The creation of a high-fidelity finite element model of the kidney for use in trauma research

Abstract: A detailed finite element model of the human kidney for trauma research has been created directly from the National Library of Medicine Visible Human Female (VHF) Project data set. An image segmentation and organ reconstruction software package has been developed and employed to transform the 2D VHF images into a 3D polygonal representation. Nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS) surfaces were then mapped to the polygonal surfaces, and were finally utilized to create a robust 3D hexahedral finite element mesh within a commercially available meshing software. The model employs a combined viscoelastic and hyperelastic material model to successfully simulate the behaviour of biological soft tissues. The finite element model was then validated for use in biomechanical research

high-fidelity finite element model
kidney
trauma research
National Library of Medicine
Visible Human Female project
medical data set
image segmentation
organ reconstruction
physically based animation
software package
3D polygonal representation
2D VHF images
nonuniform rational B-spline surfaces
NURBS
polygonal surfaces
3D hexahedral finite element mesh
viscoelastic model
hyperelastic material model
biological soft tissues
biomechanical research


Hybrid simulation of space plasmas: models with massless fluid representation of electrons. IV. Kelvin-Helmholtz instability

Abstract: For pt.III. see Prikl. Mat. Informatika, MAKS Press, no. 4, p. 5-56 (2000). This is a survey of the literature on hybrid simulation of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. We start with a brief review of the theory: the simplest model of the instability - a transition layer in the form of a tangential discontinuity; compressibility of the medium; finite size of the velocity shear region; pressure anisotropy. We then describe the electromagnetic hybrid model (ions as particles and electrons as a massless fluid) and the main numerical schemes. We review the studies on two-dimensional and three-dimensional hybrid simulation of the process of particle mixing across the magnetopause shear layer driven by the onset of a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. The article concludes with a survey of literature on hybrid simulation of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in finite-size objects: jets moving across the magnetic field in the middle of the field reversal layer; interaction between a magnetized plasma flow and a cylindrical plasma source with zero own magnetic field

hybrid simulation
space plasmas
massless fluid representation
Kelvin-Helmholtz instability
transition layer
tangential discontinuity
pressure anisotropy
electromagnetic hybrid model
three-dimensional hybrid simulation
magnetopause shear layer
field reversal layer
magnetized plasma flow
cylindrical plasma source


On-line Homework/Quiz/Exam applet: freely available Java software for evaluating performance on line

Abstract: The Homework/Quiz/Exam applet is a freely available Java program that can be used to evaluate student performance on line for any content authored by a teacher. It has database connectivity so that student scores are automatically recorded. It allows several different types of questions. Each question can be linked to images and detailed story problems. Three levels of feedback are provided to student responses. It allows teachers to randomize the sequence of questions and to randomize which of several options is the correct answer in multiple-choice questions. The creation and editing of questions involves menu selections, button presses, and the typing of content; no programming knowledge is required. The code is open source in order to encourage modifications that will meet individual pedagogical needs

online Homework/Quiz/Exam applet
freely available Java software
online student performance evaluation
teacher authored content
database connectivity
automatic student score recording
images
detailed story problems
feedback
randomized question sequence
multiple-choice questions
question editing
question creation
menu selections
button presses
typing content
individual pedagogical needs


A conceptual framework for evaluation of information technology investments

Abstract: The decision to acquire a new information technology poses a number of serious evaluation and selection problems to technology managers, because the new system must not only meet current information requirements of the organisation, but also the needs for future expansion. Tangible and intangible benefits factors, as well as risks factors, must be identified and evaluated. The paper provides a review of ten major evaluation categories and available models, which fall under each category, showing their advantages and disadvantages in handling the above difficulties. This paper describes strategic implications involved in the selection decision, and the inherent difficulties in: (1) choosing or developing a model, (2) obtaining realistic inputs for the model, and (3) making tradeoffs among the conflicting factors. It proposes a conceptual framework to help the decision maker in choosing the most appropriate methodology in the evaluation process. It also offers a new model, called GAHP, for the evaluation problem combining integer goal linear programming and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in a single hybrid multiple objective multi-criteria model. A goal programming methodology, with zero-one integer variables and mixed integer constraints, is used to set goal target values against which information technology alternatives are evaluated and selected. AHP is used to structure the evaluation process providing pairwise comparison mechanisms to quantify subjective, nonmonetary, intangible benefits and risks factors, in deriving data for the model. A case illustration is provided showing how GAHP can be formulated and solved


Aim for the enterprise: Microsoft Project 2002

Abstract: A long-time favorite of project managers, Microsoft Project 2002 is making its enterprise debut. Its new Web-based collaboration tools and improved scalability with OLAP support make it much easier to manage multiple Web projects with disparate workgroups and budgets

Microsoft Project 2002
Web-based collaboration tools
scalability
OLAP support
multiple Web project management
workgroups
budgets


Quality image metrics for synthetic images based on perceptual color differences

Abstract: Due to the improvement of image rendering processes, and the increasing importance of quantitative comparisons among synthetic color images, it is essential to define perceptually based metrics which enable to objectively assess the visual quality of digital simulations. In response to this need, this paper proposes a new methodology for the determination of an objective image quality metric, and gives an answer to this problem through three metrics. This methodology is based on the LLAB color space for perception of color in complex images, a modification of the CIELab1976 color space. The first metric proposed is a pixel by pixel metric which introduces a local distance map between two images. The second metric associates, to a pair of images, a global value. Finally, the third metric uses a recursive subdivision of the images to obtain an adaptative distance map, rougher but less expensive to compute than the first method

quality image metrics
synthetic images
perceptual color differences
image rendering
color images
perceptually based metrics
visual quality
digital simulations
LLAB color space
CIELab1976 color space
pixel by pixel metric
local distance map
global value
recursive subdivision
adaptative distance map


More constructions for Boolean algebras

Abstract: We construct Boolean algebras with prescribed behaviour concerning depth for the free product of two Boolean algebras over a third, in ZFC using pcf; assuming squares we get results on ultraproducts. We also deal with the family of cardinalities and topological density of homomorphic images of Boolean algebras (you can translate it to topology-on the cardinalities of closed subspaces); and lastly we deal with inequalities between cardinal invariants, mainly d(B)/sup kappa /<|B| implies ind(B)>/sup kappa /V Depth(B)>or=log(|B|)

Boolean algebras
prescribed behaviour
free product
ZFC
ultraproducts
homomorphic images
cardinal invariants


System embedding. Polynomial equations

Abstract: The class of solutions of the polynomial equations including their generalizations in the form of the Bezout matrix identities was constructed analytically using the technology of constructive system embedding. The structure of a solution depends on the number of steps of the Euclidean algorithm and is obtained explicitly by appropriate substitutions. Illustrative and descriptive examples are presented

determinate systems
polynomial equations
Bezout matrix identities
constructive system embedding
Euclidean algorithm


MEMS applications in computer disk drive dual-stage servo systems

Abstract: We present a decoupled discrete time pole placement design method, which can be combined with a self-tuning scheme to compensate variations in the microactuator's (MA's) resonance mode. Section I of the paper describes the design and fabrication of a prototype microactuator with an integrated gimbal structure. Section II presents a decoupled track-following controller design and a self-tuning control scheme to compensate for the MA's resonance mode variations


Dynamical transition to periodic motions of a recurrent bus induced by nonstops

Abstract: We study the dynamical behavior of a recurrent bus on a circular route with many bus stops when the recurrent bus passes some bus stops without stopping. The recurrent time (one period) is described in terms of a nonlinear map. It is shown that the recurrent bus exhibits the complex periodic behaviors. The dynamical transitions to periodic motions occur by increasing nonstops. The periodic motions depend on the property of an attractor of the nonlinear map. The period n of the attractor varies sensitively with the number of nonstops

dynamical transition
periodic motions
recurrent bus
nonstops
circular route
recurrent time
nonlinear map
complex periodic behaviors
attractor


Rapid microwell polymerase chain reaction with subsequent ultrathin-layer gel electrophoresis of DNA

Abstract: Large-scale genotyping, mapping and expression profiling require affordable, fully automated high-throughput devices enabling rapid, high-performance analysis using minute quantities of reagents. In this paper, we describe a new combination of microwell polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based DNA amplification technique with automated ultrathin-layer gel electrophoresis analysis of the resulting products. This technique decreases the reagent consumption (total reaction volume 0.75-1 mu L), the time requirement of the PCR (15-20 min) and subsequent ultrathin-layer gel electrophoresis based fragment analysis (5 min) by automating the current manual procedure and reducing the human intervention using sample loading robots and computerized real time data analysis. Small aliquots (0.2 mu L) of the submicroliter size PCR reaction were transferred onto loading membranes and analyzed by ultrathin-layer gel electrophoresis which is a novel, high-performance and automated microseparation technique. This system employs integrated scanning laser-induced fluorescence-avalanche photodiode detection and combines the advantages of conventional slab and capillary gel electrophoresis. Visualization of the DNA fragments was accomplished by "in migratio" complexation with ethidium bromide during the electrophoresis process also enabling real time imaging and data analysis

rapid microwell polymerase chain reaction


Virtual borders, real laws [Internet activity and treaties]

