LESSON 9
Autor: Hebert Lima | Publicado: 2012-05-13T19:46:00-07:00

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  IX
The Radiography Machine
Mary is showing the machine of radiography to her friend, John. She is showing him what each command means.- Look, John! There are a lot of commands here, very similar to the commands used in computers. See: DEL, we use for deleting files; ENTER, we use for initializing something. Here we use keyboard, mouse, CPU, HD. As you can see, we have to know a lot of computing and English if we want to operate those machines well.- Wow! These things are very interesting. And these buttons, what are these for?- The buttons are the basic ones. If you want to start the process, you will press start or enter. If you want to save the information, you will press save button just like computer.- And about the image treatment?- Well, It is a little more complex. Pay attention! I will not do it in the machine, I will only suppose. For example: If I used the command “PULL”, “RECEIVE” or “GET”, I would receive the data. - But if you had used the command “ACCEPT” or “ALLOW”, what would have happened?- If I had used “ACCEPT” or “ALLOW”, I would have accepted the receipt of the data.- Very good, Mary. You are going to be a great professional. You know everything!
Vocabulary
Show &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mostrar&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;him &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a ele&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;o que/ qualMean &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;significar &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there is &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;há/existe&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;there are &nbsp;&nbsp;há/existemA lot of &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;muito sobre/vários&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;use &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;usar&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;file&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; arquivoDelete &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;apagar &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;initialize &nbsp;&nbsp;inicializar &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;As &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;comoWant &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;querer &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;those &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;essas &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;well &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;bemCan &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;poder(verbo) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;just like &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;assim como &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;know&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;saber/conhecerLittle&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;pequeno/pouco&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;more&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mais &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wow!&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Nossa!These&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; estas &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;very muito&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;interesting &nbsp;interessanteButton &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;botão&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ones aqueles&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;what are these for? Para que estes servem?Press &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;apertar&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;suppose &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;supor &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;receive &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;receberData &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;dados &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;happen &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;acontecer&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;receipt &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;recebimento
§1 O futuro do pretérito (Would)Em inglês, para se colocar o verbo no futuro do pretérito, acrescenta-se o verbo auxiliar WOULD antes do verbo principal. Por exemplo: Se quiséssemos passar pra inglês a frase: “EU AMARIA VOCÊ.”, essa frase ficaria “I WOULD LOVE YOU”.Por ser um verbo auxiliar como qualquer outro, ele se flexiona nas formas afirmativa, negativa e interrogativa. Observe:
Forma afirmativa:I would save you. (Eu te salvaria)Forma negativa:I would not save you. (Eu não te salvaria)Forma Interrogativa:Would I save you. (Eu te salvaria?)
Obs1: Para quem não lembra o futuro do pretérito é caracterizado em português pelo final –ia. Ex: Amaria, comeria, lavaria, moraria, etc.Obs2: Na afirmativa, a forma contraída de WOULD é ‘D. Na negativa é WOULDN’T. Ex: I’d live./ I wouldn’t live.Obs3: O WOULD é considerado o passado de WILL.Obs4: O WOULD mantém a mesma forma em todas as pessoas do verbo. Ex: I would receive; He would receive; We would receive; etc.
§2 Formas compostas com o condicional. (IF-clauses)
Primeiramente é preciso saber que IF significa “se” e é usado com o sentido de dúvida ou condição. As três formas que vamos ver a seguir dependem dessa pequena conjunção.
1. Se quisermos escrever em inglês a seguinte frase:Se nós chegarmos cedo, nós faremos o teste.Ela ficará:If we arrive early, we will do the test.Ou seja, se a oração que contiver o IF estiver no presente, a segunda oração vai pro futuro.
2. Mas, se quisermos escrever em inglês a seguinte frase:Se nós chegássemos cedo, nós faríamos o teste.Ela ficará:If we arrived early, we would do the test.Ou seja, se a oração que contiver o IF estiver no passado, a segunda oração vai pro futuro do pretérito.
3. Já, se quisermos escrever em inglês a seguinte frase:Se nós tivéssemos chegado cedo, nós teríamos feito o teste.Ela ficará:If we had arrived early, we would have done the test.Ou seja, se a oração que contiver o IF estiver no passado perfeito, ou seja, com had + particípio, a segunda oração utilizar-se-á do WOULD HAVE.

