A bi-level model of dynamic traffic signal control with continuum approximation
A bi-level dynamic Stackelberg game approach for traffic signal control is proposed. The lower-level DUE contains a DNL procedure that employs the continuum signal model. The continuum signal model has a number of advantages over its on-and-off counterpart. DNL that incorporates continuum signal model and vehicle spillback is elaborated. Three metaheuristic methods are used to solve the problem.
traffic signal control dynamic stackelberg game continuum signal model vehicle spillback dynamic user equilibrium mathematical program with equilibrium constraints