Microfones: Descubra os segredos, e compreenda esta peça fundamental para uma boa gravação!
Autor: Robson Martins | Publicado: 2010-09-30T08:17:00-07:00




Os microfones utilizados em estúdio, são em sua grande maioria dos tipos condensadores ou dinâmicos, mais também você pode esbarrar com um de fita, que são mais raros, fato devido ainda por seus preços, vamos dar mais atenção aos dois primeiros:

Microfones dinâmicos:
Microfones dinâmicos são chamados assim por funcionarem através da eletrodinâmica
que diz que quando movimentamos um fio condutor elétrico perto de um imã, em suas extremidades aparece uma tensão elétrica ("voltagem"). Se formarmos uma bobina com esse fio, ele passará muitas vezes ao mesmo tempo pelo campo magnético do imã, e uma tensão bem maior e mais útil será produzida. Assim os microfones dinâmicos possuem uma membrana sensível a variação de pressão, quando capta uma variação a membrana gera uma corrente na bobina , esta caracteristica faz do microfone dinâmico um transdutor eficiente e barato
Temos uma grande variedade de microfones dinâmicos no mercado, com caracteristicas diferentes, o conjunto da estrutura de um mic dinâmico, e ineficiente para captar sons de baixa intensidade, caracteristica que o torna muito eficiente para algumas captações especiais, como veremos adiante. Quando se tem um modelo dinâmico muito resistente a pequenas variações o chamamos de "duro". Microfones com esta caracteristica , são muito utilizados em kits de bateria por reduzir o "vazamento" de sons entre as peças, entre eles tem grande destaque o Shure Sm57. Muito utilizado para estes fins.


Shure Sm57 

&nbsp;Também, são utilizados ao vivo por serem menos propensos a produzir realimentações (microfonias). 
 &nbsp; 









Microfones condensadores.
São baseados no principio eletrostatico, por isso são também chamados de microfones eletrostaticos.

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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>         <![endif]-->Um microfone eletrostático, ou microfone a condensador, consiste simplesmente em duas placas condutoras, uma rígida e outra extremamente leve e flexível agindo como diafragma. Com a incidência de ondas sonoras, o diafragma vibra afastando-se e aproximando-se da placa fixa, produzindo assim uma variação da tensão com a qual esse capacitor ("condensador") está carregado. Um circuito adequado amplifica essa variação sem descarregar o capacitor, fornecendo uma tensão de saída diretamente proporcional às variações da pressão do ar junto ao diafragma.

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 <![endif]-->Como seu diafragma é extremamente leve e flexível, o microfone a condensador é naturalmente macio. Sua resposta de freqüência é extensa, e ele é capaz de suportar níveis sonoros muito altos, desde que o ganho do amplificador interno seja reduzido. Todos os microfones usados em instrumentos de medida são a condensador, pela sensibilidade, resposta e baixa distorção - três características impossíveis de se obter num microfone dinâmico.&nbsp;




O Phanton Power.





 O microfone a condensador necessita de uma alimentação elétrica no seu circuito para alimentar a pré-amplificação, embora existem microfones que utilizem pilhas, os de uso profissional em sua maioria utilizam uma tensão chamada de Phanton Power, (tensão invisível) esta tensão pode ser gerada por aparelhos especialmente produzido para isto os "phanton power's, ou DI's, ou mesas e interfaces de captação que transmitem a tensão pela malha de terra (pino 1 do plug XLR) e os dois fios de sinal (pinos 2 e 3). Assim, o próprio cabo de sinal alimenta o microfone.



 
Padrões de directividade.

Microfones dinâmicos e condensadores, possuem o que chamamos de "padrão de captação", é a região de sua cápsula ou diafragma que irá captar o som, formando alguns "padrões geométricos" entre os quais estão:
 
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&nbsp;Omnidirecional: ganho igual em todas as direções. Ideal para captar o máximo de ambiência da sala. Deve ser usado quando a acústica do local é excelente, e vale a pena captar seu efeito sobre o(s) instrumento(s) e voz(es).



Subcardióide: apenas ligeiramente diretivo, serve para as mesmas aplicações do omni. Apenas favorece um pouco o som que vem em seu eixo frontal, reduzindo o efeito da acústica ambiente.




&nbsp;
Cardióide: o padrão mais usado de todos. Favorece claramente o som vindo do eixo frontal (0°), rejeitando completamente o som que vem por trás (180°). Atenua em 6dB o som que vem pelas laterais (90°), tendo portanto um ângulo de cobertura de 180°. Oferece separação suave entre os instrumentos, e serve (em pares) para captação estéreo.



Supercardióide
&nbsp;Supercardióide: mais diretivo que o cardióide, apresenta um ângulo de cobertura (-6dB) mais estreito (151°), mas apresenta um lóbulo secundário - ou seja, um vazamento - de -9,5dB pela traseira. É usado para reduzir o vazamento, mais do o que seria capaz de se obter com o cardióide.



Hipercardióide
&nbsp;Hipercardióide: ainda mais diretivo que o supercardióide, tem ângulo de cobertura (-6dB) de 141°. O lóbulo secundário traseiro atinge -6dB de ganho, e merece certo cuidado. Seus usos são basicamente os mesmos que os do supercardióide.


&nbsp;Bidirecional ou Figura 8: poderia ser visto como um microfone ainda mais diretivo que o hipercardióide, com cobertura (-6dB) de 120°. No entanto, o lóbulo traseiro é idêntico ao frontal, e assim o microfone tem, realmente, duas frentes, e pode-se dizer que tem cobertura de ±120°. Serve para captar duas fontes sonoras semelhantes uma de frente para outra, mas serve principalmente para captação estéreo no padrão M/S e outros.



Multipadrão

 Multipadrão (Multipattern): microfone que permite ao usuário mudar o diagrama polar através de uma chave. Possui duas cápsulas, uma de costas para a outra e, conforme as duas são combinadas em polaridade e ganho, obtém-se qualquer diagrama.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



Confiram no próximo post dicas de captação!!