COBRANÇA EM ESTACIONAMENTOS: DEBATES E PROJETOS
Autor: Bruna Lyra Duque | Publicado: 2017-02-01T09:20:00-08:00


O tema cobrança em
estacionamentos, já objeto de alguns projetos de lei, é alvo de intenso debate.




Dois pontos são enfrentados
na análise da temática: 1) se a
cobrança é matéria de Direito Civil (art. 22, inciso I, da Constituição
Federal), sendo a competência para legislar privativa da União, ou se a matéria
é de Direito do Consumidor, sendo a competência concorrente entre a União e os
Estados (artigo 24, incisos V e VIII, da Constituição Federal); ou 2) se há uma tentativa de controle de
preços, sendo, portanto, o tema ligado ao princípio da livre iniciativa (artigo
170 da Constituição Federal).



O Supremo Tribunal Federal
(STF), no julgamento da Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade (ADI) 4862,
ajuizada pela Confederação Nacional do Comércio de Bens, Serviços e Turismo, declarou
a inconstitucionalidade de uma lei do Estado do Paraná, que estabelecia regras
para a cobrança em estacionamentos.



O relator da ADI 4862,
ministro Gilmar Mendes, votou pela procedência da ação ao entender que a lei
estadual viola a competência da União para legislar sobre Direito Civil.



A questão, pois, que se
coloca é formal (competência) e material (conteúdo). Diante disso, como fica,
então, a liberdade das empresas na cobrança do estacionamento e a limitação a
ser posta na lei? E, por outro lado, como ficam os abusos nas cobranças
praticadas em prejuízo aos consumidores, diante da conduta dos empreendedores? 



Entendemos que a estipulação de
preços é uma ferramenta essencial em qualquer relação econômica, mas pode
repercutir negativamente, na relação consumerista, quando inexistir controle de
preços em determinados contratos.

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A
Constituição Federal incentiva a harmonização dos interesses do fornecedor e do
consumidor a partir de meios que possam permitir o desenvolvimento econômico e
a adequada oferta de serviços. Aqui está o cerne da questão!