Implications of document-level literacy skills for Web site design

Abstract: The proliferation of World Wide Web (Web) sites and the low cost of publishing information on the Web have placed a tremendous amount of information at the fingertips of millions of people. Although most of this information is at least intended to be accurate, there is much that is rumor, innuendo, urban legend, and outright falsehood. This raises problems especially for students (of all ages) trying to do research or learn about some topic. Finding accurate, credible information requires document level literacy skills, such as integration, sourcing, corroboration, and search. This paper discusses these skills and offers a list of simple ways that designers of educational Web sites can help their visitors utilize these skills

document-level literacy skills
rumor
innuendo
urban legend
falsehood
students
accurate credible information
integration
sourcing
corroboration
search
educational Web site design


A 0.8-V 128-kb four-way set-associative two-level CMOS cache memory using two-stage wordline/bitline-oriented tag-compare (WLOTC/BLOTC) scheme

Abstract: This paper reports a 0.8-V 128-kb four-way set-associative two-level CMOS cache memory using a novel two-stage wordline/bitline-oriented tag-compare (WLOTC/BLOTC) and sense wordline/bitline (SWL/SBL) tag-sense amplifiers with an eight-transistor (8-T) tag cell in Level 2 (L2) and a 10-T shrunk logic swing (SLS) memory cell. with the ground/floating (G/F) data sense amplifier in Level 1 (L1) for high-speed operation for low-voltage low-power VLSI system applications. Owing to the reduced loading at the SWL in the new 11-T tag cell using the WLOTC scheme, the 10-T SLS memory cell with G/F sense amplifier in L1, and the split comparison of the index signal in the 8-T tag cells with SWL/SBL tag sense amplifiers in L2, this 0.8-V cache memory implemented in a 1.8-V 0.18- mu m CMOS technology has a measured L1/L2 hit time of 11.6/20.5 ns at the average dissipation of 0.77 mW at 50 MHz

four-way set-associative memory
two-level CMOS cache memory
cache memory architecture
wordline/bitline-oriented tag-compare
sense wordline/bitline amplifiers
tag-sense amplifiers
eight-transistor tag cell
ten-transistor memory cell
shrunk logic swing memory cell
ground/floating data sense amplifier
high-speed operation
low-voltage VLSI system applications
low-power VLSI system applications
0.8 V
128 kbit
50 MHz
0.77 mW
1.8 V
0.18 micron
11.6 ns
20.5 ns

R P M P R P R M R R P R P U U P P U U M M


On the use of neural network ensembles in QSAR and QSPR

Abstract: Despite their growing popularity among neural network practitioners, ensemble methods have not been widely adopted in structure-activity and structure-property correlation. Neural networks are inherently unstable, in that small changes in the training set and/or training parameters can lead to large changes in their generalization performance. Recent research has shown that by capitalizing on the diversity of the individual models, ensemble techniques can minimize uncertainty and produce more stable and accurate predictors. In this work, we present a critical assessment of the most common ensemble technique known as bootstrap aggregation, or bagging, as applied to QSAR and QSPR. Although aggregation does offer definitive advantages, we demonstrate that bagging may not be the best possible choice and that simpler techniques such as retraining with the full sample can often produce superior results. These findings are rationalized using Krogh and Vedelsby's (1995) decomposition of the generalization error into a term that measures the average generalization performance of the individual networks and a term that measures the diversity among them. For networks that are designed to resist over-fitting, the benefits of aggregation are clear but not overwhelming

neural network ensembles
QSAR
QSPR
training set
training parameters
generalization performance
uncertainty
bootstrap aggregation
bagging
retraining
generalization error decomposition
structure-activity correlation
structure-property correlation


Knowledge-based structures and organisational commitment

Abstract: Organisational commitment, the emotional attachment of an employee to the employing organisation, has attracted a substantial body of literature, relating the concept to various antecedents, including organisational structure, and to a range of consequences, including financially important performance factors such as productivity and staff turnover. The new areas of knowledge management and learning organisations offer substantial promise as imperatives for the organisation of business enterprises. As organisations in the contemporary environment adopt knowledge-based structures to improve their competitive position, there is value in examining these structures against other performance related factors. Theoretical knowledge-based structures put forward by R. Miles et al. (1997) and J. Quinn et al. (1996) and an existing implementation are examined to determine common features inherent in these approaches. These features are posited as a typical form and their impact on organisational commitment and hence on individual and organisational performance is examined

knowledge-based structures
emotional attachment
performance factors
productivity
staff turnover
earning organisations
organisational commitment


The UK's National Electronic Site Licensing Initiative (NESLI)

Abstract: In 1998 the UK created the National Electronic Site Licensing Initiative (NESLI) to increase and improve access to electronic journals and to negotiate license agreements on behalf of academic libraries. The use of a model license agreement and the success of site licensing is discussed. Highlights from an interim evaluation by the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) are noted and key issues and questions arising from the evaluation are identified


Analyzing the benefits of 300 mm conveyor-based AMHS

Abstract: While the need for automation in 300 mm fabs is not debated, the form and performance of such automation is still in question. Software simulation that compares conveyor-based continuous flow transport technology to conventional car-based wafer-lot delivery has detailed delivery time and throughput advantages to the former


Explanations for the perpetration of and reactions to deception in a virtual community

Abstract: Cases of identity deception on the Internet are not uncommon. Several cases of a revealed identity deception have been reported in the media. The authors examine a case of deception in an online community composed primarily of information technology professionals. In this case, an established community member (DF) invented a character (Nowheremom) whom he fell in love with and who was eventually killed in a tragic accident. When other members of the community eventually began to question Nowheremom's actual identity, DF admitted that he invented her. The discussion board was flooded with reactions to DF's revelation. The authors propose several explanations for the perpetration of identity deception, including psychiatric illness, identity play, and expressions of true self. They also analyze the reactions of community members and propose three related explanations (social identity, deviance, and norm violation) to account for their reactions. It is argued that virtual communities' reactions to such threatening events provide invaluable clues for the study of group processes on the Internet

virtual community
identity deception
Internet
online community
information technology professionals
psychiatric illness
group processes
social processes
Web sites
psychology
bulletin boards


Quantum computing with solids

Abstract: Science and technology could be revolutionized by quantum computers, but building them from solid-state devices will not be easy. The author outlines the challenges in scaling up the technology from lab experiments to practical devices


Information interaction: providing a framework for information architecture

Abstract: Information interaction is the process that people use in interacting with the content of an information system. Information architecture is a blueprint and navigational aid to the content of information-rich systems. As such information architecture performs an important supporting role in information interactivity. This article elaborates on a model of information interactivity that crosses the "no-man's land" between user and computer articulating a model that includes user, content and system, illustrating the context for information architecture

information interaction
navigational aid
information-rich systems
information interactivity


Solution of the safe problem on (0,1)-matrices

Abstract: A safe problem with mn locks is studied. It is reduced to a system of linear equations in the modulo 2 residue class. There are three possible variants defined by the numbers m and n evenness, with only one of them having a solution. In two other cases, correction of the initial state of the safe insuring a solution is proposed

safe problem
mn locks
linear equations
modulo 2 residue class
(0,1)-matrices
computer games
linear Diophantine equations


Tracking nonparameterized object contours in video

Abstract: We propose a new method for contour tracking in video. The inverted distance transform of the edge map is used as an edge indicator function for contour detection. Using the concept of topographical distance, the watershed segmentation can be formulated as a minimization. This new viewpoint gives a way to combine the results of the watershed algorithm on different surfaces. In particular, our algorithm determines the contour as a combination of the current edge map and the contour, predicted from the tracking result in the previous frame. We also show that the problem of background clutter can be relaxed by taking the object motion into account. The compensation with object motion allows to detect and remove spurious edges in background. The experimental results confirm the expected advantages of the proposed method over the existing approaches

contour tracking
nonparameterized object contours
edge indicator function
topographical distance
watershed segmentation
minimization
background clutter
object motion
motion analysis
video
inverted distance transform
edge map
motion estimation
edge detection


Information architecture in JASIST: just where did we come from?

