teste
Autor: Desreflexivo | Publicado: 2017-05-26T17:34:00-03:00



INITIATION OF THE MIGRATION AND SEPARATION OF INDO-EUROPEANS&nbsp;
BY A CATASTROPHIC FLOODING OF THE BLACK SEA REGION&nbsp;


Yavor Y. Shopov, .odor Yalamov, Petko Dimitrov and Dimitar Dimitrov&nbsp;

Abstract: Geological data suggest an exceptionally large natural catastrophe in the Black Sea region. Before&nbsp;
it Black Sea was a fresh water lake with coasts 90 m below the recent sea level. We present a number of climatic,&nbsp;
oceanographic, linguistic, calendar and archaeological evidences that this event can be linked to the Bible&nbsp;
(Noah’s) Flood. This catastrophic rapid flooding of the Black Sea by the Mediterranean Sea waters was dated in&nbsp;
by 14.&nbsp;
at 7 560 ±50 cal. yrs BP. It flooded 160000 km2 and destroyed settlements of the early civilizations around&nbsp;
the Black Sea coast. At that time here were settled Indo-Europeans. Catastrophic flooding of the region appear to&nbsp;
initiate their migration and separation in groups like German, Thracian, Illyrian, Greek, etc. tribes. We mapped&nbsp;
the migration of some of them on the map of Eurasia by precise positioning of the established 4399 toponims and&nbsp;
hydronames formed on the base of their ethnic names derived from processing and linguistic analysis of 6 900 000&nbsp;
toponims and hydronames.&nbsp;

Key words: Black Sea Flood, human migrations, Indo-Europeans, Holocene, sea level.&nbsp;

1. Introduction&nbsp;
There is strong evidence of a major&nbsp;
flooding of the Black Sea area ca. 7500-7600&nbsp;
cal yr BP (Dimitrov et al. (1979) and Dimitrov&nbsp;
(1982)). There is convincing evidence of a&nbsp;
mass migration of people out of this general&nbsp;
area to India (Gimbutas, 1985, Kortlandt 1990,&nbsp;
Quintana-Murci 2004, Shopov and Yalamov,&nbsp;
2004, Shopov, 2008). This paper will examine&nbsp;
the evidence for the flooding triggering the&nbsp;
migration and also examine the extent of the&nbsp;
migration. Possibility this event is the "Biblical&nbsp;
Flood".&nbsp;

Critical analysis of the new geological&nbsp;
and archeological data and the ancient Flood&nbsp;
mits can relate the Black Sea Flood to the&nbsp;
Noah’s Flood (Ryan &amp; Pitman, 1998; Dimitrov&nbsp;
&amp; Dimitrov, 2004). In the last 10 years there&nbsp;
was a number of expeditions in the Black Sea&nbsp;
searching for remains of pre-flood settlements&nbsp;
around the former sea coast, now about 100&nbsp;
meters below the sea level (fig.1). Several of&nbsp;
them were led by prof. Robert Ballard who&nbsp;
located remains of Titanic.&nbsp;


Figure 1. Coastal lines of the Black Sea before&nbsp;
and after its flooding by Mediterranean Sea&nbsp;
(after Dimitrov and Dimitrov, 2004)&nbsp;

1. Early Holocene fresh water Black Sea&nbsp;
2. Black Sea coast before the Flood&nbsp;
3. Black Sea after the Flood&nbsp;
4. Hypothetical settlements before the Flood&nbsp;
The Biblical Noah’s Flood story is&nbsp;
exact copy of much older manuscripts but with&nbsp;
changed names of the personages and&nbsp;
geographic places of the described events&nbsp;
(Hilprecht, 1910). It appears to be that the&nbsp;
earliest version of the Deluge story was found&nbsp;
on two clay tablets excavated from the Older&nbsp;
Nippur library in “Tablet Hill”, Nippur by H.&nbsp;
Hilprecht. These two tablets with cuneiform&nbsp;
inscriptions were written by the king of Kuti&nbsp;
(Guti) Erridu-pizir in his royal statement after&nbsp;
he conquered the whole Sumer and Akkad&nbsp;

........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.......&nbsp;
– .....&nbsp;
2012&nbsp;

 
..........&nbsp;
..........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;


(including Nippur) in 2478 B.C. after Nippur&nbsp;
chronology. Even the Flood story in the&nbsp;
Sumerian epic Gilgamesh is reproduced from&nbsp;
these texts (Hilprecht, 1910). They state that&nbsp;
the house-boat of the Ut-napishtim (the&nbsp;
Babylonian Noah) landed on the mount Nisir&nbsp;
in the land of Kuti (Guti).&nbsp;

Shopov (2001) demonstrated that ethnic&nbsp;
name Kuti is older version of the ethnic name&nbsp;
Kutiguri (the biggest branch of ancient&nbsp;
Bulgarians living in the Great Bulgar in VIVII-
th century AD). The affix -guri means&nbsp;
“people or nation” in ancient Bulgarian&nbsp;
language, i.e. Kutiguri means “Kuti people”&nbsp;
(Dobrev, 1995). This links the ancient&nbsp;
Bulgarians with the land of Kuti where landed&nbsp;
the house-boat of Ut-napishtim. Therefore we&nbsp;
studied the ancient locations of the Kuti by&nbsp;
toponims and hydronames they left in Iran. We&nbsp;
placed them on the map of Iran to obtain a map&nbsp;
of their settlements. Ethnic name Kuti is&nbsp;
equivalent to Guti due to the same letter&nbsp;
recording sounds Ku-and Gu-in the Akkadian&nbsp;
cuneiform inscriptions used by them (Laessoe,&nbsp;
1963). Therefore some authors read their name&nbsp;
as Kuti, while others as Guti.&nbsp;

Biblical Noah’s Flood story describes&nbsp;
one phenomenon with two major components:&nbsp;

(1) enormously high rainfall during 40 days&nbsp;
and nights in result of which occurs:&nbsp;
(2)&nbsp;
drastic rapid sea level rising.&nbsp;
Such enormous rainfall in the past like&nbsp;
(1) is first registered by Shopov et al., (1996)&nbsp;
as recorded by rapid increasing of the growth&nbsp;
rate of a speleothem in result of faster&nbsp;
precipitation of speleothem calcite produced by&nbsp;
much greater rainfall, suggesting that&nbsp;
enormous rainfalls flooded the Black Sea basin&nbsp;
at 5600-5500 cal. years B.P.. Shopov et al.,&nbsp;
(1996) first relates this event to the Biblical&nbsp;
Flood, altough they did not provided any&nbsp;
evidences of the process (2).&nbsp;
Ryan et al. (1997) related the rapid sea&nbsp;
level rising (2) in the Black Sea as established&nbsp;
by (Dimitrov et al., 1979, Dimitrov et al.,&nbsp;
1982) with the Biblical (Noah’s) Flood, but&nbsp;
they did not provided any evidences of process&nbsp;
(1).&nbsp;

Combining of these independent&nbsp;
evidences of processes (1) and (2) Shopov et&nbsp;
al. (1997, 2003) suggested that Biblical Flood&nbsp;
scenario described quite well a real natural&nbsp;
event occured in the Black Sea region. Dating&nbsp;
of the two independent data sets of: (I) Shopov&nbsp;
et al., (1996) at 5600-5500 cal. years B.C. and&nbsp;
of (II) Dimitrov et al. (1979), Dimitrov (1982)&nbsp;
and Ryan et al. (1997) coincides in the frames&nbsp;
of the experimental error, basing the statement&nbsp;
of Shopov et al. (1997), Ryan &amp; Pitman (1998)&nbsp;
and Dimitrov and Dimitrov (2004) that the&nbsp;
Biblical (Noah’s) Flood occured in the Black&nbsp;
Sea region at that time. Exactly at that time&nbsp;
started separation and formation of the&nbsp;
different branches of the Indo Europeans in&nbsp;
result of their migration from the Black sea&nbsp;
region (Wiik, 1999, Shopov and Yalamov,&nbsp;
2004). This allows us to rise and study the&nbsp;
hypothesis that the Black Sea Flood initiated&nbsp;
the migration of the Indo Europeans (including&nbsp;
Vedic Aryans to India). This is the subject of&nbsp;
this paper.&nbsp;

