On island sequences of labelings with a condition at distance two
An L(2,1) L ( 2 , 1 ) -labeling  of a graph G G is a function f f from the vertex set of G G to the set of nonnegative integers such that |f(x)?f(y)|?2 | f ( x ) ? f ( y ) | ? 2 if d(x,y)=1 d ( x , y ) = 1 , and |f(x)?f(y)|?1 | f ( x ) ? f ( y ) | ? 1 if d(x,y)=2 d ( x , y ) = 2 , where d(x,y) d ( x , y ) denotes the distance between the pair of vertices x,y x , y . The lambda number  of G G , denoted ?(G) ? ( G ) , is the minimum range of labels used over all L L (2,1)-labelings of G G . An L L (2,1)-labeling of G G which achieves the range ?(G) ? ( G ) is referred to as a ? ? -labeling. A hole  of an L L (2,1)-labeling is an unused integer within the range of integers used. The hole index  of G G , denoted ?(G) ? ( G ) , is the minimum number of holes taken over all its ? ? -labelings. An island  of a given ? ? -labeling of G G with ?(G) ? ( G ) holes is a maximal set of consecutive integers used by the labeling. Georges and Mauro [J.P. Georges, D.W. Mauro, On the structure of graphs with non-surjective L L (2,1)-labelings, SIAM J. Discrete Math. 19 (2005) 208223] inquired about the existence of a connected graph G G with ?(G)?1 ? ( G ) ? 1 possessing two ? ? -labelings with different ordered sequences of island cardinalities. This paper provides an infinite family of such graphs together with their lambda numbers and hole indices. Key to our discussion is the determination of the path covering number of certain 2-sparse graphs, that is, graphs containing no pair of adjacent vertices of degree greater than 2.
hole index path covering number l l (2 1)-labeling l l l l l 1)-coloring l l l l l