Convective heat and mass exchange predictions at leaf surfaces: Applications, methods and perspectives
Analytical methods for plates are simple but lack physical similarity with real leaves. Experimental methods rely both on real leaves and artificial leaf sensors. Numerical methods have not been readily applied at leaf and sub-leaf level. Methods often have difficulties in accounting for heterogeneity (stomata, trichomes). Future perspectives are towards numerical modelling, using multiscale approaches.
artificial leaf stomata convective transfer coefficient plant transpiration review