2. Evidence for the Flood and its&nbsp;
Timing.&nbsp;
Evidences supporting the hypothesis&nbsp;
that the Biblical Noah’s Flood story describes a&nbsp;
natural phenomenon that happened in the&nbsp;
Black Sea are:&nbsp;

2.1. Marine evidences from Black&nbsp;
Sea:&nbsp;
a. Sapropel sediments are one of the&nbsp;
most important geological and paleo-ecological&nbsp;
evidences of the catastrophic character of the&nbsp;
event. Being products of mass dying of&nbsp;
phytoplankton and zooplankton, they testify for&nbsp;
a contrasting regime of sedimentation. Waters&nbsp;
flowing into the Black Sea through the&nbsp;
Bosporus have salinity of 38 ppm, whereas the&nbsp;
Black Sea waters were almost fresh waters.&nbsp;
Rapid influx of giant masses of salty waters&nbsp;
results in the massive extinction of plankton&nbsp;
organisms, which are extremely sensitive and&nbsp;
hard to adapt to rapid changes in salinity.&nbsp;
Consequently, geocatastrophic types of&nbsp;
sediments are created. The creation of the&nbsp;
sapropels was a unique catastrophic event.&nbsp;
........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.......&nbsp;
– .....&nbsp;
2012&nbsp;

 
..........&nbsp;
..........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;


Nonstructural, strongly watered&nbsp;
sapropel sediment, 30-70 cm in thickness, is&nbsp;
located over the typical sapropels. The 2-layer&nbsp;
structure of sapropels confirms the change in&nbsp;
conditions of sedimentation and gradual downtop&nbsp;
reduction of organic matter. The organic&nbsp;
matter in sediments is a complex combination&nbsp;
of plant and animal products. Sapropels are&nbsp;
unevenly distributed. Due to sliding processes,&nbsp;
they are often not represented along the&nbsp;
continental slope and along the slopes and axes&nbsp;
of the submarine valleys. They are better&nbsp;
preserved in leveled locations, where their&nbsp;
thickness reaches 45-60 cm. The thickness of&nbsp;
sapropels is most significant at the foot of the&nbsp;
continental slope – 2 m.&nbsp;

Lower part of the sapropels was dated&nbsp;
with more than 100 radiocarbon dates, by&nbsp;
Dimitrov (1982), Jones &amp; Gagnon, (1994),&nbsp;
Ryan et al. (1997) and Dimitrov &amp; Dimitrov&nbsp;
(2004). All dates coincide in the frames of the&nbsp;
experimental error, with the best age estimate&nbsp;
of 7 160 ±50 radiocarbon years BP= 7 560 ±50&nbsp;
cal. yrs BP (Jones &amp; Gagnon, 1994), which&nbsp;
coincides with the age specified in (Ryan &amp;&nbsp;
Pitman, 1998) -7 550+/-100 cal. years BP. It is&nbsp;
believed, that lower part of the sapropels&nbsp;
should identify the beginning of the&nbsp;
catastrophic Flood (Ryan et al., 1997; Dimitrov&nbsp;
&amp; Dimitrov, 2004), so its age estimated from&nbsp;
sapropels is 5 560 ±50 BC.&nbsp;

b. Formation of hydrogen sulfide zone&nbsp;
in the Black Sea as result of decomposition of&nbsp;
the giant sapropel deposits: Huge volumes of&nbsp;
dead plankton, together with organic matter&nbsp;
from the land, were deposited on the seafloor.&nbsp;
At the same time, the incoming saline water&nbsp;
“suffocated” the basin with the poisonous gas&nbsp;
hydrogen sulfide, which was liberated from the&nbsp;
decaying organic matter (Dimitrov and&nbsp;
Dimitrov, 2004). As a result the Black Sea&nbsp;
waters below ~200 m have been anoxic for the&nbsp;
past 7 160 radiocarbon yrs (Jones and Gagnon,&nbsp;
1994).&nbsp;
c. Another approach of dating of the&nbsp;
Black Sea Flood is by dating of the appearance&nbsp;
of the first marine organisms after it. With the&nbsp;
appearance of Mediterranean-type mollusk&nbsp;
species such as Cardium exiguum and Mytilus&nbsp;
galloprovincialis at ~7.5 ka cal. BP,&nbsp;
dinoflagellates shifted to full euryhaline&nbsp;
assemblages (Wall &amp; Dale, 1974; Atanassova,&nbsp;
1995; Majora et.al., 2006). Marine species of&nbsp;
mollusks (Ryan et al, 1997) and dinoflagellates&nbsp;
(Wall &amp; Dale, 1974) appear subsequently close&nbsp;
to the onset of sapropel formation at 7 560 ±50&nbsp;
cal. yrs BP (Jones &amp; Gagnon, 1994).&nbsp;

d. The last approach of dating of the&nbsp;
Black sea Flood is by dating of palynological&nbsp;
records in sea cores. Cores that penetrated&nbsp;
though the drape reveal a sharp basal contact&nbsp;
between the overlying organic mud with its&nbsp;
marine molluscs and an underlying sand of&nbsp;
variable thickness, rich in Dreissena sp.&nbsp;
detritus. Recent palynological and dinocyst&nbsp;
analyses by Popescu et al.(s.p.) on samples&nbsp;
from within these cores indicate an abrupt&nbsp;
replacement of the Black Sea freshwater&nbsp;
dinocysts by a Mediterranean population at&nbsp;
7150 Radiocarbon yrs BP 7550 cal BP = 5550&nbsp;
BC.&nbsp;
e. Seismic surveys indicate the presence&nbsp;
of well preserved drowned beaches, sand&nbsp;
dunes, and soils supporting the interpretations&nbsp;
that the Black Sea was rapidly filled with&nbsp;
marine water from the Mediterranean during&nbsp;
the mid-Holocene (Dimitrov &amp; Dimitrov,&nbsp;
2004, Lericolais et al., 2007)&nbsp;
2.2.Catastrophic rainfall&nbsp;

Shopov et al., (1996) recorded&nbsp;
catastrophic rainfall at 5600-5500 years B.C.&nbsp;
by rapid increasing of the growth rate of a&nbsp;
Bulgarian speleothem in result of faster&nbsp;
precipitation of the speleothem calcite&nbsp;
produced by much greater rainfalls.&nbsp;
Speleothem growth rate depend primary on&nbsp;
feed water flow rate (Gonzalez et al. 1992,&nbsp;
Shopov et al. 1994, Hill and Forti, 1997),&nbsp;
which variations are determined by the rainfall.&nbsp;
Higher rainfall dissolves more carbonate from&nbsp;
the bedrock, which letter re-precipitates as&nbsp;
more calcite on speleothem surface. The&nbsp;
observed high linear correlation (r= +0.57)&nbsp;
between the growth rate of the speleothems&nbsp;
and the annual precipitation at the cave site&nbsp;

........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.......&nbsp;
– .....&nbsp;
2012&nbsp;

 
..........&nbsp;
..........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;


(Shopov et al., 1996, 1997) allows quantitative&nbsp;
reconstruction of the precipitation by&nbsp;
measurement of the speleothem growth rate&nbsp;
variations (Stoykova et al., 2005). By dense C14&nbsp;
dating of a speleothem from Duhlata Cave,&nbsp;
Bulgaria Shopov et al. (1996, 1997) found that&nbsp;
during 5600-5500 cal. years B.C. its growth&nbsp;
rate (averaged for 120 years) exceeds 53 times&nbsp;
its recent value, suggesting that enormous&nbsp;
precipitation flooded the Black Sea basin at&nbsp;
that time. All C-14 dates of this speleothem&nbsp;
were corrected for dead carbon fraction in each&nbsp;
dating point in the speleothem using the most&nbsp;
precise method for such correction (Shopov et&nbsp;
al., 1997-b) by determination of the stable&nbsp;
isotope ratio in the dated calcite samples. It&nbsp;
was suggested that such catastrophic rainfall&nbsp;
can be produced as a result of a rare collision&nbsp;
of a big asteroid with the Sun (Shopov et al.,&nbsp;
1997, 2004).&nbsp;

