IMPLANTAÇÃO E PLACENTAÇÃO DO EMBRIÃO
Autor: Rosivaldo Keffer | Publicado: 2016-08-30T18:56:00-07:00




O embrião, na forma de vida livre, percorre o útero
até achar um local adequado para implantação, ou seja, interação entre os
tecidos embrionário e materno. É um processo que só existe nos eutérios (= que
possuem placenta). 

 

  
  
Tempo de implantação

  
  
Espécie

  
  
Tempo de implantação

  
  
Espécie

 

  
  
11-14
  dias

  
  
Suínos

  
  
17-20
  dias

  
  
Bovino

 

  
  
13-14
  dias

  
  
Felinos

  
  
17-21
  dias

  
  
Caninos

 

  
  
15-16
  dias

  
  
Ovino
  / Caprino 

  
  
28-40
  dias (35º dia)

  
  
Equino

 




A regulação da implantação acontece através de vários
mecanismos e há diversas substâncias envolvidas, inclusive inibidoras do
sistema imunológico: citocinas, hormônios (estrógenos), enzimas e outros
fatores, como IGF2 e EGF em equinos, IFNt e PSPB em bovinos, IGF2 em ovinos e
suínos.

A implantação é dividida em fases:

(1) Ruptura da ZP: 

Se o embrião ficar preso na ZP não tem como haver
implantação, assim, por ação de enzimas (estripsina) e aumento da pressão
osmótica, há ruptura da ZP e liberação do embrião.

(2) Aproximação:

O embrião migra dentro do útero em busca do local com
boas condições de implantação, como boa vascularização para obter nutrição.
Assim, o sítio de implantação é o local favorecido de suprimento sanguíneo e
que possa garantir uma boa nutrição para o embrião. Inclusive, uma maior ou
menor vascularização pode determinar a diferença de tamanho entre fetos.

O embrião, ao encontrar o sítio de implantação,
libera PAF (fator de agregação plaquentária) que promove refratariedade para
outros embriões. O embrião equino libera uteroferrina, que também promove
refratariedade. O embrião suíno libera uteroferrina e uteroglobina, com a mesma
função de refratariedade.

Obs.: nessa fase o embrião ainda não interagiu diretamente com o tecido
materno.

(3) Aposição:

É o primeiro contato direto e físico do embrião com o
tecido endometrial. O tecido trofoblástico é o responsável pela aposição,
tocando o endométrio.

(4) Adesão:

Ocorre a primeira ligação direta, porém superficial,
entre tecidos trofoblástico e endometrial.

(5) Penetração:

O tecido trofoblástico forma vilos que penetram no
tecido endometrial, em maior ou menor grau de acordo com a espécie.




Anexos
Embrionários (= placenta + anexos placentários)

São formados a partir do contato do tecido
embrionário com o tecido endometrial.



 

  
  
ANEXOS

  
  
PEIXES

  
  
ANFÍBIOS

  
  
REPTEIS

  
  
AVES

  
  
MAMIF.*

 

  
  
Saco vitelínico

  
  
X

  
  
X

  
  
X

  
  
X

  
  
X

 

  
  
Amnion

  
  


  
  


  
  
X

  
  
X

  
  
X

 

  
  
Alantóide

  
  


  
  


  
  
X

  
  
X

  
  
X

 

  
  
Corion

  
  


  
  


  
  
X

  
  
X

  
  
X

 

  
  
Cordão umbilical

  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  
X

 

  
  
Placenta

  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  
X

 



*Exceto as espécies de mamíferos que colocam ovos:
equidna e ornitorrinco.

~ Saco vitelínico

É derivado direto do citoplasma do oócito, sendo
fonte de nutrientes e, portanto, uma estrutura importante para os ovíparos. Nos
mamíferos é o principal responsável pela nutrição até a formação da placenta.
Tem como funções: nutrição, circulação onfalomesentérica, hematopoiese,
reservatório de células germinativas primordiais (que atuam na diferenciação
sexual). 

~ Amnion

É uma estrutura sacular que contém o líquido
amniótico. Esse líquido tem natureza mucoide, ficando mais viscoso no final da
gestação, isso porque tem origem das secreções epitelial, salivar e
nasofaringea do feto. Contém diversas substâncias nutritivas: frutose,
lipídeos, proteínas, enzimas, sais minerais. 

~ Alantoide

É uma estrutura sacular mais externa, sendo que uma
parte se adere ao âmnio (alantoamnio), enquanto a outra se adere ao córion
(alantocórion). O alantoide se comunica com a bexiga fetal através do canal do
úraco e funciona como reservatório de excretas do feto, formando o líquido
amniótico que é uma reserva hiperosmótica, atuando no controle da pressão
osmótica do feto. De modo geral, o líquido alantoideano é aquoso, enquanto o
amniótico é viscoso. Soltos no líquido aminiótico, pode-se encontrar corpos
ovalados ou discoides, homogêneos, sem características teciduais, originados do
leite uterino, formando cálculos onde se depositam sais e mucina.&nbsp; Estes corpos são conhecidos como boomanes na vaca ou hipomanes na égua.

