Indígenas do Brasil - Período Colonial
Autor: Felício Freire | Publicado: 2013-05-25T08:43:00-03:00

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<!--StartFragment-->



ARTIGO




&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;A palavra “índios” - que utilizamos para designar os povos
ameríndios - provém do fato de Cristóvão Colombo ter acreditado que havia
chegado às Índias, no 12 de outubro de 1492. A população indígena brasileira no
período da chegada dos portugueses, ao contrário do que se pensa, não era uma
população muito heterogênea. Existia diversidade, porém, encontravam-se muitas
semelhanças dentre os diversos povos.







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<!--StartFragment-->




&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A população
ameríndia dividia-se basicamente em dois grandes grupos: os tupis-guaranis e os
tapuias. 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Os grupos tupis se
espalhavam por praticamente toda a costa brasileira e eram conhecidos como
tupinambás, tupinajés, tupinambaras, tupiniquins - dentre outras derivações.
Eles praticavam a caça, pesca, coleta de frutas e agricultura e falavam um tronco
linguístico comum. Os guaranis viviam na bacia do Paraná-Paraguai e, mesmo com
a distância geográfica, mantinham muitas semelhanças com o grupos tupis, por
isso a origem da expressão: tupi-guarani. Na prática da agricultura, de
subsistência, era realizada a queimada - chamada pelos tupis de coivara - para
derrubada das árvores e preparação da terra. Esta prática foi absorvida pelos
portugueses quando vieram trabalhar nas plantations de açúcar. O feijão, milho
e, sobretudo, a mandioca, cujos preparos como a farinha tornara-se alimentos
primordiais na colônia, eram as culturas realizadas pelos tupis.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Na faixa do
interior entre o Bahia e o Maranhão localizavam-se os chamados tapuias. Essa
palavra provém da língua tupi e significava “aquele que não é tupi”. Divididos
entre aimorés, tremebés, kariris e outros - os tapuias também são designados
como pertencentes ao grupo macro-jê, que abrange alguns povos do interior de
São Paulo, por exemplo. Desde o início da colonização, os portugueses já os
chamavam de bárbaros pelo fato de manterem características culturais diferentes
dos grupos do litoral e também pelo poder de resistência que esses grupos
demonstraram à dominação portuguesa. Os tupis eram os “conhecidos”, já os
tapuias eram os “outros”. Para se ter uma ideia, quando em 1570 a coroa
portuguesa aprovou a lei que proibia a escravização indígena, ela não valia
para os tapuias. O que ocorreu foi a chamada “Guerra Justa”, conceito cristão
do período medieval - que já havia sido utilizado pelos lusos na guerras contra
os muçulmanos - mas que no período colonial foi usado na guerra contra os
não-tupis. A rivalidade era tanta que durante a presença holandesa em
Pernambuco, Nassau firmou uma aliança com os tapuias contra os
luso-brasileiros. 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Algumas nações
indígenas, tanto dos grupos tupis-guaranis como dos tapuias, eram
antropofágicos. Alguns grupos comiam carne humana apenas por vingança, outros
por a apreciarem.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; As trocas e
contatos entre aldeias existiam, porém, não eram tão comuns. Troca de mulheres,
penas de tucano e pedras, bem como ocorrência de guerras&nbsp; entre nações existiam no período. 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Em relação a
quantidade de ameríndios existentes, é muito difícil saber. Os dados variam de
2 a 10 milhões de indivíduos, o que impossibilita uma aproximação mais correta.
Sabemos que a chegada dos europeus ao território brasileiro significou uma
catástrofe para esses grupos e uma redução significativa de seu contingente
demográfico. Outros fatores trágicos, foram o desaparecimento de alguns grupos
e afastamento de outros para regiões distantes de onde costumeiramente viviam.
A aculturação realizada pelos jesuítas e escravizadores transformou a cultura
de muitos povos. Doenças, guerras e o apresamento foram os principais fatores
que levaram os indígenas à morte.


<!--EndFragment-->
<!--EndFragment-->