3. Evidence of Peoples in the Area&nbsp;
and the Timing of their Migration:&nbsp;
3.1 Paleolinguistic evidences&nbsp;
The oldest inhabitants of the Black Sea&nbsp;
coast were the ancient Indo-Europeans&nbsp;
(Gimbutas, 1985; Kortlandt, 1990; Wiik,&nbsp;
1999). Indo-Arians divided from the Indo-
Europeans and migrate to the Zagros Mts. and&nbsp;
Iranian plateau (called Ariana) between VI-IV&nbsp;
millennium B.C. and later invaded territories of&nbsp;
Pakistan and North India along Indus and&nbsp;
Ganges river valleys. To the east they reach the&nbsp;
Ganges river delta (now in Bangladesh).&nbsp;

Before 5500 BC Indo-Europeans inhabited&nbsp;
significant part of the fresh-water Black Sea&nbsp;
coast (Fig.2). Separation and differentiation of&nbsp;
the Indo-Europeans in groups like German,&nbsp;
Thracian, Illyrian, Greek, Arian, etc. tribes&nbsp;
(Fig.3) started just after 5500 BC (Wiik, 1999),&nbsp;
exactly after the Black Sea Flood as dated by&nbsp;
the marine evidences. Therefore we can state&nbsp;
that the differentiation of the Indo-Europeans&nbsp;
and their migration out of the Balkan Peninsula&nbsp;
was initiated by the Black Sea Flood (Shopov,&nbsp;
2001; Shopov and Yalamov, 2004; Shopov et&nbsp;
al., 2007).&nbsp;

Famous Russian academician Derjavin&nbsp;
(1946) and Marr (1925) using paleolinguistic&nbsp;
analysis demonstrated that Protobulgarians are&nbsp;
proto Indo-Europeans, i.e. they were formed as&nbsp;
nationality before formation of Indo-
Europeans. This means, that they were a part of&nbsp;
the Indo-Europeans settled around the former&nbsp;
Black sea cost. This allows us to use toponims&nbsp;
formed from the ethnic names of the different&nbsp;
branches of Protobulgarians as tracer of their&nbsp;
migrations after the Black sea flood.&nbsp;
Protobulgarian toponims suggest that they&nbsp;
were in the part of the Indo-Europeans which&nbsp;
migrated to Asia Minor (Shopov et al., 2005a)&nbsp;
after the Flood.&nbsp;


3.2. Archaeological evidences&nbsp;
A unique ancient plate called “Noah’s&nbsp;
plate” (Fig.4) was discovered by the manned&nbsp;
submersible craft Argus in July 1985 on the&nbsp;
bottom of the Black Sea about 100 meters&nbsp;
below the sea surface in the region of the old&nbsp;
shores in the shelf periphery, where Indo-
Europeans used to live before the Flood. It was&nbsp;
found in such geological settings which&nbsp;
exclude any possibility that the plate fall from&nbsp;
the sea surface. They suggest that this artifact&nbsp;
was on the sea shore before the Black Sea&nbsp;
Flood (Dimitrov &amp; Dimitrov, 2004). So it is&nbsp;

........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.......&nbsp;
– .....&nbsp;
2012&nbsp;

 
..........&nbsp;
..........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;


believed to be made and used by the pre-flood&nbsp;
population of the Black Sea coast. So far&nbsp;
nobody ever discovered any similar artifacts in&nbsp;
means of its composition and technology of&nbsp;
production. But even more interesting are signs&nbsp;
of an ancient script on the surface of the&nbsp;
“Noah’s plate” (Fig.5). They are quite similar&nbsp;
to the oldest known scripts (Fig.6). These&nbsp;
letters were scratched on the surface of the&nbsp;
plate. Waddell (2004) found similar signs&nbsp;
scratched upon the finished pottery of Vinca&nbsp;
culture and interprets them as owners’ marks&nbsp;
(tamga). 3 of the signs on the “Noah’s plate”&nbsp;
coincide with those found by Waddell (2004)&nbsp;
on Vincha pottery, while 8 other signs coincide&nbsp;
with those found on many of the artefacts&nbsp;
dating from between 6,000 to 4,500 BC&nbsp;
excavated from sites in south-east Europe, in&nbsp;
particular from Vinca near Belgrade (Ager,&nbsp;
1998). Totally 9 of the 23 signs on the “Noah’s&nbsp;
plate” are identical with these from Vinca&nbsp;
culture. This fact suggests that Vinca culture&nbsp;
might be related to the pre-flood population&nbsp;
from the flooded regions near the Black sea.&nbsp;

Haarmann (2003) states, that the oldest&nbsp;
script in the world (the Tartaria tablets.), was&nbsp;
found on the Balkans and dated it back to 5300&nbsp;
BC. This date is close to the estimated date of&nbsp;
the leaving of the ancestors of the Bulgarians&nbsp;
from Balkans. Figures 6. and 7. suggest that&nbsp;
Bulgarians may carried this earliest script with&nbsp;
them.&nbsp;

The combination of all presented&nbsp;
evidences all dated at the same age provides&nbsp;
solid motivation of the statement that the&nbsp;
Biblical (Noah’s) Flood story describes a rare&nbsp;
natural phenomenon that happened in the&nbsp;
Black Sea region at 5600-5500 years B.C.,&nbsp;
which initiated separation, differentiation and&nbsp;
migration of the Indo-Europeans.&nbsp;

Recent comparative genetic studies of&nbsp;
many different European and East Indian&nbsp;
nations of Indo European origin suggest that&nbsp;
some European nations have common genetic&nbsp;
origin with the population of North India&nbsp;
(Calafell et al. 1996; Vernesi et al., 2004,&nbsp;
Dimitrov, 2009).&nbsp;

Fig.4. “the Noah’s plate” – general view afterDimitrov &amp; Dimitrov (2004).


Fig.5. Symbols on the back side of the plate&nbsp;
under UV light. They are difficult to see under&nbsp;
visible light, because they are covered by a thin&nbsp;
weathering crust. Photo by Y. Shopov&nbsp;

Genetic distances between studied Europeans&nbsp;
are less than these between two casts in India&nbsp;
leaving in the same region (Calafell et al.&nbsp;
1996). 7 nations living in Pakistan, 3 in India&nbsp;
and 3 in Iran exibit presence of the haplotype&nbsp;
U7 originated from Bulgarians (Quintana-
Murci et al., 2004). Their territories coincide in&nbsp;
100% with the territories covered by&nbsp;
toponames originated from Bulgarian ethnic&nbsp;
names (Shopov, 2008) suggesting ancient&nbsp;
Bulgarian settlements in this lands (fig.8,10)&nbsp;
Another genetic marker-the haplotype U2&nbsp;
suggests back migration of Bulgarians from&nbsp;
India to Europe (Dimitrov, 2009). This&nbsp;
particularly strong genetic relation of&nbsp;
Bulgarians and numerous nations leaving in N.&nbsp;
India and Pakistan (Shopov, 2008) together&nbsp;
with many other historic, archeological and&nbsp;
linguistic data (Dobrev, 1995, Dimitrov, 2000a,&nbsp;
-b, 2002; Fol, 2001; Shopov et al, 2005a,&nbsp;
2005b, Shopov, 2007) demonstrate that&nbsp;

........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.......&nbsp;
– .....&nbsp;
2012&nbsp;

 
..........&nbsp;
..........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;


Bulgarians were a part of the Vedic tribes&nbsp;
invading India. So here we will use their&nbsp;
migrations as trace of the migration of the&nbsp;
Vedic tribes to India.&nbsp;

