Autor: Quimica CEM 02 | Publicado: 2014-09-23T17:27:00-07:00


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TERMOQUÍMICA

















&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Termoquímica é a ciência que estuda as transferências
de calor[1]
associadas aos fenômenos (físicos e químicos) da natureza.


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Essa quantidade de calor é
medida em aparelhos denominados "calorímetros"
onde a quantidade de calor trocada com o meio é nula ou desprezível e tem por
unidade o joule (J), ou seu múltiplo quilojoule (KJ = 103J). Pode-se
também utilizar a unidade "calorias[2]"
(cal) através da relação: 1cal = 4,18J.



ENTALPIA (H)



&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ENTALPIA é o conteúdo de energia de cada
participante da reação. (deriva do grego enthalpein, "aquecer").




&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Para qualquer reação, a pressão
constante, podemos encontrar o valor da diferença de entalpia (∆H) do
processo, isto é, o calor de reação (, onde ∆H é igual à entalpia dos produtos (Hp) menos a entalpia dos
reagentes (Hr): ∆H&nbsp; = Hp - Hr.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Assim:

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
H2(g) + ½ O2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; → H2O(v)&nbsp; ∆H = - 285,8KJ ou - 68,3kcal.

Graficamente:

 

 

  
  


 

  
  
CONSIDERAÇÕES
  ACERCA DA REAÇÃO EXOTÉRMICA

1)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  Nessa
  reação houve perda de calor para o ambiente (Hp &lt; Hr).

2)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  DH, nesse caso, foi negativo. Assim, a reação foi exotérmica.

3)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  Lê-se: quando 1 mol de hidrogênio gasoso reage
  com ½ mol de oxigênio gasoso, eles liberam 285,8kJ de energia e se
  transformam em 1 mol de H2O(L).

 




·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
HgO(s)&nbsp;&nbsp; → Hg(s) + ½ O2(g) ∆H = + 90,7kJ ou + 21,7kcal.

Graficamente:

&nbsp;

 

  
  








 

  
  
CONSIDERAÇÕES
  ACERCA DA REAÇÃO ENDOTÉRMICA

1)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  Nessa
  reação houve absorção de calor do ambiente (Hp &gt; Hr).

2)&nbsp; ∆H&nbsp;, nesse caso, foi positivo. Assim, a reação foi endotérmica.

3)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  Lê-se: 1 mol de HgO9s), para se
  decompor em 1 mol de Hg(s) e ½ mol de O2(g), precisa
  absorver 90,7kJ de energia..

 




O ∆H pode ser representado de 3 maneiras, de acordo com o tipo de reação
ocorrida:

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Variação de entalpia de uma reação genérica (∆Hr):∆Hr = Hp - Hr.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Variação da entalpia de uma reação de combustão (∆Hc): 

A reação de combustão é aquela com presença de um combustível reagindo com o
oxigênio (O2), com liberação de energia. Para o cálculo do ∆Hc,
devemos considerar a reação de 1mol de combustível.

CH4(g) + 2 O2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp; → CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)&nbsp; ∆Hc = - 889,5kJ.

"A combustão completa de 1mol de metano
(CH4) libera 889,5kJ".

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Variação da entalpia de formação (∆Hf)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Uma reação será de formação quando, partindo de
substâncias elementares, ocorrer a formação de 1mol de produto.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
H2(g) + ½ O2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; → H2O(L)&nbsp; ∆Hf
= - 285,8kJ.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
2 Cgr + 3 H2(g) + ½ O2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; → C2H5OH(L)&nbsp; ∆Hf = - 277,6kJ.