Abstract: The emergence of Information Architecture within the information systems world has been simultaneously drawn out yet rapid. Those with an eye on history are quick to point to Wurman's 1976 use of the term "architecture of information," but it has only been in the last 2 years that IA has become the source of sufficient interest for people to label themselves professionally as Information Architects. The impetus for this recent emergence of IA can be traced to a historical summit, supported by ASIS&T in May 2000 at Boston. It was here that several hundred of us gathered to thrash out the questions of just what IA was and what this new field might become. At the time of the summit, invited to present a short talk on my return journey from the annual ACM SIGCHI conference, I entered the summit expecting little and convinced that IA was nothing new. I left 2 days later refreshed, not just by the enthusiasm of the attendees for this term but by IA's potential to unify the disparate perspectives and orientations of professionals from a range of disciplines. It was at this summit that the idea for the special issue took root. I proposed the idea to Don Kraft, hoping he would find someone else to run with it. AS luck would have it, I ended up taking charge of it myself, with initial support from David Blair. From the suggestion to the finished product-has been the best part of 2 years, and in that time more than 50 volunteers reviewed over 20 submissions

information architecture
information systems
metadata fields
controlled vocabularies
Web sites
CD-ROM
qualified information architect


Optimal online algorithm for scheduling on two identical machines with machine availability constraints

Abstract: This paper considers the online scheduling on two identical machines with machine availability constraints for minimizing makespan. We assume that machine M/sub j/ is unavailable during period from s/sub j/ to t/sub j/ (0 <or= s/sub j/ < t/sub j/), j = 1, 2, and the unavailable periods of two machines do not overlap. We show that the competitive ratio of list scheduling is 3. We further give an optimal algorithm with a competitive ratio 5/2

optimal online algorithm
makespan minimisation
list scheduling
identical machines scheduling
machine availability constraints


Social percolation and the influence of mass media

Abstract: In the marketing model of Solomon and Weisbuch, people buy a product only if their neighbours tell them of its quality, and if this quality is higher than their own quality expectations. Now we introduce additional information from the mass media, which is analogous to the ghost field in percolation theory. The mass media shift the percolative phase transition observed in the model, and decrease the time after which the stationary state is reached

social percolation
mass media influence
Solomon-Weisbuch marketing model
quality expectations
ghost field
percolative phase transition
stationary state
customers
cinema
external field


Books on demand: just-in-time acquisitions

Abstract: The Purdue University Libraries Interlibrary Loan unit proposed a pilot project to purchase patrons' loan requests from Amazon. com, lend them to the patrons, and then add the titles to the collection. Staff analyzed previous monograph loans, developed ordering criteria, implemented the proposal as a pilot project for six months, and evaluated the resulting patron comments, statistics, and staff perceptions. As a result of enthusiastic patron comments and a review of the project statistics, the program was extended


A method for correlations analysis of coordinates: applications for molecular conformations

Abstract: We describe a new method to analyze multiple correlations between subsets of coordinates that represent a sample. The correlation is established only between specific regions of interest at the coordinates. First, the region(s) of interest are selected at each molecular coordinate. Next, a correlation matrix is constructed for the selected regions. The matrix is subject to further analysis, illuminating the multidimensional structural characteristics that exist in the conformational space. The method's abilities are demonstrated in several examples: it is used to analyze the conformational space of complex molecules, it is successfully applied to compare related conformational spaces, and it is used to analyze a diverse set of protein folding trajectories


A fuzzy logic adaptation circuit for control systems of deformable space vehicles: its design

Abstract: A fuzzy-logic adaptation algorithm is designed for adjusting the discreteness period of a control system for ensuring the stability and quality of control process with regard to the elastic structural vibrations of a deformable space vehicle. Its performance is verified by digital modeling of a discrete control system with two objects

fuzzy logic adaptation circuit
control systems
deformable space vehicles
discreteness period
stability
elastic structural vibrations
digital modeling


Hours of operation and service in academic libraries: toward a national standard

Abstract: In an effort toward establishing a standard for academic library hours, the article surveys and compares hours of operation and service for ARL libraries and IPEDS survey respondents. The article ranks the ARL (Association for Research Libraries) libraries according to hours of operation and reference hours and then briefly discusses such issues as libraries offering twenty-four access and factors affecting service hour decisions

Integrated Post Secondary Education Data System


Finally! some sensible European legislation on software

Abstract: The European Commission has formally tabled a draft Directive on the Protection by Patents of Computer-Implemented Inventions. The aim of this very important Directive is to harmonise national patent laws relating to inventions using software. It follows an extensive consultation launched by the Commission in October 2000. The impetus behind the Directive was the recognition at EU level of a total lack of unity between the European Patent Office and European national courts in deciding what was or was not deemed patentable when it came to the subject of computer programs


Noninvasive myocardial activation time imaging: a novel inverse algorithm applied to clinical ECG mapping data

Abstract: Linear approaches like the minimum-norm least-square algorithm show insufficient performance when it comes to estimating the activation time map on the surface of the heart from electrocardiographic (ECG) mapping data. Additional regularization has to be considered leading to a nonlinear problem formulation. The Gauss-Newton approach is one of the standard mathematical tools capable of solving this kind of problem. To our experience, this algorithm has specific drawbacks which are caused by the applied regularization procedure. In particular, under clinical conditions the amount of regularization cannot be determined clearly. For this reason, we have developed an iterative algorithm solving this nonlinear problem by a sequence of regularized linear problems. At each step of iteration, an individual L-curve is computed. Subsequent iteration steps are performed with the individual optimal regularization parameter. This novel approach is compared with the standard Gauss-Newton approach. Both methods are applied to simulated ECG mapping data as well as to single beat sinus rhythm data from two patients recorded in the catheter laboratory. The proposed approach shows excellent numerical and computational performance, even under clinical conditions at which the Gauss-Newton approach begins to break down

noninvasive myocardial activation time imaging


Re-examining the machining frictional boundary conditions using fractals

Abstract: Presents experimental evidence for the existence of non-Euclidean contact geometry at the tool-chip interface in the machining of aluminium alloy, which challenges conventional assumptions. The geometry of contact at the tool rake face is modelled using fractals and a dimension is computed for its description. The variation in the fractal dimension with the cutting speed is explored


Improving computer security for authentication of users: influence of proactive password restrictions

Abstract: Entering a user name-password combination is a widely used procedure for identification and authentication in computer systems. However, it is a notoriously weak method, in that the passwords adopted by many users are easy to crack. In an attempt to, improve security, proactive password checking may be used, in which passwords must meet several criteria to be more resistant to cracking. In two experiments, we examined the influence of proactive password restrictions on the time that it took to generate an acceptable password and to use it subsequently to log in. The required length was a minimum of five characters in experiment I and eight characters in experiment 2. In both experiments, one condition had only the length restriction, and the other had additional restrictions. The additional restrictions greatly increased the time it took to generate the password but had only a small effect on the time it took to use it subsequently to log in. For the five-character passwords, 75% were cracked when no other restrictions were imposed, and this was reduced to 33% with the additional restrictions. For the eight-character passwords, 17% were cracked with no other restrictions, and 12.5% with restrictions. The results indicate that increasing the minimum character length reduces crackability and increases security, regardless of whether additional restrictions are imposed

computer security
user authentication
proactive password checking
proactive password restrictions
length restriction
five-character passwords
eight-character passwords


Separation and tracking of multiple broadband sources with one electromagnetic vector sensor

Abstract: A structure for adaptively separating, enhancing and tracking uncorrelated sources with an electromagnetic vector sensor (EMVS) is presented. The structure consists of a set of parallel spatial processors, one for each individual source. Two stages of processing are involved in each spatial processor. The first preprocessing stage rejects all other sources except the one of interest, while the second stage is an adaptive one for maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and tracking the desired source. The preprocessings are designed using the latest source parameter estimates obtained from the source trackers, and a redesign is activated periodically or whenever any source has been detected by the source trackers to have made significant movement. Compared with conventional adaptive beamforming, the algorithm has the advantage that no a priori information on any desired signal location is needed, the sources are separated at maximum SNR, and their locations are available. The structure is also well suited for parallel implementation. Numerical examples are included to illustrate the capability and performance of the algorithm

multiple broadband sources separation
multiple broadband sources tracking
uncorrelated sources
electromagnetic vector sensor
single EM vector sensor
parallel spatial processors
preprocessing stage
adaptive second stage
signal-to-noise ratio
SNR maximization
maximum SNR
signal source location
parallel implementation
adaptive source enhancement


Lower bounds on the information rate of secret sharing schemes with homogeneous access structure

Abstract: We present some new lower bounds on the optimal information rate and on the optimal average information rate of secret sharing schemes with homogeneous access structure. These bounds are found by using some covering constructions and a new parameter, the k-degree of a participant, that is introduced in this paper. Our bounds improve the previous ones in almost all cases

lower bounds
optimal information rate
optimal average information rate
k-degree
cryptography
information rate
secret sharing schemes
homogeneous access structure


A generalized PERT/CPM implementation in a spreadsheet

Abstract: This paper describes the implementation of the traditional PERT/CPM algorithm for finding the critical path in a project network in a spreadsheet. The problem is of importance due to the recent shift of attention to using the spreadsheet environment as a vehicle for delivering management science/operations research (MS/OR) techniques to end-users

generalized PERT/CPM implementation
spreadsheet
critical path
MS/OR techniques


A new subspace identification approach based on principal component analysis

Abstract: Principal component analysis (PCA) has been widely used for monitoring complex industrial processes with multiple variables and diagnosing process and sensor faults. The objective of this paper is to develop a new subspace identification algorithm that gives consistent model estimates under the errors-in-variables (EIV) situation. In this paper, we propose a new subspace identification approach using principal component analysis. PCA naturally falls into the category of EIV formulation, which resembles total least squares and allows for errors in both process input and output. We propose to use PCA to determine the system observability subspace, the matrices and the system order for an EIV formulation. Standard PCA is modified with instrumental variables in order to achieve consistent estimates of the system matrices. The proposed subspace identification method is demonstrated using a simulated process and a real industrial process for model identification and order determination. For comparison the MOESP algorithm and N4SID algorithm are used as benchmarks to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed PCA based subspace model identification (SMI) algorithm

subspace identification approach
principal component analysis
PCA
complex industrial process monitoring
process fault diagnosis
sensor fault diagnosis
errors-in-variables situation
EIV situation
total least-squares approximation
system observability subspace
consistent system matrix estimates
MOESP algorithm
N4SID algorithm
subspace model identification
SMI