Fig.6. Comparative&nbsp;
analysis of the signs on&nbsp;
an underwater&nbsp;
archaeological Neolithic&nbsp;
artifact “Noah’s plate”&nbsp;
and their analogs with&nbsp;
those from other early&nbsp;
civilizations from III-
IV-th millennium BC.&nbsp;
Sources of the letters&nbsp;
are:&nbsp;
I – the “Noah’s plate”; II&nbsp;
– Karanovo seal,&nbsp;
Bulgaria; III –clay tablet&nbsp;
from Gradeshnitza,&nbsp;
Bulgaria; IV – Magurata&nbsp;
cave inscriptions,&nbsp;
Bulgaria; V – Sumerian&nbsp;
script; VI – Egyptian&nbsp;
script; VII – Indian&nbsp;
script&nbsp;
Fig.7. Identical letter in the script of ancient&nbsp;
Bulgarians and other Neolithic scripts.&nbsp;
Drawing by B. Shkodrov&nbsp;
(Shopov et al., 2007).&nbsp;


4. Extent of Ancient Peoples and&nbsp;
Migrations&nbsp;
4.1 Materials and methods&nbsp;
In order to trace the ancient locations&nbsp;
and migrations of the Kuti and the other&nbsp;
ancient Indo-European branches we developed&nbsp;
a new method for reconstruction of boundaries&nbsp;
(or more precisely the maximal expansion) of&nbsp;
ancient states by placing of the toponims and&nbsp;
hydronames formed from their ethnic names on&nbsp;
the map of the studied territories (Shopov et al,&nbsp;
2005a, Shopov, 2007).&nbsp;

This study is based on processing of 6&nbsp;
900 000 toponims and hydronames from GIS&nbsp;

and precise positioning of the established 4399&nbsp;
toponims and hydronames formed from the&nbsp;
ethnic names of Bulgarians and their branches&nbsp;
(Shopov et al, 2005a) on the maps of India,&nbsp;
Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afganistan, Uzbekistan&nbsp;
and Iran.&nbsp;

Even now at modern migrations when&nbsp;
one old name of a city or district appears at a&nbsp;
new place it is always due to migration of&nbsp;
population from the old place holding the same&nbsp;
name. Therefore map of the North America is&nbsp;
abundant with names of cities like London,&nbsp;
Paris, Moskow, etc. because they had been&nbsp;
founded by people coming from cities with the&nbsp;
same names. Therefore historical science uses&nbsp;
typical for one nation toponims as important&nbsp;
indicators of its presence in a certain&nbsp;
geographic region (Fol, 2001). Indeed ancient&nbsp;
Bulgarians carried with them some&nbsp;
characteristic toponims all the way from&nbsp;
Balkans to Bangladesh and back (table 1, fig.8,&nbsp;
10). Written sources demonstrate that their&nbsp;
migration along this path lasted at least 3100&nbsp;
years, but archaeological data suggest that it&nbsp;
started far before the appearance of the&nbsp;
Sumerian script and any historical records&nbsp;
(Shopov et al, 2007) and may be initiated by&nbsp;
the Black sea Flood.&nbsp;

Particularly high degree of certainty has&nbsp;
toponims and hydronames formed from the&nbsp;
ethnic names of a nation, its branches and&nbsp;
clans. They give important information about&nbsp;
the structure of the state in ancient times even&nbsp;
before appearance of the first script. Therefore&nbsp;
we developed a new method for reconstruction&nbsp;
of the tribal structure of ancient states by&nbsp;
placing of the toponims and hydronames&nbsp;
formed from their tribal names on the map&nbsp;
(Shopov et al, 2005a, Shopov, 2007).&nbsp;

4.2 Results&nbsp;
Bulgarians were not homogenous but&nbsp;
consisted of well-defined branches or clans&nbsp;
(Kutiguri (Kuti), Utiguri (Uti), Onoguri,&nbsp;
Kuchi-Bulgar, Kupi-Bulgar and Kotrags),&nbsp;
dynastic clans (Dulu-name originated from&nbsp;
Persian word “daulat” meaning government).&nbsp;
Each of these ethnonims produced hundreds of&nbsp;

........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.......&nbsp;
– .....&nbsp;
2012&nbsp;

 
..........&nbsp;
..........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;


toponims and hydronames across India,&nbsp;
Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan&nbsp;
and Iran which tend to cluster in relatively&nbsp;
small parts of these countries. Regions with&nbsp;
abundant Bulgarian toponims (fig 8, 10) in&nbsp;
Iran, India, Pakistan are well known as&nbsp;
territories inhabited by the Vedic tribes and&nbsp;
contain reach archeological remains of their&nbsp;
culture (Shopov et al, 2005a, Shopov, 2007).&nbsp;


Figure 8. Map of the 8448 toponims and&nbsp;
hydronames formed from the ethnic names of&nbsp;
Bulgarians and their branches or clans&nbsp;
(Kutiguri (Kuti), Utiguri (Uti), Onoguri,&nbsp;
Kuchi-Bulgar, Kupi-Bulgar, Kotrags, etc.),&nbsp;
and dynastic clans (Dulu), outlying territories&nbsp;
inhabited by Bulgarians in ancient times.&nbsp;
Symbol “.” shows toponims formed on the&nbsp;
base of the name Madar(a) related to a&nbsp;
sanctuary build always by ancient Bulgarians&nbsp;
when they conquer a new territory (Shopov,&nbsp;
2007). So it outlines their expansion across the&nbsp;
continent. Regions outlined with different tint&nbsp;
demonstrate boundaries of the maximal&nbsp;
expansion of different ancient Bulgarian&nbsp;
settlements or states existing in different&nbsp;
periods of time. Fast migrations without&nbsp;
settlement do not produce toponims (Shopov,&nbsp;
2007).&nbsp;


Figure 9. Map of the habitat of the Vedic tribes&nbsp;
after (The History and Culture of the Indian&nbsp;
People, 1968).&nbsp;


Legend*:&nbsp;
Kutiguri (Kuti) -.&nbsp;
Duchi-
Bulgar -D&nbsp;
Kotrag -m Kuchi-Bulgar -k&nbsp;
Kupi-Bulgar -n&nbsp;
Onoguri -.&nbsp;
Dulu -.&nbsp;
Urguri -u Bulgar -.&nbsp;
Utiguri (Uti) -x Burdjan -.&nbsp;


* Etnic names Bulgar, Burdjan and Dulu&nbsp;
(dynastic clan) are common to all Bulgarians&nbsp;
and their branches so they are found in most&nbsp;
territories of the different Bulgarians branches.&nbsp;
Figure 10. Map of the toponims and&nbsp;
hydronames formed from the ethnic names of&nbsp;
Bulgarians and their branches or clans&nbsp;
(Kutiguri (Kuti), Utiguri (Uti), Onoguri,&nbsp;
Urguri, Kuchi-Bulgar, Kupi-Bulgar, Duchi-
Bulgar and Kotrags), and dynastic clans&nbsp;
(Dulu), outlying territories inhabited by&nbsp;
Bulgarians in the same portion of the map as&nbsp;
the one presented on Figure 9 (Shopov, et. al,&nbsp;
2009). Regions outlined with different tint&nbsp;
demonstrate boundaries of the maximal&nbsp;
expansion of different clans of ancient&nbsp;
........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.......&nbsp;
– .....&nbsp;
2012&nbsp;

 
..........&nbsp;
..........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;


Bulgarians existing in different periods of time.&nbsp;
It is clear that except in the Delhi region some&nbsp;
of the clans were separated in different&nbsp;
settlements, i.e. all Kuti moved north to&nbsp;
Bacrtia, but all Kotrags east to Bangladesh.&nbsp;
Similar separation of the Vedic tribes is&nbsp;
described in Mahabharata as result of the epic&nbsp;
war described there. Therefore it can be&nbsp;
assumed as a proof that Bulgarian clans were&nbsp;
heavily involved in this war. Further arguments&nbsp;
supporting this suggestion is the name of one&nbsp;
of the leading Vedic kings in this war -Kuru,&nbsp;
which is almost the same as that of the 12th&nbsp;
king of the Kuti (Guti) dynasty in Sumer-
Kurum (Hoeh,1962). The name of the second&nbsp;
leading Vedic king in this war -Pandu is still&nbsp;
in use in Bulgaria and generated several&nbsp;
Bulgarian family names (Pandev, Pandiev,&nbsp;
Pandov, Pandursky, etc).&nbsp;

