Construtivismo I
Autor: kelly caldas | Publicado: 2012-01-08T13:46:00-08:00

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 <![endif]-->1. O que é construtivismo?

É o nome pelo qual se tornou uma nova linha pedagógica que vem ganhando terreno nas salas de aula há pouco mais de uma década. As maiores autoridades do construtivismo, contudo, não costumam admitir que se trate de uma pedagogia ou método de ensino, por ser um campo de estudo ainda recente, cujas práticas, salvo no caso da alfabetização, ainda requerem tempo para o amadurecimento e sistematização.

2. Em que distingue a pedagogia construtivista, em linhas gerais?

O construtivismo propõe que o aluno participe ativamente do próprio aprendizado, mediante a experimentação, a pesquisa em grupo, o estímulo à dúvida e o desenvolvimento do raciocínio, entre outros procedimentos. Rejeita a apresentação de conhecimentos prontos ao estudante, como um prato feito e utiliza de modo inovador técnicas tradicionais como por exemplo, a memorização. Daí o termo construtivismo, pelo qual se procura indicar que uma pessoa aprende melhor quando toma parte de forma direta na construção do conhecimento que adquire. O construtivismo enfatiza a importância do erro não como um tropeço, mas sim como um trampolim na rota da aprendizagem. O construtivismo condena a rigidez nos procedimentos de ensino, as avaliações padronizadas e a utilização de material didático demasiadamente estranho ao universo pessoal do aluno.


3. Com base em que o construtivismo adota tais práticas?

Com bases nos estudos do psicólogo suíço Jean Piaget (1896-1980 ), a maior autoridade do século sobre o processo da inteligência e de aquisição do conhecimento. Piaget demonstrou que a criança raciocina segundo as estruturas lógicas próprias, que evoluem conforme as faixas etárias definidas, e são diferentes da lógica madura do adulto.Por exemplo: se uma criança de 04 anos ou 05 anos transforma uma bolinha de massa em salsicha, ela conclui que a salsicha por ser comprida tem mais massa do que a bolinha. Não se trata de um erro, como se julgava antes de Piaget, mas de um raciocínio apropriado a essa faixa etária. O construtivismo procura desenvolver práticas pedagógicas sob medida para cada degrau de amadurecimento intelectual da criança.
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 <![endif]-->4. Piaget criou o construtivismo?

Nada mais falso. Ao contrário do que muitos imaginam, ele nunca se preocupou em formular uma pedagogia: dedicou a vida a investigar os processos da inteligência. Outros especialistas é que se valeram de suas descobertas para desenvolver propostas pedagógicas inovadoras.

5. De onde vem, então o construtivismo?

Quem adotou e tornou conhecida a expressão foi uma aluna e colaboradora de Piaget, a psicóloga Emilia Ferreiro. Nascida na Argentina em 1936 e que atualmente mora no México. Partindo da teoria do mestre, ela pesquisou a fundo e especificamente, o processo intelectual pelo qual as crianças aprendem a ler e a escrever, batizando de construtivismo sua própria teoria.

6. Então é ela a autora da pedagogia construtivista?

Não. A exemplo de Piaget. Emilia se limitou a desenvolver uma teoria científica. Outros especialistas é que vem utilizando suas descobertas, assim como as de Piaget, para formular novas propostas pedagógicas. No começo o nome construtivismo se aplicava só a teoria de Emilia. Com o tempo passaram a ser chamada de construtivistas às novas propostas pedagógicas inspiradas em sua teoria, a própria teoria de Piaget e até mesmo pedagogias anteriores, porém compatíveis como a do educador soviético Lev Vigostsky (1896-1934).
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 <![endif]-->  7. O que a teoria de Emilia Ferreiro sustenta?

A pesquisadora aplicou a teoria mais geral de Piaget na investigação dos processos de aprendizado da leitura e d escrita entre crianças na faixa de 04 a 06 anos. Constatou que a criança aprende segundo sua própria lógica e segue essa lógica até mesmo quando se choca com a lógica do método de alfabetização. Em resumo, as crianças não aprendem do jeito que são ensinadas. A teoria de Emilia abriu aos educadores a base científica para a formulação de novas propostas pedagógicas de alfabetização sob medida para a lógica infantil.

