Long-range wireless sensor networks with transmit-only nodes and software-defined receivers
Wireless sensor networks for environmental monitoring and agricultural applications often face Long-range requirements at low bit rates together with a large numbers of nodes. This paper presents the design and test of a novel wireless sensor network that combines a large radio range with very low power consumption and cost. Our asymmetric sensor network uses ultra-low-cost 40-MHz transmitters and a sensitive software-defined radio receiver with multi-channel capability. Experimental radio range measurements in two different outdoor environments demonstrate a single-hop range of up to 1.8km. A theoretical model for radio propagation at 40MHz in outdoor environments is proposed and validated with the experimental measurements. The reliability and fidelity of network communication over longer periods is evaluated with a deployment for distributed temperature measurements. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of the transmit-only low-frequency system design approach for future environmental sensor networks. Although there have been several papers proposing the theoretical benefits of this approach, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to provide experimental validation of such claims. Copyright (c) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
wireless sensor network environmental monitoring vhf frequency spectrum path loss radio propagation model