Henry Ford
Autor: Administração | Publicado: 2011-11-11T15:48:00-08:00

Henry FordHenry Ford (Springwells, 30 de julho de 1863 — Dearborn, 7 de abril de 1947) foi um empreendedor estadunidense, fundador da Ford Motor Company e o primeiro empresário a aplicar amontagem em série de forma a produzir em massa automóveis em menos tempo[1] e a um menor custo..[2] A introdução de seu modelo Ford T revolucionou os transportes e a indústriados Estados Unidos.[3] Ford foi um inventor prolífico e registrou 161 patentes nos EUA.[4] Como único dono da Ford Company, ele se tornou um dos homens mais ricos e conhecidos do mundo.[5] No dia 16 de junho de 1903, dia da fundação da Ford Motor Company, foi investido um capital de US$150 000 (em valores da época), de doze sócios, sendo que US$28 000 foram investidos pelo próprio Ford, com então 40 anos na época.A ele é atribuído o "fordismo", isto é, a produção em grande quantidade de automóveis a baixo custo por meio da utilização do artifício conhecido como "linha de montagem", o qual tinha condições de fabricar um carro a cada 98 minutos, além dos altos salários oferecidos a seus operários — notavelmente o valor de 5 dólares por dia, adotado em 1914.[6]Ford via no consumismo uma chave para a paz, o que o levou certa vez a dizer: "o dinheiro é a coisa mais inútil do mundo; não estou interessado nele, mas sim no que posso fazer pelo mundo com ele".[7] Ele não confiava em contabilistas, tendo reunido uma das maiores fortunas do mundo sem ao menos possuir auditoria em sua companhia. A companhia teve sua primeira auditoria depois que Henry Ford II se tornou seu diretor[carece de fontes]. O intenso empenho de Henry Ford para baixar os custos resultou em muitas inovações técnicas e de negócios, incluindo um sistema de franquias que instalou uma concessionária em cada cidade da América do Norte, e nas maiores cidades em seis continentes. Ford deixou a maior parte de sua grande riqueza para a Fundação Ford, mas providenciou para que sua família pudesse controlar a companhia permanentemente.Henry FordHenry Ford, ca. 1919Nascimento30 de julho de 1863Springwells, MichiganEstados UnidosMorte7 de abril de 1947 (83 anos)Dearborn, Estados UnidosNacionalidadeEstadunidenseCônjugeClara Jane BryantFilho(s)Edsel FordOcupaçãoempreendedorPrimeiros anosHenry Ford, 1888.Ford nasceu em 30 de junho de 1863, em uma fazenda próxima a um município rural a oeste de Detroit, no estado do Michigan (este espaço hoje faz parte de Dearborn). Seu pai, William Ford (1826-1905), nasceu em County Cork, Irlanda. Sua mãe, Mary Litogot Ford (1839-1876), nasceu em Michigan, e era a mais nova dos filhos de imigrantes belgas; seus pais morreram quando Mary era uma criança e ela foi adotada pelos vizinhos, os O'Herns. Os irmãos de Henry Ford são: Margaret Ford (1867-1868); Jane Ford (c 1868-1945), William Ford (1871-1917) e Robert Ford (1873-1934).Ford iniciou sua trajetória com motores, digamos assim, na fazenda de seu pai. Ele era responsável pelos reparos nas máquinas da fazenda, mostrava muita habilidade para inovar e sua principal intenção era observar o funcionamento mecânico das máquinas e equipamentos. A vida na fazenda era difícil, exigia serviços pesados feitos à mão. Por causa disso, desde menino Ford já demonstrava o interesse em diminuir o trabalho manual com o uso de máquinas. No ano de 1875, com doze anos, o contato com um locomóvel a vapor o levou a estudar os carros automotores.[8]Sua mãe morreu em 1876, o que veio como um golpe que destruiu o jovem Henry. Seu pai desejava que Henry no futuro assumisse a fazenda, mas Henry não tinha gosto pelos trabalhos agrícolas. Com o falecimento de sua mãe, muito pouco permaneceu para o manter na fazenda. Mais tarde ele disse a seu pai: "Eu nunca tive qualquer amor especial pela fazenda — era a mãe na fazenda que eu amava".[9]Aos quinze, ele tinha a reputação de reparador de relógios, tendo desmantelado e remontado as peças de relógios de amigos e vizinhos dezenas de vezes.[10] Em 1879, com 16 anos , ele deixou sua casa e foi para a cidade vizinha Detroit, para trabalhar como aprendiz de operador de máquinas, primeiro na empresa James F. Flower&amp;Bros., e mais tarde na Detroit DryDockCo. Em 1882, ele retornou a Dearborn para trabalhar na fazenda da família e se tornar experiente na operação dos motores a vapor portáteis da Westinghouse. Aos 19, Ford entrou para a Companhia Westinghouse, no conserto e na montagem de locomóveis a vapor. Em 1885, trabalhando como mecânico das oficinas da Eagle Motor Works, em Detroit, seu interesse se concentra nos motores a explosão. Dois anos depois, Ford construiu seu primeiro motor desse tipo, movido a gasolina.[11]Ford se casou com Clara Jane Bryant (1865-1950) em abril 1888, e se sustentava com a exploração da fazenda e mantendo uma serraria.[12] Eles tiveram um único filho, Edsel Bryant Ford (1893-1943).[13]Por volta do ano de 1890, Ford assumiu o lugar de engenheiro maquinista na cidade de Detroit na Edison IlluminatingCompany. Em 1893, após sua promoção ao cargo de Engenheiro Chefe, Ford passou a ter bastante tempo e dinheiro para dedicar-se às suas experiências pessoais com motores a gasolina.[8] Estes experimentos culminaram em 1896 com a conclusão de seu próprio veículo automotor denominado Quadriciclo, que ele dirigiu em teste em 4 de junho. Depois de vários testes, Henry Ford planejou formas de melhorar o Quadriciclo.[14]Sua primeira empresa foi a Detroit AutomobileCompany, sob a responsabilidade de ser engenheiro chefe, entretanto, a fábrica fechou devido à discordância com os outros diretores em relação à adoção da produção em massa como modelo padrão. Anos mais tarde, montou outra empresa, esta voltada para carros de corrida, contudo, a produção desses carros não obteve êxito. Mesmo assim, Ford persistiu com a idéia e juntamente com o projetista Harold Wills montou o chamado carro 999, com o qual Barney Oldfield se tornou campeão, divulgando o carro em todo país. Esse passo foi importante, pois o rendimento financeiro proveniente do sucesso de seu carro deu suporte financeiro a suas idéias e assim a Ford Motor Company foi fundada.[15]Ford Motor CompanyCom 40 anos de idade, Ford, com outros 11 investidores e 28.000,00 dólares de capital, formaram a Ford Motor Company em 1903. Em um carro recém-planejado, Ford fez uma exposição sobre o gelo do Lago Saint Clair, dirigindo umamilha (1609 metros) em 39,4 segundos, estabelecendo um novo recorde de velocidade terrestre em 91,3 milhas por hora (147,0 km/h). Persuadido por esse êxito, o piloto de corrida Barney Oldfield, que nomeou o novo modelo Ford de "999" em honra de uma locomotiva de corrida da época, levou o carro por todo o país, tornando a marca Ford conhecida em todos os Estados Unidos. Ford também foi um dos primeiros patrocinadores do Indianapolis 500.Ford maravilhou o mundo em 1914, oferecendo o pagamento de 5,00 dólares por dia, o que mais do que duplicou o salário da maioria dos seus trabalhadores. O movimento foi extremamente rentável; no lugar da constante rotatividade de empregados, os melhores mecânicos de Detroit afluíram para a Ford, trazendo seu capital humano e sua habilidade, aumentando a produtividade e reduzindo os custos de treinamento. Ford chamou isso de "salário de motivação" ("wage motive"). O uso da integração vertical pela empresa também provou ser bem sucedido quando Ford construiu uma fábrica gigantesca, onde entravam matérias primas e de onde saiam automóveis acabados.Modelo TFord Model TFord T.O Ford Model T foi apresentado no dia 1 de outubro de 1908. Ele tinha muitas inovações importantes, como o volante no lado esquerdo, o que foi logo copiado por todas as outras companhias. O motor e o câmbio eram totalmente fechados. Os 4 cilindros eram fundidos em um bloco sólido, e a suspensão usava duas molas semi-elípticas. O carro era muito simples de se dirigir e, o mais importante, sua manutenção era barata. O veículo era tão barato em 1908, custando 825,00 dólares (o preço caía todo ano) que na década de 1920 a maioria dos motoristas norte-americanos aprenderam a dirigir o Modelo T, o que deixou boas memórias para milhões de pessoas.Ford criou um sólido sistema de publicidade Detroit para garantir que cada jornal transmitisse notícias e anúncios sobre o novo produto. A rede de concessionários locais de Ford tornou o carro onipresente em praticamente todas as cidades da América do Norte. Como revendedores independentes, as franquias enriqueceram e fizeram a propaganda não apenas de Ford, mas também do próprio conceito de automobilismo; clubes locais de automóveis surgiram para ajudar novos motoristas e para explorar o campo. Ford foi sempre ávido para vender aos fazendeiros, que viram no veículo um dispositivo comercial para ajudar em seus negócios. As vendas subiram rapidamente - vários anos tiveram 100% de lucros em relação ao ano anterior. Sempre na busca de maior eficiência e menores custos, em 1913 Ford introduziu a montagem em esteiras em movimento nas suas instalações, o que permitiu um enorme aumento da produção. Embora seja atribuído a Henry Ford o invento, fontes contemporâneas indicam que o conceito e sua evolução vieram dos funcionários Clarence Avery, Peter E. Martin, Charles E. Sorensen, e C. H. Wills. As vendas ultrapassaram 250.000 unidades em 1914. Por volta de 1916, tendo o preço baixado para US$360,00 para os carros de passeio básicos, as vendas atingiram 472.000 unidades.