Autor: João Carlos Pharaoh | Publicado: 2015-01-21T00:27:00-03:00

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
&nbsp;A EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL NA CONTEMPORANEIDADE

&nbsp;Por: João Carlos Pharaoh



Historicamente foram
criadas e promulgadas leis para assegurar os direitos da criança a educação
infantil, a qual é atualmente assegurada por lei e dever do Estado e definida
pelas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Educação Infantil (2010, p. 12)
como:

Primeira etapa da educação básica, oferecida em creches e
pré-escolas, às quais se caracterizam como espaços institucionais não
domésticos que constituem estabelecimentos educacionais públicos ou privados
que educam e cuidam de crianças de 0 a 5 anos de idade no período diurno, em
jornada integral ou parcial, regulados e supervisionados por órgão competente
do sistema de ensino e submetidos a controle social.



Assim, percebe-se
que além de cuidar as instituições de ensino que atendem crianças na fase da
educação infantil na contemporaneidade necessita educar para tanto faz-se
necessário uma proposta pedagógica que venha propiciar o aprendizado e o
desenvolvimento da criança. 

As instituições de
educação infantil podem funcionar em período parcial ou integral, segundo as
Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Educação Infantil (2010, p. 15) “é considerada Educação Infantil em tempo
parcial, a jornada de, no mínimo, quatro horas diárias e, em tempo integral, a
jornada com duração igual ou superior a sete horas diárias, compreendendo o
tempo total que a criança permanece na instituição”.

O Estatuto da
Criança e do Adolescente (ECA) Lei Federal 8069/90 traz em seu artigo 54 “é dever
do Estado assegurar à criança e ao adolescente: IV - atendimento em creche e pré-escola às crianças de zero
a seis anos de idade” (2010, p. 41), sendo assim o ingresso na educação
infantil é um direito da criança que necessita ser cumprido pelo poder público
que deve disponibilizar espaços educacionais para as crianças próximos a sua
residência como ressalta as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Educação
Infantil “as vagas em creches e pré-escolas devem ser oferecidas
próximas às residências das crianças” (2010, p. 15), caso não possua
instituições de ensino sejam distantes é necessário o provimento
de transporte escolar que permitam o acesso as instituições de ensino e
aprendizagem.

A oferta de educação
infantil em creches e pré – escolas públicas devem ser garantidas pelo Estado,
a manutenção dessas instituições é responsabilidade dos municípios, contudo o
poder estadual auxilia na manutenção desses ambientes educativos com uma
determinada quantia.

Diante do exposto
compreende-se que a Educação Infantil consiste no processo educacional
de crianças na faixa etária de 0 a 5 anos de idade antes de seu ingresso no
Ensino Fundamental. Nessa modalidade de educação as crianças são estimuladas
por meio de diversas atividades a estarem exercitando suas capacidades motoras e
cognitivas, a realizaram descobertas, desse modo é então iníciado ao processo
de alfabetização.

A prática pedagógica
na educação infantil deve priorizar o desenvolvimento do aluno nos aspectos
pessoal, intelectual e social levando em consideração a cultura do grupo de
educandos e as necessidades emergentes na sociedade contemporânea. As
instituições de ensino destinadas para a educação infantil se constituem
segundo o Referencial Curricular Nacional para a Educação Infantil (1998, p.
11) “[...] em espaços de socialização, pois propiciam o contato e o confronto
com adultos e crianças de várias origens socioculturais, de diferentes religiões,
etnias, costumes, hábitos e valores, fazendo dessa diversidade um campo privilegiado
da experiência educativa”, nessa perspectiva a criança entra em contato com
diversas culturas familiares e sociais, essa diversidade enriquece os
conhecimentos da criança e contribui na formação de sua identidade. 

A parceria entre
escola, família e sociedade se constitui como um importante fator de
desenvolvimento da criança, visto que essas três instâncias possuem papéis
distintos na formação do individuo e quando unidas em torno de um objetivo
comum contribuem de maneira mais significativa no processo formativo da
criança. 

As instituições de
Educação Infantil necessitam de uma ação pedagógica que venha contemplar o
desenvolvimento integral da criança como determina as Diretrizes Curriculares
Nacionais para a Educação Infantil (2010,
p. 18): 

A proposta pedagógica das
instituições de Educação Infantil deve ter como objetivo garantir à criança
acesso a processos de apropriação, renovação e articulação de conhecimentos e
aprendizagens de diferentes linguagens, assim como o direito à proteção, à
saúde, à liberdade, à confiança, ao respeito, à dignidade, à brincadeira, à
convivência e à interação com outras crianças. 



