Um pouco de história
Autor: Emília | Publicado: 2010-11-18T16:09:00-08:00

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 <![endif]-->  Este texto da Índia antiga fala de um passa tempo muito popular dos matemáticos hindus da época: a solução de quebra-cabeças em competições públicas, em que um competidor propunha problemas para outro resolver.Era muito difícil a Matemática nesse período. Sem nenhum sinal, sem nenhuma variável, somente alguns poucos sábios eram capazes de resolver os problemas, usando muitos artifícios e trabalhosas construções geométricas.Hoje, temos a linguagem exata para representar qualquer quebra-cabeça ou problema.Basta traduzi-los para o idioma da Álgebra: a equação.Equação é uma maneira de resolver situações nas quais surgem valores desconhecidos quando se tem uma igualdade. A palavra “equação” vem do latim equatione, equacionar, que quer dizer igualar, pesar, igualar em peso. E a origem primeira da palavra “equação” vem do árabe adala, que significa “ser igual a“, de novo a idéia de igualdade. Por serem desconhecidos, esses valores são representados por letras. Por isso na língua portuguesa existe uma expressão muito usada: “o x da questão”. Ela é utilizada quando temos um problema dentro de uma determinada situação. Matematicamente, dizemos que esse x é o valor que não se conhece.A primeira referencia a equações de que se têm notícias consta do papiro de Rhind, um dos documentos egípcios mais antigos que tratam de matemática, escrito há mais ou menos 4000 anos.Como os egípcios não utilizavam a notação algébrica, os métodos de solução de uma equação eram complexos e cansativos.Os gregos resolviam equações através de Geometria. Mas foram os árabes que, cultivando a Matemática dos gregos, promoveram um acentuado progresso na resolução de equações. Para representar o valor desconhecido em uma situação matemática, ou seja, em uma equação, os árabes chamavam o valor desconhecido em uma situação matemática de “coisa”. Em árabe, a palavra “coisa” era pronunciada como xay. Daí surge o x como tradução simplificada de palavra “coisa” em árabe.No trabalho dos árabes, destaca-se o de Al-Khowarizmi (século IX), que resolveu e discutiu equações de vários tipos.Al-Khowarizmi é considerado o matemático árabe de maior expressão do século IX. Ele escreveu dois livros que desempenharam importante papel na história da Matemática. Num deles, Sobre a arte hindu de calcular, Al-Khowarizmi faz uma exposição completa dos numerais hindus. O outro, considerado o seu livro mais importante, Al-jabr wa’l mugãbalah, contém uma exposição clara e sistemática sobre resolução de equações. As equações ganharam importância a partir do momento em que passaram a ser escritas com símbolos matemáticos e letras. O primeiro a fazer isso foi o francês François Viète, no final do século XVI. Por esse motivo é chamado “pai da Álgebra”.Viète também foi o primeiro a estudar as propriedades das equações através de expressões gerais como ax + b = 0. Graças a Viète os objetos de estudo da Matemática deixaram de ser somente problemas numéricos sobre preços das coisas, idade das pessoas ou medidas dos lados das figuras, e passaram a englobar também as próprias expressões algébricas.A partir desse momento, as equações começaram a ser interpretadas como as entendemos atualmente: equação, o idioma da álgebra.Atualmente as equações são usadas, entre outras coisas, para determinar o lucro de uma firma, para calcular a taxa de uma aplicação financeira, para fazer a previsão do tempo, etc.E devido a evolução dos estudos das equações, podemos utilizar outras variáveis, letras, para representar o valor desconhecido, ou seja, o que se quer descobrir em uma equação.Hoje, chamamos o termo desconhecido de incógnita, que é uma palavra originária do latim incognitu, que também quer dizer “coisa desconhecida”. A incógnita é um símbolo que está ocupando o lugar de um elemento desconhecido em uma equação.
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