Resumo de inglês
Autor: Milena | Publicado: 2011-11-16T13:35:00-08:00

Resumo de Inglês
Pronomes pessoais
Falando de pessoas e coisas 
Sujeito, objeto e reflexivos

Antes do VerboSujeitoDepois do verboÊnfase ou reflexivo
IMeMyself
YouYouYourself
HeHimHimself
SheHerHerself
ItItItself
YouYouYourselves
WeUsOurselves
TheyThemThemselves

Pronomes Possessivos
Exprimindo o conceito de posse

Associado a um substantivoEvitando a repetição de um substantivo já mencionado
My girlMine
Your problemYours
His motherHis
Her teacherHers
Its colorIts
Our schoolOurs
Your systemYours
Their opinion Theirs

Caso genitivo
Exprimindo o conceito de posse
Apóstrofe (‘) ou apóstrofe + s (‘s)

RegraUsoExemplo
Substantivo singular terminado em S‘sThe princess’s dress
Substantivo plural irregular‘sThe children’s toys
Substantivo ou nome próprio‘sJohn and Mary’s house
Mesma coisa possuída por duas pessoas‘sJohn’s and Mary’s families
Substantivo plural em S‘The boys’ school
Ortografia:

RegraProcessoExemplo
Palavras terminadas em sh, ch, s, x, zPlural ou 3ª pessoa do singular dos verbos em ESWatchesWashesFixesDressesBuzzes



RegraProcessoExemplo
As 13 palavras em f ou feVESKnife = KnivesLife = LivesWife = wivesWolf = wolves


Lista: Calf, Elf, Half, Leaf, Loaf, Self, Sheaf, Shelf, Thief


Substantivos irregularesPlural geralmente em ETradução
ManMenHomem
WomanWomenMulher
FootFeetPé
ToothTeethDente
GooseGeeseGanso
ChildChildrenCriança


Quantitativos e intensificadores
Exprimindo quantidades contáveis e incontáveis e intensificando relações

PortuguêsInglêsRegra
MuitosPoucosAlgunsMenosMaisManyFewA fewFewerMoreSubstantivosContáveisNo plural
Muito PoucoAlgumMenosMaisMuchLittleA littleLessMoreSubstantivosIncontáveisNo singular


ManyMuch =&nbsp; A lot of, Lots of, plenty ofVery – adjetivos = Very good&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; - Advérbios = Very well

Artigos 
Definindo ou indefinindo as coisas The

UsoExemplo
Sentido ParticularThe world is changing
Acidentes geográficosThe Pacific Ocean
SuperlativosThe most interesting sight in Brasil
Numerais OrdinaisToday is May the 10th
Países compostosThe United States


Não - UsoExemplo
Sentido GeralSilenceis gold
Nomes própriosTony is my friend
PossessivosMy Girl-friend lives here

A (n)

UsoExemplo
Substantivo singular indefinido concretoA house, a man, a teacher, a horse
Na egg, na hour, na honest deputy


Não - UsoExemplo
PluralSubstantivos incontáveisHouses for saleMoney is not all

Comparativos e superlativos
Estabelecendo comparações

ComparativoEnvolve sempre 2 pólos
InferioridadeMenos... que Less... thanYou are less tall than I.
IgualdadeTanto... quantoYou’re as tall as I
SuperioridadeMais... que-er... thanMore... thanER para adjetivos até duas sílabas, more para os demais
He is taller than youHe is more intelligent than his dad.