Nesse sentido a ação do
professor da educação infantil precisa abarcar as variadas linguagens, a
visual, a oral, a gestual, a escrita, os desenhos afim de permitir ao aluno
diferencial e utilizá-las cotidianamente.&nbsp;
Do mesmo modo, os direitos assegurados a criança que venham propiciar o
seu desenvolvimento pleno desempenham um papel fundamental na formação da
criança, sendo necessário o desenvolvimento de habilidades decorrentes da
interação com os colegas.

A criança por sua
vez, aprende significativamente por meio de uma prática lúdica, sendo assim, os
jogos e as brincadeiras são instrumentos valiosos que podem ser utilizados
pelos professores em sua prática em sala de aula. Os jogos e as brincadeiras
estimulam a imaginação e o raciocínio permitindo ao aluno interagir com os
colegas, perceber e obedecer as regras impostas levando as crianças a se
relacionarem com as noções de regras, a demonstrarem suas habilidades e
exercita-las continuamente.

Nesse sentido, segundo os
Referencias Curriculares Nacionais para a Educação Infantil (RCNEI) (1998, p.
22) “brincar é uma das atividades fundamentais para o desenvolvimento da
identidade e da autonomia”,
através da brincadeira as crianças exercitam a criatividade, a imaginação, a
atenção, a memória, utilizam gestos e sons variados, lida com a sua ansiedade,
suas perspectivas, medos e frustações, aprende através de suas próprias
experiência bem como das experiências vivenciadas pelos colegas, constrói
conhecimentos, diante desse contexto, o brincar exerce um papel fundamental no
desenvolvimento da criança. Por sua vez, como afirma Kishimoto (1994, p. 22):

É
pelo jogo que a criança se revela. As suas inclinações boas ou más, a sua
vocação, as suas habilidades, o seu caráter, tudo que ela traz latente no seu
eu em formação, torna-se visível pelo jogo e pelos brinquedos, que ela executa.



Como expresso
anteriormente o professor atuante na educação infantil precisa estar
trabalhando constantemente com a imaginação e a criatividade da criança, nessa
perspectiva outro importante aliado para o professor dessa modalidade
educacional é a contação de histórias visto que as histórias infantis
desempenham um papel indispensável no desenvolvimento da criança, sendo assim,
“a contação de histórias é uma excelente estratégia para o professor colocar as
crianças em contato com boas histórias” (REGATIERI, 2008, p. 34), e através
desse contato serão estimuladas a imaginação, a criatividade da criança e o
prazer pela leitura, certamente as crianças que possuem em seu cotidiano o
contato com histórias infantis desenvolvem com mais rapidez a oralidade e
passam a conhecer e utilizar com exatidão a descrição e narração de historias e
acontecimentos. 

A prática pedagógica
em classes de educação infantil na contemporaneidade necessita considerar e
permitir o acesso as tecnologias em especial as Tecnologias de Informação e
Comunicação (TICs), de modo que venha possibilitar uma ação educativa
condizente com a conjuntura social do momento, fazendo do processo educacional
uma prática pedagógica inclusiva.

As aprendizagens
provenientes da educação infantil irão subsidiar na construção e aquisição dos
conhecimentos teóricos e práticos destinados ao Ensino Fundamental,
contribuindo dessa forma na continuidade do processo de formação educativa das
crianças. 

Durante a fase de
educação infantil a avalição será realizada por meio do acompanhamento e do
registro individual do desenvolvimento de cada criança em determinado período.
A avaliação não possui o objetivo de promoção que venha nortear o ingresso no
ensino fundamental.

As instituições de
ensino e aprendizagem destinadas ao atendimento de criança em fase de educação
infantil precisam de uma estrutura que atenda as características e necessidades
das crianças possibilitando assim, um espaço enriquecedor e propício para a
socialização, a autonomia e a aprendizagem. Nesse sentido, os espaços da pré-escola
e da creche devem ser seguros na medida em que possibilite a integridade física
das crianças, a instituição precisa dispor de variados espaços que permita a
movimentação das crianças e a sua interação com as outras crianças e com os
adultos, os móveis necessitam ser adaptados e as cores da instituição devem ser
adequadas ao ambiente educativo.