[16]Por volta de 1918, metade dos carros na América do Norte eram Modelos T. A alta produção conseguida por Ford tem como característica marcante a escolha de uma única cor de veículo, que era preta. Desta forma, ele conseguia montar os veículos sem ter que diferenciar o processo de pintura. Existe uma frase famosa que Ford escreveu em sua autobiografia sobre a escolha da cor do veículo: "O cliente pode ter o carro da cor que quiser, contanto que seja preto".[17] Antes do desenvolvimento da linha de montagem, que exigia a cor preta por sua secagem mais rápida, o Modelo T era disponível em outras cores, incluindo o vermelho. Esse esquema era veementemente defendido por Henry Ford, e a produção continuou até 1927; a produção final total foi de 15.007.034 unidades. Esse foi um recorde que permaneceu por 45 anos.Linha de montagem de Ford, em 1913.Em 1918, o presidente Woodrow Wilson pediu pessoalmente a Ford para que se candidatasse ao Senado dos Estados Unidos da América, de Michigan, como um democrata. Embora a nação estivesse na guerra, Ford concorreu como um candidato pacífico e um forte apoiador da proposta Liga das Nações.[18] Em dezembro de 1918, Henry Ford transferiu a presidência da Ford Motor Company para seu filho Edsel Ford. Henry, entretanto, retinha a autoridade de decisão final e algumas vezes revogou as decisões de seu filho. Henry e Edsel compraram todas as ações restantes de outros investidores, dando deste modo à família exclusivo domínio sobre a companhia.Por volta da metade da década de 1920, as vendas do Modelo T começaram a declinar devido à concorrência crescente. Outros fabricantes de automóveis ofereciam planos de pagamentos pelos quais os clientes podiam comprar seus carros, que comumente incluíam características mecânicas mais modernas e estilos não disponíveis no Modelo T. Apesar dos estímulos de Edsel, Henry recusava-se firmemente a incorporar novas características no Modelo T ou a criar um plano de crédito para os compradores.Modelo A e carreira posterior de FordPor volta de 1926, o enfraquecimento das vendas do Modelo T finalmente convenceu Henry a fazer um novo modelo de automóvel. Ele desempenhou o projeto com um grande número de técnicos especializados no projeto de motor, chassi, mecânica e outras necessidades, deixando o desenho da carroceria para seu filho. Edsel conseguiu por vezes prevalecer sobre seu pai na oposição inicial deste à inclusão de um sistema de mudança de transmissão deslizante. O resultado foi o sucesso do Ford Model A, introduzido em dezembro de 1927 e produzido até 1931, com uma produção total de mais de quatro milhões de automóveis. Posteriormente, a empresa adotou um sistema de mudança anual de modelo, semelhante ao que é utilizado pelos fabricantes de automóveis de hoje. Não antes de 1930 Henry superou sua oposição contra companhias de financiamento. No entanto, após isso, a Universal Credit Corporation, de Ford, tornou-se a principal financiadora de veículos.Filosofia de trabalhoHenry Ford foi um pioneiro do "capitalismo do bem-estar social" concebido para melhorar a situação dos seus trabalhadores e especialmente para reduzir a grande rotação de empregados de muitos departamentos, que contratavam 300 homens por ano para preencher 100 vagas. Eficiência significava contratar e manter os melhores trabalhadores. Em 5 de janeiro de 1914, Ford anunciou seu programa "cinco dólares por dia". O programa revolucionário e sistemático incluía uma redução da duração do dia de trabalho de 9 para 8 horas, 5 dias de trabalho por semana, e um aumento no salário-mínimo diário de US$ 2,34 para US$ 5 para trabalhadores qualificados.[19] Outra inovação para o período foi a repartição com seus empregados de uma parte do controle acionário.[20]PacifismoHenry Ford foi um cristão episcopal anti-semita que era contra a guerra, argumentando que ela era um desperdício de tempo.[21] Ford tornou-se altamente crítico com aqueles que financiavam a guerra e parecia fazer tudo o que podia para detê-los. Em 1915 o pacifista RosikaSchwimmer obteve a ajuda de Henry Ford para financiar uma viagem de navio para a Europa, com o objetivo de ser uma espécie de "missão de paz", para si e aproximadamente 170 outros proeminentes líderes pacifistas. O pastor episcopal de Ford, Reverendo Samuel S. Marquis, acompanhou-o na viagem. Marquis também liderou o departamento de sociologia de Ford entre 1913 e 1921. Ford conversou com o presidente Wilson sobre a missão, mas não obteve qualquer apoio governamental. Seu grupo partiu rumo à neutra Suécia e à Holanda para encontrar-se com ativistas da paz naquele país. Ridicularizado, teve que deixar o navio logo que este chegou à Suécia.Companhia de Aviões Ford (Ford AirplaneCompany)Henry Ford teve participações na mecanização do campo, na fabricação de motores aeronáuticos, chegando a construir um motor Liberty durante o período da primeira guerra mundial, e anos mais tarde um trimotor para aviões.A Ford, assim como outras empresas automotivas, entrou no negócio da aviação durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial. Após a guerra, ele retornou à indústria automobilística até 1925, quando Henry Ford adquiriu a companhia de aviação Stout Metal AirplaneCompany.[22]Ford 4-AT-F (EC-RRA)A mais bem sucedida aeronave de Ford foi o Ford 4AT Trimotor - chamado de "Ganso de Lata" ("Tin Goose"), em virtude da sua construção metálica ondulada. O avião utilizava uma nova liga chamada Alclad, que combinava resistência à corrosão do alumínio com a força do duralumínio. O avião era semelhante ao F.VII-3m da Fokker, e alguns dizem que os engenheiros da Ford secretamente mediram o avião Fokker e, em seguida, o copiaram. O Trimotor voou pela primeira vez em 11 de junho de 1926, e foi o primeiro bem sucedido avião de passageiros dos EUA, acomodando cerca de 12 passageiros de modo um tanto desconfortável. Diversas variantes foram também usadas pelo Exército dos EUA. Aproximadamente 200 Trimotores foram construídos antes de ter sido interrompido sua produção em 1933, quando a Ford AirplaneDivision encerrou suas atividades devido às poucas vendas durante a Grande Depressão.CorridaFord (em pé) lança o career de Barney Oldfield em 1902.Ford iniciou sua carreira como um motorista de carros de corrida e manteve seu interesse por este esporte durante o período de 1901 até 1913. Henry colocou o desprovido Modelo Ts em corridas, terminando em primeiro lugar (embora posteriormente desqualificado), em uma corrida "mar-a-mar" (atravessando os Estados Unidos) ocorrida em 1909, e estabelecendo o recorde de velocidade em pista oval de uma milha (1,6 km) em Detroit Fairgrounds em 1911 com o motorista Frank Kulick. Em 1913, Ford tentou colocar um Modelo T reformulado no Indianapolis 500, mas foi informado que as regras exigiam a adição de mais 1.000 libras (450 kg) no carro antes que ele pudesse ser aprovado. Ford saiu da corrida e logo depois deixou as corridas permanentemente, usando como argumento a insatisfação com as regras do esporte e as exigências de seu tempo pelo grande aumento na produção do Modelo T.Negócios internacionaisA filosofia de Ford defendia a independência econômica para os Estados Unidos. Sua fábrica em River Rouge tornou-se o maior complexo industrial do mundo, sendo até mesmo capaz de produzir o seu próprio aço. Ford tinha por objetivo produzir um veículo a partir do zero, sem dependência de comércio externo. Ele acreditava na expansão global de sua companhia. Acreditava que o comércio internacional e a cooperação internacional levariam à paz, e usou o processo de linha de montagem e produção do Modelo T para demonstrar isso.