O SISTEMA DO PRAZER
Autor: PAULO MINISTRO | Publicado: 2013-04-30T04:15:00-07:00

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Por favor, leiam ou releiam, pois é sempre bom nos lembrarmos
disso...


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O
Sistema do Prazer, as Drogas e a Sociedade

Silvia Helena Cardoso, PhD e
Renato M.E. Sabbatini, PhD



A busca constante
por estímulos prazerosos, como alimentos saborosos, uma cerveja geladinha e a
relação sexual excitante, está associada a um "sistema cerebral de
recompensa", assim denominado pelo neurobiólogo americano James Olds nos
anos 60. Trata-se de uma complexa rede de neurônios que é ativada quando
fazemos atividades que causam prazer. Este sistema nos fornece uma recompensa
sempre que fazemos determinadas atividades, levando-nos, portanto, a repetir
aqueles atos. Biologicamente, ele tem uma função específica e essencial:
garantir a sobrevivência do indivíduo e da espécie, ao dar motivação para
comportamentos como comer, beber e reproduzir-se.
&nbsp;


Infelizmente, não
somente as funções fisiológicas normais estimulam este sistema, mas também o
fazem o álcool e outras drogas de abuso, e as vezes gerando um prazer muito
mais intenso do que as funções naturais.


&nbsp; 

Como afirmam os
autores do artigo Abuso de Drogas
desta edição: "quando uma pessoa usa uma droga psicoativa e o efeito por
ela produzido é de alguma forma agradável, este efeito adquire o caráter de uma
recompensa". De fato, estudos experimentais comprovam que todos os
comportamentos que são reforçados por uma recompensa tendem a ser repetidos e
aprendidos. Estudos mais recentes demostraram que o sistema de recompensa é
subjacente a drogas como morfina, heroína, cocaína, álcool e até mesmo a
nicotina do cigarro.
&nbsp; 

Embora possa
provocar inicialmente euforia e bem-estar, dando aos drogaditos uma falsa ideia
de efeito benéfico, a influência das drogas sobre o sistema de recompensa, ao
tornar-se crônica pela repetição do uso, acaba conduzindo a um poderoso e
inescapável ciclo de adição, muitas vezes danificando o
cérebro e outros órgãos.

&nbsp; 

Se pensarmos bem,
este fato biológico está por trás de uma infinidade de dramas pessoais e
sociais e uma modificação talvez irreversível das sociedades, que sofrem
pesadamente com o domínio ilícito das atividades de exploração econômica da
drogadição. Nos EUA, por exemplo, estima-se que 63% (1)
de todas as atividades criminosas, de roubos a assassinatos praticados por
gangues e traficantes, e um número incontável de mortes e doenças, são causadas
direta ou indiretamente pelo uso de drogas de abuso por uma parcela
relativamente pequena da população. Em países como a Colômbia, e nas grandes
cidades do Brasil, estas estatísticas podem ser ainda piores. É, sem dúvida uma
epidemia assustadora, e a maior tragédia desse final de século.

&nbsp;


Por isso, é tão
urgente a compreensão dos mecanismos cerebrais da drogadição pela neurociência.
Por que ela ocorre? Como bloqueá-la?
&nbsp; 

O objetivo dos
experimentos nos quais alguns cientistas estão engajados é descobrir a natureza
química dos sistemas mediadores da recompensa. Também nesta edição, no artigo
"A Síndrome da
Deficiência da Recompensa", são
apresentados os mecanismos cerebrais deste sistema intrigante, as causas e
consequências de sua deficiência e uma breve explanação de escassas tentativas
terapêuticas para o fenômeno da adição.

&nbsp; 

Um dado curioso
que emerge das diversas pesquisas nesse campo é que a ação de quantidades
minúsculas da droga que chegam ao cérebro, alteram de forma&nbsp; poderosa o
comportamento, ao mexerem com os mecanismos normais da neurotransmissão. Uma
descoberta fundamental, na década dos 60s, posteriormente confirmada para
muitas outras drogas, é que nosso cérebro tem neurotransmissores com estrutura
química semelhante às drogas de adição (como as endorfinas, literalmente,
morfinas endógenas!) e receptores químicos nas membranas que reagem
especificamente às drogas circulantes.
&nbsp; 

Portanto, o
segredo da compreensão do controle das funções cerebrais na drogadição está
principalmente em entender os nossos processos químicos de informação. Se
pudermos entender como estes sistemas interagem para produzir estes comportamentos,
e se soubermos o suficiente sobre&nbsp; a neuroquímica, poderemos eventualmente
intervir e bloquear ou corrigir as alterações.

&nbsp;


Mas isso não é
tudo. Precisamos também entender melhor os mecanismos psicológicos individuais
e sociais que estão por trás do fenômeno da drogadição. Afinal, todos nós temos
esses sistemas cerebrais, neurotransmissores e receptores, mas apenas alguns de
nós sucumbimos ao abuso de drogas.

&nbsp; 

Disponível em: http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n08/editorial08-recompensa.htm.
Acesso em: 30 abr. 2013.