Registering incomplete radar images using the EM algorithm
This paper describes an application of the EM (expectation and maximisation) algorithm to the registration of incomplete millimetric radar images. The data used in this study consists of a series of non-overlapping radar sweeps. Our registration process aims to recover transformation parameters between the radar-data and a digital map. The tokens used in the matching process are fragmented line-segments extracted from the radar images which predominantly correspond to hedge-rows in the cartographic data. The EM technique models data uncertainty using Gaussian mixtures defined over the positions and orientations of the lines. The resulting weighted least-squares parameter estimation problem is solved using the Levenberg-Marquardt method. A sensitivity analysis reveals that the data-likelihood function is unimodal in the translation and scale parameters. In fact, the algorithm is only potentially sensitive to the choice of initial rotation parameter; this is attributable to local sub-optima in the log-likelihood function associated with pi/2 orientation ambiguities in the map. By adopting Levenberg-Marquardt optimisation we reduce the local convergence difficulties posed by these local rotation maxima. The method is also demonstrated to be relatively insensitive to random measurement errors on the line-segments. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
incomplete radar images em algorithm non-overlapping radar sweeps fragmental line-segments