Table 1. Toponims and hydronames formed&nbsp;
on the base of Kuti (Guti) in Iran, India,&nbsp;
Pakistan, Bangladesh, Russia and Bulgaria.&nbsp;
Historically it has been carried by&nbsp;
migrations from Iran.&nbsp;
(Pakistan.&nbsp;
India.&nbsp;
Bangladesh).&nbsp;
Russia.&nbsp;
Bulgaria (Shopov,&nbsp;
2001).&nbsp;

Iran Pakistan India&nbsp;
B&nbsp;
a&nbsp;
n&nbsp;
g&nbsp;
l&nbsp;
a&nbsp;
d&nbsp;
e&nbsp;
s&nbsp;
h&nbsp;
Russia Bulgaria&nbsp;
Kuti*, Kuti, Kuti Kuti, Kuti Kuti 2, Kutino&nbsp;
Kutena, kili**, Kuthi, 3, Kutino3 Kutina&nbsp;
Gutin Kuthian Kuthia Kut Kutkhiani Kutina, Kutovo&nbsp;
Kutian, Kutia, Kutiyana hi4 Kutina*2,&nbsp;
Kutievo&nbsp;
Kutugertsi,&nbsp;
Kutugeron&nbsp;
Kutir, Kute Kuti Kututsi&nbsp;
Kutna ura,&nbsp;
Kutgurg&nbsp;
Kutur&nbsp;

* Hydroname. Hydronames are usually much&nbsp;
older than toponims&nbsp;
**kili means towers in Hindi and Urdu spoken&nbsp;
in Pakistan, i.e. Kuti kili means Kuti’s towers&nbsp;

Systematic inversions of the ethnic&nbsp;
name of Bulgarians-B’lgar (Bulgar) in Indo-
Arian environment are presented here:&nbsp;

Pronunciation of the ethnic name Bulgar by&nbsp;
Indo-Arian speaking people:&nbsp;

Bulgar&nbsp;

.&nbsp;


a&nbsp;

.&nbsp;


Balgar(a)&nbsp;

.&nbsp;


Balghar(a)&nbsp;

.&nbsp;


Ukrainians still call Bulgarians&nbsp;
“Balhari”, but Balhara was the name of one of&nbsp;
the royal dynasties in India.&nbsp;

We studied ceramic fragments left by&nbsp;
Kuti (fig. 12) found at these locations (Shopov&nbsp;
et al, 2007) and compared them with older&nbsp;
Early Neolithic (pre-Flood) ceramics found in&nbsp;
Bulgaria (fig. 13, 14, 15). Using the drawing&nbsp;
patterns on these artifacts we found that Kuti or&nbsp;
more likely their ancestors were leaving in&nbsp;
Bulgaria in the first half of the 6-th millennium&nbsp;
BC and letter migrated south perhaps in result&nbsp;
of the Flood. They established settlements in&nbsp;
Zagros Mts in Iran in the beginning of the 4-th&nbsp;
millennium BC. Maybe Erridu-pizir&nbsp;
considered these territories as “land of Kuti”&nbsp;
(Hilprecht, 1910).&nbsp;

We found 210 toponims and&nbsp;
hydronames formed on the base of Kuti in Iran.&nbsp;
We studied the morphology of these ancient&nbsp;
Bulgarian ethnonims. They are compared with&nbsp;
Kuti toponims in Bulgaria and in the ancient&nbsp;
states of Volga Bulgar and the Great Bulgar,&nbsp;
and with synthetic toponims (Table 1) formed&nbsp;
from the same base with the same suffixes as&nbsp;
these forming the toponims in Bulgaria&nbsp;
(Shopov et al, 2008). This way we determined&nbsp;
the different Bulgarian toponims in Iran, which&nbsp;
coincide with the theoretical (synthetic)&nbsp;
Bulgarian toponims. 68 of them still exist not&nbsp;
only in Iran, but also in Bulgaria, the Great&nbsp;
Bulgar or Volga Bulgar territories (now in&nbsp;
Ukraine and Russia).&nbsp;

........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.......&nbsp;
– .....&nbsp;
2012&nbsp;

 
..........&nbsp;
..........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;


There are 2251 toponims and&nbsp;
hydronames in Pakistan formed from the ethnic&nbsp;
names of Bulgarians and their branches or&nbsp;
clans, 647 such toponames in India and 186 in&nbsp;
Bangldadesh (Shopov, 2007). This suggests&nbsp;
prolong settlement of Bulgarians in these lands&nbsp;
as far as most of these toponames are names of&nbsp;
cities or villages.&nbsp;

We found also many toponims in Iran,&nbsp;
which coincide with the names of the major&nbsp;
cities and peaks in Bulgaria, which were named&nbsp;
by ancient Bulgarians (Varna, Burgas, Madara,&nbsp;
etc.). Some of them form the name of up to 43&nbsp;
different places in Iran each (they are repeated&nbsp;
in up to 43 toponims each).&nbsp;

59 Vedic gods still remain in Bulgarian&nbsp;
mythology, language, family names and&nbsp;
toponims, some of them with all their 7&nbsp;
synonyms which are the same in Bulgarian and&nbsp;
Sanskrit language (Shopov et al., 2002). Their&nbsp;
presence in Bulgaria indicates that Vedic&nbsp;
religion is incorporated very, very deep in&nbsp;
Bulgarian traditions and mythology.&nbsp;


Figure 12. Ceramics of Kutians found&nbsp;
at Godin tepe V (left ) and Sialk tepe (right)&nbsp;

67 Bulgarian family (relatives) terms&nbsp;
correspond by functions and pronunciation to&nbsp;
24 such terms in Russian (only in dialects), 42&nbsp;
in Hindi (Shopov et al., 2005b) and 167 in&nbsp;
Urdu! Such terms are distributed only by&nbsp;
mixed marriages. Russia assimilated the&nbsp;
population of the vast Volga Bulgar kingdom&nbsp;
after XIV-th century AD, but even this&nbsp;
assimilation did not left in Russian so much of&nbsp;
these important terms-indicators of genetic&nbsp;
mixing (large scale mixes marriages) as in the&nbsp;
North India.&nbsp;

Figure 11. Location of one of the toponims&nbsp;
originated from the ethnic name of Bulgarians&nbsp;
in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, India. This&nbsp;
state is well known as one of the habitats of the&nbsp;
Vedic tribes. Images by Falling Rain&nbsp;
Genomics, Inc. (2006)&nbsp;


Figure 13. Ceramics found in&nbsp;

Gradeshnitsa (left) and Gulubnik III (right),&nbsp;
Bulgaria, dated before the Black sea flood&nbsp;
(5500 BC)&nbsp;


........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.......&nbsp;
– .....&nbsp;
2012&nbsp;

35&nbsp;

 
..........&nbsp;
..........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;



Figure 14. Ceramics found in Early Neolithic&nbsp;
settlement in Ilindentsi, Bulgaria (top left),&nbsp;
which corresponds chronologically (6200-5500&nbsp;
B.C.) to Karanovo I (top right) and ceramics&nbsp;
from Stara Zagora, Bulgaria (VI millennium&nbsp;
B.C.)&nbsp;


Figure 15. Ceramics from Neolithic Chavdar&nbsp;
culture, Bulgaria 6200-5400 BC&nbsp;