[23] Ele abriu as fábricas de montagem Ford noReino Unido e no Canadá em 1911, e logo se tornou o maior produtor de automóveis nesses países. Em 1912, Ford cooperou com Agnelli da Fiat para lançar as primeiras montadoras de automóveisitalianas. As primeiras instalações na Alemanha foram construídas na década de 1920, com o encorajamento de Herbert Hoover e do Departamento de Comércio, que concordava com a teoria de Ford, que afirmava que o comércio era essencial para a paz mundial.[24]Na década de 1920 Ford também construiu instalações na Austrália, na Índia e na França, e, por volta de 1929, ele teve concessionários de sucesso em seis continentes.Ford tentou uma plantação comercial de seringueiras para a produção de borracha na Amazônia brasileira chamada de Fordlândia; o que foi uma de suas poucas falhas.[25] Em 1929, Ford aceitou o convite de Stalin para construir um modelo de fábrica (NNAZ, hoje GAZ), em Gorky, uma cidade mais tarde renomeada para Nizhny Novgorod, e enviou engenheiros americanos e técnicos para ajudar a instalá-la, incluindo o futuro dirigente de sindicato Walter Reuther.O acordo de assistência técnica entre a Ford Motor Company, a VSNH e a American Trading Organization (AMTORG), controlada pelos soviéticos[26] (como agente de compra) foi firmado por nove anos e assinado em 31 de maio de 1929por Ford, pelo vice-presidente da FMC Peter E. Martin, por V. I. Mezhlauk, e pelo presidente da Amtorg, Saul G. Bron. A Ford Motor Company trabalhou para conduzir os negócios em todas as nações com as quais os EUA mantinham relações diplomáticas pacíficas:§ Ford da Austrália§ Ford do Reino Unido§ Ford da Argentina§ Ford do Brasil§ Ford do Canadá§ Ford da Europa§ Ford da Índia§ Ford da África do Sul§ Ford do México§ Autolatina§ Mazda§ Volvo Cars desde 1999§ Jaguar desde 1990Por volta de 1932, a Ford fabricava um terço de todos os automóveis do mundo.A imagem da Ford pasmou os europeus, em especial os alemães, despertando o "medo de alguns, a obsessão de outros, e o fascínio entre todos".[27] Os alemães que discutiam o "Fordismo" frequentemente acreditavam que ele representava algo fundamentalmente norte americano. Eles viram o tamanho, o ritmo, a padronização, e a filosofia da produção demonstrada nos trabalhos de Ford como um serviço nacional — uma "coisa americana" que representava acultura dos Estados Unidos. Tanto os apoiadores quanto os críticos insistiam que o Fordismo compendiava o desenvolvimento capitalista norte americano, e que a indústria automobilística era a chave para a compreensão das relações econômicas e sociais nos Estados Unidos. Como explicou um alemão, "os automóveis alteraram tão profundamente o modo de vida americano, que hoje dificilmente se pode imaginar alguém sem um carro. É difícil lembrar como era a vida antes de o sr. Ford começar a pregar sua doutrina da salvação".[28] Para muitos alemães, Henry Ford encarnava a essência do americanismo de sucesso.O legado de FordAs idéias de Henry Ford modificaram todo o pensamento da época, foi através delas que se desenvolveu a mecanização do trabalho, produção em massa, padronização do maquinário e do equipamento, e por consequência dos produtos, forte segregação do trabalho manual em relação ao trabalho braçal - o operário não precisava pensar apenas como fazer seu trabalho, mas efetuá-lo com o mínimo de movimentação possível. Ele também implementou a política de metas, mesmo não possuindo esse nome, afirmando que X carros deveriam ser produzidos em Y dias. Além disso, ele revolucionou o tratamento dispensando aos trabalhadores, pois melhorou o salário deles; segundo Ford, ao mesmo tempo em que, pelo pagamento de um salário substancial para aqueles que trabalhavam com a produção e a distribuição, ocorria o aumento de poder de compra proporcionalmente, criando um movimento econômico cíclico. Por esses motivos pode-se dizer que Henry Ford tornou-se um grande marco, sendo hoje muito estudado nas áreas de administração.[20]FalecimentoHenry Ford faleceu em Dearborn no dia 7 de abril de 1947. Encontra-se sepultado no Cemitério Woodlawn, Detroit, Condado de Wayne (Michigan), Michigan nos Estados Unidos.[29]Precedido porn/aChefe do sector executivo da Ford Motor Company1903 - 1919Sucedido porEdsel FordPrecedido porEdsel FordChefe do sector executivo da Ford Motor Company1943–1945Sucedido porHenry Ford II[30]Henry FordHenry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. As owner of the Ford Motor Company, he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world. He is credited with "Fordism": mass production of inexpensive goods coupled with high wages for workers. Ford had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. His intense commitment to systematically lowering costs resulted in many technical and business innovations, including a franchise system that put dealerships throughout most of North America and in major cities on six continents. Ford left most of his vast wealth to the Ford Foundation but arranged for his family to control the company permanently.He was known worldwide especially in the 1920s for a system of Fordism that seemed to promise modernity, high wages and cheap consumer goods, but his antisemitism in the 1920s has been a source of controversy.Henry FordHenry Ford, c. 1919BornJuly 30, 1863Greenfield Township, Dearborn, Michigan, U.S.DiedApril 7, 1947 (aged 83)Fair Lane, Dearborn, Michigan, U.S.OccupationBusiness, EngineeringNet worth$188.1 billion, based on information from Forbes, February 2008.ReligionProtestant EpiscopalSpouseClara Jane BryantChildrenEdsel FordParentsWilliam Ford and Mary FordSignatureEarly yearsFord was born July 30, 1863, on a farm in Greenfield Township (near Detroit, Michigan).[1] His father, William Ford (1826–1905), was born in County Cork, Ireland, of a family originally from western England, who were among migrants to Ireland as the English created plantations.[citation needed] His mother, Mary Litogot Ford (1839–1876), was born in Michigan; she was the youngest child of Belgian immigrants; her parents died when Mary was a child and she was adopted by neighbors, the O'Herns. Henry Ford's siblings include Margaret Ford (1867–1938); Jane Ford (c. 1868–1945); William Ford (1871–1917) and Robert Ford (1873–1934).His father gave him a pocket watch in his early teens. At 15, Ford dismantled and reassembled the timepieces of friends and neighbors dozens of times, gaining the reputation of a watch repairman.[2] At twenty, Ford walked four miles to theirEpiscopal church every Sunday.[3]Ford was devastated when his mother died in 1876. His father expected him to eventually take over the family farm, but he despised farm work. He later wrote, "I never had any particular love for the farm—it was the mother on the farm I loved."[4]In 1879, he left home to work as an apprentice machinist in the city of Detroit, first with James F. Flower &amp; Bros., and later with the Detroit Dry Dock Co. In 1882, he returned to Dearborn to work on the family farm, where he became adept at operating the Westinghouse portable steam engine. He was later hired by Westinghouse company to service their steam engines. During this period Ford also studied bookkeeping at Goldsmith, Bryant &amp; Stratton Business College in Detroit.[5]Marriage and familyFord married Clara Ala Bryant (1866–1950) in 1888 and supported himself by farming and running a sawmill.[6] They had a single child: Edsel Ford (1893–1943).