Variação e versatilidade
Autor: Nelson Vaz | Publicado: 2016-07-18T09:47:00-03:00


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; O
termo mudança pode se referir à variação quando se refere, por exemplo, a uma
coleção de entidades, como na diversidade genética. Mas quando a mudança se
refere a uma única entidade, o termo tem o sentido de plasticidade,
versatilidade – &nbsp;inclui algo que
permanece a despeito da &nbsp;variação. Os
seres vivos são exemplos primários de entidades que exibem permanência com
variação, são fluxos ininterruptos de mudanças onde algo se conserva, onde as
mudanças adquirem um rumo previsível. Em animais como os vertebrados, do
embrião nasce um novo ser que se torna adulto e eventualmente se reproduz e
morre. Em seu trabalho sobre o processo evolutivo, que ele denomina a “deriva
natural” dos seres vivos, Jorge Mpodozis (2011) insiste em que não deveríamos
nos preocupar , primariamente, com a ocorrência de mudanças, porque os seres
vivos são fluxos contínuos de mudanças, que não podem ser interrompidas sem que
eles se desintegrem. Deveríamos nos preocupar mais com o rumo que estas
mudanças seguem. O que determina o rumo destas mudanças? Ou, como Mpodozis diz
na epígrafe do pequeno livro (Vaz et al., 2011) que escrevemos junto com
Gustavo Ramos e Chico Botelho: “Como se conserva aquilo se que se conserva
naquilo que muda?”

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Um
aspecto importante deste modo de ver é distinguir entre, por um lado,
“adaptação”, no sentido de adaptar-se a uma nova situação, e, por outro lado,
“conservar a adaptação”, no sentido de manter a congruência com um meio
cambiante sem perder a adaptação preexistente, como fazem os organismos
enquanto vivem. Segundo Mpodozis, todos os seres vivos estão sempre adaptados pois
a perda da adaptação acarreta a perda da organização autopoiética e a morte.
Então, na Biologia do Conhecer (Maturana, 2002)não existem seres vivos
não-adaptados; para ver a definição de Mpodozis: (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKf1m4R3tW4)


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A palavra adaptação (ad + aptus = com a competência, com a
aptidão) diz exatamente isto: existe um ser vivo, um sistema apto a manter-se a
si próprio, algo que se conserva enquanto muda, que constrói a si mesmo
continuamente através da substituição de componentes celulares e/ou
moleculares. 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Na
imunologia, venho apontando esta conservação há várias décadas, uma
circularidade, um reciclar interior, um fechamento - uma clausura como dizia
Francisco Varela, em Denver (Vaz and Varela, 1978). Nesta mesma época, final
dos anos 1970, eu havia encontrado a tolerância oral (Vaz et al., 1977) e
mostrado que ela poderia ser adotivamente transferida por linfócitos T (Richman
et al., 1978). Não era portanto, uma perda, uma subtração na reatividade. O que
era então?
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&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Já
de volta ao Brasil, tentei falar sobre isso e representa-lo graficamente em um
texto intitulado&nbsp; “A Face oculta da
memória imunológica” (Vaz, 1981). Escrevi isto antes do simpósio da SBPC, em
1982, quando me encontrei com as ideias de Humberto Maturana e encontrei pela
primeira vez&nbsp; com Antonio Coutinho. A
Figura abaixo (adaptada de Vaz, 1981) contrasta a diferença entre o
auto-desconhecimento (tradicional) e a auto-determinação (nossa maneira de ver).






Maturana, H. and J. Mpodozis
(2000). "The origin of species by means of natural drift." Revista &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Chilena de Historia
Natural 73:261-310 (2000) 73: 261-310.

Maturana, H. (2002).
"Autopoiesis, structural coupling and cognition: a history of these and
other &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; notions in the
biology of cognition." Cybernetics &amp; Human Knowing 9(3-4): 5-34.

Mpodozis, J. M. (2011). A equação
fundamental da Biologia. Vaz , N.M., Mpodozis, J.M., Botelho, &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; J.F. and Ramos, G.C. "Onde
está o organismo? - Derivas e outras histórias na Biologia e &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; na Imunologia. Editora-UFSC.
Florianópolis SC Brasil, Editora UFSC: 25-44.

Richman, L. K., et al. (1978).
"Enterically-induced immunological tolerance- I.Induction of &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; supressor T lymphocytes by
intragastric administration of soluble protein antigens." J. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Immunol. 121: 2429-2434.

Vaz, N. M., et al. (1977).
"Inhibition of homocitotropic antibody response in adult mice by previous &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; feeding of the specific
antigen." J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 60: 110.

Vaz, N. M. and F. G. Varela
(1978). "Self and nonsense: an organism-centered approach to &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; immunology." Med. Hypothesis 4:
231-257.

Vaz , N. M., et al. (2011). Onde
está o organismo? - Derivas e outras histórias na Biologia e na &nbsp; Imunologia. Florianópolis, editora-UFSC.








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<!--EndFragment-->

Vaz, N. (1981). "A face
oculta da memória imunológica." Ciência e Cultura 33 (11):1445-1447.