Egito Antigo
Autor: Claudia Teodoro | Publicado: 2012-05-24T18:16:00-07:00




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Egito Antigo



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Localizado ao nordeste da África, ao longo do Rio
Nilo, um dos maiores rios do planeta. O Nilo nasce no Lago Vitória e desemboca
no Mar Mediterrâneo, nasceu a civilização egípcia. Essa civilização representou
a mais duradoura monarquia do mundo antigo. Um dos grandes atrativos da região
é o fato do rio Nilo ser um rio de aluvião, ou seja, ele possuiu cheias regulares,
onde as águas invadem a margem trazendo húmus e diversos sedimentos que adubam
a margem e quando descem, deixam o solo ótimo para a agricultura.

A civilização Egípcia formou um dos maiores
impérios da humanidade. Esse controle das águas requisitava uma enorme
organização política e social para o Egito. O império foi responsável por
erguer barragens para proteger as casas, diques para irrigar plantações
afastadas do Nilo e inúmeras obras públicas para exaltar o poder dos Faraós,
por isso chamadas de “obras faraônicas”.

Antes dos faraós existiam os Nomos, pequenas
unidades&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; políticas onde cada uma possuía um chefe que era chamado de Nomarca,
que produziam o suficiente para a sobrevivência. Mais tarde, os Nomos se uniram
e formaram dois reinos independentes: o do norte e o do sul. Esses reinos
existiram em separados até que por volta de 3.200 a.C, Menés unificou os dois
reinos e tornou-se o primeiro faraó.

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O Faraó e a religião

O Faraó
atuava como chefe político, religioso e militar, sob uma forma de governo conhecida
como Monarquia Absoluta Teocrática, ou seja, o monarca (que era o faraó) era
considerado divino, como filho do Deus do sol – Rá. A religião era politeísta
(de muitos deuses), e esses deuses eram tanto antropomórficos (forma de
deus/homem) como zoomórfica (forma de deus/animal). Assim a religião cultuava
alguns animais como sagrados e acreditavam na imortalidade da alma, na volta da
alma para o mesmo corpo e no juízo final. \ao final do post, tem uma lista das
divindades do Antigo Egito.
A crença de que a alma voltaria para o mesmo corpo levou os egípcios a
desenvolverem técnicas de conservação dos corpos, como a mais importante que é
a mumificação.

Para Saber mais sobre mumificação: http://www.starnews2001.com.br/mum1emb.htm 



Sociedade, cultura e economia

Os
egípcios possuíam 3 sistemas de escritas: o Demótico (mais popular), o
Hierático (considerado sagrado e utilizado pelos sacerdotes) e o Hieroglífico
(mais complexo, utilizado pelos escribas e decifrado por Jean François
Champollion, através da Pedra Roseta). A sociedade era dividida em três
setores:

O setor
primário: faraó e sua família, os sacerdotes, os nobres (grandes proprietários
de terras) e os chefes militares no Novo Império.
O setor secundário: composto de soldados, artesões e camponeses (maior parte da
população)
O setor terciário: composto de escravos (que eram poucos). Cuja procedência
eram em sua maioria estrangeiros aprisionados em guerras. O uso do escravo para
tarefas domésticas ou nos trabalhos mais pesados.

A economia baseava-se na agricultura, embora se
praticasse a pesca, a caça e a pecuária. O comércio interno era realizado em
espécie de feiras e o comércio externo era contratado pelo Estado.
Comercializavam com a Fenícia,a ilha de Creta,Palestina e Síria. Não havia moeda,
então, comercializava-se por sistemas de trocas de mercadorias. Os egípcios
também desenvolveram o artesanato e as manufaturas.

&nbsp; Esfinge



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Antigo
Império (3.200
a.C até 2.000 a.C) onde as capitais era Tinis e Mênfis. O Estado encontrava-se
já organizado e com território unificado o que garantiu o enriquecimento dos
senhores de terras, que viviam do trabalho compulsório (forma de exploração de
trabalho) dos camponeses chamados de Felás. Foi nesse período que criaram-se as
Pirâmides, na Planície de Gisé, sob a proteção da Esfinge, uma enorme escultura
que tem o corpo de leão e cabeça de homem. As pirâmides levam o nome de seus
construtores: Quéops, Quéfren e Miquerinos. Por volta de 2.300 a.C até 2.00 a.C
houve períodos de crise,ocasionados pelo fortalecimento dos Nonarcas e dos
sacerdotes que só se resolveu quando os governantes da cidade de Tebas
submeteram os Nonarcas e os sacerdotes á sua autoridade, diminuindo o poder
deles resolvendo essa “anarquia” política.

Médio Império (2.000 a.C até 1580 a.C) a capital do Egito passou
á ser Tebas, o estabelecimento da Monarquia Nacional ocorre. Os Hicsos, povo
vindo da Ásia e que dominaram o território egípcio por cerca de 100 anos,
tinham supremacia militar: cavalo e carro de guerra, deconhecido pelos
Egípcios. Só foram expulsos em 1580. Ocorreram várias crises internas por conta
dessa invasão.

Novo Império (de 1580 a.C até 525 a.C) caracterizou-se pelo
militarismo e o Imperialismo. Novos territórios foram incorporados aos atuais:
Núbia, Etiópia, Síria e a Fenícia. Por certo período de tempo estabeleceu-se um
culto monoteísta (um único Deus) onde Aton, representado pelo Disco solar era o
Deus único, isso teve ,principalmente, motivos políticos que era diminuir o
poder dos sacerdotes que tinha voltado a incomodar,mas com a morte de Aquenaton
(Amenófis IV – mudou o nome pra Aquenaton na época da criação do culto), seu
sucessor Tutakamon restaurou a religião politeísta e o culto a Rá. Seu sucessor
Ramsés II voltou sua preocupação para a conquista de novas terras e reinos
dando um caráter expansionista ao Egito,mas tais campanhas militares acabaram
por enfraquecer o Império, que acabou sendo invadido por muitos povos: Hititas,
Assírios, Persas, Macedônicos e, por fim, em 30 a.C os egípcios caíram para os
romanos, isso quando a capital do Egito já era em Saís, com a morte da rainha
Cleópatra VII (nasceu na Alexandria, Janeiro de 70 a.C. ou Dezembro de 69 a.C.
– 12 de Agosto? de 30 a.C.) foi a última rainha egípcia da dinastia de
Ptolomeu, general que governou o Egito após o rei Alexandre III da Macedônia
conquistar aquele país. Era filha de Ptolomeu XII e de Cleópatra V.







Egito Antigo Parte 01
















Parte 02