Avião da Tam colide com pássaro em Ribeirão Preto
Autor: Professora Aline | Publicado: 2012-05-16T10:41:00-07:00






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A&nbsp;bird strike—sometimes called&nbsp;birdstrike,&nbsp;avian ingestion&nbsp;(only if in an engine),&nbsp;bird hit, or&nbsp;BASH&nbsp;(for&nbsp;Bird&nbsp;Aircraft&nbsp;Strike&nbsp;Hazard)—is a&nbsp;collision&nbsp;between an airborne animal (usually a&nbsp;bird&nbsp;or&nbsp;bat[1]) and a man-made vehicle, especially&nbsp;aircraft. The term is also used for bird deaths resulting from collisions with man made structures such as power lines, towers and wind turbines.[2]&nbsp;A bug strike is an impairment of an aircraft or aviator by an airborne&nbsp;insect.

Bird strikes are a significant threat to flight safety, and have caused a number of accidents with human casualties.[3]&nbsp;The number of major accidents involving civil aircraft is quite low and it has been estimated that there is only about 1 accident resulting in human death in one billion (109) flying hours.[4]&nbsp;The majority of bird strikes (65%) cause little damage to the aircraft;[5]&nbsp;however, the collision is usually fatal to the bird.

Most accidents occur when the bird hits the windscreen or flies into the engines. These cause annual damages that have been estimated at $400 million[3]&nbsp;within the United States of America alone and up to $1.2 billion to commercial aircraft worldwide.[6]

[edit]Event description





View of fan blades of&nbsp;Pratt &amp; Whitney JT8D&nbsp;jet engine&nbsp;after a bird strike







A hawk stuck in the nosecone of aLockheed C-130 Hercules







Inside of a jet engine after a bird strike







Deer&nbsp;entangled in a landing gear







An&nbsp;ICE 3&nbsp;high speed train after hitting a bird







A bird control vehicle belonging toCopenhagen Airport&nbsp;Kastrup, equipped with various tools



Bird strikes happen most often during&nbsp;takeoff&nbsp;or&nbsp;landing, or during low altitude flight.[7]&nbsp;However, bird strikes have also been reported at high altitudes, some as high as 6,000&nbsp;m (20,000&nbsp;ft) to 9,000&nbsp;m (30,000 ft) above the ground.&nbsp;Bar-headed geesehave been seen flying as high as 10,175&nbsp;m (33,383 ft) above sea level. An aircraft over the&nbsp;Côte d'Ivoire&nbsp;collided with a&nbsp;Rüppell's Vulture&nbsp;at the astonishing altitude of 11,300&nbsp;m (37,100 ft), the current record avian height.[8]&nbsp;The majority of bird collisions occur near or on&nbsp;airports&nbsp;(90%, according to the&nbsp;ICAO) during takeoff, landing and associated phases. According to the FAA wildlife hazard management manual for 2005, less than 8% of strikes occur above 900&nbsp;m (3,000&nbsp;ft) and 61% occur at less than 30&nbsp;m (100&nbsp;ft).[citation needed]

The point of impact is usually any forward-facing edge of the vehicle such as a wing leading edge, nose cone, jet engine cowling or engine inlet.[citation needed]

Jet engine ingestion is extremely serious due to the rotation speed of the engine fan and engine design. As the bird strikes a fan blade, that blade can be displaced into another blade and so forth, causing a&nbsp;cascading failure. Jet engines are particularly vulnerable during the takeoff phase when the engine is turning at a very high speed and the plane is at a low altitude where birds are more commonly found.[citation needed]

The force of the impact on an aircraft depends on the weight of the animal and the speed difference and direction at the impact. The energy of the impact increases with the square of the speed difference. Hence a low-speed impact of a small bird on a car windshield causes relatively little damage. High speed impacts, as with jet aircraft, can cause considerable damage and even&nbsp;catastrophic failure&nbsp;to the vehicle. The&nbsp;energy&nbsp;of a 5&nbsp;kg (11&nbsp;lb) bird moving at a&nbsp;relative velocity&nbsp;of 275&nbsp;km/h (171&nbsp;mph) approximately equals the energy of a 100&nbsp;kg (220&nbsp;lb) weight dropped from a height of 15 metres (49&nbsp;ft).[9]&nbsp;However, according to the&nbsp;FAA&nbsp;only 15% of strikes (ICAO 11%) actually result in damage to the aircraft.[citation needed]

Bird strikes can damage vehicle components, or injure passengers.&nbsp;Flocks&nbsp;of birds are especially dangerous, and can lead to multiple strikes, and damage. Depending on the damage, aircraft at low altitudes or during take off and landing often cannot recover in time, and thus crash, as in the case of&nbsp;US Airways Flight 1549.