aboliçao dos escravos desde de 13 de Maio de 1888
Autor: POPular blog | Publicado: 2012-05-13T15:27:00-07:00



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Em praça pública, para servirem de exemplo aos demais, os negros
sofriam .seus castigos.&nbsp;A&nbsp;escravidão negra no Brasil,
iniciada, segundo alguns autores, em1532,&nbsp;estendeu-se até&nbsp;1888.&nbsp;Foram mais de três séculos e meio
de escravatura, condição em que o negro desempenhou importante papel na
colonização e, depois, no desenvolvimento econômico do Império. Os africanos
entravam no Brasil principalmente através dos portos do Rio de Janeiro, de
Salvador, do Recife e de São Luís do Maranhão, de onde se espalhavam por todo o
território brasileiro. Muitas vezes, revoltados com sua condição, fugiam de
seus senhores, chegando a organizar-se em quilombos, cujo principal, o de
Palmares, em Alagoas, conseguiu tornar-se um verdadeiro estado negro dentro da
colônia portuguesa.



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Foi como que o negro entrou no Brasil, mas não foi esta colônia
portuguesa o primeiro país na América a receber o africano em tal condição. Em
1501, a ilha de São Domingos atual República Dominicana, por um ato do rei da
Espanha, recebeu a primeira leva de negros, vindos com Nicolau Ovando, e a
partir de 1517 o comércio negreiro para as colônias espanholas começou a ser
feito regular e legalmente. Foi concedido asiento a Go menot, governador de
Besa, para a introdução de 4.000 negros, contrato que ele vendeu a negociantes
genoveses.

Na Europa, é difícil saber a quem cabe a prioridade do tráfico-se
a portugueses ou espanhóis. Já em meados do século XV ele constituía o meio
regular de colonização de ambos os países e, a partir daí, durante os duzentos
anos seguintes, foram abastecidas também, além das colônias espanholas e
portuguesas, as possessões inglesas, francesas e holandesas,

Em Portugal, Antão Gonçalves, ao regressar em 1442 de uma
expedição à África, ordenada por D. Henrique, levou alguns mouros como cativos
que o Infante mandou libertar. No ano seguinte, Antão Gonçalves trocou seus
prisioneiros por dez negros da Guiné, que Frei Francisco de São Luís afirma
terem sido os primeiros escravos chegados a Portugal, provenientes da costa
ocidental africana.

Em 1445, Num Tristão transportou mais de 40 escravos
africanos, entusiasmado pelas possibilidades econômicas do negócio.

Foi em Portugal que mais se desenvolveu o tráfico negreiro -
já que este país mantinha o domínio exclusivo da África colonial. Durante
muitos anos, porém, o tráfico negreiro foi também próspero na Espanha,
representando a principal fonte de renda do país. Por intermédio dos asientos a
coroa espanhola concedia a determinados súditos o direito exclusivo de fornecer
negros escravos às suas possessões de ultramar. O negócio era tão vantajoso que
muitos soberanos estrangeiros faziam tudo para obter os asientos, ou seja,
tratados ou contratados de monopólio comercial. E por dois séculos - de 1517 a
1743 - holandeses, espanhóis, franceses, portugueses e ingleses gozaram
sucessivamente deste monopólio. A Inglaterra, que mais tarde seria ferrenha
defensora da proibição do tráfico, conseguiu 30 anos de monopólio para seus
súditos pelo tratado de paz de Utrecht assinado em 1713. A Espanha tirava
grandes lucros destas transações, recebendo vultosos empréstimos ou
adiantamentos dos empresários com os quais negociava, e a este (Hientos era
dada ainda uma vinculação religiosa, sendo celebrados, inclusive, em nome da
Santíssima Trindade por Sua Majestade Católica de Espanha. Dez contratos dessa
espécie foram realizados em menos de dois séculos, compreendendo o transporte
de quinhentos mil escravos num total de 50 milhões de libras