8. Qual a lógica infantil na alfabetização, segundo Emilia Ferreiro?

A pesquisadora constatou uma seqüência lógica básica na faixa de 04 a 06 anos. Na primeira fase a pré-silábica, a criança não consegue relacionar as letras com os sons da língua falada e se agarra a uma letra mais simpática para escrever.Por exemplo,pode escrever Marcelo como MMMMMMMouAAAAAAAA. Na fase seguinte, a silábica, já interpreta a letra à sua maneira, atribuindo valor silábico a cada uma (para ela, COM pode ser a grafia de Mar-ce-lo, em que M =mar, C = ce, O = lo). Um degrau acima, já na fase silábico alfabético, mistura à lógica da fase anterior com a identificação de algumas silabas propriamente ditas. Por fim, na última fase a alfabética, passa a dominar plenamente o valor das letras e sílabas.

9. O construtivismo se aplica somente à alfabetização infantil?

Não. Ainda se encontra muito vinculado à alfabetização, porque foi por essa área que começou a ser desenvolvido, a partir da base teórica proporcionada por Emilia Ferreiro. Com tudo, práticas construtivistas devidamente adaptadas, já estão bastante difundidas até a 4 série do primeiro grau. A partir da 5 série, porém, quando cada disciplina passa a ser ministrada por um professor especializado, tais práticas são menos utilizadas, até pela relativa escassez ainda registrada de pesquisas teóricas equivalentes às de Emilia.

10. Por que o construtivismo faz restrições à prontidão na alfabetização infantil?

Com base nas teorias de Piaget e Emilia Ferreiro, os construtivistas consideram inútil a prontidão, ou seja, o treinamento motor que habitualmente se aplica às crianças com preparação do aprendizado da escrita. Para eles, aprender a ler e escrever, são algo mais amplo e complexo do que adquirir destreza com o lápis.
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 <![endif]-->11. O aluno formado pelo construtivismo fica bom de raciocínio, com mais senso crítico, porém mais fraco de conhecimentos?

Não é bem assim. Os construtivistas insistem em que, embora o construtivismo enfatize o processo de aprendizagem, este não ocorre desligado do conteúdo: simplesmente não há como formar um indivíduo crítico e vazio. Portanto a aquisição de informações é fundamental.

12. Como o construtivismo transmite o conhecimento não passível de ser construído pelo aluno, como nomes de cidades ou de presidentes?

O construtivismo estimula a descoberta do conhecimento pelo aluno. Evita afogá-lo com informações prontas e acabadas, mas quando necessário não hesita em valer-se da memorização. Neste caso, a professora deve escolher o momento oportuno e criar situações interessantes para transmitir esses conhecimentos fugindo assim da rigidez da prática tradicional.

13. O construtivismo requer mais atenção individual ao aluno do que outras linhas de ensino?

Sim, mas não com a obsessão que às vezes se imagina. Se o construtivismo admite que cada aluno tem o seu processo particular de aprendizagem, a professora deve conhecê-lo, acompanhá-lo e fazer as intervenções adequadas. Mas isso não quer dizer centralização total, ao contrário. O construtivismo valoriza muito o intercâmbio entre os alunos e o trabalho de grupo, em que a professora tem uma presença motivadora e menos impositiva.

14. Como a professora pode dar atenção individualizada em classes de 30 a 40 alunos?

O ideal é que as classes não sejam tão numerosas. Mas, de qualquer modo vale a alternativa de trabalhar com duplas ou trios, agrupando as crianças por habilidades parecidas ou opostas, a critério da professora. No construtivismo, a professora aproveita a individualidade de cada aluno para o enriquecimento do grupo.

