Autor: (Des)construindo a Educação | Publicado: 2012-06-04T19:51:00-07:00


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  P.<<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">spanspan> <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">stylespan>="<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">backgroundspan>: <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">nonespan> <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">repeatspan> <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">scrollspan> 0% 0% <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">yellowspan>;" <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">classspan>="<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">googspan>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">spellcheckspan>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">wordspan>"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">sdfootnotespan>span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">spanspan>> { <<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">spanspan> <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">stylespan>="<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">backgroundspan>: <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">nonespan> <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">repeatspan> <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">scrollspan> 0% 0% <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">yellowspan>;" <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">classspan>="<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">googspan>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">spellcheckspan>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">wordspan>"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">marginspan>span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">spanspan>>-<<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">spanspan> <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">stylespan>="<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">backgroundspan>: <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">nonespan> <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">repeatspan> <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">scrollspan> 0% 0% <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">yellowspan>;" <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">classspan>="<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">googspan>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">spellcheckspan>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">wordspan>"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">leftspan>span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">spanspan>>: 0.5cm; 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  P { <<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">spanspan> <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">stylespan>="<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">backgroundspan>: <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">nonespan> <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">repeatspan> <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">scrollspan> 0% 0% <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">yellowspan>;" <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">classspan>="<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">googspan>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">spellcheckspan>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">wordspan>"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">marginspan>span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">spanspan>>-<<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">spanspan> <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">stylespan>="<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">backgroundspan>: <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">nonespan> <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">repeatspan> <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">scrollspan> 0% 0% <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">yellowspan>;" <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">classspan>="<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">googspan>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">spellcheckspan>-<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">wordspan>"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">bottomspan>span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% yellow;" class="goog-spellcheck-word">spanspan>>: 0.21cm }
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Vygotsky e Wallon no campo educacional.&nbsp;&nbsp;
&nbsp;Por: Alexandre Lisita&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; RA: 094620

Lev Vygotsky apresentou, a meu ver, dois pontos em sua teoria que são de fundamental importância: interação social no processo de construção das funções psicológicas humanas e o conceito de zona de desenvolvimento proximal (ZDP)

O Primeiro ponto é importante, porque Vygotsky nos disse que o meio em que o sujeito está inserido influenciará diretamente sua formação, diferentemente da teoria de Piaget, que valoriza mais o sujeito como responsável por seu desenvolvimento. Acredito que a posição de Vygotsky é mais acertada, já que o desenvolvimento fica impedido de ocorrer na falta de situações propícias ao aprendizado1. Como, por exemplo, podemos ter a seguinte situação – um indígena que sai de sua tribo ainda muito jovem para crescer no meio urbano de uma cidade. Dessa forma, fica evidente que tal indígena não desenvolverá habilidades comuns a sua tribo, como – a da caça, a da pesca, o conhecimento sobre a fauna e flora – visto que tais situações não estão presentes naquele ambiente sócio-cultural. Contudo, caso volte para sua tribo, poderá ter início aos processos de desenvolvimento interno quer permitam a aquisição das habilidades supracitadas.

O outro ponto deve ser valorizado já que trás uma implicação muito diferente do que Piaget concluiu. A ZDP vai ser percorrida pelo sujeito para desenvolvimento das funções que estão em processo de amadurecimento2, assim, para Vygotsky, deve-se estimular o que está além da capacidade do sujeito, para que, dessa maneira, seu desenvolvimento aconteça mais rapidamente. Se, por outro lado, os educadores tomassem como verdade o que foi concluído por Piaget, que o sujeito só pode aprender o que está dentro de sua fase de desenvolvimento, os alunos especiais, por exemplo, teriam sua capacidade de aprendizado muito reduzida, pois o ensino deles seria baseado apenas no que eles são capazes de fazer e não no que eles são capazes de aprender.3 Outra consequência é que a interação social passa a ter um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento, portanto, a interação entre os alunos em sala de aula para realizar uma atividade passada pelo professor deve ser estimulada, visto que, com a troca de informações, a atividade pode se tornar extremamente produtiva para cada uma das crianças. Todavia, o que é feito em sala de aula no Brasil é, na maioria das vezes, o oposto.

A ideia inovadora apresentada por Henri Wallon (1879-1962) era a de formação integral do sujeito, isto é, social, intelectual e afetivamente. Sua teoria pedagógica, que diz que o desenvolvimento intelectual envolve muito mais do que um simples cérebro, abalou as convicções numa época em que memória e erudição eram o máximo em termos de construção do conhecimento 4. Apesar de acreditar no que Wallon propôs, vejo que nem todos têm essa visão. Me recordo bem de uma discussão em sala de aula em que surgiu o seguinte questionamento – é dever da escola ensinar valores morais as crianças ou não? A minha resposta foi que este era sim um dever da escola, visto que um dos objetivos da educação expresso na Carta Maior, em seu artigo 205, é o pleno desenvolvimento da pessoa. Ora, na minha opinião, isso inclui o ensino de valores. 

Assim como Piaget a teoria de Wallon também propõe uma série de estágios do desenvolvimento, entretanto, para esse, tais estágios têm algumas características diferentes com relação ao que foi dito por Piaget. A mais importante é que, para Wallon, as etapas não são tão rígidas, já que ele não acreditava que o conhecimento se construía de uma forma linear.



1Oliveira, M. K. P ” Vygotsky aprendizado e desenvolvimento: um processo sócio-histórico (pg 57)



2Oliveira, M. K. P ” Vygotsky aprendizado e desenvolvimento: um processo sócio-histórico (pg 60)



3Observação feita em sala de aula



4http://revistaescola.abril.com.br/historia/pratica-pedagogica/educador-integral-423298.shtml