Franquismo
Autor: Marcio Cicchelli | Publicado: 2011-05-18T15:26:00-07:00

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Após a crise de 1929, a Espanha passou a viver um agitado cenário político marcado pela atuação de setores de esquerda e direita. No ano de 1931, um governo republicano foi instalado com o objetivo de renovar as práticas políticas espanholas e prover uma solução aos problemas econômicos que assolavam o país. Nesse contexto, conservadores e socialistas se alternavam no poder demonstrando a ausência de um grupo político hegemônico. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Os comunistas dominaram o governo espanhol até 1934, quando os setores de direita conseguiram chegar ao poder. Dois anos mais tarde, os liberais, republicanos, socialistas e comunistas formaram uma grande frente de coalizão chamada de Frente Popular. Buscando garantir a democracia e atender os anseios dos trabalhadores, esse grupo de esquerda conseguiu voltar ao poder na Espanha. Imediatamente, os conservadores de extrema direta passaram os militares na instalação de uma ditadura.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Em 1936, membros do exército espanhol como Gonzalo Queipo, Emilia Mola, José Sanjuro e Francisco Franco lideraram uma tentativa de golpe. Para dar sustentação à ação golpista, buscaram o apoio de um grupo de ultra-direita composto por conservadores chamado Falange. No entanto, a tentativa de tomada do poder foi impedida pela ação de milícias de trabalhadores que não aceitavam o surgimento de uma ditadura em território espanhol.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Em contrapartida, o domínio dos militares sobre as forças armadas do país estabeleceu uma polarização política que deu início à chamada Guerra Civil Espanhola. Enquanto os militares tinham o apoio de monarquistas e fascistas na tentativa de instalação da Ditadura; os grupos republicanos contaram com a participação de socialistas, trabalhadores e tropas internacionais vindas de países como a União Soviética e a França.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Observando a possibilidade de ascensão de mais um regime totalitário, chefes de outros regimes conservadores, como Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini e Antonio Salazar cederam tropas em favor dos militares golpistas. Além disso, governantes como Hitler e Mussolini aproveitaram do conflito para testar o potencial destrutivo do grande arsenal militar que haviam formado. Em 1937, por exemplo, as forças alemãs comandaram um bombardeio aéreo que destruiu a cidade espanhola de Guernica. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; No início de 1939, os militares conseguiram vencer a guerra civil e estabelecer um governo totalitário comandado por Francisco Franco. O seu regime teve longa duração, sendo destituído somente no ano de 1975. A partir de então, o chamado “franquismo” demonstrou caráter autoritário e personalista do governo do general-ditador que dominou a Espanha por várias décadas.