Instability of 2,2-di(pyridin-2-yl)acetic acid. Tautomerization versus decarboxylation
The DFT calculations at the B3LYP level with 6-311G** basis set were carried out in order to reveal whether tautomerization or decarboxylation is responsible for the instability of 2,2-di(pyridin-2-yl)acetic (DPA) and 1,8-diazafluorene-9-carboxylic (DAF) acids. The carboxyl protons in both compounds are involved in the intramolecular hydrogen bonds (the pyridine nitrogen atoms are the hydrogen bond acceptors). Although formation of two intramolecular OH center dot center dot center dot N hydrogen bonds in the enols of both carboxylic acids enables effective electron delocalization within the quasi rings (center dot center dot center dot HO -C = C-C = N), only ene-1,1-diol of DAF has somewhat lower energy than DAF itself (Delta E is ca. 7 kcal mol(-1)). DPA and its enediol have comparable energies. Migration of the methine proton toward the carbonyl oxygen atom (to form enediols) requires overstepping the energy barriers of 55-57 kcal mol(-1) for both DPA and DAF. The enaminone tautomers of the acids, formed by migration of this proton toward the pyridine nitrogen atom, are thermodynamically somewhat more stable than the respective enediols. The energy barriers of these processes are equal to ca. 44 and 62 kcal mol(-1) for DPA and DAF, respectively. Thus, such tautomerization of the acids is not likely to proceed. On the other hand, the distinct energetic effects (ca. 15 kcal mol(-1)) favor decarboxylation. This process involves formation of (E)-2-(pyridin-2(1H)-ylidenemethyl)pyridine and its cyclic analogue followed by their tautomerization to (dipyridin-2-yl)methane and 1,8-diazafluorene, respectively. Although the later compound was found to be somewhat thermodynamically more stable, kinetic control of tautomerization of the former is more distinct.
tautomerization decarboxylation dft calculations carboxylic acids reaction path transition states