Formas irregulares
Bom: Good, Better, The BestMau: Bad, Worse, Rhe worstLonge: Far, Farther, The farthest

SuperioridadeO maisThe –estThe mostEst para adjetivos até duas sílabas, most para os demais
She is the funniest person in classShe is the most beatiful girl in town

Pronomes Relativos

Termo antecedenteFunção SintáticaOpçõesExemplos
PessoaSujeitoWhoThatThe man Who lives is a coward&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; That
Edward II, Who lied to his wife, was killed

ObjetoWhomWhoThatOmissão3. The man whom you are talking about is dead Who&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; That&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ---4. Edward II, Whom you are talking about, is dead.5. Edward II, about whom you’re talking, is dead
CoisaSujeitoWhichThat6. the book which is a Best seller is good&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; that&nbsp; &nbsp;
ObejtoWhichThatOmissão7. the book which I bought is good&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; That
8. Estorvo, which I bought yesterday, is good


Pronomes interrogativos
Fazendo perguntas

PortuguêsInglêsExemplo
O que WhatWhat does He do for a living?
QualWhat (escolha aberta)Which (escolha fechada)What is your name?Which do you prefer: the blue shirt or the Brown one?
OndeWhereWhere do you live?
QuemWho (sujeito)Who (m) (objeto)Who works for you?Who(m) did you see?
Por queWhyWhy are you doing thisw
Quando WhenWhen Will she come?
ComoHowHow do you say “quente” in English
A que horasWhat timeWhat time is the concert?
De quemWhose (posse) Whose responsability is this?

How 

ExpressãoExemploEquivalência
Wide = Que larguraHow wide is the board?What is the width?
Old = quantos anosHow old are you?What is your age
Much = QuantoHow much is it?What is the price?
Many = QuantosHow many students came?What was the number?
Long = Há quanto tempoHow long have you been here?How many years?
Often = com que freqüênciaHow often do you go jogging How many times?
Tall = Que alturaHow tall are you?How is your height?
Far = Que distânciaHow far is it?What is the distance?
Deep = Que profundidadeHow deep is the river?What is the depth?
Long = que comprimentoHow long is the room?What is the length?
Heavy = que pesoHow heavy is the athlete?What is his weight?
Big = Que tamanhoHow big is the school?What is the size?

What........ Like -&gt; descrição física: What is your wife like?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tall, blonde, blue-eyed.
What............for -&gt; Motivo: What dis&nbsp; you do that for?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Because I had to.
Preposições
Uso temporal e especial
In, on, at


TempoEspaço


INMeses do ano: in July
Ano: In 1995
Unidades de tempo: In a Minute&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In two Hours&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In 3 days 
Partes do dia: In the morning&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In the afternoon&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; In the eveningPaís: Brasil
Cidade Grande: In Tokyo
Posições definitivas: In prison
In the desert




ONDias da semana: On Tuesday
Dias do mês: ON July 24th
Dias de festa: on christmas DayFazenda: on a farm
Ruas: on avenida paulista
Prateleira, mesa: On the to shelfOn the table
TV: On TV
ATHoras: At 2 o’clockNoite: At nightPeríodos de festas: at christmasFim: at the endEndereço: at 4400 Avenida Paulista
Cidades pequenas: At Santa Rita
Posições temporárias: at workAt schoolAt the club
Sequencia: at first, at last

Sistema Verbal
Aspectos básicos
Afirmativa, Negativa e Interrogativa
- Há dois aspectos centrais para a estrutura da pergunta em inglês:
Inversão sujeito-verbo: 
Are you Brazilian?Can you speak English?Will it happen again?
Uso de um auxiliar:
Did it go OK?Does He know I’m here?

Quando inverte?
- To be- Can- Could- Shall- Should- Will- Would- Must- May- Might






Quais são os auxiliares?
PresenteDo ( I, you, we, they)Does (He, she, it)
PassadoDid
Passado + presenteHave&nbsp; ( I, you, we, they)Has (He, she, it)
FuturoWill
CondicionalIF
Passado Perfeito Had


O que é um auxiliar?
É uma forma verbal com a qual fazemos perguntas e negativas
Ex: Você fala português?Do you speak portuguese?
Ele trabalha aqui?Does He work here?
Ela viu o filme?Did she see the film?
Ele vai viajar?Will He travel?

