RELATÓRIO: “Terra E Poder na Antiga Mesopotâmia - Uma Antropologia Histórica entre os “Primitivos” e os “Modernos”
Autor: Mirna Galesco  | Publicado: 2011-07-01T09:09:00-07:00

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; O objeto: A estrutura do poder nas sociedades da Antiga Mesopotâmia&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Objetivo: Compreender e identificar as bases desse poder na ação direta das organizações palacianas e templárias sobre o solo e o controle do processo produtivo.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; O texto se divide em duas partes, demonstrando sistemas de classificação e controle padronizados e formalizados, podendo ser entendido como sistemas de gerenciamento. Um deles é o sistema-ilkum, que concedia lotes de terra fértil ao servidor e o outro, sistema-biltum, ficando a terra sob o poder produtivo do palácio.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A riqueza e o poder no Oriente Próximo se originam da economia agrária e de sua articulação com a política de controle do solo e do que nele se produz. A terra é a base da hierarquia social e sua posse confere poder.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Os tipos de economia coexistem nestas sociedades; de um lado uma de prestigio, tendo como característica a desigualdade e detenção de bens, e por outro a economia de subsistência, caracterizando-se pelos meios de produção que são apropriados socialmente e direcionados apenas para o sustento, não havendo exploração econômica.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; O poder político efetiva-se com a propriedade e controle da terra e sua produção. O mando tribal, segundo a teoria de Veblen (1994), está associado a uma classe ociosa e seu consumo, sendo chefes e sacerdotes os controladores do excedente produzido, que geram as distinções em relação aos produtores diretos. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; O exercício do poder na Mesopotâmia não pode ser compreendido de forma homogênea, observando-se apenas as disposições da riqueza, nem explicado a partir da teoria marxista ou da economia clássica, pois abarca diversas especificidades em seu contexto.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Concluímos então que as várias fontes de mando e as várias formas de política trazem em si diversas matrizes de poder palaciano e templário. Os estudos históricos identificarão as transformações que ocorreram, utilizando-se de alternância de estratégias analíticas. Deste modo, o empirismo teórico permitirá a sua devida conceituação e criação de hipóteses adequadas ao seu entendimento.
Mirna Galesco Dias –&nbsp; Disciplina: História da Antiguidade Oriental - Profº Fábio Augusto Morales