HISTÓRIA E MEMÓRIA DA EDUCAÇÃO INDÍGENA: UM ESTUDO SOBRE O PROCESSO DE ESCOLARIZAÇÃO DOS WASSU-COCAL EM ALAGOAS  (1970-2010)
Autor: JÉSSIKA PEREIRA | Publicado: 2012-05-19T20:10:00-03:00

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"A educação é, como
outras, uma fração do modo de vida dos grupos sociais que criam e recriam,
entre todos os que ensinam-e-aprendem, o saber que atravessa as palavras da
tribo, os códigos sociais de conduta, as regras de trabalho, os segredos da
arte ou da religião, do artesanato ou da tecnologia, todos os dias, a vida do
grupo e a de cada um sujeitos, através de trocas sem fim com a natureza e entre
os homens, trocas que existem dentro do mundo social onde a própria educação
habita, e desde onde ajuda a explicar – às vezes a ocultar, às vezes a inculcar
– de geração em geração, a necessidade da existência de sua ordem." (BRANDÃO, 2007, p. 10-11). 





Gostaria de compartilhar com vocês a pesquisa que estou desenvolvendo para o mestrado, no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Brasileira da Universidade Federal de Alagoas.



O objetivo principal da pesquisa é: <!--[if gte mso 9]>
 
  
  
 
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Compreender
de que forma os professores indígenas Wassu-Cocal conseguem articular o saber indígena à pedagogia tradicional do ensino brasileiro.



Para chegar ao meu problema de pesquisa é necessário traçar alguns objetivos específicos, que possam efetivamente contribuir com respostas para o meu problema de pesquisa, são eles:&nbsp; 

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&nbsp;Analisar
a história e a educação do grupo indígena Wassu-Cocal e confrontar com o ensino
ministrado pela escola


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Averiguar quais as maiores dificuldades
que o professor indígena enfrenta na sala de aula.


&nbsp;&nbsp;
Analisar quais os recursos
didático-pedagógicos utilizados pelos professores indígenas na sala de aula.


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Analisar a cultura do grupo e os
conteúdos da pedagogia tradicional do ensino brasileiro que os alunos indígenas
mais se identificam e mais sentem dificuldades.

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Os Wassu-Cocal, assim
como os grupos indígenas do Nordeste foram os primeiros a terem contato com a
civilização europeia e, esse contato foi marcado por grandes perdas. O fato do
processo educativo nas sociedades indígenas apresentar diferenças radicais
quanto à chamada “educação nacional” levou os colonizadores que aqui chegaram a
uma conclusão equivocada e etnocêntrica de que não existia educação indígena,
eles pressuporão tal disparate, porque os índios não tinham as mesmas formas e
os mesmos modelos educacionais ocidentais. 

E é neste momento que a
escola e a alfabetização entram em cena como sinônimos de educação, cultura e
civilização, banindo de vez a cultura dos povos primitivos. Este cenário
perdurou por muitos anos, do século XVI a meados do XX, ainda que de uma forma
camuflada neste último. Segundo Luciano (2006) a implantação das primeiras
escolas nas comunidades indígenas no Brasil é contemporânea à consolidação do
próprio empreendimento colonial.



A dominação
politica dos povos nativos, a invasão de suas terras, a destruição de suas
riquezas e a extinção de suas culturas têm sido desde o século XVI o resultado
de praticas que sempre souberam aliar métodos de controle politico a algum tipo
de atividade escolar civilizatória. A educação indígena no Brasil colônia foi
promovida por missionários, principalmente jesuítas, por delegação explicita da
Coroa Portuguesa, e instituída por instrumentos oficiais, como as Cartas Régias
e os Regimentos. Assim, em todo aquele período, compreendido entre os séculos
XVI e XVIII, é praticamente impossível separar a atividade escolar do projeto
de catequese missionária. (p.150)





A
partir de então, pouco a pouco a Coroa começou a diversificar suas parcerias,
passando a responsabilidade da educação escolar indígena a alguns fazendeiros
ou mesmo moradores comuns de regiões vizinhas de índios. Porem, apesar dessa
“transmissão” da responsabilidade escolar que outrora era da Coroa e agora dos
fazendeiros a perspectiva educacional continuava sendo a mesma: “A civilização e a conversão dos “gentios”
(índios) – associada à catequese – continuaram sendo explicitamente o objetivo
da escola.” (Ibid.).

