Some Greetings in English
Autor: Ludmila Maria | Publicado: 2013-03-31T19:00:00-07:00





Good morning! – Bom dia!

Good afternoon! – Boa tarde!

Good evening! – Boa noite! (ao
encontrar-se com alguém)

Good night!&nbsp; - Boa noite! (ao despedir-se de alguém)

So long! – Até logo!

Good bye! – Até logo / adeus. Pode-se
também dizer apenas bye, que é a forma abreviada.

Bye! – Tchau!

See you tomorrow! – Até amanhã. (See:
vejo, you: você, tomorrow: amanhã)

See you soon! – Até breve / vejo
você logo

See you later! – Até logo / vejo
você mais tarde

Hi! -&nbsp; Oi!, Olá!

Hello!&nbsp; – Alô!, Olá!

How do you do? – Significa
“hello” / muito prazer.

Hey! – Ei!, Eh!

How are you? / How are you doing? / How is it
going? – Como
vai ? / Como
você está?

Hi, how is it going? – Oi, tudo bom?

Nice to meet you / I’m glad to know you / It’s
a pleasure to know you – How do you do? - &nbsp;Prazer em conhecê-lo (a)

Nice to meet you too – O prazer é meu.

Hey, what’s up? (informal greeting) – E aí? Como
é que é?

Welcome – Bem-vindo (a).



Nouns
(Substantivos)



Há
     três gêneros: masculino (masculine); feminino (feminine) e neutro (neuter).




Nomes
     de navios e. às vezes, carros podem ser tratados como femininos.


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ex: Look at my Ferrary. She’s a beauty.



A
     maioria dos substantivos que se referem a pessoas tem a mesma forma para o
     masculino e feminino.


Ex: lawyer – teacher – cook – entertainer –
child – driver – parent – translator – doctor – student – guest – musician,
etc.



Há
     substantivos que se referem a pessoas e animais e que têm uma forma para o
     masculino e outra para o feminino.


Ex: father / mother &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;man / woman &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;brother / sister&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;bull / cow &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;king / queen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;husband / wife &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;uncle / aunt&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;horse / mare &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;prince / princess&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;son / daughter&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; nephew / niece&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; waiter / waitress, etc.



Plural of nouns



Existem
     várias maneiras para formar o plural dos substantivos em inglês, sendo a
     maneira mais comum é acrescentando “S” ao substantivo.


Ex: engineer – engineers&nbsp;&nbsp; window – windows &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;basket – baskets&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;egg&nbsp;
-eggs, etc.&nbsp; 



Substantivos
     terminados em: s, ss, ch, sh, x, z, terão acréscimo de “ES”.


Ex: gas – gases &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;kiss – kisses&nbsp;&nbsp;
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bench – benches&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;topaz
– topazes&nbsp;&nbsp; brush – brushes&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dish – dishes, etc.



Mas,
     substantivos terminados em “CH”, com som de “K”, terão o seu plural com
     “S” apenas.


Ex: epoch – epochs&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; monarch – monarchs&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; patriarch – patriarchs&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; conch – conchs&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; stomach – stomachs, etc.



Substantivos
     terminados em “Y”, precedido de vogal, recebem “S”.


Ex: day – days&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; key – keys&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; boy – boys &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;donkey – donkeys, etc.



Substantivos
     terminados em “Y”, precedido de consoante, farão o plural trocando o “Y”
     por “I” e acrescentando “ES”.


Ex: fly – flies&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; city – cities&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; lady – ladies &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;spy – spies, etc.



Mas,
     em nomes próprios não há esta regra.


Ex: Kelly – Kellys&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Andy – Andys, etc.



Substantivos
     terminados em “O”, precedido de vogal, recebem “S”.


Ex: bamboo – bamboos&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; studio – studios&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; radio – radios&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; cameo – cameos, etc.



Substantivos
     terminados em “O” precedido de consoante, recebem “ES”.


Ex: potato – potatoes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; hero – heroes&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cargo – cargoes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; tomato – tomatoes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; negro – negroes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; volcano – volcanoes, etc.



