A CRISE DA HERMENEUTICA BÍBLICA
Autor: Jose Rabelo | Publicado: 2010-02-10T19:27:00-08:00




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“A hermenêutica é o ponto central dos problemas teológicos de hoje”
Gehard Ebeling





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A busca reverente pela verdade, clareza e honestidade é necessária para o intérprete da Bíblia, tanto para o teólogo, o pastor ou mesmo para o leitor leigo das Escrituras. Não podemos “violentar” o sentido da Escritura, atribuindo-lhe nossa própria linha teológica a todo custo. No dizer do apóstolo dos gentios, o ministro de Cristo não mercadeja a Palavra de Deus(2Co 2:17), tampouco a adultera(2Co 4:2).  O problema que se coloca hoje é o da interpretação: devemos considerar o sentido que as próprias Escrituras se dão ou devemos dar-lhe o sentido que bem nos convier? Esta questão nos remonta a um problema que Vanhoozer professor de teologia na Inglaterra coloca sobre a autoridade do autor versus  a autoridade do intérprete:

 

em épocas mais recentes, a interpretação de textos tornou-se o interesse de uma minoria e, na opinião de algumas pessoas, uma tarefa impossível... na verdade o próprio significado de interpretação mudou: em vez de ser uma afirmação de conhecimento em relação a alguma descoberta que se tenha feito sobre o significado do texto, a interpretação tornou-se uma maneira de referir-se àquilo que o leitor faz do texto. O intérprete na última moda, não reconhece qualquer princípio de realidade(a maneira como é), apenas o princípio do prazer( a maneira como quero que seja). (VANHOOZER, Kevin. Há um significado Neste Texto?. São Paulo:Vida, 2005. pg 44)

 

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<![endif]-->buscavam o antigo ideal exegético de
reconstituir o sentido original de um texto. Era o autor quem autentificava o texto e detinha a autoridade de dar sentido à compreensão. Todos os intérpretes renomados como Lutero(1483-1546), Calvino(1509-1564), até mesmo os humanistas da Renascença ou mesmo Schleiermacher(1768-1834), o pai da hermeneutica moderna, incluindo o criticismo literário da escola alemã:  História das Formas, História da Redação, Crítica das Fontes, História da tradição, etc; entendiam que todo o labor exegético com a aplicação dos mais diversos métodos de interpretação, quais sejam, o histórico-gramatical, histórico-crítico, psicologizante, etc., viam o autor como possuindo a autoridade do sentido. Ou seja, a busca seria pela intencionalidade dos autógrafos. 

Esta concepção teve uma inversão de orientação no final da modernidade com o advento da hermenêutica filosófica, a qual retira a autoridade do autor e a põe nas mãos do leitor, do intérprete. Embora discussões sobre linguagem e sentido percorram toda tradição filosófica, desde Zenodato de Éfeso(c. 274 a.C) passando pelos nominalistas medievais até mesmo Leibniz, a relevância da questão da compreensão no sentido de que o leitor é o sujeito determinante do significado, a meu ver, começa com o filósofo Kant, <!--[if gte mso 9]>
 
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
  
  
 
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>

 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal";
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-qformat:yes;
 mso-style-parent:"";
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}

<![endif]-->–
embora F.D. E. Schleiermacher tenha dado uma imensa contribuição à questão da interpretação,
enquanto “compreensão do autor e não apenas a compreensão do texto enquanto
texto”<!--[if gte mso 9]>
 
  Normal
  0
  
  
  21
  
  
  false
  false
  false
  
  PT-BR
  X-NONE
  X-NONE
  
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  
  MicrosoftInternetExplorer4
  
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]>
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  LatentStyleCount="267">
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
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<![endif]-->,
tornando-se referencia para a hermenêutica filosófica - quando, segundo ele, deflagra uma revolução na Teoria do Conhecimento comparada à de Copérnico com relação à Física. Copérnico dizia que toda a Astronomia teorizava a partir do principio de que os astros giravam em torno do espectador; ele, então, propõe inverter isso com a proposição de deixar o espectador mover-se, estando os astros em repouso.   Kant aplicou isso de maneira inversa na Epistemologia. Segundo ele, até a sua época

se supôs que todo o conhecimento tinha que se regular pelos objetos... porém todas as tentativas fracassaram sob esta pressuposição. Por isso, tente-se ver uma vez se não progredimos melhor... admitindo que os objetos têm que se regular pelo nosso conhecimento (Os Pensadores. Kant. Nova Cultural, 1996, pg 39). 

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<![endif]-->Para entendermos o significado deste
deslocamento é preciso saber que havia uma discussão na época de Kant  entre racionalistas(valorizavam a mente) e empiristas(valorizavam a experiência). Aqueles diziam que o homem, a partir do uso da razão, era o sujeito ativo do conhecer enquanto estes supunham que o sujeito do conhecimento recebia passivamente as impressões do objeto a partir da experiência sensível. Os empiristas estavam ganhando a discussão, porém Kant demonstrou que o conhecimento se dá na encruzilhada da experiência com a mente; Nisso, o sujeito e não o objeto leva vantagem no processo, visto ser ele quem cataloga, organiza e dá forma(compreensibilidade) aos feixes de sensações que nos advém do mundo. Nesta labuta, a mente se ergue vitoriosa e instaura-se uma ditadura do sujeito.