Abstract: National governments are working to tame activity on the Internet. They have worked steadily to extend control over online activities that they believe affect their interests, even when the activities occur outside their borders. These usually involve what governments regard as their domain: protecting public order, enforcing commercial laws, and, occasionally, protecting consumer interests. Methods have included assertions or legal jurisdiction based on where material is accessible instead of where it originates, and the blocking of sites, service providers, or entire high level domains from access by citizens. Such instances are mentioned in this article. Whilst larger companies are able to defend themselves against overseas lawsuits, individuals and smaller organizations lack the resources to defend what are often normal business activities at home, but could violate the laws of local jurisdictions in countries around the world. The problems of libel are discussed as are the blocking of certain sites by certain countries. Efforts to draw up Internet treaties are also mentioned

national governments
Internet activity
online activities
public order protection
commercial laws enforcement
legal jurisdiction
consumer interests protection
Internet sites blocking
lawsuits
Internet treaties


Managing safety and strategic stocks to improve materials requirements planning performance

Abstract: This paper provides a methodology for managing safety and strategic stocks in materials requirements planning (MRP) environments to face uncertainty in market demand. A set of recommended guidelines suggest where to position, how to dimension and when to replenish both safety and strategic stocks. Trade-offs between stock positioning and dimensioning and between stock positioning and replenishment order triggering are outlined. The study reveals also that most of the decisions are system specific, so that they should be evaluated in a quantitative manner through simulation. A case study is reported, where the benefits from adopting the new proposed methodology lie in achieving the target service level even under peak demand conditions, with the value of safety stocks as a whole growing only by about 20 per cent

MRP
materials requirements planning
market demand
strategic stocks
safety stocks
inventory management
variance control
stock replenishment
service level
peak demand


Fresh voices, big ideas [IBM internship program]

Abstract: IBM is matching up computer-science and MBA students with its business managers in an 11-week summer internship program and challenging them to develop innovative technology ideas

internship program
IBM business managers
MBA college students
computer-science students
patents


Randomized two-process wait-free test-and-set

Abstract: We present the first explicit, and currently simplest, randomized algorithm for two-process wait-free test-and-set. It is implemented with two 4-valued single writer single reader atomic variables. A test-and-set takes at most 11 expected elementary steps, while a reset takes exactly 1 elementary step. Based on a finite-state analysis, the proofs of correctness and expected length are compressed into one table

randomized two-process wait-free test-and-set


Online auctions: dynamic pricing and the lodging industry

Abstract: The traditional channels of distribution for overnight accommodation are rapidly being displaced by Web site scripting, online intermediaries, and specialty brokers. Businesses that pioneered Internet usage relied on it as a sales and marketing alternative to predecessor product distribution channels. As such, Web sites replace the traditional trading model to the Internet. Web-enabled companies are popular because the medium renders the process faster, less costly, highly reliable, and secure. Auction-based models impact business models by converting the price setting mechanism from supplier-centric to market-centric and transforming the trading model from "one to many" to "many to many." Historically, pricing was based on the cost of production plus a margin of profit. Traditionally, as products and services move through the supply chain, from the producer to the consumer, various intermediaries added their share of profit to the price. As Internet based mediums of distribution become more prevalent, traditional pricing models are being supplanted with dynamic pricing. A dynamic pricing model represents a flexible system that changes prices not only from product to product, but also from customer to customer and transaction to transaction. Many industry leaders are skeptical of the long run impact of online auctions on lodging industry profit margins, despite the fact pricing theory suggests that an increase in the flow of information results in efficient market pricing. The future of such endeavors remains promising, but controversial

online auctions
dynamic pricing
lodging industry
overnight accommodations
Web site scripting
online intermediaries
specialty brokers
Internet usage
sales
marketing
trading model
business models
price setting mechanism
supply chain


Nonlinear extrapolation algorithm for realization of a scalar random process

Abstract: A method of construction of a nonlinear extrapolation algorithm is proposed. This method makes it possible to take into account any nonlinear random dependences that exist in an investigated process and are described by mixed central moment functions. The method is based on the V. S. Pugachev canonical decomposition apparatus. As an example, the problem of nonlinear extrapolation is solved for a moment function of third order

nonlinear extrapolation algorithm
scalar random process
nonlinear random dependences
mixed central moment functions
canonical decomposition apparatus
moment function


Trusted...or...trustworthy: the search for a new paradigm for computer and network security

Abstract: This paper sets out a number of major questions and challenges which include: (a) just what is meant by `trusted' or `trustworthy' systems after 20 years of experience, or more likely, lack of business level experience, with the 'trusted computer system' criteria anyway; (b) does anyone really care about the adoption of international standards for computer system security evaluation by IT product and system manufacturers and suppliers (IS 15408) and, if so, how does it all relate to business risk management anyway (IS 17799); (c) with the explosion of adoption of the microcomputer and personal computer some 20 years ago, has the industry abandoned all that it learnt about security during the `mainframe era'; or - `whatever happened to MULTICS' and its lessons; (d) has education kept up with security requirements by industry and government alike in the need for safe and secure operation of large scale and networked information systems on national and international bases, particularly where Web or Internet-based information services are being proposed as the major `next best thing' in the IT industry; (e) has the `fourth generation' of computer professionals inherited the spirit of information systems management and control that resided by necessity with the last `generation', the professionals who developed and created the applications for shared mainframe and minicomputer systems?

fourth generation computer professionals


The social impact of Internet gambling

Abstract: Technology has always played a role in the development of gambling practices and continues to provide new market opportunities. One of the fastest growing areas is that of Internet gambling. The effect of such technologies should not be accepted uncritically, particularly as there may be areas of potential concern based on what is known about problem gambling offline. This article has three aims. First, it overviews some of the main social concerns about the rise of Internet gambling. Second, it looks at the limited research that has been carried out in this area. Third, it examines whether Internet gambling is doubly addictive, given research that suggests that the Internet can be addictive itself. It is concluded that technological developments in Internet gambling will increase the potential for problem gambling globally, but that many of the ideas and speculations outlined in this article need to be addressed further by large-scale empirical studies

social impact
Internet gambling
market opportunities
technological developments
addiction
electronic cash
psychology


Industry insiders loading up on cheap company stock

Abstract: A surge of telecom executives and directors purchasing their own companies, stock in the last two months points toward a renewed optimism in the beleaguered sector, say some observers, who view the rash of insider buying as a vote of confidence from management. Airgate PCS, Charter Communications, Cox Communications, Crown Castle International, Nextel Communications and Nortel Networks all have seen infusions of insider investment this summer, echoing trends in both the telecom industry and the national economy


Fault-tolerant Hamiltonian laceability of hypercubes

Abstract: It is known that every hypercube Q/sub n/ is a bipartite graph. Assume that n>or=2 and F is a subset of edges with |F|<or=n-2. We prove that there exists a Hamiltonian path in Q/sub n/-F between any two vertices of different partite sets. Moreover, there exists a path of length 2/sup n/-2 between any two vertices of the same partite set. Assume that n>or=3 and F is a subset of edges with |F|<or=n-3. We prove that there exists a Hamiltonian path in Q/sub n/-{v}-F between any two vertices in the partite set without v. Furthermore, all bounds are tight

fault-tolerant Hamiltonian laceability
hypercubes
bipartite graph
edge subset
Hamiltonian path
vertices
partite sets
tight bounds


Information architecture without internal theory: an inductive design process

Abstract: This article suggests that Information Architecture (IA) design is primarily an inductive process. Although top-level goals, user attributes and available content are periodically considered, the process involves bottom-up design activities. IA is inductive partly because it lacks internal theory, and partly because it is an activity that supports emergent phenomena (user experiences) from basic design components. The nature of IA design is well described by Constructive Induction (CI), a design process that involves locating the best representational framework for the design problem, identifying a solution within that framework and translating it back to the design problem at hand. The future of IA, if it remains inductive or develops a body of theory (or both), is considered

information architecture design
inductive design process
bottom-up design activities
internal theory
emergent phenomena
user experiences
constructive induction


Nissan v. Nissan [trademark dispute]

Abstract: Is a trademark dispute a case of David v. Goliath or a corporation fending off a greedy opportunist? This paper discusses the case of Uzi Nissan, who is locked in a multimillion-dollar legal battle over whether or not his use of the nissan.com Internet domain name infringes upon Japan's Nissan Motor Co.'s trademark. At the heart of the matter is the impact of the global Internet on trademark law, which traditionally has been strongly influenced by geographic considerations. The paper discusses the background to the case from both sides and the issues involved

trademark dispute
Uzi Nissan
nissan.com Internet domain name
Nissan Motor Company trademark
global Internet
trademark law


A digital-to-analog converter based on differential-quad switching

Abstract: A high-conversion-rate high-resolution oversampling digital-to-analog converter (DAC) for direct digital modulation is addressed in this paper. A new type of switching scheme, called differential-quad switching, is presented. To verify the feasibility of this scheme, essential parts with some auxiliary circuitry for interfacing were fabricated in a 0.8- mu m CMOS technology. Measured results show that the switching scheme provides 11-b resolution at 100 MSamples/s and 6-b at 1 GSamples/s. The degradation in signal-to-noise ratio is not observed for the variation of the supply voltage down to 1.5 V, which means the proposed scheme is suitable for low-voltage applications

high-conversion-rate DAC
high-resolution DAC
oversampling DAC
digital-to-analog converter
CMOS technology
direct digital modulation
differential-quad switching
signal-to-noise ratio
SNR
1.5 V
0.8 micron


