BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA - Geomorfologia Fluvial (caracteristicas gerais)
Autor: Gilvan Fontanailles | Publicado: 2016-11-03T07:16:00-03:00

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Fala
galera !! Tudo bem? Na aula de hoje vamos falar sobre GEOMORFOLOGIA FLUVIAL,
nessa aula vamos estudar um conceito muito importante em hidrografia que é o
conceito de Bacia Hidrográfica!

&nbsp;


Vamos
detalhar melhor esse assunto!&nbsp;



&nbsp;O
que vem a ser mesmo uma bacia hidrográfica?


Galera! Toda bacia hidrográfica é composta por um RIO PRINCIPAL, abaixo temos
um exemplo disso! Vejam.&nbsp;

&nbsp;



O
traço abaixo (linha de cor azul) representa a visão de um rio visto de uma
posição aérea! Vamos considerar que ele seja um rio principal de uma bacia
hidrográfica e que seu curso dá-se da esquerda para a direita.&nbsp;



PRIMEIRA
OBSERVAÇÃO:



Onde
fica a nascente de um rio ? (onde ele começa)

Onde
fica a foz ou desembocadura de um rio? (onde ele desagua)



&nbsp;
- Nascente: local onde surge o rio, normalmente por um “olho d’água” (ou
“mina”, área onde, por rachaduras na crosta, a água chega e sai à superfície)

&nbsp;





No caso, do rio descrito basta observar o trajeto do curso das suas
águas!&nbsp; Nesse caso sua a nascente fica na extremidade
oeste(esquerda).&nbsp;



&nbsp;
- Foz: local onde o rio deságua



No
caso, do rio descrito basta observar novamente o trajeto do curso das suas
águas!&nbsp; Nesse caso sua a foz fica na extremidade leste(direita).&nbsp;



Veja
a gravura:





SEGUNDA&nbsp;
OBSERVAÇÃO:

-
É saber qual é a margem direita e esquerda desse rio?


O que você precisar fazer ou saber para identificar as margens de um rio sem
nenhum erro?



Basta
você se posicionar dentro do rio de costas voltadas para a nascente! A água
sempre se desloca da nascente para a sua foz, então fica de costa para a
correnteza. Para não erra basta observar a direção do curso da água. Feito
isso! Ai é só abrir as mãos!&nbsp;

&nbsp;

A
margem direita estará indicada pela mão direta (lado direito do rio) e a margem
esquerda (lado esquerdo do rio) estará indicada pela mão esquerda.&nbsp; Assim,
as margens de um rio pode ser identificadas como o lado direito e lado
esquerdo! Seguindo sempre o sentido da corrente do rio em que ele, rio, se
desloca.&nbsp; 



Mas,
caso você precise identificar as margens de um rio através de uma gravura ou de
uma carta cartográfica? O que fazer para saber qual é a margem direita e a
margem esquerda?



O
que você precisa fazer?



&nbsp;-Primeiramente
só em você observar o mapa você perceberá que existe dois lados no mapa. Um lado
que fica acima do leito do rio (que trata de uma das margens do rio) e um outro
lado que fica a baixo do leito do rio que trata da outra margem! 



&nbsp;

Então!
A partir do leito do rio podemos dividir o mapa em dois lado. 



Mas
qual é a margem direita e qual é a margem esquerda?&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 

&nbsp;

Para
identificá-las você precisa saber qual é a direção do curso do rio! Segundo a
gravura ao lado, ele se dá da esquerda para a direita. Isso que dizer que sua
nascente fica na esquerda e sua foz (onde suas águas desaguam) a direita.&nbsp;





Agora
é só se projetar para o rio! Observando a gravura você ficará de costas para o
oeste! Abrindo as mãos a porção que ficar acima do leito do rio (norte)
corresponderá a margem esquerda e a porção que fica abaixo (sul) corresponderá,
a margem direita.&nbsp;&nbsp;



&nbsp;

Observe
que a margem direita e a margem esquerda tem uma relação direta com&nbsp; o
próprio sentido de direção do fluxo das águas!



Como
assim?



Caso,
a nascente ao invés de nascer no sentido de direção oeste, nasça no sul para o
norte ou para o leste não importa basta você se posicionar dentro do rio de
costas voltadas para a nascente, ou seja,&nbsp; fica de costa para a
correnteza. Abri as mãos! A mão direita indicará a margem direita e a mão
esquerda indicará a margem esquerda.





