Filosofia Moderna
Autor: Leonardo | Publicado: 2012-05-02T16:56:00-07:00

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 <![endif]-->Racionalismo (René Descartes) Racionalismo cartesiano&nbsp; é uma doutrina que atribui à Razão humana a capacidade exclusiva de conhecer  e de estabelecer a Verdade. Opõe-se ao empirismo, colocando a Razão  independente da experiência sensível, ou seja, rejeita toda intervenção  de sentimentos, somente a Razão. René Descartes&nbsp; nasceu na França em 1596, termina o secundário em 1612, sendo um aluno  brilhante, não encontra a “Verdade” nos livros, ansioso e encontrar a  verdade viaja por toda a parte. Em 1618, alista-se nas tropas holandesas  de Maurício de Nassau e depois nas tropas do imperador da Baviera e  luta na Guerra dos Trinta Anos.Para receber a herança da mãe, retorna a Paris e retorna ao estudo de Filosofia.  Faleceu em 1650. Descartes criticava tudo que havia aprendido na  escola, para ele tudo era aparentemente verdadeiro, e o homem como um  animal racional deveria buscar princípios absolutamente seguros. Todo homem, segundo Descartes, possuía razão, a capacidade de  julgar e de discernir o verdadeiro do falso. O homem deve seguir um  método para conduzir bem a sua razão e procurar a verdade nas ciências,  afirma que devemos rejeitar como falso tudo aquilo do qual não podemos  duvidar, somente devemos aceitar as coisas indubitáveis. Segundo Descartes : “Todo o método consiste na ordem e na disposição  das coisas para as quais devemos voltar o olhar do espírito, para  descobrir alguma verdade”. O eu, seria uma substância que pensa, duvida,  concebe, afirma, nega, que quer, e que não quer, que imagina e que  sente.
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 <![endif]-->Empirismo (Francis Bacon, John Locke, David Hume)&nbsp; O empirismo&nbsp; é uma doutrina filosófica que tem como  principal teórico o inglês John Locke (1632-1704), que defende uma  corrente a qual chamou de Tabula Rasa. Esta corrente afirma que as  pessoas nada conhecem, como uma folha em branco. O conhecimento é limitado às experiências vivenciadas, e as aprendizagens se dão por meio de tentativas e erros. Entende-se por empírico aquilo que pode ter sua veracidade ou  falsidade verificada por meio dos resultados de experiências e  observações. Teorias não bastam, somente através da experiência, de  fatos ocorridos observados, um conhecimento é considerado pelo  empirista.&nbsp;A percepção do Mundo  externo e a abstração da realidade realizada na mente humana são o que  faz o homem adquirir sabedoria, segundo o empirismo. Embora tenha se  baseado no cartesianismo de René Descartes, ao contrário deste, Locke  não aceita a existência de idéias inatas resultantes da capacidade de  pensar da razão.&nbsp;Segundo a teoria de Locke (com a qual concordavam os  demais empiristas), a razão, tem a função de organizar os dados  empíricos, apenas unir uns dados aos outros, que lhe chegam através da  experiência. Segundo Locke, “nada pode existir na mente que não tenha  passado antes pelos sentidos”, ou seja, as idéias surgem da experiência  externa (via sensação), ou interna (via reflexão),  e podem ser classificadas em simples (como a idéia de largura, que vêm  da visão) ou compostas (a idéia de doença, resultado de uma associação  de idéias).&nbsp;Nesse sentido, qualquer afirmação de cunho metafísico  era rejeitada no Empirismo, pois para essas afirmações não há  experimentação, testes ou controles possíveis.     Outro importante teórico empirista foi o escocês David Hume  (1711-1776), que contribuiu com a epistemologia ao discutir o princípio  da causalidade. Segundo Hume, não existe conexão causal, e sim uma  seqüência temporal de eventos, que pode ser observada.      Além de John Locke e David Hume, outros filósofos que são  associados ao empirismo são: Aristóteles, Tomás de Aquino, Francis  Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, George Berkeley e John Stuart Mill. O empirismo causou uma grande revolução na ciência, pois graças à  valorização das experiências e do conhecimento científico, o homem  passou a buscar resultados práticos, buscando o domínio da natureza. A  partir do empirismo surgiu a metodologia científica. 
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 <![endif]-->Criticismo Kantiano Na  sua maturidade, o filosofo alemão que viveu no século XVIII, Immanuel  Kant dizia que toda filosofia tinha a finalidade de responder uma só  questão: “O que pode legitimamente a nossa razão?” Em outras palavras, a filosofia se resumiria a teoria do conhecimento, ao questionamento da capacidade cognitiva da razão. O que implicaria em rever toda a metafísica, conduzindo até a ética. Já  que ao responder “o que posso saber”, necessitaríamos abordar “o que  devo fazer”, implicando em discussões conceituais em torno da ética. Tudo para chegar ao questionamento do que “é permitido esperar”. Preocupações  que nasceram a partir da oposição entre racionalistas e empiristas,  levando Kant a questionar a natureza do conhecimento humano e a  possibilidade da existência de uma razão pura, independente da  experiência. Em outras palavras, seria o conhecimento aquilo que é apreendido pelos sentidos e a experiência ou pela razão? Kant  questionou o racionalismo e o empirismo, ao longo de vinte anos de  pesquisas, originando o pensamento que ficaria conhecido como criticismo  kantiano. Uma  critica tanto ao racionalismo como ao empirismo, daí chamado de  criticismo, fortalecendo a base da ciência contra os ataques dos  céticos. O implica em afirmar que o criticismo também diz respeito à filosofia da ciência.