Solo Grampeado
Autor: Blog do Professor Edson | Publicado: 2013-10-11T16:15:00-07:00

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O solo
grampeado é uma técnica bastante eficaz no que diz respeito ao reforço do solo “in
situ” em taludes naturais ou taludes resultantes de processo de escavação. O
grampeamento do solo é obtido através da inclusão de elementos lineares
passivos, semi-rígidos, resistentes à flexão composta, denominados grampos. Os
grampos podem ser barras ou tubos de aço ou ainda, barras sintéticas de seção
cilíndrica ou retangular.





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O
emprego de técnicas de reforço de solos para a estabilização de taludes e
escavações apresenta-se em expansão em todo o mundo. Dentre estas técnicas, a
de solo grampeado tem cada vez mais ganhado aceitação no âmbito da engenharia
geotécnica brasileira. Isso se deve principalmente ao seu baixo custo,
versatilidade de adaptação à geometrias variadas, alta velocidade de execução e
aplicação em solos inconsistentes com presença de nível d´água.



O
solo grampeado é o resultado da introdução de chumbadores, barras de aço
envolvidas por calda de cimento, na escavação de um maciço natural. Com a
utilização desta solução de estabilização, a ideia é restringir os
deslocamentos e transferir os esforços de uma zona potencialmente instável para
uma zona resistente.



Este
tipo de obra é comumente aplicado para a estabilização de taludes instáveis ou
rompidos, emboques de túneis, escavação de subsolos, inclusive em centros
urbanos, dentre outros.

Mas
também é importante frisar que o processo pode impor deformações importantes e,
por isso, sua utilização não é aconselhável em alguns casos específicos. O
processo construtivo é realizado em etapas sucessivas e descendentes, envolvendo,
tipicamente, quatro fases principais e repetitivas:

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
escavação com altura limitada, 


·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
execução dos chumbadores, 


·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
construção da face com concreto projetado e 


·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
implantação de um adequado sistema de drenagem.




A
solução de solo grampeado apresenta algumas vantagens em relação às técnicas
similares de reforço normalmente utilizadas, entre as quais podem ser citadas
as que são apresentadas a seguir.



Baixo custo:
nesta técnica, o único elemento estrutural utilizado para a estabilização são
os chumbadores. A proteção do talude/escavação, seja em concreto projetado ou
outro tipo de

estrutura,
tem custo relativamente baixo em relação às soluções convencionais.



Equipamentos leves: os equipamentos utilizados nas
diferentes etapas de execução (perfuração, injeção de calda de cimento e
lançamento de concreto projetado) são leves e de

fácil
manuseio.



Velocidade de execução: as técnicas utilizadas na
execução do solo grampeado permitem uma boa produção. O tempo de execução é, em
geral, menor, se comparado às soluções

convencionais.



Deformabilidade:
por ser uma estrutura deformável, suporta com segurança a ocorrência de
recalques totais ou diferenciais.



Flexibilidade: permite grande adaptação do
projeto às condições geométricas do talude, além de inclinação da face,
distribuição e dimensionamento dos chumbadores nos diferentes estágios de
construção.



Um
dos métodos utilizados para o dimensionamento de um solo grampeado é o bishop,
proposto por Bishop (1955), que se trata de um método simplificado para cálculo
de estabilidade do talude.



Para
Moliterno (1994), durante a fase de projeto, também é necessário que se observe,
atentamente, o comportamento das construções similares já executadas,
principalmente em terrenos com ocorrência de diaclases (superfícies de roturas
de rochas) preenchidos com argilas e na parte inferior de montanha classificado
como colúvio (Talus). A contenção de taludes com predominância desses materiais
é ainda bastante experimental, conseguindo-se resultados satisfatórios desde
que seja impedida a saturação&nbsp; (encharcamento).



Os
estudos geotécnicos para o desenvolvimento de um projeto em solo grampeado
acontecem, inicialmente através do conhecimento da natureza geológica da região
na qual irá implantar-se a obra, bem como, se há um leve movimento do talude,
alguma ocorrência de fissuras e o estado das canalizações de águas pluviais (ou
outras quaisquer), o que pode de certa forma inviabilizar a aplicação da
contenção.
&nbsp;


Fontes:
CUNHA, L F. , SOLO GRAMPEADO – MÉTODO EXECUTIVO, Artigo Científico
MOLITERNO, Antônio; Caderno de Muros de Arrimo, 2º edição São Paulo –1994.
SILVA, D P ,et al. SOLO GRAMPEADO, Artigo Engedata/Solotrat
Solotrat - Vídeo