Diffraction limit for a circular mask with a periodic rectangular apertures array

Abstract: A mask with periodic apertures imaging system is adopted very widely and plays a leading role in modern technology for uses such as pinhole cameras, coded imaging systems, optical information processing, etc. because of its high resolution, its infinite depth of focus, and its usefulness over a broad frequency spectra ranging from visible light to X-rays and gamma rays. While the masks with periodic apertures investigated in the literature are limited only to far-field diffraction, they do not take the shift of apertures within the mask into consideration. Therefore the derivation of the far-field diffraction for a single aperture cannot be applied to a mask with periodic apertures. The far-field diffraction formula modified for a multiaperture mask has been proposed in the past, the analysis remains too complicated to offer some practical guidance for mask design. We study a circular mask with periodic rectangular apertures and develop an easier way to interpret it. First, the near-field diffraction intensity of a circular aperture is calculated by means of Lommel's function. Then the convolution of the circular mask diffraction with periodic rectangular apertures is put together, and we can present a simple mathematical tool to analyze the mask properties including the intensity distribution, blurring aberration, and the criterion of defining the far- or near-field diffraction. This concept can also be expanded to analyze different types of masks with the arbitrarily shaped apertures

diffraction limit
circular mask
periodic rectangular apertures array
pinhole cameras
coded imaging systems
optical information processing
high resolution
infinite depth of focus
broad frequency spectra
visible light
x rays
gamma rays
periodic apertures
far-field diffraction
mask
single aperture
far-field diffraction formula
multiaperture mask
periodic rectangular apertures
convolution
circular mask diffraction
near-field diffraction
arbitrarily shaped apertures

P P P P P P P P P P M P P P P P P P P P P P P


Model intestinal microflora in computer simulation: a simulation and modeling package for host-microflora interactions

Abstract: The ecology of the human intestinal microflora and its interaction with the host are poorly understood. Though more and more data are being acquired, in part using modern molecular methods, development of a quantitative theory has not kept pace with this increase in observing power. This is in part due to the complexity of the system and to the lack of simulation environments in which to test what the ecological effect of a hypothetical mechanism of interaction would be, before resorting to laboratory experiments. The MIMICS project attempts to address this through the development of a cellular automaton for simulation of the intestinal microflora. In this paper, the design and evaluation of this simulator is discussed

human intestines
intestinal microflora
molecular methods
observing power
system complexity
microbial ecology
parallel computing
host-microflora interactions
quantitative theory
MIMICS project
complex microbial ecosystem


Product and process innovations in the life cycle of an industry

Abstract: Filson (2001) uses industry-level data on firm numbers, price, quantity and quality along with an equilibrium model of industry evolution to estimate the nature and effects of quality and cost improvements in the personal computer industry and four other new industries. This paper studies the personal computer industry in more detail and shows that the model explains some peculiar patterns that cannot be explained by previous life-cycle models. The model estimates are evaluated using historical studies of the evolution of the personal computer industry and patterns that require further model development are described

technological change
life-cycle models
industry dynamics
personal computer market
microelectronics
equilibrium model
industry evolution
PC industry
production cost


A formal model of computing with words

Abstract: Classical automata are formal models of computing with values. Fuzzy automata are generalizations of classical automata where the knowledge about the system's next state is vague or uncertain. It is worth noting that like classical automata, fuzzy automata can only process strings of input symbols. Therefore, such fuzzy automata are still (abstract) devices for computing with values, although a certain vagueness or uncertainty are involved in the process of computation. We introduce a new kind of fuzzy automata whose inputs are instead strings of fuzzy subsets of the input alphabet. These new fuzzy automata may serve as formal models of computing with words. We establish an extension principle from computing with values to computing with words. This principle indicates that computing with words can be implemented with computing with values with the price of a big amount of extra computations

formal model
computing with words
fuzzy automata
fuzzy subsets
input alphabet
extension principle
pushdown automata


Noise effect on memory recall in dynamical neural network model of hippocampus

Abstract: We investigate some noise effect on a neural network model proposed by Araki and Aihara (1998) for the memory recall of dynamical patterns in the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex; the noise effect is important since the release of transmitters at synaptic clefts, the operation of gate of ion channels and so on are known as stochastic phenomena. We consider two kinds of noise effect due to a deterministic noise and a stochastic noise. By numerical simulations, we find that reasonable values of noise give better performance on the memory recall of dynamical patterns. Furthermore we investigate the effect of the strength of external inputs on the memory recall

hippocampus
dynamical neural network model
noise effect
memory recall
dynamical patterns
entorhinal cortex
synaptic clefts
gate of ion channels
stochastic phenomena
deterministic noise
stochastic noise
brain functions
numerical simulations
synaptic strength
inhibitory connection


Strategies for high throughput, templated zeolite synthesis

Abstract: The design and redesign of high throughput experiments for zeolite synthesis are addressed. A model that relates materials function to the chemical composition of the zeolite and the structure directing agent is introduced. Using this model, several Monte Carlo-like design protocols are evaluated. Multi-round protocols are bound to be effective, and strategies that use a priori information about the structure-directing libraries are found to be the best

phase-dependent random Gaussian variables

P R P P P P P P U U M U M M M M U U U M U


Writing the fulfillment RFP [publishing]

Abstract: For the uninitiated, writing a request for proposal can seem both mysterious and daunting. Here's a format that will make you look like a pro the first time out

request for proposal
fulfillment
publisher


MTD-PLS: a PLS-based variant of the MTD method. II. Mapping ligand-receptor interactions. Enzymatic acetic acid esters hydrolysis

Abstract: The PLS variant of the MTD method (T.I. Oprea et al., SAR QSAR Environ. Res. 2001, 12, 75-92) was applied to a series of 25 acetylcholinesterase hydrolysis substrates. Statistically significant MTD-PLS models (q/sup 2/ between 0.7 and 0.8) are in agreement with previous MTD models, with the advantage that local contributions are understood beyond the occupancy/nonoccupancy interpretation in MTD. A "chemically intuitive" approach further forces MTD-PLS coefficients to assume only negative (or zero) values for fragmental volume descriptors and positive (or zero) values for fragmental hydrophobicity descriptors. This further separates the various kinds of local interactions at each vertex of the MTD hypermolecule, making this method suitable for medicinal chemistry synthesis planning


One-step digit-set-restricted modified signed-digit adder using an incoherent correlator based on a shared content-addressable memory

Abstract: An efficient one-step digit-set-restricted modified signed-digit (MSD) adder based on symbolic substitution is presented. In this technique, carry propagation is avoided by introducing reference digits to restrict the intermediate carry and sum digits to {1,0} and {0,1}, respectively. The proposed technique requires significantly fewer minterms and simplifies system complexity compared to the reported one-step MSD addition techniques. An incoherent correlator based on an optoelectronic shared content-addressable memory processor is suggested to perform the addition operation. In this technique, only one set of minterms needs to be stored, independent of the operand length

one-step digit-set-restricted modified signed-digit adder


Convolution-based global simulation technique for millimeter-wave photodetector and photomixer circuits

Abstract: A fast convolution-based time-domain approach to global photonic-circuit simulation is presented that incorporates a physical device model in the complete detector or mixer circuit. The device used in the demonstration of this technique is a GaAs metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetector that offers a high response speed for the detection and generation of millimeter waves. Global simulation greatly increases the accuracy in evaluating the complete circuit performance because it accounts for the effects of the millimeter-wave embedding circuit. Device and circuit performance are assessed by calculating optical responsivity and bandwidth. Device-only simulations using GaAs MSMs are compared with global simulations that illustrate the strong interdependence between device and external circuit

convolution-based time-domain approach
global photonic-circuit simulation
physical device model
GaAs MSM photodetector
millimeter-wave photodetector
photomixer
MM-wave embedding circuit
optical responsivity
bandwidth
convolution-based global simulation
GaAs


The effects of emotions on bounded rationality: a comment on Kaufman

Abstract: Bruce Kaufman's article (1999), "Emotional arousal as a source of bounded rationality", objective is to present an additional source of bounded rationality, one that is not due to cognitive constraints, but to high emotional arousal. In doing so, Kaufman is following a long tradition of thinkers who have contrasted emotion with reason, claiming, for the most part, that emotions are a violent force hindering rational thinking. This paper aims to challenge Kaufman's unidimensional idea regarding the connection between high emotional arousal and decision making

bounded rationality
decision making
rational thinking
psychology
emotion
Yerkes-Dodson law


High-voltage transistor scaling circuit techniques for high-density negative-gate channel-erasing NOR flash memories

Abstract: In order to scale high-voltage transistors for high-density negative-gate channel-erasing NOR flash memories, two circuit techniques were developed. A proposed level shifter with low operating voltage is composed of three parts, a latch holding the negative erasing voltage, two coupling capacitors connected with the latched nodes in the latch, and high-voltage drivers inverting the latch, resulting in reduction of the maximum internal voltage by 0.5 V. A proposed high-voltage generator adds a path-gate logic to a conventional high-voltage generator to realize both low noise and low ripple voltage, resulting in a reduction of the maximum internal voltage by 0.5 V. As a result, these circuit techniques along with high coupling-ratio cell technology can scale down the high-voltage transistors by 15% and can realize higher density negative-gate channel-erase NOR flash memories in comparison with the source-erase NOR flash memories