[7]CareerIn 1891, Ford became an engineer with the Edison Illuminating Company. After his promotion to Chief Engineer in 1893, he had enough time and money to devote attention to his personal experiments on gasoline engines. These experiments culminated in 1896 with the completion of a self-propelled vehicle which he named the Ford Quadricycle. He test-drove it on June 4. After various test-drives, Ford brainstormed ways to improve the Quadricycle.[8]Also in 1896, Ford attended a meeting of Edison executives, where he was introduced to Thomas Edison. Edison approved of Ford's automobile experimentation; encouraged by him, Ford designed and built a second vehicle, completing it in 1898.[9] Backed by the capital of Detroit lumber baron William H. Murphy, Ford resigned from Edison and founded the Detroit Automobile Company on August 5, 1899.[10] However, the automobiles produced were of a lower quality and higher price than Ford liked. Ultimately, the company was not successful and was dissolved in January 1901.[10]With the help of C. Harold Wills, Ford designed, built, and successfully raced a 26-horsepower automobile in October 1901. With this success, Murphy and other stockholders in the Detroit Automobile Company formed the Henry Ford Company on November 30, 1901, with Ford as chief engineer.[11] However, Murphy brought in Henry M. Leland as a consultant and, as a result, Ford left the company bearing his name in 1902. With Ford gone, Murphy renamed the company the Cadillac Automobile Company.[11]Teaming up with former racing cyclist Tom Cooper, Ford also produced the 80+ horsepower racer "999" which Barney Oldfield was to drive to victory in a race in October 1902. Ford received the backing of an old acquaintance, Alexander Y. Malcomson, a Detroit-area coal dealer.[11] They formed a partnership, "Ford &amp; Malcomson, Ltd." to manufacture automobiles. Ford went to work designing an inexpensive automobile, and the duo leased a factory and contracted with a machine shop owned by John and Horace E. Dodge to supply over $160,000 in parts.[11] Sales were slow, and a crisis arose when the Dodge brothers demanded payment for their first shipment.Ford Motor CompanyHenry Ford with Thomas Edison andHarvey Firestone. Ft. Myers, Florida, February 11, 1929.In response, Malcomson brought in another group of investors and convinced the Dodge Brothers to accept a portion of the new company.[12] Ford &amp; Malcomson was reincorporated as the Ford Motor Company on June 16, 1903,[12] with $28,000 capital. The original investors included Ford and Malcomson, the Dodge brothers, Malcomson's uncle John S. Gray, James Couzens, and two of Malcomson's lawyers, John W. Anderson and Horace Rackham. In a newly designed car, Ford gave an exhibition on the ice of Lake St. Clair, driving 1 mile (1.6 km) in 39.4 seconds, setting a new land speed record at 91.3 miles per hour (147.0 km/h). Convinced by this success, the race driver Barney Oldfield, who named this new Ford model "999" in honor of a racing locomotive of the day, took the car around the country, making the Ford brand known throughout the United States. Ford also was one of the early backers of the Indianapolis 500.Model TThe Model T was introduced on October 1, 1908. It had the steering wheel on the left, which every other company soon copied. The entire engine and transmission were enclosed; the four cylinders were cast in a solid block; the suspension used two semi-elliptic springs. The car was very simple to drive, and easy and cheap to repair. It was so cheap at $825 in 1908 ($20,100 today) (the price fell every year) that by the 1920s, a majority of American drivers had learned to drive on the Model T.[13]Ford created a massive publicity machine in Detroit to ensure every newspaper carried stories and ads about the new product. Ford's network of local dealers made the car ubiquitous in virtually every city in North America. As independent dealers, the franchises grew rich and publicized not just the Ford but the very concept of automobiling; local motor clubs sprang up to help new drivers and to encourage exploring the countryside. Ford was always eager to sell to farmers, who looked on the vehicle as a commercial device to help their business. Sales skyrocketed—several years posted 100% gains on the previous year. Always on the hunt for more efficiency and lower costs, in 1913 Ford introduced the moving assembly belts into his plants, which enabled an enormous increase in production. Although Ford is often credited with the idea, contemporary sources indicate that the concept and its development came from employees Clarence Avery, Peter E. Martin, Charles E. Sorensen, and C. Harold Wills.[14] (See Piquette Plant)Ford Assembly Line, 1913Sales passed 250,000 in 1914. By 1916, as the price dropped to $360 for the basic touring car, sales reached 472,000.[15] (Using the consumer price index, this price was equivalent to $7,020 in 2008 dollars.)By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model T's. However, it was a monolithic black; as Ford wrote in his autobiography, "Any customer can have a car painted any colour that he wants so long as it is black".[16] Until the development of the assembly line, which mandated black because of its quicker drying time, Model T's were available in other colors, including red. The design was fervently promoted and defended by Ford, and production continued as late as 1927; the final total production was 15,007,034. This record stood for the next 45 years. This record was achieved in just 19 years from the introduction of the first Model T (1908).President Woodrow Wilson asked Ford to run as a Democrat for the United States Senate from Michigan in 1918. Although the nation was at war, Ford ran as a peace candidate and a strong supporter of the proposed League of Nations.[17]Henry Ford turned the presidency of Ford Motor Company over to his son Edsel Ford in December 1918. Henry, however, retained final decision authority and sometimes reversed his son. Henry started another company, Henry Ford and Son, and made a show of taking himself and his best employees to the new company; the goal was to scare the remaining holdout stockholders of the Ford Motor Company to sell their stakes to him before they lost most of their value. (He was determined to have full control over strategic decisions.) The ruse worked, and Henry and Edsel purchased all remaining stock from the other investors, thus giving the family sole ownership of the company.[18]By the mid-1920s, sales of the Model T began to decline due to rising competition. Other auto makers offered payment plans through which consumers could buy their cars, which usually included more modern mechanical features and styling not available with the Model T. Despite urgings from Edsel, Henry steadfastly refused to incorporate new features into the Model T or to form a customer credit plan.[19]Model A and Ford's later careerBy 1926, flagging sales of the Model T finally convinced Henry to make a new model. He pursued the project with a great deal of technical expertise in design of the engine, chassis, and other mechanical necessities, while leaving the body design to his son. Edsel also managed to prevail over his father's initial objections in the inclusion of a sliding-shift transmission.[20]The result was the successful Ford Model A, introduced in December 1927 and produced through 1931, with a total output of more than 4 million. Subsequently, the Ford company adopted an annual model change system similar to that recently pioneered by its competitor General Motors (and still in use by automakers today). Not until the 1930s did Ford overcome his objection to finance companies, and the Ford-owned Universal Credit Corporation became a major car-financing operation.[21]Ford did not believe in accountants; he amassed one of the world's largest fortunes without ever having his company audited under his administration.Labor philosophyThe five-dollar workdayTime Magazine, January 14, 1935.Ford was a pioneer of "welfare capitalism", designed to improve the lot of his workers and especially to reduce the heavy turnover that had many departments hiring 300 men per year to fill 100 slots. Efficiency meant hiring and keeping the best workers.