Tópicos da aula sobre URSS (12/04)
Autor: História do Mundo Contemporâneo - UFRJ/IH | Publicado: 2011-04-14T08:28:00-07:00

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 <![endif]-->  TEORIAS SOBRE A NATUREZA DO ESTADO SOVIÉTICO
Estado totalitário
- ARENDT, Hannah. As origens do totalitarismo (1951);
- Foco na “cultura política” e nas relações indivíduo-Estado;
- Caracterização limitada ao regime político;
- Institucionalização da propaganda ideológica e do terror enquanto os pilares do regime totalitário;
- Destruição da individualidade em prol do ser coletivo (raça ou classe), através do emprego do terror e da reordenação social via propaganda ideológica;
- Características fundamentais do Estado totalitário: imperialismo territorial;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; partido único;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;constante propaganda ideológica;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; emprego sistemático do terror;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;culto ao líder carismático;
- Consequente aproximação entre comunismo e nazismo.
Pós-modernismo
- Vários. O Século dos Comunismos (2000). Destaque para Bruno Groppo e Claudio Ingerflom;- Foco no regime político, porém sem uma sistematização conceitual;
- A inspiração em François Furet;
- Desconstrução da revolução (transformação em mito);
- Homogeneização da história da URSS;
- Bolchevismo enquanto continuidade radicalizada do czarismo (burocratização enquanto algo inevitável, decorrente do passado czarista e seus costumes);
- URSS enquanto um império.
Capitalismo de Estado
- PANNEKOEK, Anton. State Capitalism and Dictatorship (1936);- Concepção materialista;
- Foco na relação entre infraestrutura econômica e Estado;
- Permanência do modo de produção capitalista, porém sem a burguesia;
- A caracterização da burocracia enquanto uma nova classe.
Estado operário burocraticamente degenerado
- TROTSKY, Leon. A Revolução Traída (1936);
- Foco na infraestrutura econômica e no caráter de classe do Estado;
- O conceito de reação termidoriana e a mudança qualitativa na estrutura do Estado soviético (democracia soviética para degeneração burocrática);
- A burocracia enquanto casta, ao invés de classe;
- O caráter dual da burocracia (restaurar o capitalismo ou manter seus privilégios de casta?);
- O programa da revolução política.

REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS(em ordem de aparição)&nbsp;
&nbsp;HANNAH, Arendt. Origens do Totalitarismo. S/d.    ZOCARATO, Clayton. Estado Totalitário: concepção do termo em Hannah Arendt e sua relação com outros autores. S/d.    CONCEIÇÃO, Edilene M. da. Ideologia e terror: a configuração do totalitarismo em Hannah Arendt. S/d.    GROPPO, Bruno. O Comunismo na História do Século XX. In: _____ et alii. O Século dos Comunismos. S/d.    INGERFLOM, Claudio et alii. Da Rússia à URSS. In: GROPPO, Bruno et alii. O Século dos Comunismos.&nbsp; S/d. PANNEKOECK, Anton. State capitalism and Dictatorship. S/d, 1936. Disponível em marxists.org.    TROTSKY, Leon. A Revolução Traída. São Paulo: Rosa e Luís Sunderman, 2007.    TROTSKY, Leon. Em Defesa do Marxismo. S/d. Disponível em marxists.org/pt.    MANDEL, Ernest. Why the soviet bureaucracy is not a new ruling class. S/d. Disponível em marxists.org.
    HOBSBAWN, Eric J. A Era dos Extremos. Rio de Janeiro: Cia. das Letras, 2008.    TROTSKY, Leon. História da&nbsp; Revolução Russa. São Paulo: Rosa e Luís Sunderman, 2007.