Civilização Árabe
Autor: André Luis Monteiro Silva | Publicado: 2011-05-08T14:02:00-07:00

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Civilização Árabe&nbsp; O povoamento da Península Arábica se deu, com a constante migração desses grupos nômades em busca dos Oasis em terras predominantemente desérticas. Esses povos que viviam no deserto eram denominados beduínos. Viviam do pastoreio e de pequenas trocas comercias.





Os beduínos não possuíam ainda uma organização política centralizada em torno de um Estado. Organizavam-se em tribos que eram chefiadas por um sheik.Na religião dos antigos beduínos predominou politeísmo. Esse período pode ser chamado de&nbsp; Arábia pré-islamica.Anterior ao surgimento do islamismo (a religião predominante da população árabe ),este período também pode ser chamado de pré-maometano.Com a finalidade de cultuarem seus deuses e ídolos, os beduínos peregrinavam até a cidade de Meca, onde depositavam suas imagens em um local chamado de Caaba (a Pedra Negra).&nbsp; A constante ida dos Beduínos a Meca acabou tornando a cidade em um importante centro comercial.Para preservar a economia de Meca os coraixitas (elite de Meca) prezavam pelo politeísmo que atraia beduínos a Meca.





&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Surgimento do Islamismo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Quando Maomé ou Mohamed chegou a Meca para cultuar o islã. A elite (Coraixitas) de Meca se sentiu ameaçada, pois eles cultuavam o politeísmo (que era o que alimentava a economia da cidade) e Maomé estava querendo pregar o Monoteísmo, então ele foi expulso de Meca. Depois de ser expulso de Meca Maomé ficou sabendo de uma séria divergência religiosa que acontecia em Yatreb. Ao chegar a Yatreb Maomé conseguiu pacificar a rebelião com a pregação do islã. Em homenagem a Maomé a população de Yatreb mudou o nome da cidade de yatreb para Medina (A cidade do profeta). Em 630, finalmente Maomé conseguiu difundir os princípios do islamismo na cidade de Meca. Suas pregações com base no islão são seguidas de uma triunfal destruição das imagens dos ídolos que fundamentavam o antigo culto politeísta. No entanto, Maomé preservou a Caaba e proclamou Meca cidade sagrada e capital religiosa dos mulçumanos.
&nbsp;Corão ou Alcorão &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; As doutrinas da religião islâmica estão contidas no corão ou alcorão.&nbsp;Entre muitos princípios religiosos que fundamentam o pensamento mulçumano, devemos destacar os cinco preceitos básicos: oração, ablução, jejum, caridade e peregrinação.




&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Formação e expansão do Espaço Árabe Após a morte de Maomé, em 632, surgiram os califas (sucessores imediatos do profeta).O primeiro soberano a assumir o comando do califado- Abu - Béquer- iniciou o projeto de expansionismo territorial,atingindo a síria e pérsia em 634.Seu sucessor -;Omar - deu continuidade ás conquistas territoriais,anexando a Palestina&nbsp; e o Egito.Esse bem-sucedido projeto expansionista foi motivado pelos seguintes fatores: possibilidade de conquistar terras férteis no ocidente e de acumular riquezas, principalmente, interesse no domínio sobre as rotas de navegação comercial no Mediterrâneo. Tais fatores eram fundamentados pela religião. Propagar a fé islâmica, convertendo os infiéis, era um argumento presente no discurso em defesa do expansionismo territorial.No Ocidente, a interpretação das razoes que moveram os mulçumanos em seu projeto expansionista levou á construção do conceito de Guerra Santa, com base na base na expressão islâmica Jihad.


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Obs.: Continuação da matéria no próximo Post. Aguardem&nbsp;

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