Bolsa família desincentiva o trabalho?
Autor: Edmar Augusto Vieira | Publicado: 2013-09-08T13:56:00-07:00

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Dados desmentem crença de que pobres vivem de transferências do governo



Eivadas de puro preconceito ou insensibilidade
social, muitas pregações contra o programa Bolsa Família são indignas de uma
simples réplica. Eis alguns exemplos mais indigestos: “fábrica de vagabundos”; “os
beneficiários do Bolsa Família não deveriam ter permissão de votar”; “o Bolsa
Família está produzindo uma geração perdida”.



Mas, felizmente, uma tese muito
difundida é susceptível de verificação empírica. Trata-se da afirmação de que
as transferências de renda do governo desincentivam o trabalho. Essa afirmação
sempre me intrigou. E acho que ela merece uma resposta. Utilizando dados da
Pnad/ IBGE (para Mato Grosso), consegui evidências que jogam uma pá de cal
sobre esse argumento. A tabela a seguir expressa a contribuição da renda do
trabalho para a formação da renda total do domicílio, para cada décimo da
distribuição da renda domiciliar per
capita. Cada décimo corresponde a 10% da população, sendo essa ordenada a
partir do menor rendimento. Assim, o primeiro décimo corresponde aos 10% mais
pobres da população; o último décimo corresponde aos 10% mais “ricos”. Os dois
primeiros décimos delimitam a população pobre na maioria dos critérios de
definição de pobreza.



Eis a conclusão: não existe
diferença significativa na participação do trabalho no rendimento das famílias,
qualquer que seja o rendimento familiar! Ou seja, a renda do trabalho tem mais
ou menos a mesma importância para qualquer estrato de renda.



 

  
Décimos da distribuição rendimento domiciliar per capita

  
Contribuição do trabalho para a formação da renda
  domiciliar (%)

 

  
1°

  
86,69

 

  
2°

  
86,29

 

  
3°

  
87,52

 

  
4°

  
90,86

 

  
5°

  
89,91

 

  
6°

  
91,39

 

  
7°

  
91,13

 

  
8°

  
91,98

 

  
9°

  
86,94

 

  
10°

  
93,84

 


Fonte: IBGE/Pnad
(elaboração própria com base nos microdados)


Para os que ainda estão céticos, apresento outras
evidências:



a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Entre 2001 a 2011 a população economicamente
ativa (PEA) cresceu 2,3% ao ano; a população total cresceu 1,8% ao ano. 

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Entre 2001 a 2011, o rendimento do trabalho dos
40% mais pobres cresceu 3,9% ao ano; o rendimento médio do trabalho do conjunto
da população cresceu 2% ao ano.

Esses resultados são uma
agradável surpresa. Mas, ainda que os pobres tivessem uma reduzida participação
do trabalho em sua renda familiar, ainda não estaria provada a tese do “desincentivo
ao trabalho”. Muito menos refutado o mérito do programa.