-
AFLUENTES: O outro fato importante a ser observado em uma bacia hidrográfica é
que tanto na margem do lado direito quanto do lado esquerdo, existem outros
rios que desaguam suas águas no leito do rio principal. Os rios que desaguam
suas águas no rio principal são chamados de afluentes. 



Caso
algum de seus afluentes tenha um outro rio que desaguem suas águas no seu
leito, esse rio é chamado de subafluente.&nbsp; 



Então,
área correspondente ao território drenado por um rio principal e seus afluentes
chamamos de Bacia Hidrográfica.





TERCEIRA
OBSERVAÇÃO: Jusante e Montante o que significa esses dois termos?




Observe o perfil do relevo do rio abaixo! Caso você estando no meio dessa
montanha e queira ir seguindo a direção da nascente, isto é, andando em direção
contraria a correnteza do rio, nós dizemos que você está indo a MONTANTE do rio
(montante = montanha)!

Caso você resolva não mais seguir em direção a nascente do rio e sim ao local
onde as águas desse rio desaguam e estando no meio dessa montanha e comece
seguir em direção a foz do rio, nós dizemos que você está indo a JUSANTE. 



&nbsp;

Estes
são dois termos muito utilizados quando a gente conversar sobre geomorfologia
fluvial! 


Galera! Agora vamos conversar um pouco mais sobre o que seria uma FOZ?

Existe vários tipos de foz!



Sabemos
que qualquer rio tem uma nascente (onde o rio nasce=tem seu inicio) e uma foz
(onde o rio desagua suas águas = tem seu fim)! Galera ! isto ocorre sempre no
MAR, e o encontro onde se dar as águas do rio com as águas do mar chamamos de
Foz!&nbsp;



Vejamos
alguns tipos de foz!

&nbsp;&nbsp;


&nbsp;

&nbsp;Na
gravura acima temos dois tipos de foz! Uma representada pelo exemplo, do rio A,
e outra representada pelo exemplo, do&nbsp; rio B.



Observando
o ponto onde as águas dos rios se juntam às águas do mar, percebemos que no
exemplo do rio A o leito do rio não se divide como ocorre no leito do rio B.
Pois no rio B o leito principal do rio se subdividiu em vários cursos
menores.&nbsp;



A
foz representada pelo exemplo do rio A, chamamos de ESTUÁRIO!Esse tipo de foz o leito do rio segue seu curso sem que haja qualquer tipo de divisão do seu
leito. 



E
o modelo de foz, representado na foz do rio B?


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Exercício









1ª Questão:
&nbsp;Enumere a 2ª coluna de acordo com a 1ª.



(
a ) fluvial

(
b ) níval

(
c ) pluvial



(&nbsp;
) Variação das águas de um rio durante o período de um ano.

(&nbsp;
) Os rios são alimentados pelas águas das chuvas.

(&nbsp;
) Os rios são alimentados pelas águas das neves e geleiras, no verão.



Responda.



2ª Questão:
&nbsp;O que é foz de um rio em delta?



------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



3ª Questão:
&nbsp;O que é foz de um rio em estuário?



------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



4ª Questão:
&nbsp;O que são rios de regime regular?



------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



Gabarito.



1) a – c – b

2) É quando um rio deságua no oceano por várias saídas.

3) Quando as águas dos rios entram no oceano por uma única saída.

4) É os rios que não apresentam grandes variações no volume de água
durante o ano inteiro.
&nbsp;


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Atividade
de Fixação:&nbsp;




&nbsp;




01
Questão:(UEL/PR–2008)Quando a maior parte do volume das águas depende do
derretimento de geleiras ou do degelo de picos nevados, o rios se encontra na
categoria:


a)
arreica.

b)
exorreica.

c)
jusante.

d)
montante.

e)
nival.



02ª
Questão: (UEPG/PR) Sobre os rios, seus elementos, erosão, transporte e
sedimentação fluviais, assinale o que for correto.



01.
Nas regiões que normalmente coincidem como seu curso superior, onde a maior
declividade do terreno acarreta maior velocidade das águas, a ação erosiva de
um rio é menos intensa.

02.
Os rios de planalto geralmente possuem grande força hidráulica e têm
importância para a produção de energia elétrica, fundamental para o
desenvolvimento industrial.

04.
As planícies de inundação ou aluvionais são formadas por ocasião das cheias dos
rios.

08.
As pequenas partículas de sedimentos, tais como silte e argila, são
transportadas em suspensão constituindo-se na carga de suspensão de um rio.

