Informativo 598, STF -  Propaganda Eleitoral no Rádio e na Televisão: Humor e Liberdade de Imprensa
Autor: Reinaldo Ribeiro Gomes Júnior | Publicado: 2010-09-11T07:47:00-03:00

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O Tribunal, por maioria, referendou liminar concedida pelo Min. Ayres Britto em ação direta de inconstitucionalidade, da qual relator, para suspender as normas do inciso II e da segunda parte do inciso III, ambos do art. 45, bem como, por arrastamento, dos §§ 4º e 5º do mesmo artigo, todos da Lei 9.504/97.  No caso, a Associação Brasileira de Emissoras de Rádio e Televisão - ABERT alegava que os dispositivos questionados não estariam em harmonia com o sistema constitucional das liberdades de expressão e de imprensa e do direito à informação, em ofensa aos artigos 5º, IV, IX e XIV, e 220, todos da CF.   Acrescentou-se que, embora os incisos questionados estivessem em vigor há alguns anos, a dinâmica da vida não imporia aí a existência de um tipo de "usucapião da legalidade", no sentido de que, se a lei ficasse em vigor por muito tempo, tornar-se-ia constitucional. Destacou-se, no ponto, posicionamento sumulado do STF segundo o qual é insuscetível de prescrição a pretensão de inconstitucionalidade.  Fundamentou-se, ainda, que o humor poderia ser considerado imprensa, sendo aplicáveis, à espécie, as diretrizes firmadas no julgamento da ADPF 130/DF (republicada no DJE de 26.2.2010), relativamente à liberdade de imprensa; a liberdade de informação jornalística, não seria uma bolha normativa, uma fórmula prescritiva oca, porquanto possuiria conteúdo, sendo este formado pelo rol de liberdades contidas no art. 5º da CF; art. 220 da CF seria uma extensão dos direitos fundamentais do referido art. 5º, de modo a reforçar esses sobredireitos; durante o período eleitoral, a liberdade de imprensa deveria ser maior, haja vista ser o momento em que o cidadão mais precisa de plenitude de informação e desta com qualidade.  Acentuou-se, ademais, que a dignidade da pessoa humana já estaria tutelada pelo Código Penal, que criminaliza as ofensas à honra caracterizadoras de calúnia, de injúria e de difamação, e pelo Código Eleitoral.  Vencidos os Ministros Dias Toffoli, Ricardo Lewandowski e Marco Aurélio, que, nos termos do pedido sucessivo da inicial, deferiam a liminar, declarando a inconstitucionalidade parcial das normas impugnadas mediante interpretação conforme para afastar do ordenamento jurídico: a) "interpretação do inciso II do art. 45 da Lei 9.504/97 que conduza à conclusão de que as emissoras de rádio e televisão estariam impedidas de produzir e veicular charges, sátiras e programas humorísticos que envolvam candidatos, partidos ou coligações" e b) "interpretação do inciso III do art. 45 da Lei 9.504/97 que conduza à conclusão de que as empresas de rádio e televisão estariam proibidas de realizar a crítica jornalística, favorável ou contrária, a candidatos, partidos, coligações, seus órgãos ou representantes, inclusive em seus editoriais".