Color plane interpolation using alternating projections

Abstract: Most commercial digital cameras use color filter arrays to sample red, green, and blue colors according to a specific pattern. At the location of each pixel only one color sample is taken, and the values of the other colors must be interpolated using neighboring samples. This color plane interpolation is known as demosaicing; it is one of the important tasks in a digital camera pipeline. If demosaicing is not performed appropriately, images suffer from highly visible color artifacts. In this paper we present a new demosaicing technique that uses inter-channel correlation effectively in an alternating-projections scheme. We have compared this technique with six state-of-the-art demosaicing techniques, and it outperforms all of them, both visually and in terms of mean square error

color plane interpolation
alternating projections
digital cameras
demosaicing
color filter arrays
color artifacts
inter-channel correlation


The culture of usability

Abstract: Now that most of us agree that usability testing is an integral investment in site development, it's time to recognize that the standard approach falls short. It is possible to do less work and get better results while spending less money. By bringing usability testing in-house and breaking tests into more manageable sessions, you can vastly improve your online offering without affecting your profit margin


When a better interface and easy navigation aren't enough: examining the information architecture in a law enforcement agency

Abstract: An information architecture that allows users to easily navigate through a system and quickly recover from mistakes is often defined as a highly usable system. But usability in systems design goes beyond a good interface and efficient navigation. In this article we describe two database systems in a law enforcement agency. One system is a legacy, text-based system with cumbersome navigation (RMS); the newer system is a graphical user interface with simplified navigation (CopNet). It is hypothesized that law enforcement users will evaluate CopNet higher than RMS, but experts of the older system will evaluate it higher than others will. We conducted two user studies. One study examined what users thought of RMS and CopNet, and compared RMS experts' evaluations with nonexperts. We found that all users evaluated CopNet as more effective, easier to use, and easier to navigate than RMS, and this was especially noticeable for users who were not experts with the older system. The second, follow-up study examined use behavior after CopNet was deployed some time later. The findings revealed that evaluations of CopNet were not associated with its use. If the newer system had a better interface and was easier to navigate than the older, legacy system, why were law enforcement personnel reluctant to switch? We discuss reasons why switching to a new system is difficult, especially for those who are most adept at using the older system. Implications for system design and usability are also discussed

information architecture
law enforcement agency
legacy text-based system
RMS
graphical user interface
simplified navigation
CopNet
law enforcement users


Building a better game through dynamic programming: a Flip analysis

Abstract: Flip is a solitaire board game produced by craft woodworkers. We analyze Flip and suggest modifications to the rules to make the game more marketable. In addition to being an interesting application of dynamic programming, this case shows the use of operations research in managerial decision making

dynamic programming
Flip analysis
operations research
managerial decision making
solitaire board game
craft woodworkers


Generalized predictive control for non-uniformly sampled systems

Abstract: In this paper, we study digital control systems with non-uniform updating and sampling patterns, which include multirate sampled-data systems as special cases. We derive lifted models in the state-space domain. The main obstacle for generalized predictive control (GPC) design using the lifted models is the so-called causality constraint. Taking into account this design constraint, we propose a new GPC algorithm, which results in optimal causal control laws for the non-uniformly sampled systems. The solution applies immediately to multirate sampled-data systems where rates are integer multiples of some base period

generalized predictive control design
nonuniformly sampled systems
digital control systems
nonuniform updating patterns
nonuniform sampling patterns
multirate sampled-data systems
state-space models
GPC
causality constraint
optimal causal control laws
integer multiples


Unsafe at any speed?

Abstract: While Sun prides itself on Java's secure sandbox programming model, Microsoft takes a looser approach. Its C# language incorporates C-like concepts, including pointers and memory management. But is unsafe code really a boon to programmers, or is it a step backward?

Sun Java secure sandbox programming model


Knowledge management-capturing the skills of key performers in the power industry

Abstract: The growing pressure to reduce the cost of electrical power in recent years has resulted in an enormous "brain-drain" within the power industry. A novel approach has been developed by Eskom to capture these skills before they are lost and to incorporate these into a computer-based programme called "knowledge management"

power industry
key performers
knowledge management
skills capture
brain-drain
Eskom
computer-based programme
South Africa
personnel management


A framework for evaluating the data-hiding capacity of image sources

Abstract: An information-theoretic model for image watermarking and data hiding is presented in this paper. Previous theoretical results are used to characterize the fundamental capacity limits of image watermarking and data-hiding systems. Capacity is determined by the statistical model used for the host image, by the distortion constraints on the data hider and the attacker, and by the information available to the data hider, to the attacker, and to the decoder. We consider autoregressive, block-DCT, and wavelet statistical models for images and compute data-hiding capacity for compressed and uncompressed host-image sources. Closed-form expressions are obtained under sparse-model approximations. Models for geometric attacks and distortion measures that are invariant to such attacks are considered

data-hiding capacity
image sources
information-theoretic model
watermarking
capacity limits
statistical model
distortion constraints
autoregressive statistical models
block-DCT statistical models
wavelet statistical models
compressed host-image sources
uncompressed host-image sources
closed-form expressions
sparse-model approximations
geometric attacks
distortion measures


Controller performance analysis with LQG benchmark obtained under closed loop conditions

Abstract: This paper proposes a new method for obtaining a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) benchmark in terms of the variances of process input and output from closed-loop data, for assessing the controller performance. LQG benchmark has been proposed in the literature to assess controller performance since the LQG tradeoff curve represents the limit of performance in terms of input and output variances. However, an explicit parametric model is required to calculate the LQG benchmark. In this work, we propose a data driven subspace approach to calculate the LQG benchmark under closed-loop conditions with certain external excitations. The optimal LQG-benchmark variances are obtained directly from the subspace matrices corresponding to the deterministic inputs and the stochastic inputs, which are identified using closed-loop data with setpoint excitation. These variances are used for assessing the controller performance. The method proposed in this paper is applicable to both univariate and multivariate systems. Profit analysis for the implementation of feedforward control to the existing feedback-only control system is also analyzed under the optimal LQG performance framework

controller performance analysis
LQG benchmark
linear quadratic Gaussian benchmark
closed-loop data
subspace matrices
deterministic inputs
stochastic inputs
univariate systems
multivariate systems
profit analysis
feedforward control
state space model


Press shop. Industrial IT solutions for the press shop

Abstract: Globalization of the world's markets is challenging the traditional limits of manufacturing efficiency. The competitive advantage belongs to those who understand the new requirements and opportunities, and who commit to integrated solutions that span the value chain all the way from demand to production. ABB's automation and IT expertise and the process know-how gained from its long involvement with the automotive industry, have been brought together in new, state-of-the-art software solutions for press shops. Integrated into Industrial IT architecture, they allow the full potential of the shops to be realized, with advantages at every step in the supply chain

press shops
industrial IT solutions
market globalisation
manufacturing efficiency
automation
state-of-the-art
software solutions
car manufacturing business
supply chain


Control in active systems based on criteria and motivation

Abstract: For active systems where the principal varies the agents' goal functions by adding to them appropriately weighted goal functions of other agents or a balanced system of inter-agent transfers, the paper formulated and solved the problems of control based on criteria and motivation. Linear active systems were considered by way of example

goal functions
inter-agent transfers
linear active systems
criteria-based control
motivation-based control


Supervisory control design based on hybrid systems and fuzzy events detection. Application to an oxichlorination reactor

Abstract: This paper presents a supervisory control scheme based on hybrid systems theory and fuzzy events detection. The fuzzy event detector is a linguistic model, which synthesizes complex relations between process variables and process events incorporating experts' knowledge about the process operation. This kind of detection allows the anticipation of appropriate control actions, which depend upon the selected membership functions used to characterize the process under scrutiny. The proposed supervisory control scheme was successfully implemented for an oxichlorination reactor in a vinyl monomer plant

supervisory control design
hybrid systems
events detection. fuzzy
oxichlorination reactor
linguistic model
complex relations
process variables
process events
expert knowledge
process operation
control actions
membership functions
vinyl monomer plant
reactor stability
raw material consumption
discrete events systems
reactive systems
finite state machines


The service side of systems librarianship

Abstract: Describes the role of a systems librarian at a small academic library. Although online catalogs and the Internet are making library accessibility more convenient, the need for library buildings and professionals has not diminished. Typical duties of a systems librarian and the effects of new technology on librarianship are discussed. Services provided to other constituencies on campus and the blurring relationship between the library and computer services are also presented

systems librarianship
service side
small academic library
online catalogs
Internet


Naomi Campbell: drugs, distress and the Data Protection Act

Abstract: In the first case of its kind, Naomi Campbell successfully sued Mirror Group Newspapers for damage and distress caused by breach of the Data Protection Act 1998. Partner N. Wildish and assistant M. Turle of City law firm Field Fisher Waterhouse discuss the case and the legal implications of which online publishers should be aware

drugs
distress
Data Protection Act
Naomi Campbell
online publishers


Reconfigurable context-sensitive middleware for pervasive computing

Abstract: Context-sensitive applications need data from sensors, devices, and user actions, and might need ad hoc communication support to dynamically discover new devices and engage in spontaneous information exchange. Reconfigurable Context-Sensitive Middleware facilitates the development and runtime operations of context-sensitive pervasive computing software


