perspectives of the user interface
It has become increasingly popular for researchers to study management information system users and their relationships with system developers. Motivated by numerous reports of system failure, which were not technical in nature, investigators have sought a better understanding of the user interface. The ultimate objective of much of this research is to guide methodologies for user-oriented system development and design of systems which meet user needs more readily. In other words, the intent is to design systems which are behaviorally valid as well as technically valid. Such a quest necessarily requires us to draw upon concepts from the behavioral sciences. To study user behavior, interpersonal relationships and organizational settings, one must either invent new theories or use existing ones. The latter strategy is strongly recommended for many reasons not reiterated here. But within the behavioral sciences there are fundamental choices among perspectives, and these choices influence our view of the user interface quite profoundly. Adopting any one approach allows the investigator to see and understand certain phenomena but to ignore others. Like the blind man examining the elephant, each observer develops a trained incapacity to see the object from other viewpoints. As a result, alternative explanations of research findings are rarely considered, much less reported. The purpose of this paper is to examine four different perspectives of the user interface: (1) user motivation, (2) user-developer differences, (3) organization structure, and (4) the political perspective. Each highlights certain legitimate system development issues. However, each also narrows our view of the user interface. Awareness of these perspectives accomplishes two purposes. First, researchers will be more receptive to the alternative perspectives and aware of the consequences of their choices. Second, investigators will treat the user interface less naively, especially through increased sensitivity to the political factors in system development.
use user user user interface research management information system systems relationships system development developer motivation failure understandability object methodology design intent behavior drawing concept science user behavior organization theory strategies reasoning influence blind observability explanation paper structure awareness sensitive factor users