title: Simulation and transient testing of numerical relays
abstract: A hybrid and practical solution for relay evaluation is presented. Two main issues are taken into account: power system simulation and relay simulation, both of which consist of different stages. System simulation is carried out by means of EMTP and is complemented by additional features, such as filtering for location and determination of fault parameters that allow comparing simulated and actual fault records to improve and guarantee a correct system simulation. Relay simulation includes filtering algorithms, all the relaying units, and the decision logic. Playing simulated or real faults over the actual relay and comparing simulated and real responses can check for correct relay simulation
keyphrases: numerical relays relay evaluation power system simulation relay simulation EMTP filtering filtering algorithms decision logic real faults fault location simulated faults relay testing