Recording quantum properties of light in a long-lived atomic spin state: towards quantum memory

Abstract: We report an experiment on mapping a quantum state of light onto the ground state spin of an ensemble of Cs atoms with the lifetime of 2 ms. Recording of one of the two quadrature phase operators of light is demonstrated with vacuum and squeezed states of light. The sensitivity of the mapping procedure at the level of approximately 1 photon/sec per Hz is shown. The results pave the road towards complete (storing both quadrature phase observables) quantum memory for Gaussian states of light. The experiment also sheds new light on fundamental limits of sensitivity of the magneto-optical resonance method

light quantum properties recording
long-lived atomic spin state
quantum memory
ground state spin
ensemble
two quadrature phase operators
vacuum states
squeezed states
mapping procedure
magnetooptical resonance method
2 ms
Cs


On the emergence of rules in neural networks

Abstract: A simple associationist neural network learns to factor abstract rules (i.e., grammars) from sequences of arbitrary input symbols by inventing abstract representations that accommodate unseen symbol sets as well as unseen but similar grammars. The neural network is shown to have the ability to transfer grammatical knowledge to both new symbol vocabularies and new grammars. Analysis of the state-space shows that the network learns generalized abstract structures of the input and is not simply memorizing the input strings. These representations are context sensitive, hierarchical, and based on the state variable of the finite-state machines that the neural network has learned. Generalization to new symbol sets or grammars arises from the spatial nature of the internal representations used by the network, allowing new symbol sets to be encoded close to symbol sets that have already been learned in the hidden unit space of the network. The results are counter to the arguments that learning algorithms based on weight adaptation after each exemplar presentation (such as the long term potentiation found in the mammalian nervous system) cannot in principle extract symbolic knowledge from positive examples as prescribed by prevailing human linguistic theory and evolutionary psychology

associationist neural network
learns
abstract rules
neural network
state-space
symbolic knowledge
cognitive neurosciences
associationist learning


An intelligent fuzzy decision system for a flexible manufacturing system with multi-decision points

Abstract: This paper describes an intelligent fuzzy decision support system for real-time scheduling and dispatching of parts in a flexible manufacturing system (FMS), with alternative routing possibilities for all parts. A fuzzy logic approach is developed to improve the system performance by considering multiple performance measures and at multiple decision points. The characteristics of the system status, instead of parts, are fed back to assign priority to the parts waiting to be processed. A simulation model is developed and it is shown that the proposed intelligent fuzzy decision support system keeps all performance measures at a good level. The proposed intelligent system is a promising tool for dealing with scheduling FMSs, in contrast to traditional rules

flexible manufacturing system
FMS
fuzzy logic
multiple decision points
intelligent decision support system
real-time system
scheduling
simulation


Fitting mixed-effects models for repeated ordinal outcomes with the NLMIXED procedure

Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of repeated ordinal outcomes arising from two psychological studies. The first case is a repeated measures analysis of variance; the second is a mixed-effects regression. in a longitudinal design. In both, the subject-specific variation is modeled by including random effects in the linear predictor (inside a link function) of a generalized linear model. The NLMIXED procedure in SAS is used to fit the mixed-effects models for the categorical response data. The presentation emphasizes the parallel between the model. specifications and the SAS statements. The purpose of this paper is to facilitate the use of mixed-effects models in the analysis of repeated ordinal outcomes

repeated ordinal outcomes
psychological studies
repeated measures analysis of variance
mixed-effects regression
longitudinal design
subject-specific variation modeling
random effects
linear predictor
generalized linear model
NLMIXED procedure
mixed-effects model fitting
categorical response data
model specifications


MATLAB code for plotting ambiguity functions

Abstract: A MATLAB code capable of plotting ambiguity functions of many different radar signals is presented. The program makes use of MATLAB's sparse matrix operations, and avoids loops. The program could be useful as a pedagogical tool in radar courses teaching pulse compression

MATLAB code
ambiguity functions plotting
radar signals
sparse matrix operations
pedagogical tool
radar courses
pulse compression
matched-filter response
Doppler-shifted signal version


A new method of systemological analysis coordinated with the procedure of object-oriented design. II

Abstract: For pt.I. see Vestn. KhGPU, no.81, p.15-18 (2000). The paper presents the results of development of an object-oriented systemological method used to design complex systems. A formal system representation, as well as an axiomatics of the calculus of systems as functional flow-type objects based on a Node-Function-Object class hierarchy are proposed. A formalized NFO/UFO analysis algorithm and CASE tools used to support it are considered

systemological analysis
object-oriented design
complex systems design
formal system representation
axiomatics
functional flow-type objects
formalized NFO/UFO analysis algorithm
CASE tools


Efficient computation of local geometric moments

Abstract: Local moments have attracted attention as local features in applications such as edge detection and texture segmentation. The main reason for this is that they are inherently integral-based features, so that their use reduces the effect of uncorrelated noise. The computation of local moments, when viewed as a neighborhood operation, can be interpreted as a convolution of the image with a set of masks. Nevertheless, moments computed inside overlapping windows are not independent and convolution does not take this fact into account. By introducing a matrix formulation and the concept of accumulation moments, this paper presents an algorithm which is computationally much more efficient than convolving and yet as simple

local geometric moments computation
local features
edge detection
texture segmentation
integral-based features
neighborhood operation
image convolution
overlapping windows
matrix formulation
accumulation moments
computationally efficient algorithm
image analysis


Computer-mediated communication and remote management: integration or isolation?

Abstract: The use of intranets and e-mails to communicate with remote staff is increasing rapidly within organizations. For many companies this is viewed as a speedy and cost-effective way of keeping in contact with staff and ensuring their continuing commitment to company goals. This article highlights the problems experienced by staff when managers use intranets and e-mails in an inappropriate fashion for these purposes. Issues of remoteness and isolation are discussed, along with the reports of frustration and disidentification experienced. However, it will be shown that when used appropriately, communication using these technologies can facilitate shared understanding and help remote staff to view their company as alive and exciting. Theoretical aspects are highlighted and the implications of these findings are discussed

computer-mediated communication
remote management
intranets
e-mails
remote staff
organizations
companies
cost-effective
managers
remoteness


System embedding. Control with reduced observer

Abstract: Two interrelated problems-design of the reduced observer of plant state separately and together with its control system-were considered from the standpoint of designing the multivariable linear systems from the desired matrix transfer functions. The matrix equations defining the entire constructive class of solutions of the posed problems were obtained using the system embedding technology. As was demonstrated, control based on the reduced observer is capable to provide the desired response to the control input, as well as the response to the nonzero initial conditions, only for the directly measurable part of the components of the state vector. An illustrative example was presented

system embedding
reduced observer control
reduced plant state observer design
multivariable linear systems
matrix transfer functions
state vector


Integration is key - an introduction to enterprise application integration (EAI) technology

Abstract: Over the past few years, numerous organisations have invested in the latest software applications to drive their business forward. But many are now finding that these systems are becoming redundant on their own. The key to staying ahead of the competition in today's current climate is now to integrate all of these systems, says Justin Opie, Portfolio Director at Imark Communications

enterprise application integration
Imark Communications


Effective moving cast shadow detection for monocular color traffic image sequences

Abstract: For an accurate scene analysis using monocular color traffic image sequences, a robust segmentation of moving vehicles from the stationary background is generally required. However, the presence of moving cast shadow may lead to an inaccurate vehicle segmentation, and as a result, may lead to further erroneous scene analysis. We propose an effective method for the detection of moving cast shadow. By observing the characteristics of cast shadow in the luminance, chrominance, gradient density, and geometry domains, a combined probability map, called a shadow confidence score (SCS), is obtained. From the edge map of the input image, each edge pixel is examined to determine whether it belongs to the vehicle region based on its neighboring SCSs. The cast shadow is identified as those regions with high SCSs, which are outside the convex hull of the selected vehicle edge pixels. The proposed method is tested on 100 vehicle images taken under different lighting conditions (sunny and cloudy), viewing angles (roadside and overhead), vehicle sizes (small, medium, and large), and colors (similar to the road and not). The results indicate that an average error rate of around 14% is obtained while the lowest error rate is around 3% for large vehicles

effective moving cast shadow detection
monocular color traffic image sequences
accurate scene analysis
robust segmentation
moving vehicles
stationary background
moving cast shadow
inaccurate vehicle segmentation
erroneous scene analysis
luminance
chrominance
gradient density
geometry domains
combined probability map
shadow confidence score
input image
cast shadow
convex hull
selected vehicle edge pixels
lighting conditions
vehicle images
sunny
cloudy
viewing angles
vehicle sizes
average error rate
image segmentation

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P R


NuVox shows staying power with new cash, new market

Abstract: Who says you can't raise cash in today's telecom market? NuVox Communications positions itself for the long run with $78.5 million in funding and a new credit facility

telecom
competitive carrier market
NuVox Communications
investors


Duality revisited: construction of fractional frequency distributions based on two dual Lotka laws