HV transistor scaling circuit techniques

negative-gate channel-erasing flash memories


Analyzing the potential of a firm: an operations research approach

Abstract: An approach to analyzing the potential of a firm, which is understood as the firm's ability to provide goods or (and) services to be supplied to a marketplace under restrictions imposed by a business environment in which the firm functions, is proposed. The approach is based on using linear inequalities and, generally, mixed variables in modelling this ability for a broad spectrum of industrial, transportation, agricultural, and other types of firms and allows one to formulate problems of analyzing the potential of a firm as linear programming problems or mixed programming problems with linear constraints. This approach generalizes a previous one which was proposed for a more narrow class of models, and allows one to effectively employ a widely available software for solving practical problems of the considered kind, especially for firms described by large scale models of mathematical programming

firm potential analysis
operations research
OR
linear inequalities
industrial firms
transportation firms
agricultural firms
linear programming
mixed programming
large-scale models
mathematical programming


The evolution of information systems: Their impact on organizations and structures

Abstract: Information systems and organization structures have been highly interconnected with each other. Over the years, information systems architectures as well as organization structures have evolved from centralized to more decentralized forms. This research looks at the evolution of both information systems and organization structures. In the process, it looks into the impact of computers on organizations, and examines the ways organization structures have changed, in association with changes in information system architectures. It also suggests logical linkages between information system architectures and their "fit" with certain organization structures and strategies. It concludes with some implications for emerging and future organizational forms, and provides a quick review of the effect of the Internet on small businesses traditionally using stand-alone computers

information systems evolution
information system architectures


The Canadian National Site Licensing Project

Abstract: In January 2000, a consortium of 64 universities in Canada signed a historic inter-institutional agreement that launched the Canadian National Site Licensing Project (CNSLP), a three-year pilot project aimed at bolstering the research and innovation capacity of the country's universities. CNSLP tests the feasibility of licensing, on a national scale, electronic versions of scholarly publications; in its initial phases the project is focused on full-text electronic journals and research databases in science, engineering, health and environmental disciplines. This article provides an overview of the CNSLP initiative, summarizes organizational and licensing accomplishments to date, and offers preliminary observations on challenges and opportunities for subsequent phases of the project


Assessment of the macrocyclic effect for the complexation of crown-ethers with alkali cations using the substructural molecular fragments method

Abstract: The Substructural Molecular Fragments method (Solov'ev, V. P.; Varnek, A. A.; Wipff, G. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2000, 40, 847-858) was applied to assess stability constants (logK) of the complexes of crown-ethers, polyethers, and glymes with Na/sup +/, K/sup +/, and Cs/sup +/ in methanol. One hundred forty-seven computational models including different fragment sets coupled with linear or nonlinear fitting equations were applied for the data sets containing 69 (Na/sup +/), 123 (K/sup +/), and 31 (Cs/sup +/) compounds. To account for the "macrocyclic effect" for crown-ethers, an additional "cyclicity" descriptor was used. "Predicted" stability constants both for macrocyclic compounds and for their open-chain analogues are in good agreement with the experimental data reported earlier and with those studied experimentally in this work. The macrocyclic effect as a function of cation and ligand is quantitatively estimated for all studied crown-ethers


Identification of evolving fuzzy rule-based models

Abstract: An approach to identification of evolving fuzzy rule-based (eR) models is proposed. eR models implement a method for the noniterative update of both the rule-base structure and parameters by incremental unsupervised learning. The rule-base evolves by adding more informative rules than those that previously formed the model. In addition, existing rules can be replaced with new rules based on ranking using the informative potential of the data. In this way, the rule-base structure is inherited and updated when new informative data become available, rather than being completely retrained. The adaptive nature of these evolving rule-based models, in combination with the highly transparent and compact form of fuzzy rules, makes them a promising candidate for modeling and control of complex processes, competitive to neural networks. The approach has been tested on a benchmark problem and on an air-conditioning component modeling application using data from an installation serving a real building. The results illustrate the viability and efficiency of the approach

evolving fuzzy rule-based models
identification
noniterative update
rule-base structure
incremental unsupervised learning
ranking
informative potential
fuzzy rules
complex processes
air-conditioning component modeling
adaptive nonlinear control
fault detection
fault diagnostics
performance analysis
forecasting
knowledge extraction
robotics
behavior modeling


Guidelines, the Internet, and personal health: insights from the Canadian HEALNet experience

Abstract: The objectives are to summarize the insights gained in collaborative research in a Canadian Network of Centres of Excellence, devoted to the promotion of evidence-based practice, and to relate this experience to Internet support of health promotion and consumer health informatics. A subjective review of insights is undertaken. Work directed the development of systems incorporating guidelines, care maps, etc., for use by professionals met with limited acceptance. Evidence-based tools for health care consumers are a desirable complement but require radically different content and delivery modes. In addition to evidence-based material offered by professionals, a wide array of Internet-based products and services provided by consumers for consumers emerged and proved a beneficial complement. The consumer-driven products and services provided via the Internet are a potentially important and beneficial complement of traditional health services. They affect the health consumer-provider roles and require changes in healthcare practices


The perils of privacy

Abstract: The recent string of failures among dotcom companies has heightened fears of privacy abuse. What should happen to the names and addresses on a customer list if these details were obtained under a privacy policy which specified no disclosure to any third party? Should the personal data in the list be deemed to be an asset of a failing company which can be transferred to any future (third party) purchaser for its purposes? Or should the privacy policy take precedence over the commercial concerns of the purchaser?

privacy abuse
customer list
privacy policy
disclosure


All-optical XOR gate using semiconductor optical amplifiers without additional input beam

Abstract: The novel design of an all-optical XOR gate by using cross-gain modulation of semiconductor optical amplifiers has been suggested and demonstrated successfully at 10 Gb/s. Boolean AB and AB of the two input signals A and B have been obtained and combined to achieve the all-optical XOR gate. No additional input beam such as a clock signal or continuous wave light is used in this new design, which is required in other all-optical XOR gates

semiconductor optical amplifiers
all-optical-XOR gate
design
cross-gain modulation
Boolean logic
10 Gbit/s


eMarketing: restaurant Web sites that click

Abstract: A number of global companies have adopted electronic commerce as a means of reducing transaction related expenditures, connecting with current and potential customers, and enhancing revenues and profitability. If a restaurant is to have an Internet presence, what aspects of the business should be highlighted? Food service companies that have successfully ventured onto the web have employed assorted web-based technologies to create a powerful marketing tool of unparalleled strength. Historically, it has been difficult to create a set of criteria against which to evaluate website effectiveness. As practitioners consider additional resources for website development, the effectiveness of e-marketing investment becomes increasingly important. Care must be exercised to ensure that the quality of the site adheres to high standards and incorporates evolving technology, as appropriate. Developing a coherent website strategy, including an effective website design, are proving critical to an effective web presence

e-marketing
restaurant Web sites
electronic commerce
Internet presence
food service companies
revenues
profitability


Identification of states of complex systems with estimation of admissible measurement errors on the basis of fuzzy information

Abstract: The problem of identification of states of complex systems on the basis of fuzzy values of informative attributes is considered. Some estimates of a maximally admissible degree of measurement error are obtained that make it possible, using the apparatus of fuzzy set theory, to correctly identify the current state of a system

complex systems states identification
admissible measurement errors
fuzzy information
informative attributes
measurement error
fuzzy set theory


Labscape: a smart environment for the cell biology laboratory

Abstract: Labscape is a smart environment that we designed to improve the experience of people who work in a cell biology laboratory. Our goal in creating it was to simplify, laboratory work by making information available where it is needed and by collecting and organizing data where and when it is created into a formal representation that others can understand and process. By helping biologists produce a more complete record of their work with less effort, Labscape is designed to foster improved collaboration in conjunction with increased individual efficiency and satisfaction. A user-driven system, although technologically conservative, embraces a central goal of ubiquitous computing: to enhance the ability to perform domain tasks through fluid interaction with computational resources. Smart environments could soon replace the pen and paper commonly used in the laboratory setting

cell biology
Labscape
laboratory work
ubiquitous computing
smart environment
experimental technologies
biochemical procedure


Operational phase-space probability distribution in quantum communication theory

Abstract: Operational phase-space probability distributions are useful tools for describing quantum mechanical systems, including quantum communication and quantum information processing systems. It is shown that quantum communication channels with Gaussian noise and quantum teleportation of continuous variables are described by operational phase-space probability distributions. The relation of operational phase-space probability distribution to the extended phase-space formalism proposed by Chountasis and Vourdas (1998) is discussed


Information architecture: notes toward a new curriculum

Abstract: There are signs that information architecture is coalescing into a field of professional practice. However, if it is to become a profession, it must develop a means of educating new information architects. Lessons from other fields suggest that professional education typically evolves along a predictable path, from apprenticeships to trade schools to college- and university-level education. Information architecture education may develop more quickly to meet the growing demands of the information society. Several pedagogical approaches employed in other fields may be adopted for information architecture education, as long as the resulting curricula provide an interdisciplinary approach and balance instruction in technical and design skills with consideration of theoretical concepts. Key content areas are information organization, graphic. design, computer science, user and usability studies, and communication. Certain logistics must be worked out, including where information architecture studies should be housed and what kinds of degrees should be offered and at what levels. The successful information architecture curriculum will be flexible and adaptable in order to meet the changing needs of students and the marketplace

professional practice
information organization
graphic design
computer science
usability studies
information architects
professional education
pedagogical approaches
information architecture education