Sendo assim, as
salas de aulas têm que ser espaçosas, ventiladas e com boa luminosidade, as
cadeiras e mesas devem estar condizentes com o tamanho dos alunos, a decoração
da sala pode ser realizada em conjunto com os alunos, através da exposição das
atividades realizadas, os banheiros da instituição de ensino devem ser
adaptados para a faixa etária. Faz-se necessário um espaço destinado a
recreação, dispondo de brinquedos e jogos com diferentes cores e texturas, um espaço
destinado para o descanso, o refeitório e o berçário, entre outros espaços que
uma instituição de educação infantil pode possuir como, por exemplo, sala de
informática, sala de psicomotricidade, oficinas de artes plásticas, lactário,
solário.

Os professores que
atuam na educação básica na contemporaneidade devem possuir uma formação em
nível médio ou superior como determina a LDB lei nº 9 394/96 (2010, p.46):

Art. 62. A
formação de docentes para atuar na educação básica far-se-á em nível superior,
em curso de licenciatura, de graduação plena, em universidades e institutos
superiores de educação, admitida, como formação mínima para o exercício do
magistério na educação infantil e nas quatro primeiras séries do ensino
fundamental, a oferecida em nível médio, na modalidade Normal.



A Lei de Diretrizes
e Bases da Educação estabelece como meta a formação em nível superior para os
profissionais atuantes no sistema educacional brasileira, no entanto devido a
falta de formação acadêmica da maioria dos professores integrantes na área da
educação, permite-se a inclusão de profissionais com o nível médio como
formação mínima. Contudo sabemos que é extremamente necessário a formação em
nível superior para os profissionais da educação, as secretarias de educação
por sua vez podem contribuir na formação de sues professores através de
projetos, programas, cursos formativos.

A formação inicial e
também a continua para o profissional da educação é indispensável, já que os
conhecimentos sobre a prática educativa, e o conhecimento do processo de ensino
e aprendizagem são de suma importância para a atividade pedagógica, nessa
perspectiva, os conhecimentos adquiridos no processo formativo do professor seja
inicial ou continuo irão dar subsídios durante o exercício de sua profissão docente.

Por sua vez, a
formação continuada é uma forma do professor estar atualizando seus
conhecimentos e estar em contato com as teorias que circundam o ambiente
educativo, nessa perspectiva, o docente pode intervir respaldado teoricamente e
realizar uma prática condizente com as necessidades emergentes em determinada
sociedade, exercendo assim uma ação docente atrelada com a realidade&nbsp; do alunado propiciando dessa forma uma
prática educativa significativa para o processo educacional das crianças, nessa
perspectiva compreende-se “[...] que a
teoria ilumina a prática e esta é ressignificada pela teoria” (LIMA, 2012, p.
42).

Desse modo entende-se
que a educação infantil desempenha um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento
psicomotor, social e intelectual da criança, nesse contexto a ação docente
nessa modalidade educacional deve realizar uma prática educativa que atenta as
características e necessidades das crianças promovendo dessa forma em um
ambiente propício para a construção de conhecimentos uma prática que busque o
desenvolvimento da criança em sua complexidade, valorizando o meio social e
histórico no qual se encontra inserida.

No capítulo seguinte
será enfatizado o processo de aquisição da leitura e da escrita na educação
infantil, visto a necessidade do desenvolvimento dessas habilidades que podem
ser trabalhadas e incentivadas continuamente durante a educação infantil, a
presença da leitura e da escrita desde os anos iniciais de vida da criança pode
despertar o prazer por essas atividades, nesse contexto, a aquisição da
linguagem oral e escrita representa instrumentos valiosos no desenvolvimento da
criança.

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<![endif]-->



BRASIL.
Lei n.° 4.024, de 20 dezembro de 1961. Fixa as Diretrizes e Bases da Educação
Nacional. Disponível em:
. Acesso em: 1de ago.
2014.
<!--[if gte mso 9]>
 
  
  
 
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BRASIL. Lei
de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional: Lei nº 9.394, de 20 de dezembro de
1996. 5. ed. Brasília : Câmara dos Deputados, 2010.

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KISHIMOTO, T. M. O jogo e a educação infantil. São Paulo:
Pioneira, 1994.

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&nbsp;LIMA, Maria Socorro Lucena. Estágio e Aprendizagem
da formação docente. Brasília: Liber Livro, 2012.
&nbsp;




&nbsp;