Há apenas em modo de construir a negativa verbal em inglês -&gt; not

Negativa
Do notDon’t
Does notDoesn’t
Did notDidn’t
Can notCan’t
Will notWon’t
Are notAren’t
Is notIsn’t
Have notHaven’t
Has notHasn’t
Had notHadn’t

Exemplos: 
He doesn’t knowShe won’t acceptIs isn’t hereYou aren’t thereShe hasn’t seen it
- há dois tipos de verbos no passado:
Regulares
Acrescenta-se ED
Talk – Talked, TalkedStop – stopped, stopped
Irregulares
Formas múltiplas: 
Speak – Spoke, spokenFly – Flew, FlownGo – Went, goneSee – Saw, seenBe – Was/ were, been
Os principais irregulares

Tradução123
Dirigir, guiarDriveDroveDriven
FazerDoDidDone
IrGo WentGone
EsconderHideHidHidden
QuebrarBreakBrokeBroken
EscolherChooseChoseChosen
EsquecerForgetForgotForgotten
CongelarFreezeFrozeFrozen
FalarSpeakSpokeSpoken
FurtatStealStoleStolen
RasgarTearToreTorn
VestirWearWoreWorn
ComeçarBeginBeganBegun
BeberDrink DrankDrunk
Soar, Tocar (campainha)RingRangRung
AfundarSinkSankSunk
NadarSwinswanSwun
Bater, VencerBeatBeatBeat
Soprar, ventarBlowBlewBlown
ComerEatAteEaten
CairFallfellFallen
DarGive GaveGiven
CrescerGrowGrewGrown
SaberKnowKnewKnown
VerSeeSawSeen
Sacudir, BalançarShakeShookShaken
Pegar, tomarTakeTookTaken
Arremessar, lançarThrowThrewThrown
SangrarBleedBledBled
TrazerBringBroughtBrought
ConstruirBuildbuiltBuilt
QueimarBurnBurntBurnt
ComprarBuyBoughtBought
Pegar, apanharCatchcaughtCaught
AlimentarFeedFedFed
SentirfellfeltFelt
Lutar, combaterFightFoughtFought
Encontrar, descobrirFindFoundFound
Pegar, ganharGetgotGot (gotten)
Ter, possuirHaveHadHad
OuvirHearHeardHeard
GuardarKeepKeptKept

Sistema de conjugação
O presente, os passados, os futuros
Compare:

Presente
AfirmativoInterrogativoNegativo
I
SpeakI Do
SpeakI
Don’t Speak
YouYouYou 
WeWeWe 
TheyTheyThey
He 
SpeaksHe Does
SpeakHe 
Doesn’t speak
She She She
ItItIt


Passado
AfirmativoInterrogativoNegativo
Sujeito SpokeDid Sujeito SpeakSujeito Didn’t speak


Futuro
AfirmativoInterrogativoNegativo
Sujeito Will SpeakWill Sujeito speakSujeito Won’t speak

Os termos Contínuos

AfirmativoInterrogativoNegativo
You are speakingAre you speaking?You aren’t speaking
She was speakingWas she speaking?She wasn’t speaking

Uso dos tempos verbais
Palavras – chave

TempoUsoPalavras - chaveExemplos
Simple PresentAção habitualAlways, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, every, once, twice.He has tennis lessons twice a week
Present ContinuousAção ocorrendo no momneto da fala Now, at this moment Look! Listen!Look! He is crossing the street
Present PerfectAção ocorrida em um momento indefinido no passadoJá = alreadyAinda – yetAlguma vez = everNunca = neverAcabar de = justHe Has already seen this film
They ahven’t understood is yet
Present perfect continuousAção que começa no passado e vem até o presente Faz = forDesde = sinceHe has been living here for 6 months
He has been teaching here since february 
Simple PastAção ocorrida em um momento conhecido do passadoYesterdayLastAgoI saw a good film yesterdayShe went to the USA last year
Past ContinuousAção longa no passada normalmente interrompidaWhenWhileasAs I was arriving home, the fone rang
Past PerfectAção passada no passado antes de outro marco passadoAfterbeforeThe war finished after the countries had come to na agreement
FuturoAção futuraTomorrow/nextI Will be off tomorrow
CondicionalAção hipotéticaIF, Unless + simple pastI would go IF I had money

