MACEDÔNIA X PÉRSIA
Autor: Pedro | Publicado: 2011-05-19T11:54:00-07:00

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O futuro das Cidades-Estados estava nas mãos de Filipe. Ele decidiu criar a "Comunidade Grega", na qual os estados jurariam manter a paz entre si, manter as constituições existentes, permitir mudanças apenas por métodos constitucionais e unir-se na ação contra qualquer violador da "Paz Comum", fosse interno ou externo. Sua proposta, feita no outono de 338 a.C., foi aceita pelos estados na primavera de 337 a.C. e um "Conselho Comum" foi estabelecido, cujos membros representavam um ou mais estados na proporção de sua força militar e naval. O Conselho era um corpo soberano: suas decisões eram enviadas aos Estados para a implementação, não para discussão. As forças militares e as forças navais à disposição do Conselho Comum eram definidas: as primeiras elevavam-se a 15 mil cavaleiros e 200 mil soldados de infantaria, e o número de navios de guerra de 160 trirremes, tripulados por cerca de 30 mil homens. Assim, a Comunidade Grega sobrepujou em muito o Estado Macedônico no tamanho das forças que podia empregar. O Conselho tinha poderes disciplinares, judiciais e financeiros e era soberano sobre os estados membros.O passo seguinte foi a criação de uma aliança ofensiva e defensiva entre a Comunidade Grega e o Estado Macedônico para todos os tempos. Como a Macedônia já estava em guerra com a Pérsia, o Conselho declarou guerra à Pérsia no final de 337 a.C. e elegeu Filipe como comandante das forças unidas. Dentro da Comunidade seus poderes eram cuidadosamente definidos.Na primavera de 336 a.C., a vanguarda das forças unidas partiu para a Ásia sob o comando de três generais macedônicos indicados por Filipe. Fizeram-se arranjos para que as forças estipuladas da coalizão seguissem no outono, tendo Filipe como comandante-geral.Ele fez com que nascesse a combinação de um Estado Grego recém-criado, auto-sustentado e autogovernado, e o Estado Macedônico, que era inigualado em poder militar. Se essa combinação tivesse sucesso em libertar as cidades gregas na Ásia e conquistar território extenso, seria uma cura para muitos dos problemas do mundo grego. Alexandre, que atingira a maioridade um pouco antes de seu comando na Batalha de Queroneia, estava plenamente consciente dos planos de Filipe e da oposição a eles; tinha a confiança de seu pai, sendo seu provável sucessor. O objetivo de Filipe na Ásia foi revelado quando ele perguntou à sacerdotisa Pítia, em Delfos, se "conquistaria o rei dos persas", enquanto a Comunidade Grega pretendia libertar os gregos na Ásia e punir a Pérsia pelos erros do passado, Filipe tinha a intenção de levar a guerra até sua conclusão lógica, a derrota da Pérsia. Dentro da Macedônia, sem dúvida havia alguma dissensão, em consequência não apenas da tensão de ter guerra sobre guerra, mas também do medo de derrota no além-mar e de levantes na Europa. Não era segredo que muitos políticos nas Cidades-Estados se opunham ao próprio conceito de uma Comunidade Grega, que era a seus olhos, uma violação da independência da Cidade-Estado, e que viam o Conselho Anfíctiônico e o Conselho Comum como órgãos da dominação macedônica na Grécia. Na batalha, o rei lutava como comandante da sua Guarda de Cavalaria ou da sua Guarda de Infantaria. Filipe foi ferido sete vezes em ação e deveu sua sobrevivência tanto à coragem de seus Guarda-Costas e Pajens quanto à sua força física e sua armadura defensiva.<!--[if gte mso 9]>     Normal   0         21         false   false   false      PT-BR   X-NONE   X-NONE                                                     MicrosoftInternetExplorer4                                                   <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]>  <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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 <![endif]-->  Logo após assumir o trono, Alexandre reiniciou a campanha contra a Pérsia. Em 335, convocou a Liga de Corinto e convenceu seus membros a elegê-lo comandante numa guerra de retaliação contra a Pérsia, como seu pai havia feito dois anos antes. Com exceção de Esparta, todas as grandes cidades-estado gregas ficaram ao seu lado. A Pérsia havia desempenhado um importante papel na Guerra do Peloponeso, entre Atenas e Esparta nas três últimas décadas do século V a.C.. Após isso, um tratado assinado em 386 a.C. estabeleceu que as cidades gregas na Ásia Menor continuariam sob domínio persa. Porém no século IV a.C. alguns dos mais poderosos oradores gregos continuavam a clamar pela "libertação dos gregos da Ásia Menor". A Macedônia não era signatária do tratado de 386 a.C. e sua intenção de libertar os gregos da Ásia Menor do domínio persa atraiu a boa vontade da Liga de Corinto, mesmo com os temores das várias cidades-estado em relação ao domínio macedônio. Após combater a revolta da cidade de Tebas, Alexandre empenhou-se na campanha contra a Pérsia que o levaria numa viagem até os confins da Índia e, apesar de ter criado um império e nunca ter sido derrotado em combate, morreria sem rever sua terra.