EFEITO DO FRIO NO DESENVOLVIMENTO DA VIDEIRA
Autor: Antonio Santin - Consultor em Viticultura | Publicado: 2015-11-16T13:30:00-08:00





&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Plantas
de clima temperado podem sofrer estresse pelo frio quando expostas a
temperaturas entre 0 ºC e 4 ºC (resfriamento) ou abaixo de 0 ºC (congelamento).
Tanto o resfriamento como o congelamento causam efeitos adversos ao
desenvolvimento da planta, retém o crescimento espacial e produtividade. O frio
pode disparar o processo de adaptação ou causar alterações fisiológicas quando
o estresse ultrapassar certo umbral. Adaptação ao frio pode incluir; a) -
alteração do cálcio na lamela média, resultando na ativação de vias metabólicas
de resistência ao frio, - b) - acúmulo de moléculas osmoprotectantes como
açucares &nbsp;ou aminoácidos, - c)- regulação
das proteínas envolvidas na aclimatação ao frio. Quando o mecanismo de proteção
não for induzido a tempo, os tecidos da planta são danificados pelo frio,
particularmente se houver redução da mobilidade dos lipídios da membrana &nbsp;e a redução da fotossíntese, causada pelo
fechamento dos estômatos. O cloroplasto é a organela mais severamente afetada
pelas baixas temperaturas, observado pela desordem da cadeia fotossintética e redução
da produção de enzimas. A redução do crescimento da planta devido a baixas
temperaturas também induz a redução do processo fotossintético.


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A distribuição do açúcar nos
diferentes órgãos da planta também é modificada pelas baixas temperaturas,
independentemente da alteração da fotossíntese. A modificação da concentração
de açúcar é de grande importância, devido à concentração de carboidratos modularem
e coordenar o desenvolvimento. Muitos estresses abióticos, incluindo déficit
hídrico, concentração de sal ou modificação da flutuação osmótica, e baixas
temperaturas, foram reportados como grandes causadores da alteração do conteúdo
de carboidratos.


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Na videira, a correta formação
dos órgãos sexuais e o sucesso da reprodução sexual dependem do suprimento de
açúcar e pode ser afetado por qualquer limitação de carboidratos. O suprimento
de carboidratos é a chave para a correta formação dos órgãos sexuais, desde a
iniciação da inflorescência até a formação dos frutos. Os órgãos sexuais são
sensíveis ao estresse induzido pela limitação de açúcar, especialmente durante
a meiose. Na flor da videira, a meiose do órgão feminino coincide com drásticas
mudanças fisiológicas em toda a planta. Neste período, o fornecimento de
carbono é proveniente das reservas existentes na madeira e da fotossíntese das
folhas. A inflorescência também possui clorofila desde a abertura das gemas até
o início da maturação da uva, este aporte de clorofila contribui no esforço
reprodutivo. Existe um, porém, os foto assimilados produzidos na inflorescência
durante o seu desenvolvimento são distribuídos para os órgãos vegetativos e não
aproveitados na própria inflorescência. 


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Em regiões de clima temperado,
noites frias podem ocorrer no início da primavera no período da meiose do órgão
feminino da flor da videira. O estresse por frio pode causar distúrbios no
metabolismo dos carboidratos na inflorescência, provocando o aborto do óvulo e
redução da formação de frutos. Esta pode ser a maior influência da geada de
Setembro sobre a produtividade da videira.













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