Pensadores em educação: Rousseau X Dewey
Autor: JUSSARA VANZ | Publicado: 2011-09-27T20:20:00-03:00

Interessante conhecer teorias diferentes.&nbsp;
Nosso grupo do mestrado tem estudado sobre a teoria deles.Vale dedicar uns minutos para saber mais sobre as teorias de ROUSSEAU&nbsp; e DEWEY.
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Reflexões a partir do texto: DALBOSCO, C. A. Pragmatismo, teoria crítica e educação. Campinas: Autores Associados, 2010. (Segundo capítulo, p. 49-77)
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 <![endif]-->  Rousseau foi um dos primeiros pensadores a fazer crítica à pedagogia escolástica, que era predominante no século XVIII, caracterizada pelo dualismo corpo-alma, onde a experiência seria resultado das forças ativas interiores do sujeito, e o conhecimento é, nesse sentido, resultado do desdobramento do interior para o exterior. A ideia do ensino como transmissão e da aprendizagem como armazenamento ou memorização de conteúdos era própria desse tempo. A escolástica refere-se ao método de ensino tradicional, no qual a atividade espiritual é destacada, em nome da dispensa da experiência e a ênfase é no papel do educador, em detrimento da redução do papel do educando à condição de mero espectador.A crítica de Rousseau era pela desverticalização da relação autoritária entre adulto e criança, pregando o respeito pelo amadurecimento progressivo das capacidades cognitivas e moral do ser humano em sua infância.Segundo ele, para que a educação de criança seja bem sucedida, não deve começar pela razão, mas pela experiência prática, fortalecendo, assim, o corpo e refinando os sentidos. O conhecimento é o resultado, nessa tradição de pensamento, da determinação que o comportamento humano sofre das influências provindas do exterior para o interior.O pragmatismo possui a convicção pedagógica de que o processo de aprendizagem precisa estar baseado no fazer, daí a importância dada por Dewey ao jogo e à brincadeira no processo educacional infantil. O respeito pelo mundo da criança é fundamental, tomando como ponto de partida toda a experiência, como aprender pelos sentidos.O desafio de uma teoria educacional atualizada consiste em romper a visão dicotômica vertical e autoritária entre professo e aluno. É necessária uma profunda transformação no modo de pensar e proceder pedagogicamente, tendo em vista que o professor além de ensinar aprende, e o aluno além de aprender, também ensina.Cabe salientar que a teoria proposta por Rousseau não prega um desenvolvimento natural diante de forte inatismo. Nesse sentido, ao se referir ao termo “educação bárbara” volta-se contra a pedagogia escolástica que desrespeita e corrompe o mundo da criança, pois tende a tratá-la como um pequeno adulto, na medida em que antecipa ao seu mundo, forçosamente, uma idéia fechada de futuro. Na educação bárbara, o autoritarismo do educador era evidenciado pelos castigos e ameaças com justificativa de preparar a criança para um mundo melhor. Ao proceder assim, ele apressa o desenvolvimento da criança, privando-a daquilo que é próprio da sua fase, a saber, a alegria espontânea de agir e reagir ante o seu mundo.Rousseau pregava que não se deve apressar o andar e falar da criança, muito menos querer torná-la de modo precoce um ser ativo racionalmente. Tratar o aluno segundo sua idade significa respeitar suas condições físico-motoras e intelectuais atuais, sem atravancar ou impedir seu desenvolvimento cognitivo.