   Lista de Comandos de Máquinas de RadiologiaALIASING- Falso diagnóstico (literal.: igualando, sinônimo);ARCHIVE- Arquivo (espaço para documentação de imagens);CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT/CPU- Unidade Central de Processamento;DATA AQUISITION SYSTEM/DAS- Sistema de aquisição de informações;DELAY- Razão entre tempo de infusão para contraste e aquisição de cortes/imagens (literalmente: atraso, adiamento);DELETE/DEL - Deletar, apagar dados;ENTER; START; SCAN- Iniciar (o processo de escaneamento);FIELD OF VIEW/FOV- Campo de Visão;GANTRY- Corpo do aparelho (entrada da máquina);GAP- Intervalo (literalmente, espaço, lacuna entre os cortes);HARD DISK- Disco rígido (dispositivo para salvar informações);HOUNSFILD UNIT- Unidade de medida (Hounsfield);KEYBOARD- Teclado;MULTISLICE- Múltiplos Detectores;ON-BOARD COMPUTER/OBC- Computador de bordo (controla as ações do corpo&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; da máquina);OVERRANGE- Excesso de informações;PITCH- Deslocamento (razão entre o movimento da mesa e o nº de cortes/feixes)PIXEL/PICTURE OF ELEMENT- Elemento de Imagem;POWER DISTRIBUTION UNIT/PDU- Unidade de Distribuição de Energia;RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY/RAM- Memória de Acesso Aleatório.RESTORE/RETRIEVE- Restaurar, recuperar informações;RING ARTIFACTS- algo como: Artefatos de Anéis (problema comum à tomografia);SAVE- Salvar, gravar informações;SCOUT- Tipo de visualização de exame (literalmente: observação – frontal, lateral, etc.);SHUTDOWN- Desligar (todo o sistema);SINGLE SLICE- Detector Simples;SLIP-RING - algo como: Anéis em comunicação/... que se movem deslizadamente (técnica usada em tomografia);START UP- Iniciar/levantar o sistema/banco de dados;STATIONARY COMPUTER/STC- Computador Estacionário (controla as ações internas da máquina – feixes e anéis);STRIKE- Material de alta densidade (literalmente: batida, impacto);TRACKBALL- mouse esférico (comum ao processamento de imagem);TURN ON/OFF- Ligar/desligar (Usado principalmente para os equipamentos. Quando estiver apenas ON/OFF, tem-se, respectivamente, ligado/desligado);VOXEL/VOLUME OF ELEMENT- Elemento de Volume;WARM UP- Aquecer (equipamento). Preparar processo com antecipação;WINDOW LEVEL- Nível de Janela;WINDOW WIDTH- largura da Janela;WORKSTATION- Estação de trabalho (centro de processamento de imagem);
ComandosACCEPT/ALLOW- Aceitar, permitir o recebimento de dados;END/DONE- Concluir, finalizar tarefa;PAUSE- Pausar, interromper algum processo;PULL/RECEIVE/GET- Receber dados;RESUME- Retomar (um processo), tentar concluí-lo;STOP- Parar, suspender processo;TRANSFER/PUSH/SEND- Enviar dados;
Tratamento da imagem
ANGLE- Ângulo;CINE/PAGING/LOOPING- Movimentar imagem (literal.: folheando, paginando);CROSS REFERENCE- Referência cruzada (Planos de corte);DISPLAY- Apresentação;ERASE/DELETE/REMOVE- Apagar;FORMAT/REFORMAT- Formatação/Reformatação;HIGH PASS/ENHACE/SHARP/EDGE- Filtros de realce;INVERSION- Inversão (escala de cinza em imagens digitais);LOW PASS/SMOOTH/SOFT- Filtros de suavização;MAGNIFYING GLASS- Lupa;MEASURE- Medida;REFERENCE IMAGE- Imagem de referência;REGION OF INTEREST/ROI- Região de Interesse;ROTATE/FLIP/MIRROR- Girar (Left- esquerda; Right – direita) / Inverter (Down- para baixo; Up- normal/para cima);SCREEN- Tela;SCROLLING- Deslocar (barra de rolagem);SHOT/MATTE- Evidenciar (literal.: escurecendo o que não for necessário);WRITE/ANNOTATE- Anotação;ZOOM/MAGNIFY- Magnificação (ampliar);
Algoritmos de reconstrução / ProtocolosBONE- Tecidos ósseos (literal.: osso);DETAIL- Tecidos intermediários entre músculos e ossos (literal.: detalhe);EDGE- Tecido ósseo denso (literal.: centro, concentrado);LUNG- Parênquima Pulmonar (literal.: pulmão);SOFT- Tecidos moles em crianças (literal.: macio, suave);STANDARD- Tecidos moles em adultos (literal.: padrão);Documentação de imagensDRY SYSTEM- Sistema de filmes a seco;FILMING/FILMING COMPOSER- Documentar (imagens);PRINT- Imprimir;SORT BY NUMBER/LOCATION/ECHO/PHASE/TYPE/DATE/TIME- Organizar/ordenar por número/localização/ecos/fase/tipo/data/hora de aquisição;WET SYSTEM- Sistema de filmes úmidos;Modelos Tridimensionais3D-BUILD MODEL/RECONSTRUCT- Construir modelo em 3D/Reconstrução;CUT- Cortar, dividir;FILTER- Filtro;MIXING- Misturar (imagens cortadas);PAINT- Pintar (áreas de interesse);THRESHOLD- Limite, limiar;VOLUME RENDERING- Renderização (algo como “fazer render mais”, “ser melhor aproveitado”);Modelos pré-definidosCT-ANGIO- Angiografia (estrutura cardíaca).CT-BONE- Estrutura óssea;CT-LUNG- Área pulmonar (vasobrônquica e parênquima);CT-SOFT- Tecidos moles;