A Guerra dos Mascates (1709-1711)
Autor: Augusto | Publicado: 2015-02-15T22:24:00-02:00


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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Uma das consequências imediatas das medidas adotadas
pela coroa após as guerras com a Holanda e a Espanha foi a presença cada vez
maior de comerciantes portugueses nos portos do Brasil.



Antes da centralização
administrativa realizada pela coroa no Brasil, os próprios senhores de engenho
cuidavam do fornecimento dos produtos estrangeiros que precisavam. Eles
desempenhavam o papel dos comerciantes, pois armavam navios para buscar
escravos na África, e recebiam os produtos importados da Europa diariamente,
sem intermediários, nos portos coloniais.



Na segunda metade do
século XVII, as mudanças administrativas impostas pela coroa modificaram a
composição do poder econômico na colônia. Antes, os senhores de engenho
detinham esse poder e controlavam as instituições políticas locais, como a
Câmara. As mudanças administrativas introduzidas pela coroa, somadas ao
empobrecimento generalizado dos senhores de engenho, alteraram a composição das
forças econômicas e políticas dominantes.



Em Pernambuco, essa nova
situação resultou na Guerra dos Mascates. Olinda era a principal cidade de
Pernambuco. Era lá que moravam os senhores de engenho. As principais
instituições locais estavam sediadas em Olinda. Por outro lado, o porto de
Recife, a poucos quilômetros de distância, era o principal local de embarque
das exportações de açúcar da capitania de Pernambuco. Durante a ocupação
holandesa, o porto de Recife cresceu e tornou-se cada vez mais importante. Seus
habitantes eram ricos comerciantes portugueses, desprezados pela oligarquia dos
senhores de engenho de Olinda, que os chamavam de mascates.



A tensão entre os
comerciantes e os senhores de engenho chegou ao seu ponto mais alto quando o
governador da capitania passou a morar em Recife. A situação piorou ainda mais
quando Recife foi elevado à categoria de vila, em 1709. Isso significava que
Recife já não se submetia à autoridade da Câmara de Olinda.



No ano seguinte, houve uma
tentativa de assassinar o governador, que fugiu para a Bahia. Com a chegada de
um novo governador, Félix Machado, em 1711, a situação se acalmou. Os chefes do
movimento olindense foram presos e enviados para Lisboa. Seus bens foram
confiscados. O resultado da disputa entre os comerciantes e os senhores de
engenho foi a vitória dos primeiros: Recife tornou-se sede da capitania de
Pernambuco.