Comment to Table 2:&nbsp;
-Synthetic Bulgarian toponims are theoretical&nbsp;
toponims formed on the base of a Bulgarian&nbsp;
branch name and a suffix known to form&nbsp;
frequently Bulgarian toponims.&nbsp;
-In Iranian toponims sounds O and U are&nbsp;
freely interchangeable because the name of a&nbsp;
particular city is pronounced with O instead of&nbsp;
U and reverse by different people.&nbsp;
-In Iranian toponims letters K and G are freely&nbsp;
interchangeable in toponims starting with Ku&nbsp;
and Gu due to the same letter recording sounds&nbsp;
Ku-and Gu-in the Akkadian inscriptions used&nbsp;
by Kuti (Laessoe, 1963). So Gutiru= Kutiru&nbsp;
etc.&nbsp;


Table 2. Iranian and Bulgarian toponims and&nbsp;
hydronames formed on the base of ethnonim&nbsp;
Kuti (Guti)&nbsp;

Legend:&nbsp;

x The affix –abad means city in Farsi&nbsp;

+ Sar means head, including head of the&nbsp;
country (tsar) in Farsi, i.e. Kuti Sar means&nbsp;
“king of Kuti”&nbsp;
* Hydroname. Hydronames are usually&nbsp;
much older than toponims. They are given in&nbsp;
Italic&nbsp;
** Origin of the suffixes in Bulgarian&nbsp;
toponims after Shopov et al (2008)&nbsp;

........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.......&nbsp;
– .....&nbsp;
2012&nbsp;

 
..........&nbsp;
..........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;


suffix origin&nbsp;
eh (It, 12pt) Iranian&nbsp;
al (13 pt) Sanskrit&nbsp;
iya (bold, 12pt) Indo-Aryan&nbsp;
ik (bold, 13pt) common in Sanskrit&nbsp;
and Indo-Aryan&nbsp;
ek(It,13pt) Iranian proto-Sanskrit&nbsp;
er(b, 13pt) Iranian proto Indoen(
b,It,13) Iranian proto-Sanskrit&nbsp;
Iranian proto Indo


5. Discussion&nbsp;
The timing of the Biblical Noah’s Flood&nbsp;
as determined by Catastrophic rainfall and&nbsp;
Black Sea Flood as determined by marine&nbsp;
evidences and the timing of the start of the&nbsp;
massive migration out of the Black Sea region&nbsp;
(fig.2, 3; Wiik, 1999) coincides in the frames&nbsp;
of the experimental error and is the same as the&nbsp;
beginning of the Bible chronology (Creation of&nbsp;
the World), i. e. 5500 years B.C. and also as&nbsp;
the beginning of the Byzantine and Bulgarian&nbsp;
calendars (5505 years B.C.) as determined by&nbsp;
Mishev (2001). At that time all Indo-
Europeans (including the ancestors of the&nbsp;
ancient Greeks and Bulgarians) were settled at&nbsp;
the Black Sea coast (Gimbutas, 1985;&nbsp;
Kortlandt, 1990), so it is quite reasonable to&nbsp;
presume that their chronology starts from the&nbsp;
Black Sea Flood as far as this was the most&nbsp;
dramatic natural phenomena they faced in their&nbsp;
history. It is reasonable to suggest that the&nbsp;
migration out of the Black Sea region was&nbsp;
initiated by the Black Sea Flood as far as it&nbsp;
flooded a significant part of this densely&nbsp;
populated region (fig.1). This submerging of&nbsp;
160 000 square kilometers was caused by a&nbsp;
rapid rise of the Black Sea level with about 100&nbsp;
meters (Ryan et al. 1997, Ryan &amp; Pitman,&nbsp;
1998, Dimitrov and Dimitrov, 2004). It left&nbsp;
homeless and without food supply great part of&nbsp;
the Indo-Europeans settled around the former&nbsp;
sea coast. Therefore this most dramatic disaster&nbsp;
in the human history forced them to migrate&nbsp;
out of this dangerous region (fig.2). This way&nbsp;
the Black Sea Flood played major role in the&nbsp;
Indo Europeans history. The giant extent&nbsp;
and consequences of this disaster along with&nbsp;

the stunning coincidence of the dating of all&nbsp;
processes discussed above allows relating of&nbsp;
the Black Sea Flood to the Biblical (Noah's)&nbsp;
Flood.&nbsp;

Fig. 6 demonstrates that all oldest&nbsp;
scripts have common origin, which was most&nbsp;
probably located around the Black Sea coast.&nbsp;
Later script was spread around by migrations&nbsp;
of people from this ancient settlement.&nbsp;

6. Conclusions&nbsp;
In conclusion we provided vast range of&nbsp;
data demonstrating that the Biblical (Noah’s)&nbsp;
Flood story describes a natural phenomenon&nbsp;
that happened in the Black Sea region at 56005500&nbsp;
years B.C., which initiated separation and&nbsp;
differentiation of the Indo-Europeans in groups&nbsp;
like German, Thracian, Illyrian, Greek, Arian,&nbsp;
etc. tribes. It initiated the migration of Vedic&nbsp;
tribes to India. Migrations from the Black sea&nbsp;
due to the flooding of the region were&nbsp;
extensive and far reaching.&nbsp;

Presented data suggest that the Black&nbsp;
Sea Flood may have been the Biblical Flood.&nbsp;

Black Sea Flood triggered an outmigration&nbsp;
from the Black Sea area into India&nbsp;
with major repercussions for present&nbsp;
population characteristics as established by&nbsp;
comparative genetic studies ((Calafell et al.&nbsp;
1996; Vernesi et al., 2004; Quintana-Murci et&nbsp;
al., 2004; Shopov, 2008; Dimitrov, 2009).&nbsp;

7. Acknowledgements&nbsp;
This research has been funded by grant 02-337&nbsp;
by the National Science Fund of Bulgarian Ministry of&nbsp;
Education and Science&nbsp;

8. References:&nbsp;
Ager S. (1998) Omniglot Writing Systems and&nbsp;
Languages of the World. Writing and Writing Systems&nbsp;
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/definition.htm&nbsp;

Atanassova, J. 1995. Dinoflagellate cysts of late&nbsp;
Quaternary and recent sediments from the western Black&nbsp;
Sea. Annual of the University of Sofia "St. Kliment&nbsp;
Ohridski", Faculty of Biology, 87(Book 2, Botany),&nbsp;
pp.17-28.&nbsp;

Calafell F, Underhill P, Tolun A, Angelicheva D,&nbsp;
Kalaydjieva L (1996) Annals of Human Genetics 60:3549&nbsp;


Derjavin N.S. (1946) History of Bulgaria, v.1 Origin&nbsp;
of Bulgarian nationality and formation of the first&nbsp;
Bulgarian state on Balkan peninsula. Slavizdat. Sofia,&nbsp;
pp. 201-207&nbsp;

........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.......&nbsp;
– .....&nbsp;
2012&nbsp;

 
..........&nbsp;
..........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;


Dimitrov, D. Il. 2000-a. Along the Journey of&nbsp;
Bulgarians -II part. Avitohol, v.11, pp. 9-18.&nbsp;

Dimitrov, D. Il. 2000-b. Along the Journey of&nbsp;
Bulgarians -III part. Avitohol, v.13, pp. 73-81.&nbsp;

Dimitrov, D. Il. 2009. Mitochondrial DNA&nbsp;
(mtDNA) – Pan European Project and its Bulgarian&nbsp;
Perspective. Avitohol, v.30, pp.5-10&nbsp;

Dimitrov P. S. 1982. Radiocarbon datings of bottom&nbsp;
sediments from the Bulgarian Black Sea Shelf. Oceanol.&nbsp;
Bulg. Acad. Sci. 9, 45-53&nbsp;

Dimitrov P. S., Govberg LI, Kuneva-Abadzhieva VI.&nbsp;
1979. Marine Quaternary deposits of the peripheral&nbsp;
region of the shelf from the western part of the Black&nbsp;
Sea. Oceanol. Bulg. Acad. Sci. 5, 67-78&nbsp;

Dimitrov P., D. P. Dimitrov 2004.The Black Sea,&nbsp;
The Flood and the Ancient Myths. Slavena, Varna, 91&nbsp;
pp.&nbsp;