[22]Ford astonished the world in 1914 by offering a $5 per day wage ($110 today), which more than doubled the rate of most of his workers.[23] A Cleveland, Ohio newspaper editorialized that the announcement "shot like a blinding rocket through the dark clouds of the present industrial depression."[24] The move proved extremely profitable; instead of constant turnover of employees, the best mechanics in Detroit flocked to Ford, bringing their human capital and expertise, raising productivity, and lowering training costs.[25][26] Ford announced his $5-per-day program on January 5, 1914, raising the minimum daily pay from $2.34 to $5 for qualifying workers. It also set a new, reduced workweek, although the details vary in different accounts. Ford and Crowther in 1922 described it as six 8-hour days, giving a 48-hour week,[27] while in 1926 they described it as five 8-hour days, giving a 40-hour week.[28] (Apparently the program started with Saturdays as workdays and sometime later it was changed to a day off.)Detroit was already a high-wage city, but competitors were forced to raise wages or lose their best workers.[29] Ford's policy proved, however, that paying people more would enable Ford workers to afford the cars they were producing and be good for the economy. Ford explained the policy as profit-sharing rather than wages.[30] It may have been Couzens who convinced Ford to adopt the $5 day.[31]The profit-sharing was offered to employees who had worked at the company for six months or more, and, importantly, conducted their lives in a manner of which Ford's "Social Department" approved. They frowned on heavy drinking, gambling, and what might today be called "deadbeat dads". The Social Department used 50 investigators, plus support staff, to maintain employee standards; a large percentage of workers were able to qualify for this "profit-sharing."Ford's incursion into his employees' private lives was highly controversial, and he soon backed off from the most intrusive aspects. By the time he wrote his 1922 memoir, he spoke of the Social Department and of the private conditions for profit-sharing in the past tense, and admitted that "paternalism has no place in industry. Welfare work that consists in prying into employees' private concerns is out of date. Men need counsel and men need help, oftentimes special help; and all this ought to be rendered for decency's sake. But the broad workable plan of investment and participation will do more to solidify industry and strengthen organization than will any social work on the outside. Without changing the principle we have changed the method of payment."[32]Labor unionsFord was adamantly against labor unions. He explained his views on unions in Chapter 18 of My Life and Work.[33] He thought they were too heavily influenced by some leaders who, despite their ostensible good motives, would end up doing more harm than good for workers. Most wanted to restrict productivity as a means to foster employment, but Ford saw this as self-defeating because, in his view, productivity was necessary for any economic prosperity to exist.He believed that productivity gains that obviated certain jobs would nevertheless stimulate the larger economy and thus grow new jobs elsewhere, whether within the same corporation or in others. Ford also believed that union leaders (particularly Leninist-leaning ones) had a perverse incentive to foment perpetual socio-economic crisis as a way to maintain their own power. Meanwhile, he believed that smart managers had an incentive to do right by their workers, because doing so would maximize their own profits. (Ford did acknowledge, however, that many managers were basically too bad at managing to understand this fact.) But Ford believed that eventually, if good managers such as he could fend off the attacks of misguided people from both left and right (i.e., both socialists and bad-manager reactionaries), the good managers would create a socio-economic system wherein neither bad management nor bad unions could find enough support to continue existing.To forestall union activity, Ford promoted Harry Bennett, a former Navy boxer, to head the Service Department. Bennett employed various intimidation tactics to squash union organizing.[34] The most famous incident, in 1937, was a bloody brawl between company security men and organizers that became known as The Battle of the Overpass.In the late 1930s and early 1940s, Edsel (who was president of the company) thought Ford had to come to some sort of collective bargaining agreement with the unions, because the violence, work disruptions, and bitter stalemates could not go on forever. But Henry (who still had the final veto in the company on a de facto basis even if not an official one) refused to cooperate. For several years, he kept Bennett in charge of talking to the unions that were trying to organize the Ford company. Sorensen's memoir[35] makes clear that Henry's purpose in putting Bennett in charge was to make sure no agreements were ever reached.The Ford company was the last Detroit automaker to recognize the United Auto Workers union (UAW). A sit-down strike by the UAW union in April 1941 closed the River Rouge Plant. Sorensen recounted that a distraught Henry Ford was very close to following through with a threat to break up the company rather than cooperate but that his wife Clara told him she would leave him if he destroyed the family business. She wanted to see their son and grandsons lead it into the future.[36] Henry complied with his wife's ultimatum. Overnight, the Ford Motor Co. went from the most stubborn holdout among automakers to the one with the most favorable UAW contract terms.[citation needed] The contract was signed in June 1941.Ford Airplane CompanyFord, like other automobile companies, entered the aviation business during World War I, building Liberty engines. After the war, it returned to auto manufacturing until 1925, when Ford acquired the Stout Metal Airplane Company.Ford 4-AT-F (EC-RRA) de L.A.P.E.Ford's most successful aircraft was the Ford 4AT Trimotor, often called the "Tin Goose" because of its corrugated metal construction. It used a new alloy called Alclad that combined the corrosion resistance of aluminum with the strength of duralumin. The plane was similar to Fokker's V.VII-3m, and some say that Ford's engineers surreptitiously measured the Fokker plane and then copied it. The Trimotor first flew on June 11, 1926, and was the first successful U.S. passenger airliner, accommodating about 12 passengers in a rather uncomfortable fashion. Several variants were also used by the U.S. Army. Ford has been honored by the Smithsonian Institution for changing the aviation industry. 199 Trimotors were built before it was discontinued in 1933, when the Ford Airplane Division shut down because of poor sales during the Great Depression.Willow RunPresident Franklin D. Roosevelt referred to Detroit as the "Arsenal of Democracy". The Ford Motor Company played a pivotal role in the Allied victory during World War I and World War II.[37] With Europe under siege, the Ford company's genius turned to mass production for the war effort. Specifically, Ford developed mass production for the B-24 Liberator bomber, still the most-produced Allied bomber in history. When the planes started being used in the war zones, the balance of power shifted to the Allies.Before Ford, and under optimal conditions, the aviation industry could produce one Consolidated Aircraft B-24 Bomber a day at an aircraft plant. Ford showed the world how to produce one B-24 an hour at a peak of 600 per month in 24-hour shifts. Ford's Willow Run factory broke ground in April 1941. At the time, it was the largest assembly plant in the world, with over 3,500,000 square feet (330,000 m2).Mass production of the B-24, led by Charles Sorensen and later Mead Bricker, began by August 1943. Many pilots slept on cots waiting for takeoff as the B-24s rolled off the assembly line at Ford's Willow Run facility.[38]Peace and warWorld War I eraFord opposed war, which he thought was a terrible waste.