Não demorou muito para que esse princípio se aplicasse a todas as áreas do conhecimento; e a hermenêutica não escapou dele. Logo, os hermeneutas começaram a dizer que, se até então, o intérprete orbitava em torno do texto, chegou a hora do texto orbitar em torno do intérprete. Em outras palavras, isso quer dizer que se antes, era o texto quem guardava o sentido, sendo este descoberto por meio de um labor meticuloso de interpretação, agora, é o intérprete quem atribui sentido que desejar ao texto. Tal como os pós-modernos desistiram de procurar pela verdade única, universal, absoluta, os hermeneutas desistiram de procurar pelo sentido original dado pelo autor, e com ele, rejeitaram também todos os princípios hermenêuticos formulados na tradição histórica. O texto passa a ser visto como autônomo, independente; uma massa passiva aguardando qualquer que se interesse para o modelar a seu bel-prazer. O que vale é a “minha” interpretação, e isto é o bastante para legitimar o texto. O sujeito, tal como Kant propôs, torna-se o senhor da história, inclusive da compreensão. Mais, torna-se o construtor do mundo.


O resultado disso é essa pluralidade de vozes, a Babel Moderna da Hermenêutica, onde a confusão das interpretações, infindáveis, reivindicam a validade dos seus próprios sentidos. Tal como a Babel antiga, hoje também ninguém se entende, não há consenso. Cada qual elege sua própria chave hermenêutica para aplicar à Bíblia, seja ela a prosperidade material, guerra espiritual, curas, sinais, crescimento, elitismo, etc. a lista é numerosa. O intérprete moderno não só rejeita uma interpretação consensual como também critica os métodos hermenêuticos que os teólogos ancestrais tinham como base da compreensão. Os Manuais de  Hermenêutica, os métodos, as técnicas de interpretação, a exegese e toda a tradição tão custosa aos antigos estão sendo jogados na fogueira das emoções e da alegoria. O que nos resta, diante de tais circunstâncias, é uma avalanche de sentidos inteiramente relativos. Frente a esse quadro, a clássica assertiva  hermenêutica “a escritura tem apenas um sentido”, laborada pelos reformadores, cai no ridículo. No entanto, é impossível acreditar que interpretações completamente opostas de um mesmo texto estejam todas corretas.

Um grande perigo ocorre aqui, pois se o sentido é proporcional ao número de intérpretes que o atribui, ou seja, relativizado, então tal interpretação não é mais passível de verificação; ela não está mais no âmbito do racional, não pode ser testada, discutida, apenas crida. Ou seja, a interpretação não se submete mais à discussão e à verificabilidade porque ela pode ser qualquer coisa que se deseje. Isto é visto claramente, bastando ler alguns livros ou mesmo atentar para a letra de algumas músicas no meio evangélico brasileiro que demonstram um total descaso para com a hermenêutica e a teologia das Escrituras. E em nome da liberdade, comete-se toda sorte de abuso e corrupção do texto.


Percebe-se, cada vez mais nesses últimos anos, uma defesa pela irracionalidade da mensagem. Há quem já tenha desistido de defender questões doutrinárias, alegando que isto só traz prejuízos ao Reino; o importante é um encontro com Jesus. Porém, como diz Francis Schaeffer, tal Jesus, é “um Jesus separado do conteúdo das Escrituras”. Ora, se doutrina não fosse importante, não teríamos o Novo Testamento, pois os quatro evangelhos foram listados oficialmente devido a muitos “evangelhos” que circulavam na época, e boa parte das cartas(senão todas) foram escritas  para estabelecer um “padrão” doutrinário às igrejas, diante de muitas “vozes” que concorriam com o “fundamento dos apóstolos e dos profetas”(Ef 2:20). Existia, pois, um método hermenêutico na igreja do primeiro século que funcionava como um filtro das interpretações e este foi considerado pelos pais da igreja e pelos reformadores, mas que está sendo totalmente repulsivo aos intérpretes atuais, se é que os tais lêem alguma coisa sobre tradição.


Conseqüência desse relativismo hermenêutico deriva-se um fenômeno mais alarmante ainda, que é a apropriação indevida dos textos bíblicos, tornando-os uma espécie de propriedade particular do intérprete. Inescrupulosamente, o texto é violentado, vilipendiado e torcido; atribui-se os mais diversos significados a ele exceto o que o autor original desejou dizer. Numa apropriação da frase de Dostoievski quando ele dizia que a consciencia de Deus impede a permissividade, pode-se dizer: “se não existe sentido original, tudo é permitido”.

O que pode ser feito afinal para escaparmos dessa areia movediça da relatividade do sentido? Vanhoozer apud Hirsch(ibid, 54) diz que “a intenção do autor é a única norma prática, o único critério para o verdadeiro consenso, a única garantia da objetividade do significado”. Isto posto, é necessário reafirmar o autor como aquele que determina o significado verbal. Logo, reafirmar que o significado é definido e imutável. Reafirmar que o sentido de um texto é aquilo que é, e não uma centena de outras coisas. Reafirmar que têm valor sim, os princípios hermenêuticos elaborados durante esses dois mil anos de árduo trabalho teológico. Reafirmar, sim, que pode haver um consenso na compreensão da Palavra de Deus, desde que se vá a ela com o princípio hermenêutico de Calvino, o qual ele escreve na introdução do seu comentário da Carta aos Romanos: “É uma audácia próxima do sacrilégio usar as Escrituras ao nosso bel-prazer e jogá-las como uma bola de tênis, o que muitos já fizeram... A primeira tarefa do intérprete é deixar o autor dizer o que ele diz, ao invés de atribuir-lhe o que achamos que deveria dizer.”