Dobrev, P. 1995. History of Bulgarian State&nbsp;
Tradition. Slavika-RM, Sofia, 189 p.&nbsp;

Fol, A. (Ed.), 2001. The Bulgarians-Atlas. Tangra&nbsp;
TanNakRa Publ., Sofia, 280 p.&nbsp;

Haarmann, H. 2003. Geschichte der Sinflut auf den&nbsp;
Spuren der frühen Zivilisationen. München. C.H.Beck.&nbsp;

Hill C., Forti P. (1997) Speleothem Growth Rates-In&nbsp;
book: "Cave Minerals of the world", second edition, ed.&nbsp;
by C. Hill, P. Forti, NSS, Huntswille, Alabama, USA,&nbsp;
285-287.&nbsp;

Hilprecht H.V. 1910. The Earliest Version of the&nbsp;
Babylonian Deluge Story and the Temple Library of&nbsp;
Nippur. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 65 p.&nbsp;

Hoeh H. L. 1962 Compendium of World History, V.&nbsp;

1. Dissertation of the Ambassador College (1963-1965,&nbsp;
1967Edition), USA. 24 2p.&nbsp;
http://www.cgca.net/coglinks/wcglit/hoehcompendium/h&nbsp;
hc1toc.htm&nbsp;
Gimbutas, M. 1985. Primary and secondary&nbsp;
homeland of the Indo-Europeans, Journal of Indo-
European Studies 13, 185-202.&nbsp;

Gonzalez L.A., Carpenter S.J., and Lohmann K.C.,&nbsp;
1992. Inorganic calcite morphology: Roles of fluid&nbsp;
chemistry and fluid flow. Journal of Sedimentary&nbsp;
Petrology, v.62, 383-399.&nbsp;

Gray R. D. and Q. D. Atkinson 2003. Language-tree&nbsp;
divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-
European origin, Nature 426, 435-439&nbsp;

Kortlandt F. 1990. The spread of the Indo-
Europeans. Journal of Indo-European Studies, v. 18,&nbsp;
131-140.&nbsp;

......, .. .............&nbsp;
.............&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
..........&nbsp;
........&nbsp;
.&nbsp;
.............&nbsp;
.............&nbsp;
......&nbsp;
......, .........,&nbsp;
...........-.., 1995. -..37, ... 2. -.. 1-4&nbsp;

Jones, G.A. and Gagnon, A.R., 1994. Radiocarbon&nbsp;
chronology of Black Sea sediments. Deep Sea Research,&nbsp;
41 (3), 531-557.&nbsp;

Laessoe, J. 1963. People of Ancient Assyria&nbsp;
Translated from the Danish by F. S. Leigh-Browne-
Assyrian International News Agency. 90 p.&nbsp;

Lericolais G., Popescu I., Guichard F., Popescu S-M.&nbsp;
and Manolakakis L. 2007. Water-level fluctuations in&nbsp;
the Black Sea since the Last Glacial Maximum In: (V.&nbsp;
Yanko-Hombach, A. S.Gilbert, N. Panin and P. M.&nbsp;
Dolukhanov Eds), The Black Sea Flood Question:&nbsp;
Changes in Coastline, Climate, and Human Settlement”,&nbsp;
Springer, Part 4: pp. 437-452&nbsp;

Leshtakov, et al. (in press) Preliminary Report on&nbsp;
the Salvage Archaeological Excavations at the Early&nbsp;
Neolithic Site Yabalkovo in the Maritsa Valley, 2000&nbsp;
-2005 Field Seasons-Anatolica&nbsp;

Majora C. O., Goldstein S.L., Ryan W. B.F.,&nbsp;
Lericolais G., Piotrowski A. M. and Hajdas I. 2006. The&nbsp;
co-evolution of Black Sea level and composition through&nbsp;
the last deglaciation and its paleoclimatic significance.&nbsp;
Quaternary Science Reviews Vol. 25, Issues 17-18 , Sep.&nbsp;
2006, pp. 2031-2047&nbsp;

Marr N. (1925) Selected works, v. V., pp. 232-372.&nbsp;

Mishev, D. 2001. The Beginning of the Ancient&nbsp;
Bulgarian Chronology. Eternal Callendar of the&nbsp;
Bulgarians 2001 AD. Tangra TanNakRa, Sofia, 27 p.&nbsp;

Quintana-Murci L., Chaix R., Wells S., D.M.&nbsp;
Behar,H.Sayar, R. Scozzari, C. Rengo, N.Al-Zahery,&nbsp;
O.Semino, A. S. Santachiara-Benerecetti, A. Coppa, Q.&nbsp;
Ayub, A. Mohyuddin, C. Tyler-Smith, S. Q. Mehdi,&nbsp;
A.Torroni, and K. McElreavey 2004.Where West Meets&nbsp;
East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest&nbsp;
and Central Asian Corridor.-Am. J. Hum. Genet., 74,&nbsp;
827-845&nbsp;

Popescu, S.-M., M.J Head. J.-P. Suc, G. Lericolais,&nbsp;
and M.N. Çaatay (Submitted for publication) Rapid&nbsp;
flooding of the Black Sea at 7,160 yrs BP after&nbsp;
progressive salinity increase since 12,800 yrsBP.&nbsp;

Ryan W.B.F., Pitman W.C.I., Major CO, Shimkus K,&nbsp;
Moskalenko V, et al. 1997. An abrupt drowning of the&nbsp;
Black Sea shelf at 7.5 kyr BP. Geo-Eco-Marina 2:115&nbsp;

Ryan, W. &amp; Pitman, W. 1998. Noah’s Flood. The&nbsp;
New Scientific Discoveries about the Event that&nbsp;
Changed History.&nbsp;

New York: Simon &amp; Schuster. 319 pp.&nbsp;

......., .. ..........&nbsp;
............&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;
.............&nbsp;
.........&nbsp;
......&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
......,&nbsp;
........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
...........&nbsp;
..........&nbsp;
-...&nbsp;
Sofia,&nbsp;
1994.-T.1. -.. 185-208&nbsp;

Shopov Y. Y., Ford D. C., Schwarcz H. P. (1994)&nbsp;
Luminescent Microbanding in speleothems: High&nbsp;
resolution chronology and paleoclimate. -Geology, v.22,&nbsp;

p.407 -410, May 1994.&nbsp;
Shopov Y.Y., L. Tsankov, L.N. Georgiev, A.&nbsp;
Damyanova, Y. Damyanov, E. Marinova, D.C. Ford,&nbsp;

C.J. Yonge, W. MacDonald, H.P.R. Krouse (1996)&nbsp;
Speleothem Luminescence proxy Records of Annual&nbsp;
Rainfall in the Past. Evidences for "The Deluge" in&nbsp;
Speleothems."-in: Lauritzen, S.E. (Ed.), Climatic&nbsp;
Change-the Karst Record, KWI , Bergen, p. 155-156&nbsp;
Shopov Y.Y., L.Tsankov, L.N.Georgiev,&nbsp;
A.Damyanova, Y. Damyanov, E. Marinova, D.C.&nbsp;
Ford, C.J.Yonge, W. MacDonald, H.P.R.Krouse&nbsp;

........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.......&nbsp;
– .....&nbsp;
2012&nbsp;

 
..........&nbsp;
..........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;


1997. Evidences for "The Deluge" in Speleothems."-
Proc. of 12th UIS Congress, La Chaux-de-Fonds,&nbsp;
Switzerland, 10-17 August 1997, v.1, pp.107-109.&nbsp;

Shopov Y. Y., L. Tsankov, C. J. Yonge, H. P. R.&nbsp;
Krouse, A. J. T. Jull (1997-b) Influence of the Bedrock&nbsp;
CO2 on Stable Isotope Records in Cave Calcites. -Proc.&nbsp;
of 12th UIS Congress, La Chaux-de-Fonds,&nbsp;
Switzerland, 10-17 August 1997, v.1, pp.65-68.&nbsp;

Shopov Y.Y. 2001. Bulgarian State Tradition during&nbsp;
Centuries. Avitohol, v.14, p.. 43-45.&nbsp;