Em conjunto, os líquidos amniótico e alantoide
desempenham funções, como: proteção mecânica (traumas), mobilidade para o feto,
nutrição, dilatação e lubrificação do canal do parto, bactericida e
antiaderente.

A quantidade desses líquidos varia entre as espécies
e no decorrer da gestação. Em ovinos, verifica-se:



 

  
  
Mês

  
  
Aminiótico

  
  
Alantoide

  
  
Total

  
  


 

  
  
1º

  
  
3

  
  
38

  
  
41

  
  
mL

 

  
  
2º

  
  
169

  
  
89

  
  
258

  
  
mL

 

  
  
3º

  
  
604

  
  
131

  
  
735

  
  
mL

 

  
  
4º

  
  
686

  
  
485

  
  
1171

  
  
mL

 

  
  
5º

  
  
*369

  
  
834

  
  
1203

  
  
mL

 



*No último mês, líq.amniótico &lt; liq.alantoide

~ Córion

É a estrutura mais externa que reveste todo o embrião
e de onde partem as vilosidades coriônicas que dão origem à placenta.







~ Placenta

A placenta é formada a partir da interação entre as
vilosidades coriônicas e o tecido uterino, formando um tecido diferenciado (às
vezes, bi- ou trinucleado). É uma glândula endócrina transitória, presente
durante o período gestacional. Esse anexo embrionário tem a função de suprir as necessidades fisiológicas do
embrião, como: respiração, nutrição, filtração e excreção, endócrina,
imunoproteção e regulação das funções orgânicas de modo geral.

O feto ainda não é capaz de realizar trocas gasosas, até porque está
imerso em líquido. Assim, o sangue oxigenado chega ao feto através da veia
umbilical e o excesso de gás carbônico sai do organismo fetal a partir das veias
umbilicais. Durante a vida fetal, há alguns desvios circulatórios que devem
fechar-se após o nascimento: ducto arteriovenoso (vasos da basa), ducto venoso
(fígado) e forame oval (coração).

Quanto à nutrição, o principal nutriente necessário ao feto é a água,
necessitando ainda de elementos inorgânicos (cálcio, fósforo, iodo, ferro, etc)
e substâncias orgânicas, como: glicose (principal nutriente usado pelo feto),
frutose, lipídeos, aminoácidos de passagem rápida e proteínas com passagem
variável. Sabe-se que a progesterona é um hormônio antiinsulinêmico, de modo
que seja mantido um bom aporte de glicose para o feto.

Placentação é o fenômeno de formação da placenta e
pode ser classificada em deciduada e adeciduada. No primeiro tipo há formação
de placenta verdadeira, como em carnívoros, roedores e primatas. A placenta
adecídua tem menor interação entre tecidos embrionário e materno, mas apesar de
menos pontos de interação, a ligação entre tecidos embrionário e materno é mais
forte, daí maior probabilidade de retenção de placenta.


  
  
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  
  
  
 
  
  
 
De acordo com o grau de interação entre tecidos embrionário e materno (grau de
penetração dos vilos), as placentas são classificadas em: epiteliocorial, sinepiteliocorial,
endoteliocorial e hemocorial. A placenta epiteliocorial ocorre em asininos, equinos
e suínos, havendo pouca penetração do tecido embrionário no endométrio. A
placenta sinepiteliocorial ocorre em ruminantes, e diferencia-se da anterior
por porções com maior penetração do tecido epitelial no endométrio, nas chamadas
carúnculas. A placenta endoteliocorial ocorre nos carnívoros e há penetração do
trofoblasto até a proximidade dos capilares endometriais, permitindo até 15% de
passagem de anticorpos. A placenta hemocorial, típica de primatas e roedores, o
tecido trofoblástico invade o capilar endometrial, permitindo a troca de 100%
de anticorpos entre feto e mãe. (Obs.: isso também vale passagem de medicação
da mãe para o feto)










 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
  
 
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" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" style="height: 103.2pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 84.45pt; margin-top: 86.6pt; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 348pt; z-index: 251682816;" type="#_x0000_t75">
  
  
 &nbsp;



 

  
  
Epiteliocorial

  
  
(A) Difusa 

  
  
Equídeos e suínos

 

  
  
Sinepiteliocorial

  
  
(B) Cotiledonária

  
  
Ruminantes 

 

  
  
Endoteliocorial

  
  
(C) Zonária

  
  
Carnívoros

 

  
  
Hemocorial

  
  
(D) Discoidal

  
  
Primatas e roedores

 









~ Cordão umbilical

Exclusivamente em mamíferos eutérios, assim como a
placenta, é formado pelos demais anexos, exceto o córion, com o qual não tem
relação. No cordão umbilical, em torno dos vasos, há uma substância gelatinosa denominada
"Geleia de Wharton". As células do cordão umbilical são totipotentes.