Mesmo
com o advento do Império, em 1822, o panorama da educação escolar indígena
permaneceu inalterado, só em 1834, foi que as competências de oferta da
educação escolar indígena foramatribuídas às Assembleias Provinciais, a fim de
que fosse promovida cumulativamente com as Assembleias de Governos Gerais – a
catequese e a civilização do indígena e o estabelecimento da colônia – dessa
forma permaneceu até o século XX.

Segundo
Luciano (2006) a Constituição de 1934 foi a primeira que atribuiu poderes
exclusivos a União para legislar sobre assuntos indígenas, consolidando um
quadro administrativo da educação escolar indígena, que só vai ser
significativamente alterado em 1991. Conforme o autor relata neste cenário, as
66 escolas organizadas pelo Serviço de Proteção do Índio (SPI) até 1954, assim
como as inúmeras escolas missionárias, passaram a representar, junto com as
frentes de trabalho, os principais instrumentos institucionais dessa
“incorporação” prevista em lei, processo marcado pela negação à diferença
cultural e pela assimilação étnica.





Convêm assinalar
que as escolas do SPI caracterizavam-se fundamentalmente por apresentarem
currículos e regimentos idênticos aos das escolares rurais, incorporando
rudimentos de alfabetização em português, além de atividades
profissionalizantes.&nbsp; As primeiras
propostas de implantação de um modelo de educação bilíngüe para os povos
indígenas, ainda nos anos 1950, como influência da Conferencia da UNESCO de
1951, foram considerados inadequadas à realidade brasileira por técnicos do
SPI, com base em argumentos que mais expressavam as deficiências do próprio
órgão indigenista do que propriamente uma avaliação dos eventuais méritos das
novas propostas. Um dos argumentos mais significativos era de que programas de
educação bilíngüe poderiam colidir com os valores e os propósitos da
“incorporação dos índios à comunhão (lingüística) nacional”, consagrados na lei.
(p. 151)





Os
apontamentos acima passaram nos últimos anos da década de 1950 um forte
contraponto: a Convenção nº 107 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT)
de 26 de julho de 1957, que trata de da proteção e da integração das populações
tribais e semitribais de países independentes, incorporada ao cenário
brasileiro apenas na década seguinte. Nesse documento especificamente, são
preconizados os novos parâmetros da educação escolar indígena, incorporados a
partir dos anos de 1970 às agendas reivindicatórias das organizações
indigenistas não-governamentais e do movimento indígena que fora absorvido à
Constituição Brasileira de 1988. Seis princípios vale ressaltar definidos pela
Convenção 107 da OIT:



1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
A
universalização do direito à educação formal aos povos indígenas (Art. 21).

2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
A
consideração de realidades sociais, econômicas e culturais especificas e
diferenciadas (Art. 22).

3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
A
prescrição de modelos de alfabetização em língua materna e educação bilíngüe
(art.23).

4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
A
incorporação pelo ensino primário de conhecimentos gerais e aptidões tornados
necessários pelo contato (Art. 24).

5.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
O
combate ao preconceito contra os povos indígenas nos diversos setores da
comunidade nacional, através, da doação de medidas educativas (Art. 25)

6.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
O
reconhecimento oficial das línguas indígenas como instrumentos de comunicação
com essas minorias (Art.26).





Por
um lado é inegável o avanço na legislação indigenista, permitido pela
incorporação da Convenção 107 da OIT e, em particular nos parâmetros jurídicos
da educação escolar, por outro lado não podemos esquecer que o seu reconhecimento
se dá em 1966, em meandros do regime militar, deste modo, em 1969 o Ato
Institucional nº 1 reafirma a necessidade de “incorporação dos silvícolas à
comunhão nacional” (Art. 8). Neste mesmo ano o governo federal cria a Fundação
Nacional do Índio (FUNAI) – órgão sucesso do SPI – com a missão de acelerar o
processo de integração dos índios.

Apesar
dos artigos sobre a educação escolar indígena no Estatuto do Índio, promulgado
em 1973 sob a influência da Convenção 107/OIT na política indigenista,
mencionam explicitamente a alfabetização dos índios “na língua do grupo a que
pertencem” (Art. 49), mas nada consta sobre a adaptação dos programas
educacionais às realidades sociais, econômicas e culturais especificas de cada
situação. Com o fim do regime militar da década de 1960, novos dispositivos
foram elaborados sobre a educação escolar indígena. Tais como o Art. 210 e o
Art. 215:





Art. 210

§ 2 – O Ensino
Fundamental regular será ministrado em língua portuguesa, assegurada às
comunidades indígenas também a utilização de suas línguas maternas e processos
próprios de aprendizagem.

