FUNÇÕES ORGÂNICAS
Autor: Victor Hugo | Publicado: 2011-10-05T23:16:00-03:00

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 <![endif]-->Função química é cada conjunto de substâncias com mesmas propriedades químicas
1- Como dar nomes aos compostos orgânicosOs nomes dos compostos orgânicos são dados seguindo-se as regras da IUPAC1. Para os compostos de cadeia normal, o nome é constituído de três partes, a saber:
PREFIXO&nbsp; +&nbsp; INFIXO&nbsp; +&nbsp; SUFIXOq prefixo: indica o número de átomos de carbono na cadeia.Para os dez primeiros, temos:1 C&nbsp; -&nbsp; MET&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;6 C&nbsp; -&nbsp; HEX&nbsp; 2  C&nbsp; -&nbsp; ET&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7 C&nbsp; -&nbsp; HEPT3 C&nbsp; -&nbsp; PROP&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 8 C&nbsp; -&nbsp; OCT4 C&nbsp; -&nbsp; BUT&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 9 C&nbsp; -&nbsp; NON5 C&nbsp; -&nbsp; PENT&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 10 C&nbsp; -&nbsp; DEC
q infixo: indica o tipo de saturação da cadeia (ligação simples, dupla ou tripla).
AN : para cadeia com ligações simples somente.EN : para cadeia com pelo menos uma ligação dupla.IN : para cadeia com pelo menos uma ligação tripla.
q Sufixo: é a terminação característica da função química.
2- Nomes de alguns compostos de cadeia normal
2.1- Hidrocarbonetos
Compostos constituídos apenas por átomos de carbono e hidrogênio. 
¨&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ALCANOS – apresentam cadeia saturada. Fórmula-geral: CnH2n+2.Exemplos:
      No de   carbonos      fórmula      prefixo      infixo      sufixo      nome  
      1      CH4      met      an      o      metano  
      2      C2H6      et      an      o      etano  
      3      C3H8      prop      an      o      propano  
      4      C4H10      but      an      o      butano  

¨&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ALCENOS – cadeia insaturada com uma ligação dupla. Fórmula-geral: CnH2n.
Exemplos:
      No de   carbonos      fórmula      prefixo      infixo      sufixo      nome  
      2      C2H4      et      en      o      eteno  
      3      C3H6      prop      en      o      propeno  
      4      C4H8      but      en      o      buteno  
      5      C5H10      pent      en      o      penteno  

¨&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ALCINOS – cadeia insaturada com uma ligação tripla. Fórmula-geral: CnH2n-2.Exemplos:

      No de   carbonos      fórmula      prefixo      infixo      sufixo      nome  
      2      C2H2      et      in      o      etino  
      3      C3H4      prop      in      o      propino  
      4      C4H6      but      In      o      butino  
¨&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ALCADIENOS – cadeia com duas ligações duplas. Fórmula-geral: CnH2n-2.
Exemplo: H2C = CH – CH = CH2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1,3-butadieno 
¨&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CICLO ALCANOS – cadeia saturada (alcano) fechada. Fórmula-geral: CnH2n.  
   
  
   
   
  
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  Exemplos:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ciclopropano;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ciclopentano&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

¨&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CICLO ALCENOS – cadeia fechada com ligação dupla. Fórmula-geral: CnH2n-2.  
   
   
   
   
  
   
   
   
  
   
   



  
Exemplos:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ciclobuteno;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ciclohexeno
   
        1 International Union of Pure and Aplied Chemistry.