Semanas 14 e 15 – Controle químico e desenvolvimento de fungicidas
Autor: LFN424 Fitopatologia | Publicado: 2011-11-28T11:04:00-08:00

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Olá, pessoal!Na semana 14, tivemos apenas a aula prática referente a controle químico de doenças de plantas.Vimos que os fungicidas podem ser divididos em imóveis (erradicantes e protetores) e sistêmicos. Os ERRADICANTES atuam diretamente sobre o patógeno (Ex.: captan). Os PROTETORES promovem cobertura das partes suscetíveis do hospedeiro, impedindo a infecção (Ex.: cúpricos). Já os SISTÊMICOS, translocam na planta, protegendo-a de novas infecções (efeito protetor) mas também atuam na colonização de patógenos já estabelecidos (efeito curativo) (Ex. estrobilurinas).
É importante saber como os fungicidas atuam para que o produto adequado seja recomendado, para que o controle da doença seja eficiente!
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 <![endif]-->  O Ministério da Agricultura possui um sistema chamado AGROFIT onde todos os agrotóxicos, sendo eles fungicidas, inseticidas, herbicidas, dentre outros, podem ser encontrados nas doses e nas culturas recomendadas.  Façam uma visita ao site!! http://agrofit.agricultura.gov.br/agrofit_cons/principal_agrofit_cons  
  Na semana seguinte, a Dra. Marilene Iamauti proferiu uma excelente palestra sobre descoberta e desenvolvimento de fungicidas. Um histórico do desenvolvimento de fungicidas foi apresentado, que iniciou ainda no século XIX, com a Calda Bordalesa, para controle do Míldio da Videira. Diversas moléculas foram descobertas posteriormente, passando por aquelas de amplo espectro (possuem a capacidade de atuar sobre diversos microrganismos), triazóis, inibidores de oomicetos e, por último, as estrobilurinas.  Do desenvolvimento de uma molécula até o seu lançamento são necessários, em média, 10 anos de intensas pesquisas, tanto em laboratório, quanto em campo. Inicialmente é realizado um “Screening” de forma a selecionar potenciais moléculas com ação fungicida. Aqui, alguns pontos importantes são espectro, fitotoxicidade, modo de ação e capacidade de redistribuição na planta. Em seguida, iniciam-se estudos de formulação, toxicologia, dentre outros.  O fato do alto preço destes produtos é derivado das pesquisas de moléculas eficientes, as quais tornaram-se produtos comerciais, mas também daquelas que não foram aprovadas em todos os passos. No ano 2000, para que uma molécula chegasse ao produtor, foram realizados estudos com outras 140 mil! E este número tem crescido cada vez mais.  No Brasil, para que um agrotóxico chegue ao mercado, este produto deve passar por três órgãos do governo: IBAMA, MAPA E ANVISA. Após atender todos os requisitos e ser aprovado por estes órgãos, o produto finalmente recebe o registro e pode ser lançado.  
  IMPORTANTE:   
  1)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CLASSIFICAÇÃO TOXICOLÓGICA  
  2)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; LIMITE MÁXIMO DE RESÍDUO (LMR)  
  3)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; INTERVALO DE SEGURANÇA OU PERÍODO DE CARÊNCIA
  
  4)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CLASSIFICAÇÃO DO POTENCIAL DE PERICULOSIDADE AMBIENTAL  
  Na aula prática, fizemos a diagnose da antracnose, uma doença causada por Colletotrichum, &nbsp;de grande importância para diversas culturas.&nbsp;Antracnose em manga
Boas provas a todos vcs!!Até mais!