions, atmospheric dispersion and stormwater models. We review modelling approaches for simulating air and water pollution with particular emphasis on their couplings. The difficulties and challenges associated with model coupling are discussed with three specific examples. We propose two modelling chains to simulate the environmental impacts of traffic for both average-based and dynamic models.
traffic emission water pollution integrated modelling air pollution