Às substâncias elementares e aos alótropos mais estáveis de
um determinado elemento, nas condições padrões de temperatura e pressão (P =
1atm e T = 25ºC), o valor da entalpia será zero (H = 0).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Os alótropos mais estáveis de
cada elemento são aqueles que têm a mais baixa energia liberada ou absorvida
numa reação:





 

  
  


  
  
Alótropos
  do

&nbsp;Carbono

  
  
Alótropos
  do

&nbsp;Oxigênio

  
  
Alótropos
  do 

Fósforo

  
  
Alótropos
  do 

Enxofre

 

  
  
Mais

Estável

  
  
Cgrafita (Cgr)



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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
  
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
  
  
 
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>

 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal";
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-parent:"";
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
 mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
 line-height:115%;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}

<![endif]-->∆H = 0

  
  
O2









<!--[if gte mso 9]>
 
  
 
<![endif]-->

<!--[if gte mso 9]>
 
  Normal
  0
  
  
  21
  
  
  false
  false
  false
  
  PT-BR
  X-NONE
  X-NONE
  
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  
  
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]>
 <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
  DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
  LatentStyleCount="267">
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
  
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
  
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
  
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
  
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
  
  
 
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>

 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal";
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-parent:"";
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
 mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
 line-height:115%;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}

<![endif]-->∆H&nbsp;= 0

  
  
Pvermelho (Pv)

 





<!--[if gte mso 9]>
 
  
 
<![endif]-->

<!--[if gte mso 9]>
 
  Normal
  0
  
  
  21
  
  
  false
  false
  false
  
  PT-BR
  X-NONE
  X-NONE
  
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  
  
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]>
 <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
  DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
  LatentStyleCount="267">
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
  
  
 
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>

 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal";
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-parent:"";
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
 mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
 line-height:115%;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}

<![endif]-->∆H&nbsp;= 0

  
  
Srômbico (Sr)



<!--[if gte mso 9]>
 
  
 
<![endif]-->

<!--[if gte mso 9]>
 
  Normal
  0
  
  
  21
  
  
  false
  false
  false
  
  PT-BR
  X-NONE
  X-NONE
  
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  
  
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
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<![endif]-->∆H = 0

 

  
  
Demais

alótropos

  
  
Cdiamante (Cd)

&nbsp;



Fulereno (C60)



  
  
O3

  
  
Pbranco (Pb)







 



  
  
Smonoclínico (Sm)







 



 

  
  
O valor de ∆H = 0 para as entalpias não é um valor real; não há sistemas reais com
  energia nula. A entalpia zero é apenas um valor de referência, em
  relação ao qual pode-se investigar as entalpias de todas as substâncias.

 







·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
H2(g) + ½ O2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp; → H2O(L)&nbsp; ∆Hf
= - 285,8kJ.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ∆Hf = Hp - Hr = Hágua - (Hhidrogênio
+ Hoxigênio) = - 285,8kJ.




Com os valores dos calores molares montamos uma tabela:



 

  
  
Calores de Formação (kJ/mol) a 25ºC e 1atm

 

  
  
AgBr(s)

  
  
-99,5

  
  
C2H2(g)

  
  
+226,7

 

  
  
AgCl(s)

  
  
-127,0

  
  
C2H4(g)

  
  
+52,3

 

  
  
AgI(s)

  
  
-62,4

  
  
C2H6(g)

  
  
-84,7

 

  
  
Ag2O(s)

  
  
-30,6

  
  
C3H8(g)

  
  
-103,8

 

  
  
Ag2S(s)

  
  
-31,8

  
  
n-C4H10(g)

  
  
-124,7

 

  
  
Al2O3(s)

  
  
-1.669,8

  
  
n-C5H12(L)

  
  
-173,1

 

  
  
BaCl2(s)

  
  
-860,1

  
  
C2H5OH(L)

  
  
-277,6

 

  
  
BaCO3(s)

  
  
-1.218,8

  
  
CoO(s)

  
  
-239,3

 

  
  
BaO(s)

  
  
-558,1

  
  
Cr2O(s)

  
  
-1.128,4

 

  
  
BaSO4(s)

  
  
-1.465,2

  
  
CuO(s)

  
  
-155,2

 