Shopov Y.Y., L. Tsankov, Shopova S., Yalamov T.,&nbsp;
Nenchev L., Hnkanosyan G. 2002. Computer Analysis&nbsp;
of Family Names in the Phone Book of Sofia for&nbsp;
findiing of rare and obsolete words of Protobulgarian&nbsp;
Origin. Avitohol, v.19, pp. 21-30.&nbsp;

Shopov Y.Y. 2003. Noah’s Flood as a Possible&nbsp;
Result of Collision of a Big Asteroid with the Sun. Does&nbsp;
Milankovitch Theory Gives the Real Variation of the&nbsp;
Solar Radiation Driving Glaciations?-Only 50% of it.&nbsp;
Speakers and Presenters News Releases-XVI INQUA&nbsp;
Congress, 23-30 July, 2003, Reno, Nevada&nbsp;

http://www.inqua2003.dri.edu/Press/Shopov.pdf&nbsp;

Shopov Y., T. Yalamov 2004. The oldest written&nbsp;
version of the flood story and its relevance to the&nbsp;
migrations of the ancient Bulgarian (invited paper)-
Abstracts of Varna workshop on “Assesment of the&nbsp;
Black Sea Sedimentary System Since the Last Glacial&nbsp;
Extreme”, Assemblage Project of EC, 23-26 October&nbsp;
2004, Ed. by D. Solakov, p. 27.&nbsp;

Shopov Y. Y., L. Tsankov, L. N. Georgiev, A.&nbsp;
Damyanova, Y. Damyanov, D.C. Ford, C. J. Yonge&nbsp;
(2004) Geological data about unprecedented rainfalls in&nbsp;
Bulgaria at 7500 b.p. and an astronomical theory for&nbsp;
their explanation as a possible result of collision of a big&nbsp;
asteroid with the sun. (invited paper) Abstracts of Varna&nbsp;
workshop on “Assesment of the Black Sea Sedimentary&nbsp;
System Since the Last Glacial Extreme”, Assemblage&nbsp;
Project of EC, 23-26 October 2004, Ed. by D. Solakov,&nbsp;

p. 26.&nbsp;
Shopov Y.Y., L. Tsankov, Yalamov T., Mutafova&nbsp;
M., Azady H., Hnkanosyan G. 2005. Unknown data for&nbsp;
the migrations of the ancient Bulgarians in Eurasia: Data&nbsp;
from toponimes, hydronames and ethnonimes. – in:&nbsp;
"Roots of Bulgarian Civilization”, Bul Koreni, Sofia, pp.&nbsp;
241-251.&nbsp;

Shopov Y.Y., Yalamov T., Shopova S., Tsankov L.&nbsp;
2005b. Similar Words and Ancient Terms in Bulgarian&nbsp;
and Hindi.-Origin and significance. Proc. of I-st Session&nbsp;
of Bulgarian Scientific-Applied Conference, Sofia, 1820&nbsp;
October 2004. MABIK, Sofia, pp. 31-46&nbsp;

Shopov Y.Y. 2007. Madara and Madara horseman-
Origin and significance of the Toponim Madara. Avantgarde&nbsp;
Research of Ancient Bulgarians, v.1, p.. 40-44.&nbsp;

Shopov Y. Y. 2007-b. Historical and Archaeological&nbsp;
Traces of Presence of the Ancient Bulgarians on the&nbsp;
Territory of the Present Day Iran. Avant-garde Research&nbsp;
of Ancient Bulgarians, v.1, pp. 24-34.&nbsp;

Shopov Y. Y., P. Dimitrov, D. P. Dimitrov and B.&nbsp;
Shkodrov. 2007. Bulgarian State Tradition and its&nbsp;
Delivery to Europe. The Deluge: Oldest Written&nbsp;
Evidences and Migrations of Bulgarians. Avant-garde&nbsp;
Research of Ancient Bulgarians, v.1, pp. 3-23.&nbsp;

Shopov Y. Y. 2008. Genetic Research on the Origin&nbsp;
of Bulgarians and their Relations with other Nations.&nbsp;
Avant-garde Research of Ancient Bulgarians, v.1 (2),&nbsp;
pp. 3-47, (2007)&nbsp;

Shopov Y.Y., Tsankov L.T., T. Yalamov, M.&nbsp;
Mutafova, H. Azadi, G. Khnkanosyan (2008) Similar&nbsp;
and Identical Toponyms and Ethnonyms in Bulgaria and&nbsp;
Iran. -Annali, v.15, 2-4, pp.104-115.&nbsp;

Shopov Y. Y. , L. Tsankov, .. Yalamov, ..&nbsp;
.utafova, H. Azady, G. Hnkanosyan (2009) Similar and&nbsp;
Equal Toponims, Hydronames and Ethnonims in&nbsp;
Bulgaria, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Iran. –20&nbsp;
Years Indology in Sofia University (Proceedings of the&nbsp;
International Conference held at 29 June-2 July 2004 in&nbsp;
Sofia), University Press St. Klement Ohridsky, Sofia,&nbsp;
2009, pp.311-324.&nbsp;

Stoykova D., Shopov Y., Sauro U., Borsato A.,&nbsp;
Camuffo D., Cucchi F., Forti P., Piccini L. (2005) High-
Resolution Luminescence Speleothem Records from&nbsp;
Savi Cave, Trieste, NE Italy-Acta Geologica v. 80, 169173&nbsp;


Shopov Y., L. Tsankov, .. Yalamov, .. .utafova,&nbsp;

H. Azady, G. Hnkanosyan 2008. Similar and Equal&nbsp;
Toponims, Hydronames and Ethnonims in Bulgaria and&nbsp;
Iran-Annali, v.15, 2-4, pp.104-115&nbsp;
The History and Culture of the Indian People 1968&nbsp;
Vol.1, The Vedic Age. Bombay, p.263.&nbsp;
Vernesi C., D.Caramelli, I. Dupanloup,&nbsp;

G. Bertorelle, M. Lari, E. Cappellini, J. Moggi Cecchi,&nbsp;
B. Chiarelli, L. Castrì, A.Casoli, F. Mallegni,&nbsp;
C. Lalueza-Fox, and G. Barbujani 2004. The Etruscans:&nbsp;
A Population-Genetic Study. The American Journal of&nbsp;
Human Genetics, v. 74, pp. 694-704&nbsp;
Waddell L.A. (2004) Makers of Civilization in Race and&nbsp;
History. Kessinger Publishing Co., 736 p.&nbsp;
Wall, D. and Dale, B. 1974. Dinoflagellates in the&nbsp;
late Quaternary deep-water sediments of the Black Sea.&nbsp;
In: Degens, E.T. and D.A. Ross (Editors), The Black Sea&nbsp;
-Geology, Chemistry and Biology. Amer. Assoc. Petrol.&nbsp;
Geol. Mem., Tulsa, pp. 364-380.&nbsp;

Wiik .. 1999. Europe's oldest language? Books from&nbsp;
Finland 3/1999, p. 207-212.&nbsp;

..&nbsp;
........:&nbsp;

1. .... .-.&nbsp;
....&nbsp;
....., ........&nbsp;
...........,&nbsp;
Institute of Ancient Civilizations, yyshopov@yahoo.com,&nbsp;
fedix@mail.orbitel.bg&nbsp;
2. .....&nbsp;
......, Institute of Ancient Civilizations,&nbsp;
Dimitar Manov 74-b, Sofia 1408, Bulgaria&nbsp;
3. ..... .-.&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;
.......&nbsp;
........, .......&nbsp;
–&nbsp;
..., margeo@io-bas.bg&nbsp;
4. .... .-.&nbsp;
.......&nbsp;
......&nbsp;
........, ..&nbsp;
– ...,&nbsp;
dimpetdim@io-bas.bg&nbsp;
........&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.....&nbsp;
..&nbsp;
.......&nbsp;
– .....&nbsp;
2012&nbsp;

39&nbsp;