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No Brasil, o elemento negro começou a ser
Introduzido com os primeiros engenhos de açúcar de São Vicente. Para alguns
historiadores, os escravos africanos aqui chegaram com Martim Afonso de Sousa,
em sua expedição de 1532. Durante quase 50 anos este tráfico foi regular, e em
1583 realizou-se o primeiro contrato para a introdução da mão-de-obra africana
no Brasil, assinado entre Salvador Correia de Sá, governador da Cidade do Rio
de Janeiro, e São João Gutiérres Valéria. Um século mais tarde já havia nas
lavouras brasileiras 50 mil escravos negros, a maioria em Pernambuco. Em 1755,
o Marquês de Pombal criou a Companhia Geral do Comércio do Grão-Pará e Maranhão
e, em 1759 a de Pernambuco e Paraiba, as quais introduzindo grande número de
negros africanos, fomentaram o progresso material do Nordeste brasileiro.

Tencionando contar com o elemento natural para a
colonização dos continentes que ocupa vam, os portugueses tentaram- nos
primeiros tempos de sua permanência no Brasil - subjugar os silvícolas
brasileiros. Assim, em 1533, Martim Afonso de Sousa permitiu a Pero de Góis o
transporte para a Europa de 17 indígenas escravizados, e no foral dado a cada
donatário contava o direito de vender anualmente até 39 indígenas cativos. O
índio brasileiro, entretanto, além de não se adaptar ao regime de escravidão,
não servia para o trabalho na lavoura.

Estes fatos, aliados à vinda dos jesuítas,
empenhados na defesa do índio, fizeram com que aumentasse o tráfico negreiro,
tendo os próprios religiosos usado a mão-de-obra africana até 1870.

A introdução do escravo negro no Brasil
representava uma determinante socioeconômica importantíssima para a emancipação
colonial, e foi por muitos reconhecida. Entre estes, Nóbrega, em carta ao rei
de Portugal datada de 1559; o conceituado Bispo D. José Joaquim da Cunha de
Azeredo Coutinho, em sua obra Justiça do Comércio de Resgate de Escravos da
Costa d' África; e o famoso Padre Antonil, que em sua Cultura e Opulência do
Brasil, por Suas Drogas e Minas, escreveu: "Os escravos são as mãos e os
pés do senhor de engenho, porque sem eles no Brasil não é possível fazer,
conservar e aumentar fazenda, nem ter engenho corrente."

Os negros eram vendidos pelos seus sobas - chefes
de tribos africanas - aos portugueses, e trazidos para o Brasil vindos da costa
e da contracosta da África. Até meados do século XVll eram eles adquiridos, em
sua maioria, pelos senhores de engenho de Pernambuco e Bahia. No início do séc.
XVIII seus maiores compradores passaram a ser o Rio de Janeiro e Salvador.
Ainda no início do século XVllI os escravos negros foram introduzidos nas
regiões cafeeiras, a princípio do Pará e do Maranhão, mais tarde do Rio de
Janeiro e São Paulo.

Os negros escravos que vieram para o Brasil saíram
de vários pontos do continente africano: da costa ocidental, entre o Cabo Verde
e o da Boa Esperança; da costa oriental, de Moçambique; e mesmo de algumas
regiões do interior. Por isto, possuíam os mais diversos estágios de
civilização. O grupo mais importante introduzido no Brasil foi o sudanês, que,
dos mercados de Salvador, se espalhou por todo o Recôncavo. Desses negros, os
mais notáveis foram os iorubas ou nagôs e os geges, seguindo-se os minas. Em
semelhan_ te estágio de cultura encontravam-se também dois grupos de origem
berbere-etiÓpica e de int1uência muçulmana, os fulas e os mandês. Mais
atrasados do que o grupo..sudanês estavam os dos grupos da cultura chamada
cultura banto, os angolas, os congos ou cabindas, os benguelas e os moçambiques.
Os bantos foram introduzidos em Pernambuco, de onde seguiram até Alagoas; no
Rio de Janeiro, de onde se espalharam por Minas e São Paulo; e no Maranhão,
atingindo daí o Grão-Pará. Ainda no Rio de Janeiro e em Santa Catarina foram
introduzidos os camundás, camundongos e os quiçamãs.