[39][40] Ford became highly critical of those who he felt financed war, and he tried to stop them. In 1915, the pacifist Rosika Schwimmer gained favor with Ford, who agreed to fund a peace ship to Europe, where World War I was raging. He and about 170 other prominent peace leaders traveled there. Ford's Episcopalian pastor, Reverend Samuel S. Marquis, accompanied him on the mission. Marquis headed Ford's Sociology Department from 1913 to 1921. Ford talked to President Wilson about the mission but had no government support. His group went to neutral Sweden and the Netherlands to meet with peace activists. A target of much ridicule, Ford left the ship as soon as it reached Sweden.[41]Ford plants in Britain produced tractors to increase the British food supply, as well as trucks and aircraft engines. When the U.S. entered the war in 1917 the company became a major supplier of weapons, especially the Liberty engine for airplanes, and anti-submarine boats.[42]In 1918, with the war on and the League of Nations a growing issue in global politics, President Woodrow Wilson, a Democrat, encouraged Ford to run for a Michigan seat in the U.S. Senate. Wilson believed that Ford could tip the scales in Congress in favor of Wilson's proposed League. "You are the only man in Michigan who can be elected and help bring about the peace you so desire," the president wrote Ford. Ford wrote back: "If they want to elect me let them do so, but I won't make a penny's investment." Ford did run, however, and came within 4,500 votes of winning, out of more than 400,000 cast statewide.[43]Mental collapse and World War IIFord had long opposed war and continued to believe that international business could generate the prosperity that would head off wars; when World War II erupted in 1939 he said the people of the world had been duped.[44] Like many other businessmen of the Great Depression era, he never liked or entirely trusted the Franklin Roosevelt Administration. He was not, however, active in the isolationist movement of 1939–41, and he supported the American war effort and realized the need to support Britain with weapons to fight the Nazis. However, when Rolls-Royce sought a US manufacturer as an alternative source for the Merlin engine (as fitted to the Spitfire and Hurricane), Ford first agreed to do so and thenreneged. He "lined up behind the war effort" when the U.S. entered in late 1941, and the company became a major component of the "Arsenal of Democracy."[45] Following a series of strokes in the late 1930s he became increasingly senile and was more of a figurehead; other people made the decisions in his name.[46] After Edsel Ford's death, Henry Ford nominally resumed control of the company in 1943, but his mental strength was fading fast. In reality the company was controlled by a handful of senior executives led by Charles Sorensen and Harry Bennett; Sorensen was forced out in 1944.[47] Ford's incompetence led to discussions in Washington about how to restore the company, whether by wartime government fiat or by instigating some sort of coup among executives and directors.[48] Nothing happened until 1945, with bankruptcy a serious risk, Edsel's widow led an ouster and installed her son, Henry Ford II, as president; the young man fired Bennett and took full control.[49][50]The Dearborn IndependentMain article: Dearborn IndependentThe Ford publication The International Jew, the World's Foremost Problem. Articles from The Dearborn Independent, 1920Ford in the early 1920s sponsored a weekly newspaper that published (among many non-controversial articles) strongly anti-semitic views. At the same time Ford had a reputation as one of the few major corporations actively hiring black workers; he was not accused of discrimination against Jewish workers or suppliers.[51]In 1918, Ford's closest aide and private secretary, Ernest G. Liebold, purchased an obscure weekly newspaper for Ford, The Dearborn Independent. The Independent ran for eight years, from 1920 until 1927, during which Liebold was editor.The newspaper published The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, which was discredited by The Times of London as a forgery during the Independent's publishing run. The American Jewish Historical Society described the ideas presented in the magazine as "anti-immigrant, anti-labor, anti-liquor, and anti-Semitic." In February 1921, the New York World published an interview with Ford, in which he said: "The only statement I care to make about the Protocols is that they fit in with what is going on." During this period, Ford emerged as "a respected spokesman for right-wing extremism and religious prejudice," reaching around 700,000 readers through his newspaper.[52] The 2010 documentary film Jews and Baseball: An American Love Story (written by Pulitzer Prize winner Ira Berkow) noted that Ford wrote on May 22, 1920: “If fans wish to know the trouble with American baseball they have it in three words—too much Jew.”[53][54][55][56][57][58]In Germany, Ford's anti-Jewish articles from The Dearborn Independent were issued in four volumes, cumulatively titled The International Jew, the World's Foremost Problem published by Theodor Fritsch, founder of several anti-semitic parties and a member of the Reichstag. In a letter from 1924, Heinrich Himmler described Ford as "one of our most valuable, important, and witty fighters."[59]Ford is the only American mentioned in Mein Kampf.[citation needed] Speaking in 1931 to a Detroit News reporter, Hitler said he regarded Ford as his "inspiration", explaining his reason for keeping Ford's life-size portrait next to his desk.[60] Steven Watts wrote that Hitler "revered" Ford, proclaiming that "I shall do my best to put his theories into practice in Germany," and modeling theVolkswagen, the people's car, on the model T.[61]Grand Cross of the German Eagle, an award bestowed on Ford by Nazi GermanyOn February 1, 1924, Ford received Kurt Ludecke, a representative of Hitler, at his home. Ludecke was introduced to Ford by Siegfried Wagner (son of the famous composer Richard Wagner) and his wife Winifred, both Nazi sympathizers and anti-Semites. Ludecke asked Ford for a contribution to the Nazi cause, but was apparently refused.[62]While Ford's articles were denounced by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), the articles explicitly condemned pogroms and violence against Jews (Volume 4, Chapter 80), but blamed the Jews for provoking incidents of mass violence.[63] None of this work was written by Ford, but he allowed his name to be used as author. According to trial testimony, he wrote almost nothing. Friends and business associates have said they warned Ford about the contents of theIndependent and that he probably never read the articles. (He claimed he only read the headlines.)[64] But, court testimony in a libel suit, brought by one of the targets of the newspaper, alleged that Ford did know about the contents of the Independent in advance of publication.[65]A libel lawsuit brought by San Francisco lawyer and Jewish farm cooperative organizer Aaron Sapiro in response to anti-Semitic remarks led Ford to close the Independent in December 1927. News reports at the time quoted him as saying he was shocked by the content and unaware of its nature. During the trial, the editor of Ford's "Own Page," William Cameron, testified that Ford had nothing to do with the editorials even though they were under his byline. Cameron testified at the libel trial that he never discussed the content of the pages or sent them to Ford for his approval.[66]Investigative journalist Max Wallace noted that "whatever credibility this absurd claim may have had was soon undermined when James M. Miller, a former Dearborn Independent employee, swore under oath that Ford had told him he intended to expose Sapiro."[65]Michael Barkun observed,That Cameron would have continued to publish such controversial material without Ford's explicit instructions seemed unthinkable to those who knew both men. Mrs. Stanley Ruddiman, a Ford family intimate, remarked that 'I don't think Mr. Cameron ever wrote anything for publication without Mr. Ford's approval.'