  
  
CaCl2(s)

  
  
-795,0

  
  
Cu2O(s)

  
  
-166,7

 

  
  
CaCO3(s)

  
  
-1.207,0

  
  
CuS(s)

  
  
-48,5

 

  
  
CaO(s)

  
  
-635,5

  
  
CuSO4(s)

  
  
-769,9

 

  
  
Ca(OH)2(s)

  
  
-986,6

  
  
Fe2O3(s)

  
  
-822,2

 

  
  
CaSO4(s)

  
  
-1.432,7

  
  
Fe3O4(s)

  
  
-1.120,9

 

  
  
CCl4(L)

  
  
-139,5

  
  
HBr(g)

  
  
-36,2

 

  
  
CH4(g)

  
  
-74,8

  
  
HCl(g)

  
  
-92,3

 

  
  
CHCl3(L)

  
  
-131,8

  
  
HF(g)

  
  
-268,6

 

  
  
CH3OH(L)

  
  
-238,6

  
  
HI(g)

  
  
+25,9

 

  
  
CO(g)

  
  
-110,5

  
  
HNO3(L)

  
  
-173,2

 

  
  
CO2(g)

  
  
-393,5

  
  
H2O(g)

  
  
-241,8

 

  
  
H2O(L)

  
  
-285,8

  
  
NH4Cl(s)

  
  
-315,4

 

  
  
H2O2(L)

  
  
-187,6

  
  
NH4NO3(s)

  
  
-365,1

 

  
  
H2S(g)

  
  
-20,1

  
  
NO(g)

  
  
+90,4

 

  
  
H2SO4(L)

  
  
-811,3

  
  
NO2(g)

  
  
+33,9

 

  
  
HgO(s)

  
  
-90,7

  
  
NiO(s)

  
  
-244,3

 

  
  
HgS(s)

  
  
-58,2

  
  
PbBr2(s)

  
  
-277,0

 

  
  
KBr(s)

  
  
-392,2

  
  
PbCl2(s)

  
  
-359,2

 

  
  
KCl(s)

  
  
-435,9

  
  
PbO(s)

  
  
-217,9

 

  
  
KclO3(s)

  
  
-391,4

  
  
PbO2(s)

  
  
-276,6

 

  
  
KF(s)

  
  
-562,6

  
  
Pb3O4(s)

  
  
-734,7

 

  
  
MgCl2(s)

  
  
-641,8

  
  
PCl3(g)

  
  
-306,4

 

  
  
MgCO3(s)

  
  
-1.113,0

  
  
PCl5(g)

  
  
-398,9

 

  
  
MgO(s)

  
  
-601,8

  
  
SiO2(s)

  
  
-859,4

 

  
  
Mg(OH)2(s)

  
  
-924,7

  
  
SnCl2(s)

  
  
-349,8

 

  
  
MgSO4(s)

  
  
-1.278,2

  
  
SnCl4(L)

  
  
-545,2

 

  
  
MnO(s)

  
  
-384,9

  
  
SnO(s)

  
  
-286,2

 

  
  
MnO2(s)

  
  
-519,7

  
  
SnO2(s)

  
  
-580,7

 

  
  
NaCl(s)

  
  
-411,0

  
  
SO2(g)

  
  
-296,1

 

  
  
NaF(s)

  
  
-569,0

  
  
SO3(g)

  
  
-395,2

 

  
  
NaOH(s)

  
  
-426,7

  
  
ZnO(s)

  
  
-348,0

 

  
  
NH3(g)

  
  
-46,2

  
  
ZnS(s)

  
  
-202,9

 



&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Com esses valores de calores molares de formação, podemos encontrar a
variação de entalpia de uma reação:



 

  
  
C2H5OH(L)

  
  
+

  
  
3 O2(g)

  
  
à

  
  
2 CO2(g)

  
  
+

  
  
3 H2O(L

 

  
  
