Em que consiste a “Teoria dos dois mundos” defendida por Platão?
Autor: ANDREI_Estudos Filosóficos | Publicado: 2012-05-05T07:25:00-07:00

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Platão, aluno de Sócrates, quem o inspirou na
apreciação do Bem, levando em consideração as idéias de Sócrates, de Parmênides
e de Pitágoras, além da teoria órfica (o corpo é o cárcere da alma), criou uma
teoria, a Teoria das Idéias, que procura dar explicação às perguntas mais
complexas da filosofia.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Assim
é, que ele acredita serem as Idéias Perfeitas o extrato da realidade, enquanto
que o sensível (o que podemos sentir, usando os sentidos), que nos é dado pelo
corpo, é um elemento que verdadeiramente atrapalha nosso espírito no
conhecimento das Idéias Puras. 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Como?
Assim: Platão cria dois mundos (idéia originária, em parte, de Parmênides), um
chamado Mundo das Idéias, onde a idéia das coisas é pura e perfeita (segundo
interpretou Aristóteles, aluno de Platão, essas idéias eram os conceitos das
coisas), e outro que chama de Mundo Sensível, onde os sentidos apreendem as
coisas apenas em parte, turvando as idéias puras das coisas. 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Exemplo:
todos os professores de uma universidade podem se enfileirar diante de uma só
classe de alunos. O que verão os alunos? Um professor alto, magro e mais velho,
outro mais baixo, mais gordo e mais novo, uma professora mais bela, uma mais
velha e mais séria, outro professor tão novo que parece um aluno, etc.. Ora,
todos eles têm algo em comum: são professores. Porém, se os observarmos
individualmente, não são iguais, e se os escutarmos, veremos que nem mesmo dão
aula da mesma forma. Mas algo permanece: são professores. Muito bem, essa
observação das diferenças físicas, didáticas, etc., dos professores, pode nos
levar até mesmo a acreditar que muitos deles não sejam sequer professores, mas
sim um avô, um pai, um aluno, um médico, etc.. Porém são professores. A idéia
de professor, dessa forma, está sendo atrapalhada por nossos sentidos, que
observam essas características individuais e turvam a idéia primeira,
primordial, a Idéia de professor. 

Para Platão, essa idéia de professor
mora no Mundo das Idéias e as observações, no Mundo dos Sentidos. Essa idéia de
professor é a verdade, o real puro, cristalino e ideal, atrapalhada por nossos
sentidos, que observam as particularidades, turvando a visão clara que nosso
espírito poderia ter das Idéias. 

Platão afirmou não haver harmonia entre
corpo e espírito (teoria órfica) e que o espírito, quanto mais livre dos
sentidos do corpo, mais claramente será capaz de contemplar as idéias. 

A busca por uma vida que anule ao máximo
os sentidos, libertando o espírito para a contemplação das Idéias, é o que
caracteriza o filósofo. 

Dentre as Idéias, a mais elevada é a do
Bem, e o esforço para alcançá-la caracteriza a maior das virtudes: a da
Justiça. 

Deus, o Demiurgo, fica entre os dois
mundos (o das idéias e o dos sentidos), e tem um papel de organizador de ambos.


Platão usa a alegoria da caverna,
metaforicamente, para explicar a teoria das idéias. 

O mito da caverna fala dos homens
acorrentados de costas para a entrada de uma caverna, olhando os reflexos
bruxuleantes de uma fogueira em suas paredes internas. De fora, da boca da
caverna, vem uma luz forte. As sombras seriam o mundo sensível, as correntes
seriam os sentidos dados pelo corpo e a luz de fora, o mundo das Idéias.



Bibliografia

CHAUI, Marilene,
Filosofia Novo Ensino Médio. Ed. Ática, 2005.