Acquiring materials in the history of science, technology, and medicine

Abstract: This article provides detailed advice on acquiring new, out-of-print, and rare materials in the history of science, technology, and medicine for the beginner in these fields. The focus is on the policy formation, basic reference tools, and methods of collection development and acquisitions that are the necessary basis for success in this endeavor

out-of-print books
special collections
library acquisitions
science
technology
medicine
rare materials
policy formation
basic reference tools
collection development


Estimating long-range dependence: finite sample properties and confidence intervals

Abstract: A major issue in financial economics is the behavior of asset returns over long horizons. Various estimators of long-range dependence have been proposed. Even though some have known asymptotic properties, it is important to test their accuracy by using simulated series of different lengths. We test R/S analysis, detrended fluctuation analysis and periodogram regression methods on samples drawn from Gaussian white noise. The DFA statistics turns out to be the unanimous winner. Unfortunately, no asymptotic distribution theory has been derived for this statistics so far. We were able, however, to construct empirical (i.e. approximate) confidence intervals for all three methods. The obtained values differ largely from heuristic values proposed by some authors for the R/S statistics and are very close to asymptotic values for the periodogram regression method

long-range dependence
finite sample properties
confidence intervals
financial economics
asset returns
long horizons
asymptotic properties
detrended fluctuation analysis
periodogram regression methods
Gaussian white noise
heuristic values


Twenty years of the literature on acquiring out-of-print materials

Abstract: This article reviews the last two-and-a-half decades of literature on acquiring out-of-print materials to assess recurring issues and identify changing practices. The out-of-print literature is uniform in its assertion that libraries need to acquire o.p. materials to replace worn or damaged copies, to replace missing copies, to duplicate copies of heavily used materials, to fill gaps in collections, to strengthen weak collections, to continue to develop strong collections, and to provide materials for new courses, new programs, and even entire new libraries

out-of-print materials
recurring issues
changing practices
out-of-print books
library materials
acquisition


Challenges and trends in discrete manufacturing

Abstract: Over 50 years ago, the 100,000 workers at Ford's Rouge automobile factory turned out 1200 cars per day. Nowadays, Ford's plant on that same site still produces 800 cars each day but with just 3000 workers. Similar stories abound in the manufacturing industries; technology revolution and evolution; a shift from vertical integration, better business and production practices and improved industrial relations-all have changed manufacturing beyond recognition. So what are the current challenges and trends in manufacturing? Certainly, the relentless advance of technology will continue, as will user pressure for more customized design or improved environmental friendliness. Some trends are already with us and more, as yet indiscernible, will come. But one major, fundamental shift now resounding throughout industry is the way in which information involving every single aspect of the manufacturing process is being integrated into one seamless system

discrete manufacturing
challenges
automobile factory
technology revolution
technology evolution
business practices
production practices
industrial relations
trends
seamless manufacturing process


Stochastic systems with a random jump in phase trajectory: stability of their motions

Abstract: The probabilistic stability of the perturbed motion of a system with parameters under the action of a general Markov process is studied. The phase vector is assumed to experience random jumps when the structure the system suffers random jumps. Such a situation is encountered, for example, in the motion of a solid with random jumps in its mass. The mean-square stability of random-structure linear systems and stability. of nonlinear systems in the first approximation are studied. The applied approach is helpful in studying the asymptotic probabilistic stability and mean-square exponential stability of stochastic systems through the stability of the respective deterministic systems

stochastic systems
random jump
phase trajectory
general Markov process
asymptotic probabilistic stability
mean-square exponential stability


Novel active noise-reducing headset using earshell vibration control

Abstract: Active noise-reducing (ANR) headsets are available commercially in applications varying from aviation communication to consumer audio. Current ANR systems use passive attenuation at high frequencies and loudspeaker-based active noise control at low frequencies to achieve broadband noise reduction. This paper presents a novel ANR headset in which the external noise transmitted to the user's ear via earshell vibration is reduced by controlling the vibration of the earshell using force actuators acting against an inertial mass or the earshell headband. Model-based theoretical analysis using velocity feedback control showed that current piezoelectric actuators provide sufficient force but require lower stiffness for improved low-frequency performance. Control simulations based on experimental data from a laboratory headset showed that good performance can potentially be achieved in practice by a robust feedback controller, while a single-frequency real-time control experiment verified that noise reduction can be achieved using earshell vibration control

active noise-reducing headset
earshell vibration control
aviation communication
consumer audio
passive attenuation
broadband noise reduction
external noise transmission
force actuators
inertial mass
velocity feedback control
piezoelectric actuators
stiffness
robust feedback controller
single-frequency real-time control


Choice from a three-element set: some lessons of the 2000 presidential campaign in the United States

Abstract: We consider the behavior of four choice rules - plurality voting, approval voting, Borda count, and self-consistent choice - when applied to choose the best option from a three-element set. It is assumed that the two main options are preferred by a large majority of the voters, while the third option gets a very small number of votes and influences the election outcome only when the two main options receive a close number of votes. When used to rate the main options, Borda count and self-consistent choice contain terms that allow both for the "strength of preferences" of the voters and the rating of the main candidates by voters who vote for the third option. In this way, it becomes possible to determine more reliably the winner when plurality voting or approval voting produce close results

three-element set
2000 presidential campaign
plurality voting
approval voting
Borda count
self-consistent choice


State-of-the-art in orthopaedic surgical navigation with a focus on medical image modalities

Abstract: This paper presents a review of surgical navigation systems in orthopaedics and categorizes these systems according to the image modalities that are used for the visualization of surgical action. Medical images used to be an essential part of surgical education and documentation as well as diagnosis and operation planning over many years. With the recent introduction of navigation techniques in orthopaedic surgery, a new field of application has been opened. Today surgical navigation systems - also known as image-guided surgery systems - are available for various applications in orthopaedic surgery. They visualize the position and orientation of surgical instruments as graphical overlays onto a medical image of the operated anatomy on a computer monitor. Preoperative image data such as computed tomography scans or intra operatively generated images (for example, ultrasonic, endoscopic or fluoroscopic images) are suitable for this purpose. A new category of medical images termed 'surgeon-defined anatomy' has been developed that exclusively relies upon the usage of navigation technology. Points on the anatomy are digitized interactively by the surgeon and are used to build up an abstract geometrical model of the bony structures to be operated on. This technique may be used when no other image data is available or appropriate for a given application

orthopaedic surgical navigation
medical image modalities
surgical action visualization
medical image processing
surgical education
image-guided surgery systems
surgical instruments
graphical overlays
computer monitor
computed tomography scans
intra operatively generated images
surgeon-defined anatomy
abstract geometrical model
bony structures
image registration


Inverse problems for a mathematical model of ion exchange in a compressible ion exchanger

Abstract: A mathematical model of ion exchange is considered, allowing for ion exchanger compression in the process of ion exchange. Two inverse problems are investigated for this model, unique solvability is proved, and numerical solution methods are proposed. The efficiency of the proposed methods is demonstrated by a numerical experiment

inverse problems
mathematical model
ion exchange
compressible ion exchanger
ion exchanger compression
unique solvability
numerical solution methods


A comparison of computational color constancy Algorithms. II. Experiments with image data

Abstract: For pt.I see ibid., vol. 11, no.9, p.972-84 (2002). We test a number of the leading computational color constancy algorithms using a comprehensive set of images. These were of 33 different scenes under 11 different sources representative of common illumination conditions. The algorithms studied include two gray world methods, a version of the Retinex method, several variants of Forsyth's (1990) gamut-mapping method, Cardei et al.'s (2000) neural net method, and Finlayson et al.'s color by correlation method (Finlayson et al. 1997, 2001; Hubel and Finlayson 2000). We discuss a number of issues in applying color constancy ideas to image data, and study in depth the effect of different preprocessing strategies. We compare the performance of the algorithms on image data with their performance on synthesized data. All data used for this study are available online at http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~color/data, and implementations for most of the algorithms are also available (http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~color/code). Experiments with synthesized data (part one of this paper) suggested that the methods which emphasize the use of the input data statistics, specifically color by correlation and the neural net algorithm, are potentially the most effective at estimating the chromaticity of the scene illuminant. Unfortunately, we were unable to realize comparable performance on real images. Here exploiting pixel intensity proved to be more beneficial than exploiting the details of image chromaticity statistics, and the three-dimensional (3-D) gamut-mapping algorithms gave the best performance


Solutions for cooperative games

Abstract: A new concept of the characteristic function is defined. It matches cooperative games far better than the classical characteristic function and is useful in reducing the number of decisions that can be used as the unique solution of a game

cooperative games
characteristic function
decisions
unique solution
transferrable utility


Vendor qualifications for IT staff and networking

Abstract: In some cases, vendor-run accreditation schemes can offer an objective measure of a job applicant's skills, but they do not always indicate the true extent of practical abilities

vendor-run accreditation schemes
job applicant
IT staff
network administrators
practical abilities


