MURO DE BERLIM - um marco da Guerra Fria
Autor: Caroline, Érique e Jaqueline | Publicado: 2011-06-11T12:01:00-07:00

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Símbolo maior da Guerra Fria, o Muro de Berlim foi construído em 1961 e dividiu por 28 anos a Alemanha em dois blocos: a República Democrática da Alemanha - que seguia o regime socialista liderado pela União Soviética - e a República Federal da Alemanha - conduzida sob o regime capitalista. Depois da derrocada dos regimes socialistas, ele foi derrubado em 9 de novembro de 1989.
Porém, para entender a divisão do território, é preciso voltar no tempo, mais precisamente até o final da Segunda Guerra Mundial (1945), quando o país foi dividido pela Conferência de Potsdam em quatro zonas comandadas por soviéticos, franceses, britânicos e norte-americanos, vencedores da guerra. Apagar as marcas do nazismo e empreender um processo de reconstrução era o objetivo maior desses países aliados.
Contudo, a chegada dos recursos do Plano Marshall em 1947 - concebido pelo general George Marshall, então secretário de Estado dos EUA, para ajudar na reconstrução da Europa devastada pela guerra- fez com que a União Soviética se recusasse a participar do programa de recuperação, temendo que os dólares pudessem colocar em risco a hegemonia de Moscou no leste.
O então líder da União Soviética, Josef Stálin, reagiu à reforma monetária e à implantação da nova moeda na Alemanha, o marco alemão, ordenando o bloqueio do setor ocidental de Berlim, que estava controlado pelos defensores do capitalismo.
Convencido de que a interdição do acesso a Berlim ocidental forçaria a rendição das forças de ocupação, Stálin foi surpreendido por uma resistência, que conseguiu abastecer durante 11 meses a área bloqueada. 
Com a suspensão do cerco de Stálin em maio de 1949 de forma diplomática, surgiram à República Federal da Alemanha e a República Democrática Alemã, consolidando a divisão do país.
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 <![endif]-->  Até o ano de 1961, os cidadãos berlinenses podiam passar livremente de um lado para o outro da cidade. Porém, em Agosto de 1961, com o acirramento da Guerra-fria e com a grande migração de berlinenses do lado oriental para o ocidental, o governo da Alemanha Oriental resolveu construir um muro dividindo os dois setores. Berlim ocidental se transformou num enclave capitalista em território inimigo. Vitrine privilegiada da economia ocidental atraiu centenas de cidadãos orientais que arriscavam a vida para alcançar o outro lado. 
Decididos a conter o fluxo de refugiados, os comunistas começaram a erguer o Muro de Berlim em 13 de agosto de 1961. Decretou também leis proibindo a passagem das pessoas para o setor ocidental da cidade.
O muro, que começou a ser construído, sem respeitar casas, prédios ou ruas. Policiais e soldados da Alemanha Oriental impediam e até mesmo matavam quem tentasse ultrapassar o muro. Muitas famílias foram separadas da noite para o dia. O muro chegou a ser reforçado por quatro vezes. Possuía cercas elétrica com alarme, 255 pistas de corrida para ferozes cães de guarda e valas para dificultar a passagem. Havia cerca de 300 torres de vigilância com soldados preparados para atirar. Assim foi construído um dos maiores símbolos da Guerra Fria.&nbsp; Com o colapso do bloco soviético é o fim do muro de Berlim. 
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 <![endif]-->  O regime da RDA (Alemanha de Leste) entrou em colapso após a demissão de Eric Honecker em 1989. As manifestações que se sucederam culminaram com a queda do Muro de Berlim.A queda do muro não dependeu de nenhuma ordem oficial, apenas o desejo latente e cada vez maior de liberdade, união e reencontro, além do enfraquecimento dos regimes socialistas. Um mal-entendido em relação a um comunicado oficial do governo da Alemanha Oriental, somado às pressões políticas e sociais externas e internas, provocou a derrubada do Muro de Berlim.
Reunificada oficialmente em outubro de 90, a Alemanha rica e próspera luta ainda hoje para superar a desigualdade existente entre ossies (orientais) e wessies (ocidentais).