an effective pixel-wise fragile watermarking scheme based on ara bits
Potential for exactly tracing maliciously altered pixels is currently desired in image authentication. This paper proposes an efficient pixel-wise fragile watermarking scheme, based on ARA (Authentication Relational & Associative) bits. In this scheme ARA bits are embedded as a watermark into the first three LSBs of each pixel of the host image. On the receiver end, by comparing the extracted LSBs and recalculated ARA bits, one can easily recognize the altered pixels of the host image.
fragile watermarking tamper detection pixel localization