Reaching for five nines: ActiveWatch and SiteSeer

Abstract: Every Web admin's dream is achieving the fabled five nines-99.999 percent uptime. To attain such availability, your Web site must be down no more than about five minutes per year. Technologies like RAID, clustering, and load balancing make this easier, but to actually track uptime, maintain auditable records, and discover patterns in failures to prevent downtime in the future, you'll need to set up external monitoring. Because your Internet connection is a key factor in measuring uptime, you must monitor your site from the Internet itself, beyond your firewall. You could monitor with custom software on remote hosts, or you could use one of the two reasonably priced services available: Mercury Interactive's ActiveWatch and Freshwater Software's SiteSeer. (Freshwater Software has been a subsidiary of Mercury Interactive for about a year now.) The two services offer a slightly different mix of features and target different markets. Both services offer availability and performance monitoring from several remote locations, alerts to email or pager, and periodic reports. They differ in what's most easily monitored, and in the way you interact with the services

Web site
uptime tracking
auditable records
failure pattern discovery
downtime
external monitoring
Internet connection
Mercury Interactive ActiveWatch
Freshwater Software SiteSeer
performance monitoring
availability monitoring
remote locations
email alerts
pager alerts
periodic reports


Modeling self-consistent multi-class dynamic traffic flow

Abstract: In this study, we present a systematic self-consistent multiclass multilane traffic model derived from the vehicular Boltzmann equation and the traffic dispersion model. The multilane domain is considered as a two-dimensional space and the interaction among vehicles in the domain is described by a dispersion model. The reason we consider a multilane domain as a two-dimensional space is that the driving behavior of road users may not be restricted by lanes, especially motorcyclists. The dispersion model, which is a nonlinear Poisson equation, is derived from the car-following theory and the equilibrium assumption. Under the concept that all kinds of users share the finite section, the density is distributed on a road by the dispersion model. In addition, the dynamic evolution of the traffic flow is determined by the systematic gas-kinetic model derived from the Boltzmann equation. Multiplying Boltzmann equation by the zeroth, first- and second-order moment functions, integrating both side of the equation and using chain rules, we can derive continuity, motion and variance equation, respectively. However, the second-order moment function, which is the square of the individual velocity, is employed by previous researches does not have physical meaning in traffic flow

self-consistent multiclass dynamic traffic flow modeling


Recursive state estimation for multiple switching models with unknown transition probabilities

Abstract: This work considers hybrid systems with continuous-valued target states and discrete-valued regime variable. The changes (switches) of the regime variable are modeled by a finite state Markov chain with unknown and random transition probabilities following Dirichlet distributions. Our work analytically derives the marginal posterior distribution of the states and regime variables, the transition probabilities being integrated out. This leads to a variety of recursive hybrid state estimation schemes which are an appealing intuitive and straightforward extension of standard algorithms. Their performance is illustrated by a maneuvering target tracking example

recursive state estimation
multiple switching models
unknown transition probabilities
hybrid systems
continuous-valued target states
discrete-valued regime variable
finite state Markov chain
random transition probabilities
Dirichlet distributions
marginal posterior distribution
maneuvering target tracking


Evaluation of combined dispatching and routeing strategies for a flexible manufacturing system

Abstract: This paper deals with the evaluation of combined dispatching and routeing strategies on the performance of a flexible manufacturing system. Three routeing policies - no alternative routings, alternative routeing dynamics and alternative routeing plans - are considered with four dispatching rules with finite buffer capacity. In addition, the effect of changing part mix ratios is also discussed. The performance measures considered are makespan, average machine utilization, average flow time and average delay at local input buffers. Simulation results indicate that the alternative routings dynamic policy gives the best results in three performance measures except for average delay at local input buffers. Further, the effect of changing part mix ratios is not significant

alternative routings
flexible manufacturing system
FMS
dispatching rules
finite buffer capacity
part mix ratios
average flow time


Teaching psychology as a laboratory science in the age of the Internet

Abstract: For over 30 years, psychologists have relied on computers to teach experimental psychology. With the advent of experiment generators, students can create well-designed experiments and can test sophisticated hypotheses from the start of their undergraduate training. Characteristics of new Net-based experiment generators are discussed and compared with traditional stand-alone generators. A call is made to formally evaluate the instructional effectiveness of the wide range of experiment generators now available. Specifically, software should be evaluated in terms of known learning outcomes, using appropriate control groups. The many inherent differences between any two software programs should be made clear. The teacher's instructional method should be fully described and held constant between comparisons. Finally, the often complex interaction between the teacher's instructional method and the pedagogical details of the software must be considered

experimental psychology teaching
laboratory science
Internet
computers
well-designed experiments
hypothesis testing
undergraduate training
Net-based experiment generators
stand-alone generators
instructional effectiveness
software
known learning outcomes
control groups
teacher instructional method
pedagogical details


Electronic signatures - much ado?

Abstract: Whilst the market may be having a crisis of confidence regarding the prospects for e-commerce, the EU and the Government continue apace to develop the legal framework. Most recently, this has resulted in the Electronic Signatures Regulations 2002. These Regulations were made on 13 February 2002 and came into force on 8 March 2002. The Regulations implement the European Electronic Signatures Directive (1999/93/EC). Critics may say that the Regulations were implemented too late (they were due to have been implemented by 19 July 2001), with too short a consultation period (25 January 2002 to 12 February 2002) and with an unconvincing case as to what they add to English law (as to which, read on). The author explains the latest development on e-signatures and the significance of Certification Service Providers (CSPs)


Flexibility analysis of complex technical systems under uncertainty

Abstract: An important problem in designing technical systems under partial uncertainty of the initial physical, chemical, and technological data is the determination of a design in which the technical system is flexible, i.e., its control system is capable of guaranteeing that the constraints hold even under changes in external and internal factors and application of fuzzy mathematical models in its design. Three flexibility problems, viz., the flexibility of a technical system of given structure, structural flexibility of a technical system, and the optimal design guaranteeing the flexibility of a technical system, are studied. Two approaches to these problems are elaborated. Results of a computation experiment are given

flexibility analysis
complex technical systems
partial uncertainty
control system
fuzzy mathematical models
structural flexibility
optimal design


Using the Web to answer legal reference questions

Abstract: In an effort to help non-law librarians with basic legal reference questions, the author highlights three basic legal Web sites and outlines useful subject-specific Web sites that focus on statutes and regulations, case law and attorney directories

World Wide Web
legal reference questions
nonlaw librarians
case law
attorney directories


A PID standard: What, why, how?

Abstract: The paper is written for all who develop and use P&IDs. It will aid in solving the long existing and continuing problem of confusing information on P&IDs. The acronym P&ID is widely understood to mean the principal document used to define the details of how a process works and how it is controlled. The ISA Dictionary definition for P&ID tells what they do, "show the interconnection of process equipment and the instrumentation used to control the process. In the process industry a standard set of symbols is used to prepare drawings of processes. The instrument symbols used in these drawings are generally based on ISA-S5.1." In the paper the ISA standard is referred to as ISA-5.1. The article develops the concept of the "standard" and poses some of the questions that the "standard" can answer

P&ID standard
principal document
process controlled
ISA-5.1
ISA standard


Activity and location recognition using wearable sensors

Abstract: Using measured acceleration and angular velocity data gathered through inexpensive, wearable sensors, this dead-reckoning method can determine a user's location, detect transitions between preselected locations, and recognize and classify sitting, standing, and walking behaviors. Experiments demonstrate the proposed method's effectiveness

measured acceleration
angular velocity
wearable sensors
dead-reckoning method
user's location
preselected locations
transitions
sitting
standing
walking


General solution of a density functionally gradient piezoelectric cantilever and its applications

Abstract: We have used the plane strain theory of transversely isotropic bodies to study a piezoelectric cantilever. In order to find the general solution of a density functionally gradient piezoelectric cantilever, we have used the inverse method (i.e. the Airy stress function method). We have obtained the stress and induction functions in the form of polynomials as well as the general solution of the beam. Based on this general solution, we have deduced the solutions of the cantilever under different loading conditions. Furthermore, as applications of this general solution in engineering, we have studied the tip deflection and blocking force of a piezoelectric cantilever actuator. Finally, we have addressed a method to determine the density distribution profile for a given piezoelectric material

plane strain theory
transversely isotropic bodies
inverse method
Airy stress function
polynomials
loading conditions
piezoelectric cantilever actuator
density distribution profile
piezoelectric material


Mixture of experts classification using a hierarchical mixture model

Abstract: A three-level hierarchical mixture model for classification is presented that models the following data generation process: (1) the data are generated by a finite number of sources (clusters), and (2) the generation mechanism of each source assumes the existence of individual internal class-labeled sources (subclusters of the external cluster). The model estimates the posterior probability of class membership similar to a mixture of experts classifier. In order to learn the parameters of the model, we have developed a general training approach based on maximum likelihood that results in two efficient training algorithms. Compared to other classification mixture models, the proposed hierarchical model exhibits several advantages and provides improved classification performance as indicated by the experimental results


An application of fuzzy linear regression to the information technology in Turkey