Verbos Modais ou defectivos
Atenuando posições
Uso de can, may etc.
Os verbos defectivos apresentam defeitos:
- não possuem S na 3ª pessoa do singular- Não aceitam preposição to- não tem forma passada ou futura- são auto- suficientes para fazer interrogativa, bastando a inversão
Atenção
Há ainda duas expressões importantes:
Preferiria -&gt; would rather&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I would rather de sailingSeria melhor -&gt; Had better&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; had better&nbsp;&nbsp; you’d better go.

PresentePassadoFuturoFunçõesTraduçãoExemplos
CanWasWere able toWill be able toCapacidade física, intelectualSaber, conseguirCan you play volley?
--Permissão informalPoderCan you use your phone?
--PossibilidadePoderThis can’t be true
MayWasWere allowed toWill be allowed to Permissão formalPoderMay I speak now?
--Possibilidade provávelPoderIt may happen
Might--Possibilidade remotaPode ser queIt might happen
MustHad toWill have toObrigação necessidadeTer que, deverIt must go now
--Conclusão lógicaSó pode serShe must be crazy
Should / ought to--ProibiçãoNão podeYou mustn’t enter this área
--ConselhoDeveriaYou should see a doctor

Linguagem argumentativa
Usando conectores para coesão verbal
Uso de too, also, either, neither

PalavraUsoTraduçãoExemplo
AlsoAfirmativas, antes do verbo principalTambémI also like him
TooFinal de afirmativasTambémI like him too
Antes de adjetivos/advérbiosDemaisToo late!
EitherFinal de negativasTambémI don’t know either
AfirmativasOuEither wine or beer
NeitherAfirmativasNemDrink neither wine or beer

Outros conectores importantes

FunçãoConector
AdversativaBut, yet, however, nevertheless, despite, in spite of, althought, thought
CausalBecause, because of, due to, owing to, for
AditivaAnd, as well, moreover, futhermore, in addition
ExemplificativaFor exaple, for instance
ConclusivaSo, therefore, then, thus
NarratativaThen, once
EnfáticaIndeed, actually, quite

Transformações verbais
Falando do objeto e reproduzindo opiniões de outras pessoas
Voz ativa e passiva: discurso direto e indireto
- na voz passiva, tanto em inglês como em português, há uma equação básica:

Tempo do verbo&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Tempo do verbo auxiliar ser (to be) na Principal na ativa&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; =&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;passiva + particípio passado

Cardinal and Ordinal numbers
1 – one2 – two3 – three4 – four5 – Five 6 – six 7 – seven8 – eight9 – nine10- ten11- eleven12 – twelve13 – thirteen14 – fourteen15 – fifteen16 – sixteen17 – seventeen18 – eighteen19 – nineteen20- twenty21 – twenty one22 – twenty two23 – twenty three24 – twenty four25 – twenty Five26 – twenty six27 – twenty seven28 – twenty eight29 – twenty nine30 – thirty 31 – thirty one40 – forty41 – forty one50 – fifty51 – fifty one60 – sixty61 – sixty one70 – seventy71 – seventy one80 – eighty81 – eighty one90 – ninety91 – ninety one100 – one houndred1.000 – one thousand1 st first 2 nd second 3 rd third &nbsp;4 th fourth5 th fifth 6 th sixth 7 th seventh 8 th eighth 9 th ninth 10 th tenth 11 th eleventh12 th twelfth &nbsp;13 th thirteenth &nbsp;14 th fourteenth 15 th fifteenth &nbsp;16 th sixteenth 17 th seventeenth 18 th eighteenth &nbsp;&nbsp;19 th nineteenth &nbsp;20 th twentieth21 th twenty one30 th thirtieth31 st thirty first40 th fortieth41 st forty first50 th fiftieth60 th sixtieth 70 th seventieth 80 th eightieth