Criar valores por meio da educação
Autor: Marina Battistetti Festozo | Publicado: 2011-06-29T12:23:00-07:00

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 <![endif]-->  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A moral trata-se de um conjunto de valores, leis e limites estabelecidos na convivência em sociedade e reconhecidos por ela, assumidos pelos sujeitos como uma forma de bem viver.&nbsp;  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Piaget compreende que esta construção ocorre em diferentes estágios: estado de anomia (fase em que o sujeito ainda não reconhece as regras, valores, leis. etc.); estado de heteronomia (quando o sujeito reconhece este conjunto de limites, porém trata-se de algo externo a ele, ainda não foi interiorizado); e o estado de autonomia (valores são interiorizados, sujeito reconhece as regras, o social e o outro).   Muitos fatores influenciam na aquisição de valores, trata-se de um desenvolvimento complexo e diferenciado em cada sujeito, e isto dependerá muito do arcabouço social e afetivo a que este sujeito teve acesso - e se desenvolveu por meio dele - proporcionado pela convivência com a família, na escola, no bairro, etc. Apesar da educação moral começar dentro de casa, no ambiente familiar, também é responsabilidade da escola educar para a cidadania, a participação social.  Em um capítulo do livro dos professores Ulisses Araujo e Valéria Arantes Educação e valores: pontos e contrapontos (2007), o professor Puig trata da educação em valores, tecendo considerações muito importantes sobre o papel da escola nesta formação. Este capítulo pode ser acessado em: http://www.letras.ufmg.br/espanhol/pdf%5C%C3%89tica%20e%20cidadania%5CEduca%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20em%20valores.pdf  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dentre os diversos pontos tratados no texto, considero de suma importância dois: a extensão, o contato com a comunidade como forma de trabalhar os conteúdos de cada uma das disciplinas escolares, de forma a compreender, a partir da teoria se dá a prática, a atuação cidadã - ou qualidade formal e qualidade política, respectivamente (DEMO, 1997). Isolados em sala de aula, apenas ouvindo os professores falando a respeito de valores dificilmente saberão como lidar com as questões cotidianas, considerando-os. A partir deste primeiro ponto destacado pelo autor, advém o segundo, que julgo de extrema importância para a educação em valores: a participação social. Esta é um aspecto essencial na tomada de consciência em relação ao contexto de que fazemos parte e no exercício da cidadania - e o quão responsáveis&nbsp; nos sentimos pela configuração de nossa própria realidade.  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; No Brasil a cidadania organizada realmente é minoria, pois de acordo com dados disponíveis, apenas 10% da população maior de 18 anos participa de associações. Situação parecida ocorre nos sindicatos de trabalhadores (DEMO, 2001). Tendo como referência apenas a sua vida, sua casa, sua família, sua empresa, seu cargo, seu carro, seu cachorro, etc., sem enxergar uma relação de interdependência com a sociedade e com a natureza, o sujeito social não vislumbra sua função na sociedade e no mundo, não enxerga a importância d e sua atuação sobre o outro. Como diz Paulo Freire (1996, p. 54), os sujeitos ao não participarem, estão a:  
  (...) renunciar à responsabilidade ética, histórica, política e social que a promoção do suporte a mundo nos coloca. Renunci[am] a participar, a cumprir a vocação ontológica de intervir no mundo. O fato de me perceber no mundo, com o mundo e com os outros me põe numa posição em face do mundo que não é de quem nada tem a ver com ele, Afinal, minha presença no mundo não é a de quem se adapta, mas a de quem nele se insere. É a posição de quem luta para não ser apenas objeto, mas sujeito também da História.  
  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A participação e organização da população na defesa de seus interesses não são, portanto, naturais em nosso contexto histórico, e existem apenas se conquistadas. Esta conquista só será possível, no entanto, se o sujeito for consciente da dominação e do condicionamento histórico e social a que é sujeito, mas porque histórico, passível de modificação. Sabe-se condicionado, mas não determinado, portanto um ser inconcluso e inacabado, podendo optar por ser objeto ou sujeito, observador ou participante da história. De qualquer maneira, a participação é um processo lento e é  
  &nbsp;(...) através dela que promoção se torna autopromoção, projeto próprio, forma de co-gestão e autogestão, e possibilidade de auto-sustentação. Trata-se de um processo histórico infindável, que faz da participação um processo de conquista de si mesma. Não existe participação suficiente ou acabada. Não existe como dádiva ou como espaço preexistente. Existe somente na medida de sua própria conquista (DEMO, 2001, p. 13).  
  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Esta participação social pode ser fomentada nas escolas de muitas maneiras: grêmios estudantis, assembléias, conselhos e representações discentes, trabalho em que os alunos sejam responsabilizados pela organização, associação alunos, pais e professores, entre muitas outras que poderão ser implementadas nas escolas. Esta atuação certamente contribuirá para o desenvolvimento dos sujeitos e a formação para a cidadania.  
  Referências  DEMO, P. Educar pela Pesquisa. Campinas: Autores Associados, 1997.<!--[if gte mso 9]>     Normal   0         21         false   false   false      PT-BR   X-NONE   X-NONE                                                     MicrosoftInternetExplorer4                                                   <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]>  <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>         <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> 
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 <![endif]-->  ________ Participação é conquista: noções de política social participativa. 5ª Ed. São Paulo: Cortez, 2001.   FREIRE, P. Pedagogia da Autonomia: saberes necessários à prática educativa. 26ªed. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 1996.