Abstract: Fuzzy set theory deals with the vagueness of human thought. A major contribution of fuzzy set theory is its capability of representing vague knowledge. Fuzzy set theory is very practical when sufficient and reliable data isn't available. Information technology (IT) is the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of information in all its forms (auditory, pictorial, textual and numerical) through a combination of computers, telecommunication, networks and electronic devices. IT includes matters concerned with the furtherance of computer science and technology, design, development, installation and implementation of information systems and applications. In the paper, assuming that there are n independent variables and the regression function is linear, the possible levels of information technology (the sale levels of computer equipment) in Turkey are forecasted by using fuzzy linear regression. The independent variables assumed are the import level and the export level of computer equipment

fuzzy linear regression
information technology
Turkey
vague knowledge representation
IT
computers
telecommunication
electronic devices
computer science
computer technology
information systems
regression function
computer equipment export level


Debugging Web applications

Abstract: The author considers how one can save time tracking down bugs in Web-based applications by arming yourself with the right tools and programming practices. A wide variety of debugging tools have been written with Web developers in mind

Web application debugging tools
programming


Electrical facility construction work for information network structuring by the use of sewage conduits

Abstract: To confront the advent of the advanced information society, there has been a pressing demand for the adjustment of the communications infrastructure and the structuring of the information network by utilizing the sewage conduits. The City of Tokyo is promoting a project by the name of the sewer optical fiber teleway (SOFT) network plan. According to this plan, the total distance of the optical fiber network laid in the sewer conduits is scheduled to reach about 470 km by the end of March 2000. At the final stage, this distance will reach 800 km as a whole. We completed the construction work for the information control facilities scattered in 11 places inclusive of the Treatment Site S, with the intention to adjust and extend the information transmission network laid through the above-mentioned optical fiber network, to be used exclusively by the Bureau of Sewerage. This construction work is described in the paper

sewer optical fiber teleway network plan


New tuning method for PID controller

Abstract: In this paper, a tuning method for proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller and the performance assessment formulas for this method are proposed. This tuning method is based on a genetic algorithm based PID controller design method. For deriving the tuning formula, the genetic algorithm based design method is applied to design PID controllers for a variety of processes. The relationship between the controller parameters and the parameters that characterize the process dynamics are determined and the tuning formula is then derived. Using simulation studies, the rules for assessing the performance of a PID controller tuned by the proposed method are also given. This makes it possible to incorporate the capability to determine if the PID controller is well tuned or not into an autotuner. An autotuner based on this new tuning method and the corresponding performance assessment rules is also established. Simulations and real-time experimental results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and usefulness of these formulas


Real-time enterprise solutions for discrete manufacturing and consumer goods

Abstract: Customer satisfaction and a focus on core competencies have dominated the thinking of a whole host of industries in recent years. However, one outcome, the outsourcing of noncore activities, has made the production of goods-from order entry to final delivery-more and more complex. Suppliers, subsuppliers, producers and customers are therefore busy adopting a new, more collaborative approach. This is mainly taking the form of order-driven planning and scheduling of production, but it is also being steered by a need to reduce inventories and working capital as well as a desire to increase throughput and optimize production

real-time enterprise solutions
discrete manufacturing
consumer goods
customer satisfaction
core competencies
order-driven planning
production scheduling
working capital reduction
inventories reduction


A simple graphic approach for observer decomposition

Abstract: Based upon the proposition that the roles of inputs and outputs in a physical system and those in the corresponding output-injection observer do not really have to be consistent, a systematic procedure is developed in this work to properly divide a set of sparse system models and measurement models into a number of independent subsets with the help of a visual aid. Several smaller sub-observers can then be constructed accordingly to replace the original one. The size of each sub-observer may be further reduced by strategically selecting one or more appended states. These techniques are shown to be quite effective in relieving on-line computation load of the output-injection observers and also in identifying detectable sub-systems

graphic approach
observer decomposition
output-injection observer
sparse system models
measurement models
independent subsets
sub-observers
online computation load
detectable subsystems


Three-dimensional geometrical optics code for indoor propagation

Abstract: This paper presents a program, GO 3D, for computing the fields of a transmitter in an indoor environment using geometrical optics. The program uses an "image tree" data structure to construct the images needed to compute all the rays carrying fields above a preset "threshold" value, no matter how many reflections are needed. The paper briefly describes the input file required to define wall construction, the floor plan, the transmitter, and the receiver locations. A case study consisting of a long corridor with a small room on one side is used to demonstrate the features of the GO 3D program

three-dimensional geometrical optics
3D geometrical optics code
indoor propagation
image tree data structure
image construction
wall construction
floor plan
transmitter
receiver locations
ray tracing
data visualisation


Discrete output feedback sliding mode control of second order systems - a moving switching line approach

Abstract: The sliding mode control systems (SMCS) for which the switching variable is designed independent of the initial conditions are known to be sensitive to parameter variations and extraneous disturbances during the reaching phase. For second order systems this drawback is eliminated by using the moving switching line technique where the switching line is initially designed to pass the initial conditions and is subsequently moved towards a predetermined switching line. In this paper, we make use of the above idea of moving switching line together with the reaching law approach to design a discrete output feedback sliding mode control. The main contributions of this work are such that we do not require to use system states as it makes use of only the output samples for designing the controller. and by using the moving switching line a low sensitivity system is obtained through shortening the reaching phase. Simulation results show that the fast output sampling feedback guarantees sliding motion similar to that obtained using state feedback

sliding mode control
switching variable
parameter variations
moving switching line
discrete output feedback
fast output sampling feedback
state feedback


Reachability sets of a class of multistep control processes: their design

Abstract: An upper estimate and an iterative "restriction" algorithm for the reachability set for determining the optimal control for a class of multistep control processes are designed

reachability sets
multistep control processes
discrete systems
upper estimate
iterative restriction algorithm
optimal control


A new graphical user interface for fast construction of computation phantoms and MCNP calculations: application to calibration of in vivo measurement systems

Abstract: Reports on a new utility for development of computational phantoms for Monte Carlo calculations and data analysis for in vivo measurements of radionuclides deposited in tissues. The individual properties of each worker can be acquired for a rather precise geometric representation of his (her) anatomy, which is particularly important for low energy gamma ray emitting sources such as thorium, uranium, plutonium and other actinides. The software enables automatic creation of an MCNP input data file based on scanning data. The utility includes segmentation of images obtained with either computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging by distinguishing tissues according to their signal (brightness) and specification of the source and detector. In addition, a coupling of individual voxels within the tissue is used to reduce the memory demand and to increase the calculational speed. The utility was tested for low energy emitters in plastic and biological tissues as well as for computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scanning information

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P U U U P P P P P P P P P P P P P


Standard protocol for exchange of health-checkup data based on SGML: the Health-checkup Data Markup Language (HDML)

Abstract: The objectives are to develop a health/medical data interchange model for efficient electronic exchange of data among health-checkup facilities. A Health-checkup Data Markup Language (HDML) was developed on the basis of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), and a feasibility study carried out, involving data exchange between two health checkup facilities. The structure of HDML is described. The transfer of numerical lab data, summary findings and health status assessment was successful. HDML is an improvement to laboratory data exchange. Further work has to address the exchange of qualitative and textual data

health checkup data exchange
SGML
Health-checkup Data Markup Language
data interchange model
numerical lab data
summary findings
health status assessment


International library consortia: positive starts, promising futures

Abstract: Library consortia have grown substantially over the past ten years, both within North America and globally. As this resurgent consortial movement has begun to mature, and as publishers and vendors have begun to adapt to consortial purchasing models, consortia have expanded their agendas for action. The movement to globalize consortia is traced (including the development and current work of the International Coalition of Library Consortia-ICOLC). A methodology is explored to classify library consortia by articulating the key factors that affect and distinguish consortia as organizations within three major areas: strategic, tactical, and practical (or managerial) concerns. Common consortial values are examined, and a list of known international library consortia is presented

consortial purchasing models
international library consortia


Median partitioning: a novel method for the selection of representative subsets from large compound pools

Abstract: A method termed median partitioning (MP) has been developed to select diverse sets of molecules from large compound pools. Unlike many other methods for subset selection, the MP approach does not depend on pairwise comparison of molecules and can therefore be applied to very large compound collections. The only time limiting step is the calculation of molecular descriptors for database compounds. MP employs arrays of property descriptors with little correlation to divide large compound pools into partitions from which representative molecules can be selected. In each of n subsequent steps, a population of molecules is divided into subpopulations above and below the median value of a property descriptor until a desired number of 2/sup n/ partitions are obtained. For descriptor evaluation and selection, an entropy formulation was embedded in a genetic algorithm. MP has been applied to generate a subset of the Available Chemicals Directory, and the results have been compared with cell-based partitioning

median partitioning
large compound pools
representative subset selection
molecules
time limiting step
molecular descriptors
database compounds
property descriptor array
entropy formulation
genetic algorithm
Available Chemicals Directory
cell-based partitioning


Generating code at run time with Reflection.Emit

Abstract: The .NET framework SDK includes several tools that convert source code into executable code-the C# and VB.NET compilers get most of the attention, but there are others. The Regex class (in the System.Text.RegularExpressions namespace) has the ability to compile favorite regular expressions into a .NET assembly. In fact, the NET Common Language Runtime (CLR) contains a whole namespace full of classes to help us build assemblies, define types, and emit their implementations, all at run time. These classes, which comprise the System.Reflection.Emit namespace, are known collectively as Reflection. Emit