REAGENTES

  
  


  
  
PRODUTOS

 

  
  
H =

&nbsp;-277,6kJ

  
  


  
  
H = 

0

  
  


  
  
H = 

2.(-939,5kJ)

  
  


  
  
H = 

3.(-285,8kJ)

 

  
  
Hr = -277,6kJ

  
  


  
  
Hp = -1.644,4kJ

 

  
  
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<![endif]-->∆HR = Hp - Hr = -1.644,4kJ + 277,6kJ = -1.366,8kJ/mol

 





ATENÇÃO:

Para uma equação termoquímica (A + B → C&nbsp; ∆H = ±X) possa
representar corretamente a experiência feita no laboratório, devem estar
presentes os seguintes dados:

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
coeficientes estequiométricos dos reagentes e
produtos.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Estado físico dos participantes.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Especificação da variedade alotrópica do
participante.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Temperatura e pressão em que a reação é feita.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ∆H da reação.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Para reações feitas nas condições padrões (P =
1atm e T = 25ºC), usa-se o símbolo ∆H0.


LEI DE HESS



&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; "Uma
reação termoquímica pode ser expressa pela soma de duas ou mais equações, e
como conseqüência, o ∆H global da equação é a soma
dos ∆H das etapas individuais."




&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Para aplicação da Lei
de Hess, observam-se três propriedades:

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1ª) O valor de ∆H é diretamente proporcional à
quantidade de reagentes e produtos:

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
H2(g) + ½ O2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp; → H2O(L)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ∆H = - 68kcal.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
2 H2(g) + O2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp; → 2 H2O(L)&nbsp; ∆H = - 136kcal.



·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
2ª) A reação direta e inversa apresenta o mesmo valor de ∆H, porém com sinais opostos.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
H2(g) + ½ O2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; → H2O(L)&nbsp; ∆H = - 68kcal.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
H2O(L)&nbsp;&nbsp; → H2(g) + ½ O2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp; ∆H = + 68kcal.



·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
3ª) A soma das etapas de uma reação fornece o ∆H da reação global:

1ª etapa:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CH4(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; → Cgr + 2 H2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ∆H1 = + 17,9kcal.

2ª etapa:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2 H2(g) + O2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; → 2 H2O(L)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ∆H2 = - 136,6kcal.

3ª etapa:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cgr +
O2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; → CO2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ∆H3 = - 94,1kcal.

Et. Global: CH4(g) + 2 O2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp; → CO2(g) + 2 H2O(L)&nbsp; ∆H = - 212,8kcal.



EXEMPLO
RESOLVIDO SOBRE A LEI DE HESS



&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dadas as reações e seus respectivos calores de
reação, determine o calor de formação do CO(g).

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Reação 1: Cgr + O2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; → CO2(g)&nbsp; ∆H = - 94,1kcal.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Reação 2: CO(g) + ½ O2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; → CO2(g)&nbsp; ∆H = - 67,7kcal.



·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1º - A reação de formação do
CO(g) é aquela em que, partindo das substâncias elementares,
forma-se 1m ol de produto. Então, a reação que se deseja será: Cgr +
½ O2(g) à CO(g).



·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; º - Adapta-se as reações 1 e 2 de maneira a obter a reação de formação:

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1ª etapa:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cgr + O2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp; → CO2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ∆H = - 94,1kcal.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
2ª etapa:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CO2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; → CO(g) + ½ O2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ∆H = + 67,7kcal

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
et. Global:Cgr + ½
O2(g)&nbsp; → CO(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ∆H = - 26,5kcal



ENERGIA DE
LIGAÇÃO



&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Energia
de ligação é a variação da energia (∆H) observada quando 1,0mol de
ligações é quebrado no estado gasoso a 25ºC e 1atm. Através da medida dessa
energia, mede-se, também, a força dessas ligações.




·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
H2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; → 2 H(g)&nbsp; ∆H = + 104,2Kcal/mol de moléculas de H2.

