Estado composto
Autor: Grupo Corujão | Publicado: 2012-10-06T18:01:00-03:00

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Na forma composta, o Estado é
sempre um, ou pelo menos, assim se apresenta na vida internacional e também é
formado por mais de um poder agindo sobre o mesmo território, de maneira
harmoniosa.



São consideradas formas compostas de Estado:



a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; as
Uniões (pessoal, real e incorporada);

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; as
Confederações;

c)&nbsp; as Federações.



Obs: Alem dessas, há outras formações políticas, como a
Comunidade Britânica de Nações.



a) As Uniões: estas foram próprias do período
monárquico, e, com o enfraquecimento deste, já não oferecem interesse. As
uniões originaram-se das circunstâncias políticas e sociais então vigentes, e,
desapareceram.



- A União Pessoal:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; apresenta
um único monarca.

Estados gozam de autonomia no
plano interno e externo Representam uma situação temporária

Ex: Portugal e
Espanha sob Felipe II, Felipe III e Felipe IV



- A
União Real: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; embora cada Estado
continue tendo autonomia interna, a vida internacional é comum, sob o poder de
um só&nbsp; monarca.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ex: Suécia e a Noruega, Áustria e a
Hungria durante muitos anos.





- A União Incorporada:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Estados desaparecem para constituir
um terceiro, o que

significa a
criação de um novo Estado.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Os antigos reinos da Inglaterra,
Escócia e Irlanda, eram

independentes, passando
posteriormente a formar a monarquia britânica.



b) As Confederações: 



-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Formam mediante um Pacto entre Estados (Dieta) e não
mediante uma Constituição;

-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
é uma União permanente de Estados Soberanos que não
perdem esse atributo;

-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
têm uma assembléia constituída por representantes dos
Estados que a compõe;

-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
não se apresenta como um poder subordinante, pois, as
decisões de tal órgão só são válidas quando ratificadas pelos Estados
Confederados;

-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
cada Estado permanece com sua própria soberania, o que
outorga a Confederação um caráter de instabilidade devido ao Direito de
Separação (secessão).



Além de uma assembléia
representativa dos Estados, em que todos se assentam em condições de igualdade,
há quase sempre um poder executivo comum, geralmente um coordenador militar,
dado que o objetivo normal das Confederações é a defesa externa.



Como a Confederação não possui
um aparelho coativo capaz de impor as próprias decisões, o meio de que se
utiliza para coibir os conflitos entre os Estados componentes é a organização
de um sistema de arbitragem, cujos processos variavam imensamente. Em muitos
casos, o membro rebelde da Confederação sofria numerosas represálias, como a
pressão diplomática, o bloqueio militar, o boicote comercial, medidas que
podiam chegar a alterações substanciais na vida interna do país excluído.



A mais importante das
confederações foi a. Suíça, que se iniciou com um tratado entre três Cantões,
em 1291, tendo passado por várias mudanças, porém conseguindo subsistir, até
que se estabeleceu a União Federal em 1848.