Z. Sobre o mundo
Autor: Mário Correia | Publicado: 2013-02-13T11:22:00-02:00

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Veja o
mundo num grão de areia,&nbsp;

veja o céu em um campo florido, 
guarde o infinito na palma da mão,&nbsp;

e a eternidade em uma hora de vida!

William
Blake



Como praticamente
todos os problemas filosóficos, o mundo também é uma realidade problemática em
múltiplos aspectos. As questões que lhe são
referentes são discutidas pela filosofia na área que chamamos de cosmologia,
isto é, estudo do mundo. As principais questões que se lhe impõe são sobre a sua
origem, sua constituição, sua duração, seu fim último etc. As respostas podem
vir tanto das interpretações filosóficas, quanto das descrições científicas.
Ambos se complementando mutuamente. No caso da visão filosófica, o discurso
interpreta os fenômenos a partir de sua natureza essencial, de suas propriedades,
de seus fundamentos últimos, ligados à totalidade. A distinção entre discurso
científico e filosófico sobre o mundo, encontramos somente depois da
modernidade, porque antes, todos os problemas
cosmológicos eram vistos somente do ponto de vista filosófico. Aliás, o
problema cosmológico foi um dos primeiros que a mente humano quis desvendar. É
possível afirmar que a partir dele nasceu a
filosofia.



Quando as questões
cosmológicas inquietaram o homem, as primeiras repostas vieram do mito. &nbsp;Nesse modo de responder, o universo é
comparado a uma grande cidade habitada por homens e deuses, governada por um
grão-monarca. Tal explicação inspirou depois os primeiros filósofos que questionaram
de modo mais sistemático sobre as causas últimas, o princípio último de todas
as coisas. Foi Platão quem primeiro distinguiu o mundo em realidades físicas
(mundo sensível) e metafísicas (mundo das ideias) e atribuiu a sua origem ao
Demiurgo. Depois de Platão, veio Aristóteles que investigou mais acuradamente
sobre a natureza essencial e material das coisas. Para ele, o mundo é movido
pelo devir e tende a um fim: Deus. Totalmente diferentes
foram as ideias dos atomistas que
conceberam o mundo como sendo constituído por uma profusão ínfima de átomos moventes no vácuo
que, ligando-se, produzem os corpos e, separando-se, causam sua destruição.



Depois dos gregos,
vieram os pensadores cristãos que procuraram explicar a existência do mundo
recorrendo à noção bíblica de criação, afirmando que o mundo nasceu do nada,
por vontade livre do Criador. Eles também recorreram ao pensamento de
Aristóteles para explicar a estrutura intrínseca das coisas. De certo modo,
essa visão perdura até os nossos dias. Porém,
com diferentes acentuações provocadas pela modernidade. Nesse período, o problema
cosmológico tornou-se interessantíssimo, pois os modernos se encantaram,
deslumbraram-se com a beleza, grandeza,
fecundidade e poder da natureza. A partir de então, muitas descobertas
revolucionárias formam feitas, a começar pela
revolução copernicana que abriu caminho para Galileu, Newton, Lavoisier,
Einstein e tantos outros que começaram a desenredar a complexa volumosa e
intrínseca meada das leis que regem os fenômenos de nosso mundo.



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O mundo é uma
realidade complexa. Quanto mais o conhecemos, mais percebemos o quanto temos a
conhecer. Em seu dinamismo, sempre apresenta novidades, suscitando nossa
admiração e despertando a curiosidade. Assim se justifica, portanto, a
cosmologia. Esse ramo da filosofia que estuda os corpos em si mesmos, buscando chegar à essência das coisas, tendo como
objeto material, o mundo e como objeto formal, a
reflexão que daí decorre. São muitas as questões sobre o mundo! Há quem pense
que não haverá respostas conclusivas para muitas das interrogações
cosmológicas. Enquanto outros defendem a possibilidade de respostas
satisfatórias, decorrentes da metafísica ou da ontologia. Esses últimos, de
certo modo, põem-nos a caminho, na direção de Deus, Alfa e Omega do mundo. Para
eles, a razão nunca conseguirá exaurir, mas poderá aproximar, através de
respostas satisfatórias, de resoluções definitivas ou ao menos portadoras de
sentido para a nossa existência.


 

Goiânia, abril de 2013.