.NET framework SDK
runtime code generation
Regex class
.NET Common Language Runtime
assemblies
types
System.Reflection.Emit namespace
Reflection.Emit


Multispectral color image capture using a liquid crystal tunable filter

Abstract: We describe the experimental setup of a multispectral color image acquisition system consisting of a professional monochrome CCD camera and a tunable filter in which the spectral transmittance can be controlled electronically. We perform a spectral characterization of the acquisition system taking into account the acquisition noise. To convert the camera output signals to device-independent color data, two main approaches are proposed and evaluated. One consists in applying regression methods to convert from the K camera outputs to a device-independent color space such as CIEXYZ or CIELAB. Another method is based on a spectral model of the acquisition system. By inverting the model using a principal eigenvector approach, we estimate the spectral reflectance of each pixel of the imaged surface

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Time-varying properties of renal autoregulatory mechanisms

Abstract: In order to assess the possible time-varying properties of renal autoregulation, time-frequency and time-scaling methods were applied to renal blood flow under broad-band forced arterial blood pressure fluctuations and single-nephron renal blood flow with spontaneous oscillations obtained from normotensive (Sprague-Dawley, Wistar, and Long-Evans) rats, and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Time-frequency analyses of normotensive and hypertensive blood flow data obtained from either the whole kidney or the single-nephron show that indeed both the myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) mechanisms have time-varying characteristics. Furthermore, we utilized the Renyi entropy to measure the complexity of blood-flow dynamics in the time-frequency plane in an effort to discern differences between normotensive and hypertensive recordings. We found a clear difference in Renyi entropy between normotensive and hypertensive blood flow recordings at the whole kidney level for both forced (p < 0.037) and spontaneous arterial pressure fluctuations (p < 0.033), and at the single-nephron level (p < 0.008). Especially at the single-nephron level, the mean Renyi entropy is significantly larger for hypertensive than normotensive rats, suggesting more complex dynamics in the hypertensive condition. To further evaluate whether or not the separation of dynamics between normotensive and hypertensive rats is found in the prescribed frequency ranges of the myogenic and TGF mechanisms, we employed multiresolution wavelet transform. Our analysis revealed that exclusively over scale ranges corresponding to the frequency intervals of the myogenic and TGF mechanisms, the widths of the blood flow wavelet coefficients fall into disjoint sets for normotensive and hypertensive rats. The separation of the scales at the myogenic and TGF frequency ranges is distinct and obtained with 100% accuracy. However, this observation remains valid only for the whole kidney blood pressure/flow data. The results suggest that understanding of the time-varying properties of the two mechanisms is required for a complete description of renal autoregulation


Decisions, decisions, decisions: a tale of special collections in the small academic library

Abstract: A case study of a special collections department in a small academic library and how its collections have been acquired and developed over the years is described. It looks at the changes that have occurred in the academic environment and what effect, if any, these changes may have had on the department and how it has adapted to them. It raises questions about development and acquisitions policies and procedures

special collections
small academic library
case study
acquisitions policies
out-of-print books
University library


Design and implementation of a 3-D mapping system for highly irregular shaped objects with application to semiconductor manufacturing

Abstract: The basic technology for a robotic system is developed to automate the packing of polycrystalline silicon nuggets into fragile fused silica crucible in Czochralski (melt pulling) semiconductor wafer production. The highly irregular shapes of the nuggets and the packing constraints make this a difficult and challenging task. It requires the delicate manipulation and packing of highly irregular polycrystalline silicon nuggets into a fragile fused silica crucible. For this application, a dual optical 3-D surface mapping system that uses active laser triangulation has been developed and successfully tested. One part of the system measures the geometry profile of a nugget being packed and the other the profile of the nuggets already in the crucible. A resolution of 1 mm with 15-KHz sampling frequency is achieved. Data from the system are used by the packing algorithm, which determines optimal nugget placement. The key contribution is to describe the design and implementation of an efficient and robust 3-D imaging system to map highly irregular shaped objects using conventional components in context of real commercial manufacturing processes

Czochralski semiconductor wafer production


Waiting for the wave to crest [wavelength services]

Abstract: Wavelength services have been hyped ad nauseam for years. But despite their quick turn-up time and impressive margins, such services have yet to live up to the industry's expectations. The reasons for this lukewarm reception are many, not the least of which is the confusion that still surrounds the technology, but most industry observers are still convinced that wavelength services with ultimately flourish

wavelength services
fiber optic networks
Looking Glass Networks
PointEast Research


An efficient retrieval selection algorithm for video servers with random duplicated assignment storage technique

Abstract: Random duplicated assignment (RDA) is an approach in which video data is stored by assigning a number of copies of each data block to different, randomly chosen disks. It has been shown that this approach results in smaller response times and lower disk and RAM costs compared to the well-known disk stripping techniques. Based on this storage approach, one has to determine, for each given batch of data blocks, from which disk each of the data blocks is to be retrieved. This is to be done in such a way that the maximum load of the disks is minimized. The problem is called the retrieval selection problem (RSP). In this paper, we propose a new efficient algorithm for RSP. This algorithm is based on the breadth-first search approach and is able to guarantee optimal solutions for RSP in O(n/sup 2/+mn), where m and n correspond to the number of data blocks and the number of disks, respectively. We show that our proposed algorithm has a lower time complexity than an existing algorithm, called the MFS algorithm


Relevance of Web documents: ghosts consensus method

Abstract: The dominant method currently used to improve the quality of Internet search systems is often called "digital democracy." Such an approach implies the utilization of the majority opinion of Internet users to determine the most relevant documents: for example, citation index usage for sorting of search results (google.com) or an enrichment of a query with terms that are asked frequently in relation with the query's theme. "Digital democracy" is an effective instrument in many cases, but it has an unavoidable shortcoming, which is a matter of principle: the average intellectual and cultural level of Internet users is very low; everyone knows what kind of information is dominant in Internet query statistics. Therefore, when one searches the Internet by means of "digital democracy" systems, one gets answers that reflect an underlying assumption that the user's mind potential is very low, and that his cultural interests are not demanding. Thus, it is more correct to use the term "digital ochlocracy" to refer to Internet search systems with "digital democracy." Based on the well-known mathematical mechanism of linear programming, we propose a method to solve the indicated problem

Internet search systems
digital democracy
majority opinion
citation index usage
search results
Internet query statistics
digital ochlocracy
linear programming
ghosts consensus method
World Wide Web


Real-time implementation of a new low-memory SPIHT image coding algorithm using DSP chip

Abstract: Among all algorithms based on wavelet transform and zerotree quantization, Said and Pearlman's (1996) set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) algorithm is well-known for its simplicity and efficiency. This paper deals with the real-time implementation of SPIHT algorithm using DSP chip. In order to facilitate the implementation and improve the codec's performance, some relative issues are thoroughly discussed, such as the optimization of program structure to speed up the wavelet decomposition. SPIHT's high memory requirement is a major drawback for hardware implementation. In this paper, we modify the original SPIHT algorithm by presenting two new concepts-number of error bits and absolute zerotree. Consequently, the memory cost is significantly reduced. We also introduce a new method to control the coding process by number of error bits. Our experimental results show that the implementation meets common requirement of real-time video coding and is proven to be a practical and efficient DSP solution

SPIHT algorithm
real-time implementation
wavelet transform
zerotree quantization
codec
wavelet decomposition
number of error bits
absolute zerotree
DSP chip
set partitioning in hierarchical trees
memory cost reduction
video coding


Mathematical fundamentals of constructing fuzzy Bayesian inference techniques

Abstract: Problems and an associated technique for developing a Bayesian approach to decision-making in the case of fuzzy data are presented. The concept of fuzzy and pseudofuzzy quantities is introduced and main operations with pseudofuzzy quantities are considered. The basic relationships and the principal concepts of the Bayesian decision procedure based on the modus-ponens rule are proposed. Some problems concerned with the practical realization of the fuzzy Bayesian method are considered

mathematical fundamentals
fuzzy Bayesian inference techniques
decision making
pseudofuzzy quantities
modus-ponens rule


Strong active solution in non-cooperative games

Abstract: For the non-cooperative games and the problems of accepting or rejecting a proposal, a new notion of equilibrium was proposed, its place among the known basic equilibria was established, and its application to the static and dynamic game problems was demonstrated

strong active solution
noncooperative games
static game problems
dynamic game problems


Collective action in the age of the Internet: mass communication and online mobilization

Abstract: This article examines how the Internet transforms collective action. Current practices on the Web bear witness to thriving collective action ranging from persuasive to confrontational, individual to collective, undertakings. Even more influential than direct calls for action is the indirect mobilizing influence of the Internet's powers of mass communication, which is boosted by an antiauthoritarian ideology on the Web. Theoretically, collective action through the otherwise socially isolating computer is possible because people rely on internalized group memberships and social identities to achieve social involvement. Empirical evidence from an online survey among environmental activists and nonactivists confirms that online action is considered an equivalent alternative to offline action by activists and nonactivists alike. However, the Internet may slightly alter the motives underlying collective action and thereby alter the nature of collective action and social movements. Perhaps more fundamental is the reverse influence that successful collective action will have on the nature and function of the Internet

Internet
mass communication
online mobilization
collective action
World Wide Web
antiauthoritarian ideology
group memberships
social identities
online survey
anonymity
politics