REVOLUÇÃO FRANCESA
Autor: allyson campina | Publicado: 2012-09-17T11:11:00-07:00

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REVOLUÇÃO FRANCESA – ALGUNS TÓPICOS



•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Antecedentes/causas:

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Maior
população da Europa Ocidental (25 milhões).

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
80%
parasitário 

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Luís
XVIrural.

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Absolutismo




•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
A
Assembléia Nacional (1789 – 1792):

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Grande
Medo (AGO): camponeses rebelam-se contra autoridade dos senhores feudais.

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Abolição
de privilégios feudais.

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
DECLARAÇÃO
UNIVERSAL DOS DIREITOS DO HOMEM E DO CIDADÃO – igualdade jurídica, direito à propriedade
e resistência à opressão.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Desigualdade
econômica no lugar da sociedade estamental.

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Constituição
civil do clero (1790).

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Igreja
subordinada ao Estado.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Juramentados&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; X&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Refratários.

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1ª
Constituição francesa (1791): monarquia constitucional, divisão de poderes,
voto censitário, manutenção da escravidão nas colônias.

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Proibição
de greves e associações de trabalhadores (Le Chepelier).

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Divisões
entre os parlamentares:

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
GIRONDINOS – alta burguesia, conservadores,
sentados na direita do parlamento.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
JACOBINOS
– pequena e média
burguesia, apoiados por sans-culotes, favoráveis a mudanças mais radicais,
sentados na esquerda do parlamento. Apelidados de “montanheses”.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Cordeliers
– camadas populares 

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Feuillants
– burguesia financeira.

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Nobres
começam a abandonar a França (emigrados).

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Rei
tenta fugir e é preso (1791).

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
França
é invadida por países absolutistas (Áustria e Prússia).

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Exército
popular (COMUNA INSURRECIONAL DE PARIS), liderado por jacobinos, é formado para
conter inimigos.

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Rei
= traidor

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Monarquia
é abolida (1792)

•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
A
Convenção Nacional (1792 – 1795):

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Girondinos&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; X&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Jacobinos

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Set/1792
– Jun/1793: Girondinos no poder.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Jan/1793
– Luís XVI é guilhotinado.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1ª
coligação contra a FRA (AUS + PRUS + ESP + HOL + ING).

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Revolta
de camponeses de Vendéia (contra a Revolução).

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Crise
econômica.

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Jun/1793
– Jul/1794: Jacobinos no poder.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Radicalismo.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1793:
Constituição do Ano I – sufrágio universal, fim da escravidão nas colônias.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Comitê
de Salvação Pública (administração e defesa externa).

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Comitê
de Salvação Nacional (segurança interna).

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Tribunais
Revolucionários (julgamento de opositores).

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Calendário
Revolucionário.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Lei
do Preço Máximo.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Ensino
público e gratuito.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Confisco
e venda (a preços populares) de bens da Igreja e nobreza.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Fim
da supremacia católica.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Assassinato
de Marat

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Divergências
entre jacobinos.

Ø&nbsp;
Danton X Robespierre* X Hérbert 

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Terror:
abuso da guilhotina.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Desgaste
do governo.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Golpe
do 9 Termidor (Reação Termidoriana): Robespierre é guilhotinado e Girondinos
retomam o poder.

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Convenção
Termidoriana (1794 – 1795): 

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Anulação
das leis dos jacobinos.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Perseguições
a populares (Terror Branco).

•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
O
Diretório (1795 – 1799):

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1795:
Nova Constituição – 5 diretores (poder executivo), voto censitário.

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1795
e 1797 – golpes realistas (frustrados)

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1796:
Conspiração ou Conjura dos Iguais (Graco Babeuf) – rebelião popular
fracassada.

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Segunda
Coligação contra a França (PRUS + ESP + HOL + ITA) – derrotada.

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Crise
econômica, corrupção, impopularidade.

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Napoleão
Bonaparte destaca-se.

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Golpe
do 18 Brumário
(1799): Napoleão Bonaparte toma o poder.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Fim
da Revolução Francesa.

•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Importância
do movimento:

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Fim
do Antigo Regime.

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Ascensão
da burguesia.

–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Desenvolvimento
do capitalismo.