Abstract: Fractional frequency distributions of, for example, authors with a certain (fractional) number of papers are very irregular, and therefore not easy to model or to explain. The article gives a first attempt to this by as suming two simple Lotka laws (with exponent 2): one for the number of authors with n papers (total count here) and one for the number of papers with n authors, n in N. Based on an earlier made convolution model of Egghe, interpreted and reworked now for discrete scores, we are able to produce theoretical fractional frequency distributions with only one parameter, which are in very close agreement with the practical ones as found in a large dataset produced earlier by Rao (1995). The article also shows that (irregular) fractional frequency distributions are a consequence of Lotka's law, and are not examples of breakdowns of this famous historical law

irregular fractional frequency distributions


Edit distance of run-length encoded strings

Abstract: Let X and Y be two run-length encoded strings, of encoded lengths k and l, respectively. We present a simple O(|X|l+|Y|k) time algorithm that computes their edit distance

run-length encoded strings
encoded lengths
algorithm
edit distance
computation time


Windows XP fast user switching

Abstract: The Windows NT family of operating systems has always supported the concept of multiple user accounts, but they've taken the concept a step further with Windows XP's Fast User Switching feature. Fast User Switching is a new feature of Windows XP that allows multiple users to log on to the same machine and quickly switch between the logged on accounts. Fast User Switching is implemented using some of the built-in capabilities of Terminal Services. Terminal Server has been around for a while but is much more feature rich and integrated in Windows XP. A machine with the terminal services (Remote Desktop) client can log on to and run applications on a remote machine running the terminal server

Windows XP Fast User Switching
multiple user logon access
operating systems
multiple user accounts
Terminal Services
Terminal Server
Remote Desktop


Acquisitions in the James Ford Bell Library

Abstract: This article presents basic acquisitions philosophy and approaches in a noted special collection, with commentary on "just saying no" and on how the electronic revolution has changed the acquisition of special collections materials

James Ford Bell Library
library acquisitions philosophy
out-of-print books
University library
special collections
electronic revolution


Binocular model for figure-ground segmentation in translucent and occluding images

Abstract: A Fourier-based solution to the problem of figure-ground segmentation in short baseline binocular image pairs is presented. Each image is modeled as an additive composite of two component images that exhibit a spatial shift due to the binocular parallax. The segmentation is accomplished by decoupling each Fourier component in one of the resultant additive images into its two constituent phasors, allocating each to its appropriate object-specific spectrum, and then reconstructing the foreground and background using the inverse Fourier transform. It is shown that the foreground and background shifts can be computed from the differences of the magnitudes and phases of the Fourier transform of the binocular image pair. While the model is based on translucent objects, it also works with occluding objects

binocular model
figure-ground segmentation
translucent images
occluding images
images
image segmentation
Fourier-based solution
short baseline binocular image pairs
component images
spatial shift
binocular parallax
Fourier component decoupling
phasors
object-specific spectrum
foreground
background
inverse Fourier transform
binocular image pair
translucent objects
occluding objects


The use of the SPSA method in ECG analysis

Abstract: The classification, monitoring, and compression of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals recorded of a single patient over a relatively long period of time is considered. The particular application we have in mind is high-resolution ECG analysis, such as late potential analysis, morphology changes in QRS during arrythmias, T-wave alternants, or the study of drug effects on ventricular activation. We propose to apply a modification of a classical method of cluster analysis or vector quantization. The novelty of our approach is that we use a new distortion measure to quantify the distance of two ECG cycles, and the class-distortion measure is defined using a min-max criterion. The new class-distortion-measure is much more sensitive to outliers than the usual distortion measures using average-distance. The price of this practical advantage is that computational complexity is significantly increased. The resulting nonsmooth optimization problem is solved by an adapted version of the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) method of J. Spall (IEEE Trans. Automat. Contr., vol. 37, p. 332-41, Mar. 1992). The main idea is to generate a smooth approximation by a randomization procedure. The viability of the method is demonstrated on both simulated and real data. An experimental comparison with the widely used correlation method is given on real data

simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation method


Adaptive state feedback control for a class of linear systems with unknown bounds of uncertainties

Abstract: The problem of adaptive robust stabilization for a class of linear time-varying systems with disturbance and nonlinear uncertainties is considered. The bounds of the disturbance and uncertainties are assumed to be unknown, being even arbitrary. For such uncertain dynamical systems, the adaptive robust state feedback controller is obtained. And the resulting closed-loop systems are asymptotically stable in theory. Moreover, an adaptive robust state feedback control scheme is given. The scheme ensures the closed-loop systems exponentially practically stable and can be used in practical engineering. Finally, simulations show that the control scheme is effective

robust stabilization
adaptive stabilization
linear time-varying systems
nonlinear uncertainties
closed-loop systems
uncertain dynamical systems
state feedback
adaptive controller
robust control
uncertain systems


Generalized confidence sets for a statistically indeterminate random vector

Abstract: A problem is considered for the construction of confidence sets for a random vector, the information on distribution parameters of which is incomplete. To obtain exact estimates and a detailed analysis of the problem, the notion is introduced of a generalized confidence set for a statistically indeterminate random vector. Properties of generalized confidence sets are studied. It is shown that the standard method of estimation, which relies on the unification of confidence sets, leads in many cases to wider confidence estimates. For a normally distributed random vector with an inaccurately known mean value, generalized confidence sets are built tip and the dependence of sizes of a generalized confidence set on the forms and parameters of a set of possible mean values is examined


Estimating populations for collective dose calculations

Abstract: The collective dose provides an estimate of the effects of facility operations on the public based on an estimate of the population in the area. Geographic information system software, electronic population data resources, and a personal computer were used to develop estimates of population within 80 km radii of two sites

collective dose calculations
facility operations
public
geographic information system software
electronic population data resources
personal computer


Chemical information based scaling of molecular descriptors: a universal chemical scale for library design and analysis

Abstract: Scaling is a difficult issue for any analysis of chemical properties or molecular topology when disparate descriptors are involved. To compare properties across different data sets, a common scale must be defined. Using several publicly available databases (ACD, CMC, MDDR, and NCI) as a basis, we propose to define chemically meaningful scales for a number of molecular properties and topology descriptors. These chemically derived scaling functions have several advantages. First, it is possible to define chemically relevant scales, greatly simplifying similarity and diversity analyses across data sets. Second, this approach provides a convenient method for setting descriptor boundaries that define chemically reasonable topology spaces. For example, descriptors can be scaled so that compounds with little potential for biological activity, bioavailability, or other drug-like characteristics are easily identified as outliers. We have compiled scaling values for 314 molecular descriptors. In addition the 10th and 90th percentile values for each descriptor have been calculated for use in outlier filtering

universal chemical scale
library design
library analysis
chemical information based scaling
molecular descriptors
molecular topology
chemical properties
databases
diversity analyses
similarity analyses
data sets
descriptor boundaries
drug-like characteristics
biological activity
bioavailability
outliers


Development of a health guidance support system for lifestyle improvement

Abstract: The objective is to provide automated advice for lifestyle adjustment based on an assessment of the results of a questionnaire and medical examination or health checkup data. A system was developed that gathers data based on questions regarding weight gain, exercise, smoking, sleep, eating habits, salt intake, animal fat intake, snacks, alcohol, and oral hygiene, body mass index, resting blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid and liver function tests. Based on the relationships between the lifestyle data and the health checkup data, a health assessment sheet was generated for persons being allocated to a multiple-risk factor syndrome group. Health assessment and useful advice for lifestyle improvement were automatically extracted with the system, toward the high risk group for life style related diseases. The system is operational. In comparison with conventional, limited advice methods, we developed a practical system that defined the necessity for lifestyle improvement more clearly, and made giving advice easier

health guidance support system
lifestyle improvement
questionnaire
medical examination
health checkup data
weight gain
smoking
exercise
sleep
eating habits
salt intake
animal fat intake
snacks
alcohol
oral hygiene
body mass index
resting blood pressure
fasting blood sugar
total cholesterol
triglycerides
uric acid
liver function tests

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P


Licensing experiences in the Netherlands

Abstract: The licensing strategy of university libraries in the Netherlands is closely connected with university policies to develop document servers and to make research publications available on the Web. National agreements have been made with major publishers, such as Elsevier Science and Kluwer Academic, to provide access to a wide range of scientific information and to experiment with new ways of providing information and new business models

licensing strategy
university libraries
Netherlands
university policies
document servers
research publications
Web
Elsevier Science
Kluwer Academic
scientific information
business models


On batch-constructing B/sup +/-trees: algorithm and its performance evaluation

Abstract: Efficient construction of indexes is very important in bulk-loading a database or adding a new index to an existing database since both of them should handle an enormous volume of data. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for batch-constructing the B/sup +/-tree, the most widely used index structure in database systems. The main characteristic of our algorithm is to simultaneously process all the key values to be placed on each B+-tree page when accessing the page. This avoids the overhead due to accessing the same page multiple times, which results from applying the B+-tree insertion algorithm repeatedly. For performance evaluation, we have analyzed our algorithm in terms of the number of disk accesses. The results show that the number of disk accesses excluding those in the relocation process is identical to the number of pages belonging to the B/sup +/-tree. Considering that the relocation process is an unavoidable preprocessing step for batch-constructing of B/sup +/-trees, our algorithm requires just one disk access per B+-tree page, and therefore turns out to be optimal. We also present the performance tendency in relation with different parameter values via simulation. Finally, we show the performance enhancement effect of our algorithm, compared with the one using repeated insertions through experiments

