A energia térmica e o ciclo do carbono
Autor: Ciência Viva | Publicado: 2012-11-06T02:37:00-08:00

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<![endif]--> A Energia Térmica é a energia do calor gerado em uma
combustão de um material orgânico. O material orgânico deve origem a partir da
fotossíntese das plantas, processo dependente da energia do SOL. A combustão de um material
orgânico é a quebra das ligações químicas entre os átomos deste material, com
liberação de CO2 e calor. O calor é usado então para gerar movimento
de algum objeto a partir do aumento da pressão.



Os prinicpais combustíveis utilizados para a produção da energia térmica são o carvão vegetal e os combustíveis fósseis derivados do petróleo. Em ambos os casos, a queima de combustíveis de origem orgânica libera gás carbônico na atmosfera, inteferindo com a quantidade de átomos de carbono livres no ar, principais causadores do aquecimento global.





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OS COMBUSTÍVEIS
FÓSSEIS



Durante
anos, milhares de algas fotossintetizantes que vivem nos oceanos morrem e
outras nascem. O material orgânico que forma estas algas desce, devido ao seu
peso, para o fundo dos oceanos. Esse material acumula energia solar em
moléculas de glicose. Com o seu depósito no fundo dos oceanos, ao longo de
muitos anos, o material mais velho é pressionado pelo material mais novo, que
se sedimentou mais recentemente. A partir disso, nestas condições de alta
pressão, o material orgânico não se decompõe por completo e ocorre a formação
de um líquido negro e viscoso, o petróleo. O petróleo é extraído pelas
indústrias petrolíferas e seus componentes são separados formando a gasolina, o
óleo diesel, o óleo lubrificante de motores, o querosene, o gás natural e
alguns resíduos sólidos que são usados na fabricação de asfalto e parafina.







O CICLO DO
CARBONO



Quando
falamos em matéria orgânica estamos tratando dos carboidratos, das proteínas e
das gorduras que formam quase todo o corpo dos seres vivos. Essas moléculas são
constituídas muitos átomos de carbono ligados entre si, além de alguns átomos
de hidrogênio, oxigênio, nitrogênio, fósforo e enxofre. Mas não há como negar que
o carbono é o principal elemento que forma o corpo dos seres vivos depois da
água. Esse carbono está presente nos seres enquanto eles estão vivos e será
devolvido ao ambiente após suas mortes, para ser capturado novamente pelas
plantas através da fotossíntese. Os átomos de carbono ficam então em uma
constante dança cíclica entre o ambiente e o corpo dos seres vivos, indo e
vindo entre estes dois compartimentos.



Os
átomos de carbono que estão na molécula de glicose foram capturados da
atmosfera pelas plantas. Essas plantas servirão de alimento para os demais
seres vivos, que irão quebra a glicose e liberar os átomos de carbono no ar,
sob a forma de gás carbônico eliminado na respiração. Este vai e vem do carbono
entre ambiente – planta – animais – ambiente é um ciclo contínuo e
ininterrupto. 



Os
átomos de carbono que formam o corpo de todos os seres vivos voltarão ao meio
ambiente após sua morte e decomposição, sendo devolvidos ao solo, ao ar e aos
rios e oceanos para serem utilizados novamente pelas plantas para crescerem e
servirem de alimento.



Nos
oceanos, uma parte do carbono dissolvido na água se deposita no fundo formando
o petróleo em altas pressões. O petróleo é um estoque de carbono que
naturalmente não é reutilizado. O carbono do petróleo somente voltará ao meio
ambiente a partir da ação humana de queimá-lo para conseguir energia,
devolvendo ao ar grandes quantidade de CO2. As plantas não dão conta
de absorver todo este CO2, fato que tem causado o aquecimento
global.



Outra
parte do carbono dos fundos de oceano será derretida no magma da mesosfera
devido aos movimentos das placas tectônicas. Esse carbono também fica um bom
tempo indisponível, fora do meio ambiente, retornando somente após vulcanismos,
através dos quais a lava do interior do planeta é depositada sobre o solo da
crosta terrestre ou liberada na forma de fumaça (nuvem de CO2 e
outros gases).



O
homem tem desestabilizado o ciclo natural do carbono, quando devolve à
atmosfera grandes quantidade de CO2 que estavam temporariamente
estocadas nas reservas de petróleo. Naturalmente, as plantas dão conta de
capturar o CO2 liberado na respiração dos seres vivos de forma que
ele não se acumula no ar. Existe um equilíbrio entre carbono liberado na
respiração e carbono capturado na fotossíntese. No entanto, as plantas não dão
conta de capturar o CO2 jogado no ar a partir da combustão do
petróleo, ficando ele acumulado na atmosfera causando o aquecimento global.