A microbiota em risco
Autor: Nelson Vaz | Publicado: 2016-02-12T20:44:00-02:00


Grandes modificações da vida humana – o controle do fogo (± 350 mil
anos antes do presente); a invenção da agricultura (5-10 mil anos) e o uso de
desinfetantes e antibióticos (desde ±1930) - modificaram o conjunto de
micróbios que vive sobre a nossa pele e mucosas, os micróbios ditos comensais,
nativos, a chamada a microbiota humana nativa&nbsp;
(Gillings et al., 2015).&nbsp;

Nas últimas décadas, agravou-se uma “extinção
de micróbios” e, ao mesmo tempo, houve um grande aumento de doenças alérgicas
(como a asma) e autoimunes (como a diabetes tipo-1, o lúpus e a artrite
reumatoide), além de um conjunto de outras doenças de origem e natureza
obscuras, de um aumento da frequência da obesidade e de modificações emocionais
como a depressão. Este aumento da imunopatologia humana tem sido explicado pela
“hipótese da higiene” (Okada, H., et al., 2010), que responsabiliza, por exemplo, a diminuição das infecções na
infância como um fator causal decisivo.

A extinção maciça de linhagens
bacterianas por antibióticos oferece uma explicação mais abrangente. Além de
suas vantagens, o viver moderno pode incluir sérias desvantagens em relação aos
habitantes do paleolítico, um “paleo-deficit” (Logan et al., 2015 a,b).&nbsp;

As doenças infecciosas
já foram vistas como castigos divinos. Pasteur e Koch propuseram que elas podem
ser causadas por micróbios e passamos a ter inimigos invisíveis. Depois, nos demos
conta de que este é um planeta repleto de micróbios, que estamos imersos em uma
verdadeira sopa de micróbios; que para cada célula do corpo, há 10 células
microbianas vivendo sobre o nosso corpo e em nosso intestino. Além de muito
abundantes, estes micróbios são muito diversos e interferir com sua biodiversidade
tem consequências sobre a nossa saúde.

Segundo Gillings et al. (2015), no
último meio século a generalização do uso de antibióticos na medicina e na
pecuária, reduziu muito&nbsp; (talvez à
metade) a diversidade da microbiota humana. Este empobrecimento da microbiota, e,
portanto, de sua versatilidade, mais que o simples aumento da higiene, estaria
na raiz dos graves distúrbios na imunopatologia humana. Há comprovações
experimentais de que populações indígenas na África e no Brasil abrigam uma
microbiota diferente e muito mais diversificada e começa a ser aplicada a transferência
de fezes humanas como recurso terapêutico (Brandt, 2015). O uso indiscriminado
de antibióticos pela medicina humana, principalmente em pediatria requer uma
reavaliação urgente. As informações disponíveis no momento sugerem que, geração
após geração humana, espécies bacterianas estão sendo extintas para sempre. Ironicamente,
resta-nos a esperança das fezes dos desvalidos!



Brandt, L. J. (2015). "Fecal
Microbiota Transplant: Respice, Adspice, Prospice."&nbsp;J
Clin Gastroenterol 49 Suppl 1: S65-68.

Gillings, M. R., et al. (2015).
"Ecology and Evolution of the Human Microbiota: Fire, Farming and Antibiotics." Genes (Basel) 6(3):
841-857.

Logan, A. C., et al. (2015).
"Natural environments, ancestral diets, andmicrobial ecology: is there &nbsp;&nbsp; a modern “paleo-deficit disorder”? Part
I." Journal of Physiological Anthropology (2015) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 34: 1&nbsp;
DOI 10.1186/s40101-015-0041-y

Logan, A. C., et al. (2015).
"Natural environments, ancestral diets, andmicrobial ecology: is there &nbsp;&nbsp; a modern “paleo-deficit disorder”? Part II."
Journal of Physiological Anthropology 34:9

DOI
10.1186/s40101-014-0040-4
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