B+-tree batch construction
algorithm performance evaluation
database bulk loading
index structure
B+-tree page
page access
B+-tree insertion algorithm
disk accesses
relocation process
simulation


All-optical logic NOR gate using two-cascaded semiconductor optical amplifiers

Abstract: The authors present a novel all-optical logic NOR gate using two-cascaded semiconductor optical. amplifiers (SOAs) in a counterpropagating feedback configuration. This configuration accentuates the gain nonlinearity due to the mutual gain modulation of the two SOAs. The all-optical NOR gate feasibility has been demonstrated delivering an extinction ratio higher than 12 dB over a wide range of wavelength


Using latent semantic analysis to assess reader strategies

Abstract: We tested a computer-based procedure for assessing reader strategies that was based on verbal protocols that utilized latent semantic analysis (LSA). Students were given self-explanation-reading training (SERT), which teaches strategies that facilitate self-explanation during reading, such as elaboration based on world knowledge and bridging between text sentences. During a computerized version of SERT practice, students read texts and typed self-explanations into a computer after each sentence. The use of SERT strategies during this practice was assessed by determining the extent to which students used the information in the current sentence versus the prior text or world knowledge in their self-explanations. This assessment was made on the basis of human judgments and LSA. Both human judgments and LSA were remarkably similar and indicated that students who were not complying with SERT tended to paraphrase the text sentences, whereas students who were compliant with SERT tended to explain the sentences in terms of what they knew about the world and of information provided in the prior text context. The similarity between human judgments and LSA indicates that LSA will be useful in accounting for reading strategies in a Web-based version of SERT

latent semantic analysis
reader strategy assessment
computer-based procedure
verbal protocols
self-explanation-reading training
elaboration
world knowledge
text sentence bridging
human judgments


Centroid detection based on optical correlation

Abstract: We propose three correlation-based methods to simultaneously detect the centroids of multiple objects in an input scene. The first method is based on the modulus of the moment function, the second method is based on squaring the moment function, and the third method works with a single intensity filter. These methods are invariant to changes in the position, orientation, and scale of the object and result in good noise-smoothing performance. We use spatial light modulators (SLMs) to directly implement the input of the image and filter information for the purpose of these approaches. We present results showing simulations from different approaches and provide comparisons between optical-correlation- and digital-moment-based methods. Experimental results corresponding to an optical correlator using SLMs for the centroid detection are also presented

optical correlation
centroid detection
correlation-based methods
centroids
multiple objects
input scene
moment function modulus
moment function squaring
single intensity filter
position
orientation
scale
noise-smoothing performance
spatial light modulators
digital-moment-based methods
optical correlator


Evolution of litigation support systems

Abstract: For original paper see ibid., vol. 12, no. 6: "The E-mail of the Species". The author responds to that paper and argues that printing, scanning and imaging E-mails or other electronic (rather than paper) documents prior to listing and disclosure seems to be unnecessary, not 'proportionate' (from a costs point of view) and not particularly helpful, to either side. He asks how litigation support systems might evolve to help and support the legal team in their task

litigation support systems
E-mail
legal team


A new approach to the problem of structural identification. II

Abstract: The subject under discussion is a new approach to the problem of structural identification, which relies on the recognition of a decisive role of the human factor in the process of structural identification. Potential possibilities of the suggested approach are illustrated by the statement of a new mathematical problem of structural identification

structural identification
human factor
mathematical equations
decision-maker


Recommendations for implementing Internet inquiry projects

Abstract: The purpose of the study presented was to provide recommendations to teachers who are interested in implementing Internet inquiry projects. Four classes of ninth- and tenth-grade honors students (N = 100) participated in an Internet inquiry project in which they were presented with an ecology question that required them to make a decision based on information that they gathered, analyzed, and synthesized from the Internet and their textbook. Students then composed papers with a rationale for their decision. Students in one group had access to pre-selected relevant Web sites, access to the entire Internet, and were provided with less online support. Students in the other group had access to only pre-selected relevant Web sites, but were provided with more online support. Two of the most important recommendations were: 1) to provide students with more online support; and 2) to provide students with pre-selected relevant Web sites and allow them to search the Internet for information

Internet inquiry projects
teachers
honors students
ecology question
pre-selected relevant Web sites
online support


A framework of electronic tendering for government procurement: a lesson learned in Taiwan

Abstract: To render government procurement efficient, transparent, nondiscriminating, and accountable, an electronic government procurement system is required. Accordingly, Taiwan government procurement law (TGPL) states that suppliers may employ electronic devices to forward a tender. This investigation demonstrates how the electronic government procurement system functions and reengineers internal procurement processes, which in turn benefits both government bodies and vendors. The system features explored herein include posting/receiving bids via the Internet, vendor registration, certificate authorization, contract development tools, bid/request for proposal (RFP) development, online bidding, and online payment, all of which can be integrated easily within most existing information infrastructures


Information architecture for bilingual Web sites

Abstract: Creating an information architecture for a bilingual Web site presents particular challenges beyond those that exist for single and multilanguage sites. This article reports work in progress on the development of a content-based bilingual Web site to facilitate the sharing of resources and information between Speech and Language Therapists. The development of the information architecture is based on a combination of two aspects: an abstract structural analysis of existing bilingual Web designs focusing on the presentation of bilingual material, and a bilingual card-sorting activity conducted with potential users. Issues for bilingual developments are discussed, and some observations are made regarding the use of card-sorting activities

information architecture
content-based bilingual Web site
speech therapists
language therapists
bilingual card-sorting activity
bilingual developments
World Wide Web


The California Digital Library and the eScholarship program

Abstract: The eScholarship program was launched in 2000 to foster faculty-led innovation in scholarly publishing. An initiative of the University of California (UC) and a program of the California Digital Library, the eScholarship program has stimulated significant interest in its short life. Its modest but visible accomplishments garner praise from many quarters, within and beyond the University of California. In perhaps the best indication of its timeliness and momentum, there are more proposals submitted to eScholarship today than the CDL can manage. This early success is due in part to the sheer power of an idea whose time has come, but also to the unique approach on which CDL was founded and the eScholarship initiative was first launched

eScholarship program
faculty-led innovation
California Digital Library
scholarly publishing
University of California


Combining spatial and scale-space techniques for edge detection to provide a spatially adaptive wavelet-based noise filtering algorithm

Abstract: New methods for detecting edges in an image using spatial and scale-space domains are proposed. A priori knowledge about geometrical characteristics of edges is used to assign a probability factor to the chance of any pixel being on an edge. An improved double thresholding technique is introduced for spatial domain filtering. Probabilities that pixels belong to a given edge are assigned based on pixel similarity across gradient amplitudes, gradient phases and edge connectivity. The scale-space approach uses dynamic range compression to allow wavelet correlation over a wider range of scales. A probabilistic formulation is used to combine the results obtained from filtering in each domain to provide a final edge probability image which has the advantages of both spatial and scale-space domain methods. Decomposing this edge probability image with the same wavelet as the original image permits the generation of adaptive filters that can recognize the characteristics of the edges in all wavelet detail and approximation images regardless of scale. These matched filters permit significant reduction in image noise without contributing to edge distortion. The spatially adaptive wavelet noise-filtering algorithm is qualitatively and quantitatively compared to a frequency domain and two wavelet based noise suppression algorithms using both natural and computer generated noisy images

R P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P


Deriving model parameters from field test measurements [generator control simulation]

Abstract: A major component of any power system simulation is the generating plant. The purpose of DeriveAssist is to speed up the parameter derivation process and to allow engineers less versed in parameter matching and identification to get involved in the process of power plant electric generator modelling

DeriveAssist
parameter derivation process
parameter matching
parameter identification
power system simulation
turbine/governor
power system stability analysis
computer simulation
generator parameter derivation process
steady-state parameters derivation
control simulation


Online longitudinal survey research: viability and participation

Abstract: This article explores the viability of conducting longitudinal survey research using the Internet in samples exposed to trauma. A questionnaire battery assessing psychological adjustment following adverse life experiences was posted online. Participants who signed up to take part in the longitudinal aspect of the study were contacted 3 and 6 months after initial participation to complete the second and third waves of the research. Issues of data screening and sample attrition rates are considered and the demographic profiles and questionnaire scores of those who did and did not take part in the study during successive time points are compared. The results demonstrate that it is possible to conduct repeated measures survey research online and that the similarity in characteristics between those who do and do not take part during successive time points mirrors that found in traditional pencil-and-paper trauma surveys

online longitudinal survey research
Internet
trauma
questionnaire
psychological adjustment
data screening
sample attrition rates
demographic profiles
World Wide Web
psychology research


Optical recognition of three-dimensional objects with scale invariance using a classical convergent correlator

Abstract: We present a real-time method for recognizing three-dimensional (3-D) objects with scale invariance. The 3-D information of the objects is codified in deformed fringe patterns using the Fourier transform profilometry technique and is correlated using a classical convergent correlator. The scale invariance property is achieved using two different approaches: the Mellin radial harmonic decomposition and the logarithmic radial harmonic filter. Thus, the method is invariant for changes in the scale of the 3-D target within a defined interval of scale factors. Experimental results show the utility of the proposed method