Os bantos encontravam-se na fase do fetichismo -
adorando árvores e símbolos toscos, no sistema da propriedade coletiva - com
uma rudimentar organização de família - e do governo patriarcal.



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A incapacidade de adaptação do indígena para a
maioria das tarefas colonizadoras e depois as leis de proibição do cativeiro do
índio fizeram com que o tráfico negreiro para o Brasil aumentasse a partir de
fins do século XVI e se mantivesse numa crescente progressão até meados do séc.
XIX.



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Dos portos onde os negreiros desembarcavam, os
negros eram, depois de vendidos, transportados para as fazendas do interior. De
Recife, eles chegavam até Alagoas; do Rio, eram levados para Minas e São Paulo;
de São Luís do Maranhão, atingiam o Grão.Pará; e de Salvador, todo o Recôncavo.

Além do senhor do céu, Olorum, a religião dos
iorubas introduziu no Brasil outras divindades ou orixás,

entre os quais Obatalá, ou Orixalá, ou Oxalá, que
tinha por esposa Odudua; Xangô, deus dos raios e trovões; Ogum, deus da guerra;
Iemanjá, deusa das águas; Oxóssi, deus dos caçadores e viajantes; Ifá, que tem
por fetiche o fruto do dendezeiro, revelador do oculto; Da dá, protetor das
crianças; Ibeji, Orixá dos gêmeos; e Exu ou Elegbará, espírito do mal.

Os sudaneses – que receberam influência do
islamismo e eram os mais adiantados - foram os responsáveis pelos movimentos de
rebelião dos escravos e pela formação dos quilombos - os agrupamentos de
escravos fugidos criados no Brasil.

Os negros africanos, introduzidos no Brasil para
trabalhar na lavoura e na criação, não se adaptaram a esta última função, sendo
substituídos pelos indígenas - mais adaptáveis ao tipo de vida do pastoreio. E
embora fossem utilizados também nos serviços domésticos e na mineração - onde
tiveram papel importante - eles foram os princi pais, e em alguns casos os
únicos, trabalhadores das lavouras de açúcar, café e algodão.

A compra do negro era, a princípio, realizada de
forma muito simples. Empregava-se o sistema de troca, usando-se todo os tipos
de miçangas, vidrilhos, guizos, panos, armas e utensílios de ferro necessário à
lavoura africana, que eram entrgues aos sobas por uma certa quantidade de
escravos.

Mais tarde, o ferro e a aguardente passaram a ser importantíssimos
neste comércio. À medida, entretanto, que o tráfico se intensificou, as
exigências dos vendedores foram aumentando e os compradores quase que tiveram
de lançar mão de mercadorias européias.

Os negros eram transportados em navios negreiros, funileiros
ou tumbeiras, e as descrições destas viagens - sobretudo as que foram
transmitidas através dos apaixonados versos dos poetas abolicionistas - são de
estarrecer. Não são eles, entretanto, a única fonte a revelar esse quadro
horrendo. Outros autores que se destacaram no estudo do assunto atestam que
nessas viagens morriam até 40% dos embarcados, além de ocorrerem naufrágios por
excesso de carga; o tratamento era desumano e os escravos viam-se obrigados a
passar fome e sede, quer pela ambição desenfreada dos traficantes, quer por
erro de cálculo na tonelagem disponível para a travessia.

