Raízes do Nacionalismo
Autor: jogos da memoria | Publicado: 2016-01-01T12:01:00-08:00

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Na obra Comunidades Imaginadas, o historiador norte-americano
Benedict Anderson busca explicar as origens do nacionalismo, enquanto
fenômeno abrangente nas sociedades modernas. Para entender o crescimento do
nacionalismo enquanto fenômeno político, Anderson aponta as raízes históricas
para o surgimento do conceito, que ele vai creditar, finalmente, a contribuição
decisiva dos países colonizados, fora do eixo europeu, ligados às lutas
asiáticas e latinoamericanas. 



Benedict Anderson nota, logo no início da obra, que as
guerras entre países que tiveram sua origem moderna em revoluções marxistas,
hoje tem o “nacional” acima de outra qualquer categoria. Conforme nos
lembra&nbsp; Hobsbawn, os estados marxistas tem
mostrado a tendência de se tornarem nacionais não só na forma, mas no conteúdo,
ou seja: nacionalistas. Dessa forma, a condição nacional (nation-ness), é o valor de maior legitimidade universal na vida
política de nossos tempos. (p.28)



Anderson, em sua crítica a tentativa marxista de entender o
fenômeno, aponta no texto do Manifesto Comunista, as referências nacionais –
aqui ligadas ao conceito de burguesia, como uma “anomalia” da teoria. Se a
burguesia é uma classe mundial, na medida em que é definida pelas relações de
produção, porque Marx utilizou o termo “burguesia nacional” ?, indaga-se
Anderson. (p.29)



Para o autor, nacionalismo,
nacionalidade e condição nacional são produtos culturais específicos, que
devem ser investigados em suas origens históricas e de que maneira seus
significados se transformaram ao longo do tempo, para chegar aos dias atuais
com uma legitimidade emocional tão profunda. 



Ao avaliar o conceito de nação, Anderson observa alguns
paradoxos, como uma “modernidade objetiva” versus uma “antiguidade subjetiva” ,
ou seja, a universalidade formal da nacionalidade como conceito sócio-cultural,
e o poder político dos nacionalismos versus uma “incoerência filosófica”. 


Anderson propõe então uma definição: a nação seria uma comunidade política imaginada,
intrinsicamente limitada e, ao mesmo tempo, soberana. Ele cita Renan e Gellner
para sustentar os conceitos de “imaginada” e “inventada”. A Nação emergente
seria limitada e soberana, devido a origem do conceito, forjado em um momento em
que o iluminismo e a revolução estavam destruindo a legitimidade do reino
dinástico hierárquico. Seria imaginada
também, porque concebida como uma “profunda camaradagem horizontal” (p.34), que
em última instância acabaria por pavimentar o terreno para tantas mortes e
sacrifícios nos últimos dois séculos. 




De acordo com Benedict Anderson, as raízes culturais do nacionalismo podem explicar melhor a origem do
fenômeno. Nesse sentido ele aponta para alguns fatores determinantes como bases
históricas. Os textos sagrados, que continham o poder de estabelecer uma
verdade absoluta, entram em declínio e o nacionalismo toma o lugar do que antes
era ditado unicamente pela religião e pela fé. O declínio das linguagens
sagradas e o crescimento de linguagens seculares a partir do século XVI,
tornaram possível a substituição do latim como língua única, perdendo
gradativamente o componente sacro. 



Por outro lado, o declínio das monarquias e o fim da crença
em uma centralização dinástica acelerou o processo, junto ao fato de que a
difusão de idéias e fatos em condição de simultaneidade criou uma noção de
co-existência. 



Anderson também formula o conceito de “capitalitalismo
editorial”, onde aponta o aparecimento de livros em línguas seculares e de
jornais como relacionados ao surgimento do nacionalismo. Seria a união da
tecnologia na imprensa ao capitalismo emergente, que juntos impulsionaram o
surgimento de fronteiras lingüísticas e cognitivas que, entre outros fatores
associados, estabeleceriam uma base para o surgimento das nações modernas. 






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<![endif]-->Comunidades
imaginadas. Reflexões sobre a origem e a difusão do nacionalismo,

Benedict
Anderson. Companhia da Letras, 2008. <!--[if gte mso 9]>
 
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<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>

 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal";
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
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 mso-style-parent:"";
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 mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:10.0pt;
 font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}

<![endif]-->Resenha de Marlon Aseff.