Who Wants To Be A Millionaire(R): The classroom edition

Abstract: This paper introduces a version of the internationally popular television game show Who Wants To Be A Millionaire(R) that has been created for use in the classroom using Microsoft PowerPoint(R). A suggested framework for its classroom use is presented, instructions on operating and editing the classroom version of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire(R) are provided, and sample feedback from students who have played the classroom version of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire(R) is offered

classroom
Who Wants To Be A Millionaire(R)
classroom version
undergraduate business students
student contestants


Fusion of qualitative bond graph and genetic algorithms: A fault diagnosis application

Abstract: In this paper, the problem of fault diagnosis via integration of genetic algorithms (GA's) and qualitative bond graphs (QBG's) is addressed. We suggest that GA's can be used to search for possible fault components among a system of qualitative equations. The QBG is adopted as the modeling scheme to generate a set of qualitative equations. The qualitative bond graph provides a unified approach for modeling engineering systems, in particular, mechatronic systems. In order to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm, we have tested the proposed algorithm on an in-house designed and built floating disc experimental setup. Results from fault diagnosis in the floating disc system are presented and discussed. Additional measurements will be required to localize the fault when more than one fault candidate is inferred. Fault diagnosis is activated by a fault detection mechanism when a discrepancy between measured abnormal behavior and predicted system behavior is observed. The fault detection mechanism is not presented here

qualitative bond graph
genetic algorithms
fault diagnosis
fault components
qualitative equations
engineering systems
mechatronic systems
floating disc
measured abnormal behavior
predicted system behavior


E-government

Abstract: The author provides an introduction to the main issues surrounding E-government modernisation and electronic delivery of all public services by 2005. The author makes it clear that E-government is about transformation, not computers and hints at the special legal issues which may arise

E-government
modernisation
electronic delivery
public services
legal issues


Data management in location-dependent information services

Abstract: Location-dependent information services have great promise for mobile and pervasive computing environments. They can provide local and nonlocal news, weather, and traffic reports as well as directory services. Before they can be implemented on a large scale, however, several research issues must be addressed

location-dependent information services
wireless networks
pervasive computing
mobile computing
news
weather
traffic reports
data management
directory services


Broadcasts keep staff in picture [intranets]

Abstract: Mark Hawkins, chief operating officer at UK-based streaming media specialist Twofourtv, explains how firms can benefit by linking their corporate intranets to broadcasting technology

corporate intranets
Twofourtv
streaming media
broadcasting technology


Pattern recognition strategies for molecular surfaces. I. Pattern generation using fuzzy set theory

Abstract: A new method for the characterization of molecules based on the model approach of molecular surfaces is presented. We use the topographical properties of the surface as well as the electrostatic potential, the local lipophilicity/hydrophilicity, and the hydrogen bond density on the surface for characterization. The definition and the calculation method for these properties are reviewed. The surface is segmented into overlapping patches with similar molecular properties. These patches can be used to represent the characteristic local features of the molecule in a way that is beyond the atomistic resolution but can nevertheless be applied for the analysis of partial similarities of different molecules as well as for the identification of molecular complementarity in a very general sense. The patch representation can be used for different applications, which will be demonstrated in subsequent articles

pattern recognition strategies
molecular surfaces
pattern generation
fuzzy set theory
model approach
topographical properties
electrostatic potential
local lipophilicity/hydrophilicity
hydrogen bond density
segmented surface
overlapping patches
molecular properties
local features
atomistic resolution
partial similarities
molecular complementarity
patch representation
lipophilicity
hydrophilicity


Effects of white space in learning via the Web

Abstract: This study measured the effect of specific white space features on learning from instructional Web materials. The study also measured learners' beliefs regarding Web-based instruction. Prior research indicated that small changes in the handling of presentation elements can affect learning. Achievement results from this study indicated that in on-line materials, when content and overall structure are sound, minor differences regarding table borders and vertical spacing in text do not hinder learning. Beliefs regarding Web-based instruction and instructors who use it did not differ significantly between treatment groups. Implications of the study and cautions regarding generalizing from the results are discussed

white space features
Web-based instruction
presentation
online educational materials
table borders
text vertical spacing
Internet


World's biggest battery helps to stabilise Alaska

Abstract: In this paper, the author describes a battery energy storage system which is under construction to provide voltage compensation in support of Alaska's 138 kV Northern Intertie

power system stabilisation
battery energy storage system
voltage compensation
USA
interconnected power systems
138 kV
77 MW


Efficient two-level image thresholding method based on Bayesian formulation and the maximum entropy principle

Abstract: An efficient method for two-level thresholding is proposed based on the Bayes formula and the maximum entropy principle, in which no assumptions of the image histogram are made. An alternative criterion is derived based on maximizing entropy and used for speeding up the searching algorithm. Five forms of conditional probability distributions-simple, linear, parabola concave, parabola convex, and S-function-are employed and compared to each other for optimal threshold determination. The effect of precision on optimal threshold determination is discussed and a trade-off precision epsilon =0.001 is selected experimentally. Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a significant improvement in speed from 26 to 57 times faster than the exhaustive search method

two-level image thresholding method
Bayesian formulation
maximum entropy principle
image histogram
entropy
searching algorithm
conditional probability distributions
parabola concave
parabola convex
S-function
optimal threshold determination
trade-off precision
image segmentation
image thresholding


Matched-filter template generation via spatial filtering: application to fetal biomagnetic recordings

Abstract: We have developed a two-step procedure for signal processing of fetal biomagnetic recordings that removes cardiac interference and noise. First, a modified matched filter (MF) is applied to remove maternal cardiac interference; then, a simple signal space projection (SSP) is applied to remove noise. The key difference between our MF and a conventional one is that the interference template and the template scaling are derived from a signal that has been spatially filtered to isolate the interference, rather than from the raw signal. Unlike conventional MFs, ours is able to separate maternal and fetal cardiac complexes, even when they have similar morphology and overlap strongly. When followed by a SSP that preserves only the signal subspace, the noise is reduced to a low level

maternal cardiac interference removal
simple signal space projection
noise removal
signal subspace preservation
fetal magnetocardiography
spatial filtering
interference template
raw signal
template scaling
modified matched filter
maternal cardiac interference


The maximum possible EVPI

Abstract: In this paper we calculate the maximum expected value of perfect information (EVPI) for any probability distribution for the states of the world. This maximum EVPI is an upper bound for the EVPI with given probabilities and thus an upper bound for any partial information about the states of the world

decision analysis
expected value of perfect information
operations research
management science
probability distribution
optimisation


Baseball, optimization, and the World Wide Web

Abstract: The competition for baseball play-off spots-the fabled pennant race-is one of the most closely watched American sports traditions. While play-off race statistics, such as games back and magic number, are informative, they are overly conservative and do not account for the remaining schedule of games. Using optimization techniques, one can model schedule effects explicitly and determine precisely when a team has secured a play-off spot or has been eliminated from contention. The RIOT Baseball Play-off Races Web site developed at the University of California, Berkeley, provides automatic updates of new, optimization-based play-off race statistics each day of the major league baseball season. In developing the site, we found that we could determine the first-place elimination status of all teams in a division using a single linear-programming formulation, since a minimum win threshold for teams finishing in first place applies to all teams in a division. We identified a similar (but weaker) result for the problem of play-off elimination with wildcard teams

baseball play-off spot competition
optimization
World Wide Web
pennant race
play-off race statistics
games back
magic number
game schedule
RIOT Baseball Play-off Races Web site
linear programming
LP
minimum win threshold


Visual-word identification thresholds for the 260 fragmented words of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures in Spanish

Abstract: Word difficulty varies from language to language; therefore, normative data of verbal stimuli cannot be imported directly from another language. We present mean identification thresholds for the 260 screen-fragmented words corresponding to the total set of Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) pictures. Individual words were fragmented in eight levels using Turbo Pascal, and the resulting program was implemented on a PC microcomputer. The words were presented individually to a group of 40 Spanish observers, using a controlled time procedure. An unspecific learning effect was found showing that performance improved due to practice with the task. Finally, of the 11 psycholinguistic variables that previous researchers have shown to affect word identification, only imagery accounted for a significant amount of variance in the threshold values

visual-word identification thresholds
fragmented words
Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures
Spanish
word difficulty
verbal stimuli
mean identification thresholds
screen-fragmented words
Turbo Pascal
PC microcomputer
controlled time procedure
unspecific learning effect
psycholinguistic variables
word identification


Streaming, disruptive interference and power-law behavior in the exit dynamics of confined pedestrians

Abstract: We analyze the exit dynamics of pedestrians who are initially confined in a room. Pedestrians are modeled as cellular automata and compete to escape via a known exit at the soonest possible time. A pedestrian could move forward, backward, left or right within each iteration time depending on adjacent cell vacancy and in accordance with simple rules that determine the compulsion to move and physical capability relative to his neighbors. The arching signatures of jamming were observed and the pedestrians exited in bursts of various sizes. Power-law behavior is found in the burst-size frequency distribution for exit widths w greater than one cell dimension (w > 1). The slope of the power-law curve varies with w from -1.3092 (w = 2) to -1.0720 (w = 20). Streaming which is a diffusive behavior, arises in large burst sizes and is more likely in a single-exit room with w = 1 and leads to a counterintuitive result wherein an average exit throughput Q is obtained that is higher than with w = 2, 3, or 4. For a two-exit room (w = 1), Q is not greater than twice the yield of a single-exit room. If the doors are not separated far enough (< 4w), Q becomes even significantly less due to a collective slow-down that emerges among pedestrians crossing in each other's path (disruptive interference effect). For the same w and door number, Q is also higher with relaxed pedestrians than with anxious ones

streaming
cellular automata
iteration time
adjacent cell vacancy
arching signatures
jamming
burst-size frequency distribution
collective slow-down
self-organised criticality
disruptive interference
power-law behavior
exit dynamics
confined pedestrians