[67]According to Spencer Blakeslee,The ADL mobilized prominent Jews and non-Jews to publicly oppose Ford's message. They formed a coalition of Jewish groups for the same purpose and raised constant objections in the Detroit press. Before leaving his presidency early in 1921, Woodrow Wilson joined other leading Americans in a statement that rebuked Ford and others for their antisemitic campaign. A boycott against Ford products by Jews and liberal Christians also had an impact, and Ford shut down the paper in 1927, recanting his views in a public letter to Sigmund Livingston, ADL.[68]Ford's 1927 apology was well received. "Four-Fifths of the hundreds of letters addressed to Ford in July of 1927 were from Jews, and almost without exception they praised the Industrialist."[69] In January 1937, a Ford statement to the Detroit Jewish Chronicle disavowed "any connection whatsoever with the publication in Germany of a book known as the International Jew."[69]In July 1938, prior to the outbreak of war, the German consul at Cleveland gave Ford, on his 75th birthday, the award of the Grand Cross of the German Eagle, the highest medal Nazi Germany could bestow on a foreigner.[60] James D. Mooney, vice-president of overseas operations for General Motors, received a similar medal, the Merit Cross of the German Eagle, First Class.[60] [70]Distribution of International Jew was halted in 1942 through legal action by Ford, despite complications from a lack of copyright.[69] It is still banned in Germany. Extremist groups often recycle the material; it still appears on antisemitic andneo-Nazi websites.One Jewish public figure who was said to have been friendly with Ford was Detroit Judge Harry Keidan. When asked about this connection, Ford replied that Keidan was only half-Jewish.[citation needed] A close collaborator of Ford during World War II reported that Ford, at the time over 80 years old, was shown a movie of the Nazi concentration camps and was ill stricken by the atrocities.[71]The damage, however, had been done. Testifying at Nuremberg, convicted Hitler youth leader Baldur von Schirach who, in his role as military governor of Vienna deported 65,000 Jews to camps in Poland, stated,The decisive anti-Semitic book I was reading and the book that influenced my comrades was [...] that book by Henry Ford, "The International Jew." I read it and became anti-Semitic. The book made a great influence on myself and my friends because we saw in Henry Ford the representative of success and also the representative of a progressive social policy.[72][73]International businessFord's philosophy was one of economic independence for the United States. His River Rouge Plant became the world's largest industrial complex, pursuing vertical integration to such an extent that it could produce its own steel. Ford's goal was to produce a vehicle from scratch without reliance on foreign trade. He believed in the global expansion of his company. He believed that international trade and cooperation led to international peace, and he used the assembly line process and production of the Model T to demonstrate it.[74]Edsel Ford, Charles Lindbergh, and Henry Ford pose in the Ford hangar during Lindbergh's August 1927 visit.He opened Ford assembly plants in Britain and Canada in 1911, and soon became the biggest automotive producer in those countries. In 1912, Ford cooperated with Agnelli of Fiat to launch the first Italian automotive assembly plants. The first plants in Germany were built in the 1920s with the encouragement of Herbert Hoover and the Commerce Department, which agreed with Ford's theory that international trade was essential to world peace.[75] In the 1920s, Ford also opened plants in Australia, India, and France, and by 1929, he had successful dealerships on six continents. Ford experimented with a commercial rubber plantation in the Amazon jungle called Fordlândia; it was one of his few failures. In 1929, Ford accepted Joseph Stalin's invitation to build a model plant (NNAZ, today GAZ) at Gorky, a city now known under its historical name Nizhny Novgorod. He sent American engineers and technicians to the Soviet Union to help set it up,[76] including future labor leader Walter Reuther.[77]The Ford Motor Company had the policy of doing business in any nation where the United States had diplomatic relations. It set up numerous subsidiaries that sold cars and trucks and sometimes assembled them:§ Ford of Australia§ Ford of Britain§ Ford of Argentina§ Ford of Brazil§ Ford of Canada§ Ford of Europe§ Ford India§ Ford South Africa§ Ford Mexico§ Ford PhilippinesHenry Ford in Germany; September 1930By 1932, Ford was manufacturing one third of all the world’s automobiles. Ford's image transfixed Europeans, especially the Germans, arousing the "fear of some, the infatuation of others, and the fascination among all".[78] Germans who discussed "Fordism" often believed that it represented something quintessentially American. They saw the size, tempo, standardization, and philosophy of production demonstrated at the Ford Works as a national service—an "American thing" that represented the culture of United States. Both supporters and critics insisted that Fordism epitomized American capitalist development, and that the auto industry was the key to understanding economic and social relations in the United States. As one German explained, "Automobiles have so completely changed the American's mode of life that today one can hardly imagine being without a car. It is difficult to remember what life was like before Mr. Ford began preaching his doctrine of salvation".[79] For many Germans, Ford embodied the essence of successful Americanism.In My Life and Work, Ford predicted that if greed, racism, and short-sightedness could be overcome, then economic and technological development throughout the world would progress to the point that international trade would no longer be based on (what today would be called) colonial or neocolonial models and would truly benefit all peoples.[80] His ideas in this passage were vague, but they were idealistic.RacingFord (standing) launched Barney Oldfield's career in 1902Ford maintained an interest in auto racing from 1901 to 1913 and began his involvement in the sport as both a builder and a driver, later turning the wheel over to hired drivers. He entered stripped-down Model Ts in races, finishing first (although later disqualified) in an "ocean-to-ocean" (across the United States) race in 1909, and setting a one-mile (1.6 km) oval speed record at Detroit Fairgrounds in 1911 with driver Frank Kulick. In 1913, Ford attempted to enter a reworked Model T in the Indianapolis 500 but was told rules required the addition of another 1,000 pounds (450 kg) to the car before it could qualify. Ford dropped out of the race and soon thereafter dropped out of racing permanently, citing dissatisfaction with the sport's rules, demands on his time by the booming production of the Model Ts, and his low opinion of racing as a worthwhile activity.In My Life and Work Ford speaks (briefly) of racing in a rather dismissive tone, as something that is not at all a good measure of automobiles in general. He describes himself as someone who raced only because in the 1890s through 1910s, one had to race because prevailing ignorance held that racing was the way to prove the worth of an automobile. Ford did not agree. But he was determined that as long as this was the definition of success (flawed though the definition was), then his cars would be the best that there were at racing.[81] Throughout the book, he continually returns to ideals such as transportation, production efficiency, affordability, reliability, fuel efficiency, economic prosperity, and the automation of drudgery in farming and industry, but rarely mentions, and rather belittles, the idea of merely going fast from point A to point B.Nevertheless, Ford did make quite an impact on auto racing during his racing years, and he was inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1996.Later careerWhen Edsel, president of Ford Motor Company, died of cancer in May 1943, the elderly and ailing Henry Ford decided to assume the presidency. By this point in his life, he had had several cardiovascular events (variously cited as heart attack or stroke) and was mentally inconsistent, suspicious, and generally no longer fit for such a job.