A estimativa do número de africanos introduzidos em
nosso país durante o período superior a três séculos, em que foi realizado o
tráfico, é muito difícil. Tradicionalmente, aceita-se a cifra, meramente
hipotética, de 3.300.000 negros aventada por Roberto Simonsen. A base adotada
por este último foi a produtividade do escravo. Já Mircea Buescu, em sua
tentativa para qualificar a história econômica do Brasil, apresenta um outro
método de avaliação deste número. Este autor recorre a duas fontes de pesquisa:
primeiro, as informações, embora precárias, referentes à população global e à
população escrava em várias épocas; segundo, a constatação de que a população
escrava teve uma taxa negativa de crescimento vegetativo, taxa que é o
elemento-chave de seus cálculos. Baseado nestes estudos, apresentou um total de
6.723.850, entrados no Brasi] do séc. XVI ao XIX.<!--[if gte mso 9]>
 
  
  
 
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Um dos cálculos que encontra mais defensores é o do
historiador Afonso de E. Taunay, que forneceu um total de 3.600.000 escravos
africanos desembarcados no Brasil. discriminando-os pelos diversos séculos:
100.000, no XVI; 600.000, no XVII; 1.300.000. no XVIII: e 1.600.000 no século
XIX.

O que se pode afirmar, com menor margem de erro, é
que já em meados do século XVII a população escrava no Brasil superava a
população livre: em 1660, o Brasil contava 74.000 brancos para 110.000 escravos.
uma situação que prevaleceu atémeados do século XIX. pois os cálculos efetuados
em 1816 acusavam que, dos 3.358.500 habitantes do Brasil, 1.428.500 eram
livres, inclusive pretos e pardos forros, e 1.930.000 escravos.<!--[if gte mso 9]>
 
  
  
 
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Aqui chegando, os negros eram armazenados em um
barracão. à espera de que fossem vendidos. Os preços variavam de acordo com
muitos fatores: o sexo, a idade, a origem e o destino. Quando encaminhados às
minas de ouro. valiam muito mais que os destinados aos campos de plantação ou
ao serviço doméstico.

Eram vendidos separadamente sem respeitar laços de
família - pais para um senhor, filhos para outros, maridos e mulheres para
donos diferentes.

O negro era um elemento caro e seu preço foi
intlacionado, principalmente depois que a Inglaterra se arvorou em defensora da
raça maltratada, passando a perseguir os navios negreiros. Os riscos
tornaram-se, então, maiores, com prejuízo algumas vezes total. quando o navio
negreiro era pilhado em alto-mar e o carregamento perdido quer pelo aprisionamento
da embarcação, quer pelo extermínio total da carga. Nos primeiros tempos, de
uma forma generalizada, o valor médio de um escravo oscilava entre 20 e 30
libras esterlinas, havendo momentos excepcionais em que este preço atingia a
100 libras.

O livro de contas do Engenho Sergipe do Conde
fornece valiosas informações sobre o preço do escravo nos primeiros anos do
século XVII. De acordo com as compras ali anotadas, um escravo custava, em
1622. 29 mil-réis; em 1630, 30 mil-réis; 42 mil-réis, em 1635; e 55 mil-réis em
1652.

Existem inúmeros dados relativos aos preços de
escravos no século XIX, mas, como variam muito, é difícil determinar-se uma
média real. Entretanto, estabeleceu Mircea Buescu um quadro estatístico em que
se anota que o preço de um escravo era de 375 mil-réis, enquanto uma escrava
custava, no mesmo ano e nas mesmas condições de saúde e idade, 359 milréis.
Vinte anos depois, isto é, em 1855, um escravo custava 1.075 milréis, enquanto
uma escrava atingia a importância de 857 mil-réis; em 1875 chegava-se "ao
preço de 1.256 miréis para o homem e 1.106 para a mulher. Entre 1835 e 1875 o
preço médio dos escravos cresceu 235%.



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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
  
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
  
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
  
  
 
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>

 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal";
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-qformat:yes;
 mso-style-parent:"";
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
 mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
 line-height:115%;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}

<![endif]-->





Aos escravos cabiam todos os serviços das
plantações, desde a derrubada das matas, a queima dos troncos e a limpeza do
terreno, até o plantio, a colheita e o preparo do produto para a venda. A
abertura de caminhos e a construção da casa-grandeeda senzala eram também
tarefas dos escravos.