Optimize/sup IT/ robot condition monitoring tool

Abstract: As robots have gained more and more 'humanlike' capability, users have looked increasingly to their builders for ways to measure the critical variables-the robotic equivalent of a physical check-up-in order to monitor their condition and schedule maintenance more effectively. This is all the more essential considering the tremendous pressure there is to improve productivity in today's global markets. Developed for ABB robots with an S4-family controller and based on the company's broad process know-how, Optimize/sup IT/ robot condition monitoring offers maintenance routines with embedded checklists that give a clear indication of a robot's operating condition. It performs semi-automatic measurements that support engineers during trouble-shooting and enable action to be taken to prevent unplanned stops. By comparing these measurements with reference data, negative trends can be detected early and potential breakdowns predicted. Armed with all these features, Optimize/sup IT/ robot condition monitoring provides the ideal basis for reliability-centered maintenance (RCM) for robots


Extended depth-of-focus imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence from intact leaves

Abstract: Imaging dynamic changes in chlorophyll a fluorescence provides a valuable means with which to examine localised changes in photosynthetic function. Microscope-based systems provide excellent spatial resolution which allows the response of individual cells to be measured. However, such systems have a restricted depth of focus and, as leaves are inherently uneven, only a small proportion of each image at any given focal plane is in focus. In this report we describe the development of algorithms, specifically adapted for imaging chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic function in living plant cells, which allow extended-focus images to be reconstructed from images taken in different focal planes. We describe how these procedures can be used to reconstruct images of chlorophyll fluorescence and calculated photosynthetic parameters, as well as producing a map of leaf topology. The robustness of this procedure is demonstrated using leaves from a number of different plant species

chlorophyll fluorescence
intact leaves
extended depth-of-focus imaging
leaf topology map
plant species
calculated photosynthetic parameters
individual cells response
microscope-based systems
charge-coupled device
maximum fluorescence yield
minimum fluorescence yield
variable fluorescence
numerical aperture
primary quinone acceptor
spatial resolution
algorithms development
extended-focus images reconstruction
biophysical research technique


Student consulting projects benefit faculty and industry

Abstract: Student consulting projects require students to apply OR/MS tools to obtain insight into the activities of firms in the community. These projects benefit faculty by providing clear feedback on the real capabilities of students, a broad connection to local industry, and material for case studies and research. They benefit companies by stimulating new thinking regarding their activities and delivering results they can use. Projects provide insights into the end-user modeling mode of OR/MS practice. Projects support continuous improvement as the lessons gained from a crop of projects enable better teaching during the next course offering, which in turn leads to better projects and further insights into teaching

student consulting projects
OR/MS tools
student placements
student capability feedback
case study material


Academic libraries and community: making the connection

Abstract: I explore the theme of academic libraries serving and reaching out to the broader community. I highlight interesting projects reported on in the literature (such as the Through Our Parents' Eyes project) and report on others. I look at challenges to community partnerships and recommendations for making them succeed. Although I focus on links with the broader community, I also took at methods for increasing cooperation among various units on campus, so that the needs of campus community groups-such as distance education students or disabled students-are effectively addressed. Though academic libraries are my focus, we can learn a lot from the community building efforts of public libraries

academic libraries
community partnerships
campus community groups
distance education students
disabled students
public libraries


Pane relief. Robotic solutions for car windshield assembly

Abstract: Just looking through a car's windshield doesn't give us much reason to wonder about how it's made. The idea that special manufacturing expertise might be required can hardly occur to anyone, but that's exactly what is needed to ensure crystal-clear visibility, not to mention a perfect fit every time one is pressed into place on a car production line. Comprising two thin glass sheets joined by a vinyl interlayer, windshields are assembled-usually manually-to very precise product and environmental specifications. To make sure this is done as perfectly as possible, the industry invests heavily in the equipment used for their fabrication. ABB has now developed a robot-based Compact Assembling System for the automatic assembly of laminated windshields that speeds up production and increases cost efficiency

laminated windshields assembly automation


Ideal sliding mode in the problems of convex optimization

Abstract: The characteristics of the sliding mode that appears with using continuous convex-programming algorithms based on the exact penalty functions were discussed. For the case under study, the ideal sliding mode was shown to occur in the absence of infinite number of switchings


Nuts and bolts: implementing descriptive standards to enable virtual collections

Abstract: To date, online archival information systems have relied heavily on legacy finding aids for data to encode and provide to end users, despite fairly strong indications in the archival literature that such legacy data is problematic even as a mediated access tool. Archivists have only just begun to study the utility of archival descriptive data for end users in unmediated settings such as via the Web. The ability of future archival information systems to respond to the expectations and needs of end users is inextricably linked to archivists getting their collective data house in order. The General International Standard Archival Description (ISAD(G)) offers the profession a place from which to start extricating ourselves from the idiosyncracies of our legacy data and description practices


The Bagsik Oscillator without complex numbers

Abstract: We argue that the analysis of the so-called Bagsik Oscillator, recently published by Piotrowski and Sladkowski (2001), is erroneous due to: (1) the incorrect banking data used and (2) the application of statistical mechanism apparatus to processes that are totally deterministic

Bagsik oscillator
noncomplex numbers
incorrect banking data
statistical mechanism apparatus
game theory
deterministic processes


ConChat: a context-aware chat program

Abstract: ConChat is a context-aware chat program that enriches electronic communication by providing contextual information and resolving potential semantic conflicts between users.ConChat uses contextual information to improve electronic communication. Using contextual cues, users can infer during a conversation what the other person is doing and what is happening in his or her immediate surroundings. For example, if a user learns that the other person is talking with somebody else or is involved in some urgent activity, he or she knows to expect a slower response. Conversely, if the user learns that the other person is sitting in a meeting directly related to the conversation, he or she then knows to respond more quickly. Also, by informing users about the other person's context and tagging potentially ambiguous chat messages, ConChat explores how context can improve electronic communication by reducing semantic conflicts

context-aware chat program
ConChat
contextual information
semantic conflicts
contextual cues


The archival imagination of David Bearman, revisited

Abstract: Many archivists regard the archival imagination evidenced in the writings of David Bearman as avant-garde. Archivist L. Henry (1998) has sharply criticized Bearman for being irreverent toward the archival theory and practice outlined by classical American archivist T. R. Schellenberg. Although Bearman is sometimes credited (and sometimes berated) for establishing "a new paradigm" centered on the archival management of electronic records, his methods and strategies are intended to encompass all forms of record keeping. The article provides general observations on Bearman's archival imagination, lists some of its components, and addresses elements of Henry's critique. Although the long lasting impact of Bearman's imagination upon the archival profession might be questioned, it nonetheless deserves continued consideration by archivists and inclusion as a component of graduate archival education

archival imagination
David Bearman
archival theory
classical American archivist
Schellenberg
archival management
electronic records
record keeping
archival profession
graduate archival education


Computational capacity of an odorant discriminator: the linear separability of curves

Abstract: We introduce and study an artificial neural network inspired by the probabilistic receptor affinity distribution model of olfaction. Our system consists of N sensory neurons whose outputs converge on a single processing linear threshold element. The system's aim is to model discrimination of a single target odorant from a large number p of background odorants within a range of odorant concentrations. We show that this is possible provided p does not exceed a critical value p/sub c/ and calculate the critical capacity alpha c=p/sub c//N. The critical capacity depends on the range of concentrations in which the discrimination is to be accomplished. If the olfactory bulb may be thought of as a collection of such processing elements, each responsible for the discrimination of a single odorant, our study provides a quantitative analysis of the potential computational properties of the olfactory bulb. The mathematical formulation of the problem we consider is one of determining the capacity for linear separability of continuous curves, embedded in a large-dimensional space. This is accomplished here by a numerical study, using a method that signals whether the discrimination task is realizable, together with a finite-size scaling analysis

artificial neural network
receptor affinity distribution
olfaction
linear threshold element
sensory neurons
linear separability
odorant discriminator


Design PID controllers for desired time-domain or frequency-domain response

Abstract: Practical requirements on the design of control systems, especially process control systems, are usually specified in terms of time-domain response, such as overshoot and rise time, or frequency-domain response, such as resonance peak and stability margin. Although numerous methods have been developed for the design of the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, little work has been done in relation to the quantitative time-domain and frequency-domain responses. In this paper, we study the following problem: Given a nominal stable process with time delay, we design a suboptimal PID controller to achieve the required time-domain response or frequency-domain response for the nominal system or the uncertain system. An H/sub infinity / PID controller is developed based on optimal control theory and the parameters are derived analytically. Its properties are investigated and compared with that of two developed suboptimal controllers: an H/sub 2/ PID controller and a Maclaurin PID controller