[82]Most of the directors did not want to see him as president. But for the previous 20 years, though he had long been without any official executive title, he had always had de facto control over the company; the board and the management had never seriously defied him, and this moment was not different. The directors elected him,[83] and he served until the end of the war. During this period the company began to decline, losing more than $10 million a month ($126,990,000 a month today). The administration of President Franklin Roosevelt had been considering a government takeover of the company in order to ensure continued war production,[48] but the idea never progressed.DeathFord grave, Ford CemeteryIn ill health, Ford ceded the presidency to his grandson Henry Ford II in September 1945 and went into retirement. He died in 1947 of a cerebral hemorrhage at age 83 in Fair Lane, his Dearborn estate. A public viewing was held at Greenfield Village where up to 5,000 people per hour filed past the casket. Funeral services were held in Detroit's Cathedral Church of St. Paul and he was buried in the Ford Cemetery in Detroit.[84][85]SidelightsInterest in materials science and engineeringHenry Ford long had an interest in materials science and engineering. He enthusiastically described his company's adoption of vanadium steel alloys and subsequent metallurgic R&amp;D work.[86]Ford long had an interest in plastics developed from agricultural products, especially soybeans. He cultivated a relationship with George Washington Carver for this purpose.[citation needed] Soybean-based plastics were used in Ford automobiles throughout the 1930s in plastic parts such as car horns, in paint, etc. This project culminated in 1942, when Ford patented an automobile made almost entirely of plastic, attached to a tubular welded frame. It weighed 30% less than a steel car and was said to be able to withstand blows ten times greater than could steel. Furthermore, it ran on grain alcohol (ethanol) instead of gasoline. The design never caught on.[87]Ford was interested in engineered woods ("Better wood can be made than is grown"[88]) (at this time plywood and particle board were little more than experimental ideas); corn as a fuel source, via both corn oil and ethanol;[89] and the potential uses of cotton.[88] Ford was instrumental in developing charcoal briquets, under the brand name "Kingsford". His brother in law, E.G. Kingsford, used wood scraps from the Ford factory to make the briquets.Ford was a prolific inventor and was awarded 161 U.S. patents.Georgia residence and communityFord maintained a vacation residence (known as the "Ford Plantation") in Richmond Hill, Georgia. He contributed substantially to the community, building a chapel and schoolhouse and employing numerous local residents.Preserving AmericanaFord had an interest in "Americana". In the 1920s, Ford began work to turn Sudbury, Massachusetts, into a themed historical village. He moved the schoolhouse supposedly referred to in the nursery rhyme, "Mary had a little lamb", fromSterling, Massachusetts, and purchased the historic Wayside Inn. This plan never saw fruition. Ford repeated the concept of collecting historic structures with the creation of Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan. It may have inspired the creation of Old Sturbridge Village as well. About the same time, he began collecting materials for his museum, which had a theme of practical technology. It was opened in 1929 as the Edison Institute. Although greatly modernized, the museum continues today.On the idea that he invented the automobileHenry Ford did not invent the automobile, as is occasionally believed. Indeed, he began as a race driver of other people's cars. As Ford himself noted, by the 1870s, the notion of a "horseless carriage was a common idea".[90] Many people worked toward the idea, as the history of steam road vehicles and of automobiles shows. Ford was, however, more influential than any other single person in changing the paradigm of the automobile from a very expensive, heavy, hand-built toy for rich people into a lightweight, reliable, affordable, mass-produced mode of transportation for working-class people.On the idea that he invented the assembly lineBoth Ford and Ransom E. Olds are sometimes credited with the invention of the assembly line, although (as is the case with many inventions) the assembly line's development included many inventors. It combined the idea of interchangeable parts (another gradual technological development that is often mistakenly attributed to one individual or another). After 5 years of empirical development, Ford's first moving assembly line (employing conveyor belts) began mass production on or around April 1, 1913. The concept was first applied to subassemblies, and shortly after to the entire chassis. Although it is inaccurate to say that Ford personally invented the assembly line, his sponsorship of its development and use was central to its explosive success in the 20th century.[91][92]MiscellaneousFord was the winner of the award of Car Entrepreneur of the Century in 1999.Ford published a book, circulated to youth at that time, called "The Case Against the Little White Slaver" which documented many dangers of cigarette smoking attested to by many researchers and luminaries.[93]Ford dressed up as Santa Claus and gave sleigh rides to children at Christmas time on his estate.[39]A compendium of short biographies of famous Freemasons, published by a Freemason lodge, lists Ford as a member.[94]Ford was especially fond of Thomas Edison, and on Edison's deathbed, he demanded Edison's son catch his final breath in a test tube. The test tube can still be found today in Henry Ford Museum.[95]In 1923, Ford's pastor, and head of his sociology department, Episcopal minister Samuel S. Marquis, claimed that Ford believed, or "once believed" in reincarnation.[96] Though it is unclear whether or how long Ford kept such a belief, the San Francisco Examiner from August 26, 1928, published a quote which described Ford's beliefs:I adopted the theory of Reincarnation when I was twenty six. Religion offered nothing to the point. Even work could not give me complete satisfaction. Work is futile if we cannot utilise the experience we collect in one life in the next. When I discovered Reincarnation it was as if I had found a universal plan I realised that there was a chance to work out my ideas. Time was no longer limited. I was no longer a slave to the hands of the clock. Genius is experience. Some seem to think that it is a gift or talent, but it is the fruit of long experience in many lives. Some are older souls than others, and so they know more. The discovery of Reincarnation put my mind at ease. If you preserve a record of this conversation, write it so that it puts men’s minds at ease. I would like to communicate to others the calmness that the long view of life gives to us.Popular cultureMr. &amp; Mrs. Henry Ford in his first car§ In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World (1932), society is organized on 'Fordist' lines and the years are dated A.F. or Anno Ford ('In the Year of our Ford') - a reference to A.D., Anno Domini ("in the year of our Lord"); and the expression 'My Ford' is used instead of 'My Lord.'§ Symphonic composer Ferde Grofe composed a tone poem in Henry Ford's honor (1938).§ Ford is treated as a character in several historical novels, notably E. L. Doctorow's Ragtime (1975), and Richard Powers' novel Three Farmers on the Way to a Dance (1985).§ Ford, his family, and his company were the subjects of a 1986 biography by Robert Lacey entitled Ford: The Men and the Machine. The book was adapted in 1987 into a film starring Cliff Robertson and Michael Ironside.§ In the 2005 alternative history novel The Plot Against America, Philip Roth features Ford as Secretary of Interior in a fictional Charles Lindbergh presidential administration.§ The British author Douglas Galbraith uses the event of the Ford Peace Ship as the center of his novel King Henry (2007).[97]§ Ford appears as a Great Builder in the 2008 strategy video game Civilization Revolution.