Art. 215

§ 1 – O Estado
protegerá as manifestações das culturas populares, indígenas e
afro-brasileiras, e das de outros grupos participantes do processo civilizatório
nacional.





No
cenário atual, segundo Luciano (2006) houve algumas mudanças nos seguintes
aspectos:



a)&nbsp;
O
Decreto nº 26 de 1991, que transfere da FUNAI para o Ministério da Educação e
do Desporto (MEC) a responsabilidade de coordenação das ações de educação
escolar indígena, e aos estados e municípios a sua execução.

b)&nbsp;
As
“Diretrizes para a Politica Nacional de Educação Escolar Indígena” publicadas
pelo MEC em 1994.

c)&nbsp;
A
Lei 9394 de 1996, Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional. 

d)&nbsp;
Plano
Nacional de Educação (Lei 10.172/2001): Capítulos sobre Educação Escolar
Indígena.

e)&nbsp;
Resolução
03/99 do Conselho Nacional de Educação

f)&nbsp;&nbsp;
Criação
em 2004 da Comissão Nacional de Educação Escolar Indígena (CNEEI) vinculada ao
Ministério da Educação, composta por 10 representantes de organizaçõesde
professores indígenas, quatro representantes de organizações indígenas
regionais e a representação indígena no Conselho Nacional de Educação.

g)&nbsp;
Decreto
Presidencial 5.051 de 2004 que promulga a Convenção 169 da OIT. (p. 153)





Vale
ressaltar que a LDB é o instrumento jurídico mais importante da educação
brasileira, portanto é de suma importância destacarmos alguns de seus aspectos
relativos a educação escolar indígena, que reafirma a diversidade sociocultural
e linguística, garantindo a eles uma educação pautada no respeito a seus
valores, no direito a preservação de suas identidades e na garantia de acesso
às informações e aos conhecimentos valorizados pela sociedade nacional (Art.
78).

Todavia
nos últimos 25 anos, algumas experiências de implementação de modelos
alternativos desenvolveram-se em diferentes regiões do país, porém dois
desafios persistem em torno da educação escolar indígena: 1) implementação de
programas adequados baseados em metodologias especificas de aprendizagem, por
meio de pesquisas e de acordo com os interesses e as demandas das comunidades e
dos alunos (o que inclui a capacitação de recursos humanos); 2) garantias de
autonomia dos projetos educacionais, escolares ou não, tendo em vista as
características e as necessidades definidas pelos povos indígenas.

Existem
outras demandas necessárias de condições mínimas de proteção aos povos
indígenas, como a busca e/ou a consolidação de alternativas econômicas que
permitam o atendimento de demandas sócias básicas (alimentar, sanitária, de
geração de renda) essas demandas são necessárias para a efetividade dos
princípios de autonomia dos processos de educação indígena. Notamos que há uma
carência quanto a programas que incorporem a recuperação de suas memorias
históricas e a reafirmação de suas identidades étnicas e culturais e da
valorização de suas culturas. 

Os
povos indígenas organizam os seus saberes a partir da cosmologia ancestral que
garante e sustenta a possibilidade de vida. A base primordial é a
natureza/mundo: é a cosmologia que estabelece os princípios norteadores e os
pressupostos básicos da organização social, politica e econômica. É por esse
motivo que adentramos numa outra discussão a cerca dos professores da educação
escolar indígena. Há uma carência ainda muito grande que permeia os povos
indígenas do Nordeste no âmbito educacional, que é referente à formação dos
professores indígenas. Felizmente, graças não só a implantação da lei que os
assegura, mas a luta de articulação dos povos indígenas visando cobrar cada vez
mais mudanças na organização e na administração das escolas, o que inclui a
escolha de professores e seus dirigentes, que essa luta vem sendo vitoriosa à
duras penas. A LDB condicionou que os professores de todos os níveis e
modalidades de ensino tivessem formação em magistério superior para exercerem a
função, por conta disso, a União, os estados e os município passaram a investir
também na formação de professores indígenas em magistério secundário superior.&nbsp; 

Entre os Wassu-Cocal,
a maioria dos professores indígenas possui formação secundaria e muitos ainda
estão em fase de andamento. Todavia apesar desse significativo avanço, os
problemas na educação escolar indígena entre os Wassu persistem, e é nosso foco
entender: de que forma os professores
indígenas Wassu-Cocal conseguem articular o saber indígena à pedagogia tradicional
de ensino brasileiro?