15. Por que o construtivismo contesta o ensino dirigido?

Não é bem isso. O construtivismo considera a sistematização do ensino necessária, mas aplicada com bom senso e flexibilidade. Contesta, sim, que o currículo seja uma imposição unilateral.
Uma camisa-de-força com etapas rígidas, sucessivas e inalteráveis. Não se aprende por pedacinhos, ms por mergulhos em conjuntos de problemas que envolvem vários conceitos ao mesmo tempo, afirmam os construtivistas.

16. Por que a alfabetização construtivista rejeita o uso da cartilha?

Primeiro, porque a cartilha prevê etapas rígidas de aprendizagem coisa que o construtivismo descarta. Segundo porque os construtivistas acham que a linguagem geralmente usadas nas cartilhas é padronizada, artificial, distante do mundo conhecido pela criança.

17. Por que o construtivismo faz restrições aos livros didáticos?
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 <![endif]-->Pelo fato de a maioria deles apresentar o conhecimento em seqüência rígida, prevendo uma aprendizagem de conceitos baseada na memorização.

18. E ao ensino da tabuada?

O caso é diferente. A memorização é essencial para agilizar o cálculo mental, mas isso deve ocorrer após o aluno compreender o significado das operações aritméticas, com o a multiplicação. O que os construtivistas não aceitam é a memorização puramente mecânica conhecida como “decoreba”.


19. E a restrição ao ensino de regras gramaticais?

O construtivismo contesta que o ensino da gramática seja o meio para se levar o aluno a entender e dominar o processo de escrever corretamente. Isso se adquire praticando a escrita, mesmo com erros gramaticais. As regras identificam certas irregularidades da língua, mas para entendê-las é preciso tê-las percebido na prática.

20. Por que o construtivismo, em geral, não aceita o uso de fórmulas como as de matemática e as de sintaxe?

Não é que não aceite. A restrição é ao ensino de fórmulas com se fossem os conteúdos, pois elas não passam de esquemas sintéticos muito mais abstratos. A fórmula, em si mesma, não é o núcleo do conhecimento mas aquilo que o sustenta.

21. Qual é o papel da professora no construtivismo e em que difere do ensino tradicional?

Em vez de dar a matéria, numa aula meramente expositiva, a professora organiza o trabalho didático pedagógico de modo que o aluno seja o co-piloto de sua própria aprendizagem. A professora fica na posição de mediadora ou facilitadora desse processo.

22. O que é necessário para ser uma boa professora construtivista?

Mentalidade aberta, atitude investigativa, desprendimento intelectual, senso crítico, sensibilidade às mudanças do mundo combinado com a iniciativa para torná-las significativas aos olhos dos alunos e flexibilidade para aceitar a si mesma em processo de mudança continua. Ela precisa dar mais de si e precisa estar o tempo todo se renovando para sustentar uma relação com os alunos que não se baseia na autoridade mas na qualidade.

23. A professora construtivista precisa de uma orientadora pedagógica?

Sim. A orientadora é importante, não para tutelar a professora, mas para servir de
interlocutora com quem ela passa a refletir sobre a sua prática.

24. É possível ser construtivista em uma escola tradicional?
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 <![endif]-->  Em geral, o projeto pedagógico de uma escola tradicional não favorece nem leva em conta o trabalho de um professor que resolva tocar em outro tom. Embora seja difícil manter uma proposta individual num ambiente alheio a mudanças, há muitos casos assim. Além disso, deve-se considerar o fato de que é difícil uma escola passar a ser construtivista num só golpe. Isso ocorre de maneira paulatina, até porque o construtivismo do mesmo modo que respeita os processos de transformação por que passam os alunos, também deve respeitar os das próprias professoras

25.Existem manuais que ensinem a ser construtivista?

Manuais com tudo mastigado não. Mas não falta material de apoio para que a professora comece a olhar seu trabalho de outro modo. O fundamental, de qualquer maneira é a prática. Calcula-se que são necessários ao menos dois anos de prática em classe reforçada por reuniões semanais com outros colegas, para tornar-se uma boa professora construtivista.

Fonte: Nova Escola