Piano, Photo, Kilo, Solo, Grotto(gruta), Dynamo, recebem apenas “S”,
pois são palavras de origem estrangeira.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

News
     (notícia), mathematics, physics, optics, a crosswords (encruzilhada), a
     series (uma série), a means (um meio), measles (sarampo), politics (política),
     The United Nations, The United States, etc., embora pareçam estar no
     plural, são usados com o verbo no singular.


Ex: There was a good news for me yesterday. (Havia
/ Houve uma boa motícia para mim ontem).



Alguns
     substantivos, embora pareçam estar no singular, têm sentido plural;
     portanto, o verbo que os acompanha é usado no plural.


Ex: catle (gado)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; gentry (classe educada)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; police (polícia)

people (pessoas, povo)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; peoples (nações, povos)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; youth (a juventude, os 

jovens), etc.

Ex: The police are looking for the thief. (
A polícia está procurando o ladrão.)



Alguns
     Substantivos não possuem singular em inglês, portanto, o verbo e os
     pronomes sempre ficam no plural.


Ex: scissors (tesoura)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; trousers (calças)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; pants (calças)&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shorts (calças curtas), etc.&nbsp; [Por isso é que se diz]: a pair of trousers,
a pair of glasses, etc.

Alguns
     substantivos (nomes de animais e peixes) podem ter mais de uma forma no
     plural.


Ex: one fish / twenty fish (fishes)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; five salmon (salmons)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; one trout / eight trout
(trouts)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; one deer
/ ten deer&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;one sheep / four sheep&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; one swine / fifty suine, etc.



Alguns
     substantivos de origem grega ou latina conservam, geralmente, o plural de
     origem.


Ex: phenomenon – phenomena&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; criterion – criteria&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; agendum – agenda&nbsp;&nbsp; datum – data&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; memorandum – memoranda&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; hypotesis – hypotheses&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; crisis – crises&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; thesis – theses&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; basis – baes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; axis – axés&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; oásis – oases&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dogma – dogmas ou dogmata&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; formula – formulas ou
formulae&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ameba – amebas ou amebae,
etc.



Os
     nomes de povos terminados em “SS” e “SE” conservam a mesma forma, tanto no
     singular como no plural.


Ex: Japanese – Japanese&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Chinese – Chinese&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Swiss – Swiss



Alguns
     substantivos terminados em “F” ou “FE” perdem o “F” ou “FE para receberem
     “VES”.


Ex: leaf – leaves&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; loaf – loaves&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; wolf – wolves&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; half – halves&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;calf
– calves&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shelf – shelves&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; thief – thieves&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; knife – knifes&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

wife – wives&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; life – lives



Estas só recebem “S”:


Ex: roof – roofs&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; reef – reefs&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; proof – proofs&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; belief – beliefs&nbsp; 

cliff – cliffs&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; chief – chiefs&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; handkerchief – handkerchiefs&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; serf – serfs 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dwarf – dwarfs&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; gulf – gulfs&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; hoof – hoofs ou hooves&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; safe – safes





Algus
     substantivos em inglês têm formas especiais no plural:


Ex: man – men&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; woman – women&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; child – children&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ox – oxen&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; die – dice&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mouse
– mice&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;louse – lice&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;foot
– feet&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; goose – geese&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; tooth – teeth



Algumas
     nacionalidades terminadas em “MAN” trocam para “MEN no plural.


Ex: Englishman – Englishmen&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Scotchman – Scotchmen&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

Frenchman – Frenchmen&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dutchman – Dutchmen&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Irishman – Irishmen&nbsp; 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Porém: German – Germans&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Roman – Romans&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Norman – Normans



O
     plural dos substantivos compostos forma-se pluralizando o elemento
     principal


Ex: sister-in-law – sisters-in-law&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; father-in-law – fathers-in-law



Substantivos
     compostos por dois substantivos geralmente recebem “S” no plural


Ex: mousetrap – mousetraps &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;armchair – armchairs &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;doghouse – doghouses&nbsp; bookcase – bookcases, etc.



Alguns
     substantivos não possuem plural em inglês, portanto, os verbos e os
     pronomes que os acompanham serão sempre usados no singular.