16.Dando-se
as costas para suas nascentes, à direita ficam as margens direitas e, à
esquerda, as margens esquerdas.



03
Questão: (UEPG/PR–2009) As características do relevo da América do Sul e, mais
especificamente, do território brasileiro, faz em com que tenhamos no Brasil
importantes rios, que fluem nas mais diferentes direções. Sobre este assunto,
assinale o que for correto.



01.
Rio São Francisco, conhecido como Rio da Integração Nacional, flui predominantemente
no sentido sul – norte, com tendência sudoeste – nordeste e com deslocamento
oeste – leste na sua porção final.

02.
O Rio Paraná, que tem um importante potencial hidrelétrico, flui no sentido
norte – sul, com tendência nordeste – sudoeste.

04.
O Rio Amazonas, o de maior volume de águas do mundo, flui no sentido oeste –
leste; ele nasce na Cordilheira dos Andes e deságua no Oceano Atlântico.

08.
O Rio Paranapanema, que faz a divisa entre São Paulo e o Paraná ao norte de
nosso estado, e o Rio Iguaçu, de grande potencial hidrelétrico, fluem
predominantemente de leste para oeste, para o interior do continente.

16.
O Rio Tocantins, importante a fluente do Rio Amazonas, flui na direção norte –
sul.



04ª
Questão: (FMN/PE–2009) O Brasil apresenta uma das maiores riquezas
hidrográficas do planeta. Embora pobre em lagos naturais, nosso território é
fartamente banhado por rios extensos e caudalosos, configurando bacias fluviais
de significativas dimensões e influências. Sobre isso, considere as seguintes
proposições:



I.
A Bacia Amazônica é a que apresenta maior potencial hidráulico do Brasil.

II.
A Bacia do Paraná caracteriza-se pelo predomínio de rios de planície, com baixo
aproveitamento&nbsp; hidrelétrico.

III.
As usinas hidrelétricas de Itaparica e Moxotó localizam-se na Bacia do São
Francisco.

IV.O
Rio São Francisco apresenta-se, na atualidade, bastante assoreado, em função,
principalmente, do desmatamento de seus terrenos ribeirinhos.

V.O
Rio Amazonas “nasce” na cordilheira dos Andes, na Colômbia, e desemboca no
Golfão Amazônico, onde o processo de sedimentação originou a ilha do Bananal.



São
verdadeiras apenas as proposições:



a)
II, III e V.

b)
I,II e IV.

c)
I,III e IV.

d)
I,II e V.

e)
II,IV e V.





05.
(UFPEL) 



Os
rios constituem um elemento essencial para o ser humano, desde os primórdios da
humanidade ate os dias atuais. Alem de sua importância natural, destaca-se
também sua funcionalidade política, econômica e social.



Os
rios são correntes de água doce que se formam a partir de uma precipitação
(chuva ou neve) ou de fontes naturais.



Em
uma bacia hidrográfica, e possível identificar diferentes elementos e
características no percurso de um rio.





Il
Mondo Grande atlante geografico, 1998. [adapt.]



Com
base nos dados acima e em seus conhecimentos, assinale a alternativa que
apresenta arelação correta dos elementos e características identificados na
figura. 



a)
(4) Nascente, (3) Afluente, (2) Meandro, (1) Foz em Delta, (5) Margem esquerda
e (6) Margem direita.

b)
(6) Nascente, (2) Afluente, (4) Meandro, (1) Foz em Delta, (5) Margem esquerda
e (3) Margem direita.

c)
(4) Nascente, (2) Afluente, (5) Meandro, (1) Foz em Delta, (6) Margem esquerda
e (3) Margem direita.

d)
(6) Nascente, (3) Afluente, (2) Meandro, (4) Foz em Delta, (5) Margem esquerda
e (1) Margem direita.

e)
(2) Nascente, (1) Afluente, (4) Meandro, (3) Foz em Delta, (6) Margem esquerda
e (5) Margem direita.

f)
I.R.





Respostas
dos exercícios da aula: 

01
–E; 

02
–30 (02+04+08+16); 

03
–15 (01+02+04+08); 

04
–C.

05
–B.
&nbsp;

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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
  
  
 
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>

 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal";
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
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 mso-style-parent:"";
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
 mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
 line-height:115%;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
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 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
 mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}

<![endif]-->