A luta de classes no texto “O 18 de Brumário de Luís Bonaparte”
Autor: Felipe Lucate | Publicado: 2013-05-25T15:17:00-03:00


Seguem breves anotações sobre o conceito de luta classes na obra "O 18 Brumário de Luís Bonaparte", de Karl Marx.



Este resumo foi feito em parceria com o querido amigo Otacílio Junior (http://doconflito.blogspot.com.br/), do curso de História, como relatório de leitura da disciplina de História da Filosofia Contemporânea I. Para tal, foi utilizado como base apenas os prefácios&nbsp; e os capítulos I (pág. 7 - 14) e VII (pág. 71 - 82) do livro "O 18 Brumário de Luís Bonaparte".




Luta de Classes de Marx

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A
"luta de classes" é um conceito usado no trabalho do filósofo,
economista, sociólogo e historiador alemão Karl Marx intimamente relacionado ao
seu materialismo histórico.



Para
entender a luta de classes e seu uso na obra “O 18 Brumário de Luís Bonaparte”
voltemos à maneira como Marx descreve o surgimento de diferentes classes
sociais no materialismo histórico. Trata-se de uma abordagem da História criada
ao contrapor e enriquecer a dialética hegeliana e o materialismo, segundo
Feuerbach. Marx mostra com sua filosofia que a História é feita pela atividade
do homem e é socialmente determinada pelo seu modo de produção.



O
modo de produção de uma sociedade é o conjunto das forças produtivas e das
relações de produção entre si. O surgimento das classes sociais se deu no
momento em que os detentores das forças produtivas uniram-se àqueles que não a
possuíram estabelecendo assim, uma relação de produção (querendo ou não): de um
lado explorador, de outro explorado [RIUS, 1981]. 


Estando em diferentes posições sociais
decorrentes das relações de produção as classes desenvolvem interesses
particulares e antagônicos e lutam por esses interesses de várias formas, mas principalmente
na forma política, constituindo assim a evolução da história humana.

Luta de Classes na obra "O 18 Brumário de Luís Bonaparte"

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Marx,
através da dialética do materialismo histórico, demonstra a aplicabilidade do
conceito de luta de classes no livro "O 18 Brumário de Luís
Bonaparte". Este livro nos permite uma visão considerável de toda a
estrutura social, política e econômica da França no período de 1848 até 1851
quando ocorre o grande golpe de estado de Luís Bonaparte.



Diferentemente
de outros autores que trataram do mesmo assunto neste período, mas que se
limitaram apenas em engrandecer o responsável pelo golpe de estado, Marx
demonstra como a luta de classes possibilitou que um personagem medíocre se
passasse por herói.



Para
tal, Marx contempla o passado histórico da França e compreende que, a classe
burguesa se tornava cada vez mais conservadora, pois já não possuía mais o
espírito revolucionário introduzido por Napoleão Bonaparte, preocupando-se
apenas com a garantia do poder vigente. Ao passo que, devido à opressão da
burguesia, a classe proletária se tornava potencialmente revolucionária [CARLOS,
2006].



Boa
parte da massa proletária era composta de camponeses conservadores que não
possuíam a visão de classe e eram visivelmente desorganizados. Eis que então
surge a oportunidade ideal para o sobrinho de Napoleão, Luís Bonaparte
representá-los politicamente para reivindicar a república social e assumir a
frente do Estado [NUNES, 2008, p. 06].



Para
realizar seu golpe de estado, Bonaparte determina temporariamente o fim do voto
secreto de maneira a enganar a classe burguesa que não comparece para votação.
Desta forma é eleito pela massa a representar o estado. Passa então, a se auto intitular
como Napoleão III.



Uma
vez no poder, começa a prejudicar os camponeses dividindo suas terras e
cobrando impostos de maneira a estimular o capitalismo e o comércio. Aqueles
que se recusavam a pagar os impostos sofriam grandes represálias e eram
ameaçados de perder suas posses.



Visto
que Napoleão III estava beneficiando o capitalismo e o comércio, a classe
burguesa passa a apoiá-lo em sua gestão.

Toda
essa estratégia e um novo Napoleão no poder, visto que o primeiro Napoleão
também havia dado um golpe de estado, fundamenta a frase com que Marx inicia
seu texto: “Hegel observa em uma de suas obras que todos os fatos e personagens
de grande importância na história do mundo ocorrem, por assim dizer, duas vezes.
E esqueceu-se de acrescentar: a primeira vez como tragédia, a segunda como
farsa”.



Conclui
então que, os homens fazem sua própria história, porém, não da maneira como querem,
mas sim por circunstâncias que são transmitidas pelo passado e dentro dos
limites que a realidade em que vivem os impõe [CARLOS, 2006].





Fonte da Imagem:&nbsp;



http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5OXTZGJPRGU/USd4zUbas-I/AAAAAAAAIFY/HxSteqBwymY/s1600/karl-marx.jpg, acessado em: 25/05/2013














Referências bibliográficas:



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RIUS. - Conheça Marx: Teoria e Política em Quadrinhos. São Paulo: Proposta
Editorial, 1981. (Coleção Espaço)



MARX, Karl. - O 18 Brumário de Luis Bonaparte. São Paulo: Nova Cultural, 1988.

(Coleção Os Pensadores)



SANTIAGO, Emerson. - Luta de Classes, disponível em: 

http://www.infoescola.com/sociologia/luta-de-classes/,
acessado em: 24/05/2013



CARLOS, Cássio. - O 18 Brumário de Luís Bonaparte : A discreta farsa da burguesia,
disponível em:
http://guiadoestudante.abril.com.br/aventuras-historia/18-brumario-luis-bonaparte-discreta-farsa-burguesia-434656.shtml,
acessado em: 24/05/2013



NUNES, Gilerlândia. - Notações preliminares sobre "O 18
Brumário de Luís Bonaparte", de Karl Marx, disponível em:
http://www.cchla.ufrn.br/interlegere/revista/pdf/4/le03.pdf,
acessado em: 24/05/2013