Ex: furniture&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; information&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; advice&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; progress&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

baggage/luggage&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; knowledge, etc.

Ex: This
luggage is very heavy. (Esta
bagagem está muito pesada.)





Countable &amp;
Uncountable Nouns (substantivos contáveis e incontáveis)



Os
     substantivos contáveis têm singular e plural. No singular podem vir
     precedidos de: a /an, the, this, that, my, your,
     etc. No plural, podem vir
     precedidos de: some, many, a lot
     of, few, the, these, those, my,
     their, etc.


Ex: a tree&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; the wheels of my car&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a cat&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; two weeks&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a man



Os
     substantivos incontáveis não têm plural e nunca são precedidos do artigo a
     / an. Substantivos incontáveis têm apenas uma forma. 


Ex: &nbsp;&nbsp;money – the money – my money – some money –
much money, etc.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
butter&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;milk&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; water&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; bread&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; juice&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; advice&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; oil&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; weather&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; luggage&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;information, etc.



Muitos
     substantivos incontáveis são usados como contáveis quando se está falando
     de diferentes tipos desse produto.


Ex: cheese / cheeses – queijo /
tipos de queijos

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; wine / wines – vinho / tipos de vinhos



Para mostrar a quantidade de
     substantivos incontáveis, são usadas palavras ou expressões como: a piece of, a cup of, a packet of, a
     bottle of, a loaf of, a great deal of, much, plenty of, a can of, a bar
     of, a game of, a bowl of.


Ex: a piece of advice&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a cup
of tea.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; a
bottle of milk&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
a loaf of bread







Interrogative
words



&nbsp;&nbsp;
Chama-se “interrogative word”
a palavra que se inicia por WH ou H e serve para fazer uma pergunta. Uma “interrogative word” sempre precede os
verbos auxiliares “do” e “be”. A resposta a uma “interrogative word” nunca pode ser iniciada por “yes” ou “no”.



WHO – é usado referindo-se a
pessoas.

Ex: Susan is playing the piano in the living
room now.

Who is playing the piano? Susan
is.



WHAT – refere-se
principalmente a animais e coisas.

Ex: What
is Susan playing? The piano.



WHERE – significa em que
lugar, onde.

Ex: Where
is Susan playing the piano? In the living room.



WHEN – refere-se
a tempo: quando, a que horas.

Ex: When
is Susan playing the piano? Now.



WHICH – é usado quando
implica uma escolha.

Ex: Which
instrument is Susan playing? The piano or the guitar? The piano.



WHOSE – refere-se a posse.
Significa de quem e sempre vem seguido da coisa possuída.

Ex: Whose
piano is this? It’s Susan’s.



Susan comes to Rio
by plane and stays there only two days because she has to work.



HOW – significa de que modo, como.

Ex: How
does Susan come to Rio? By plane.



WHY – refere-se a causa, razão. É
o nosso por que. A resposta a WHY normalmente inclui a palavra BECAUSE
(porque).

Ex: Why
does Susan stay only two days in Rio? Because
she has to work.



HOW MUCH –quanto, quanta. Só
pode ser seguido de palavra ou expressão incontável

Ex: How
much money do you need? Not very much.

How much is this Coke? It’s one dollar.



HOW
MANY – quantos,
quantas. Usado junto a palavras contáveis.

Ex: How
many students are there in your class? About 38.



HOW
LONG – quanto
tempo.

Ex: How
long is the show? Less than 2 hours.



HOW
TALL
– qual a altura.

Ex: How
tall is the man? I think he is 1.78m.



HOW FAR – qual a distância.

Ex: How
far is Rio to São Paulo?
About one hour by plane.



HOW OFTEN – com que
freqüência, quantas vezes.

Ex: How
often do you visit your friends? Very seldom.



HOW OLD – qual a idade,
quantos anos.

Ex: How
old is your brother? He’s 20 years old.



ATTENTION:



Quando WHO, WHAT e WHICH forem os sujeitos de uma sentença, não
haverá verbos auxiliares na forma interrogativa.

Ex: Who
comes today?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; What happened to you?