Graficamente:

 

  
  


  


 

  
  
INTERPRETANDO

É necessário fornecer + 104,2kcal a 1mol de moléculas de H2 no
  estado gasoso para que se formem 2 mols de átomos de hidrogênio gasoso a 25ºC
  e 1atm.

  


 

  
  




ENERGIAS DE LIGAÇÕES SIMPLES (KJ/MOL) - 25ºC e 1atm

 

  
  


  
  
H

  
  
C

  
  
N

  
  
O

  
  
S

  
  
F

  
  
Cl

  
  
Br

  
  
I

 

  
  
H

  
  
436

  
  
414

  
  
389

  
  
464

  
  
339

  
  
565

  
  
431

  
  
368

  
  
297

 

  
  
C

  
  


  
  
347

  
  
293

  
  
351

  
  
259

  
  
485

  
  
331

  
  
276

  
  
218

 

  
  
N

  
  


  
  


  
  
159

  
  
222

  
  
---

  
  
272

  
  
201

  
  
243

  
  
---

 

  
  
O

  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  
138

  
  
---

  
  
184

  
  
205

  
  
201

  
  
201

 

  
  
S

  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  
226

  
  
285

  
  
255

  
  
213

  
  
---

 

  
  
F

  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  
153

  
  
255

  
  
255

  
  
277

 

  
  
Cl

  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  
243

  
  
218

  
  
209

 

  
  
Br

  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  
193

  
  
180

 

  
  
I

  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  
151

 

  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 






EXEMPLO
RESOLVIDO SOBRE ENERGIA DE LIGAÇÃO



&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dadas as energias de
ligação H - C = 414kJ/mol,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cl - Cl =
243kJ/mol, H - Cl = 431kJ/mol e C - Cl = 331kJ/mol, encontre o ∆H da reação: CH4(g) + Cl2(g)→ CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g).



 

  
  
CH4(g)

  
  
+

  
  
Cl2(g)

  
  
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
  
  
 
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>

 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal";
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-parent:"";
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
 mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
 line-height:115%;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}

<![endif]-->→

  
  
CH3Cl(g)

  
  
+

  
  
HCl(g)

 

  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  


  
  


 

  
  
4 ligações H-C 

deverão ser 

quebradas: 

4(H-C) = 4.(414kJ)

  
  


  
  
1 ligação Cl-Cl 

deverá ser 

quebrada: 

1(Cl-Cl) = 243kJ

  
  


  
  
3 ligações H-C e 

1 ligação C-Cl 

deverão ser 

formadas:

3(H-C) =&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3(-414kJ)

1(C-Cl) =&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
  1(-331kJ)

  
  


  
  
1 ligação H-Cl 

deverá ser 

formada:

1(H-Cl) = 1(-431kJ)

 

  
  
1.899kJ

  
  


  
  
- 2.004kJ

 

  
  
<!--[if gte mso 9]>
 
  
 
<![endif]-->

<!--[if gte mso 9]>
 
  Normal
  0
  
  
  21
  
  
  false
  false
  false
  
  PT-BR
  X-NONE
  X-NONE
  
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  
  
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
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<![endif]-->∆HR
  = - 105kJ

 

















EXERCÍCIOS




1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
(UEBA) O esquema abaixo representa as mudanças de estados físicos:



&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; São processos exotérmicos:









a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1, 3 e 5.

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1, 2 e 6.

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
3, 4 e 6.

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
3, 4 e 5.

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
2, 4 e 6.











2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
(U. S. Judas Tadeu-SP) Quando colocamos água numa moringa ou jarro de
barro, ela atravessa as paredes desse recipiente e, chegando à superfície,
evapora-se lentamente. Com isso, a água restante diminui de temperatura
mantendo-se fresca, ou seja, em temperatura menor que a do ambiente. Que
explicação você poderia dar ao fenômeno?









a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
A água que evapora rouba calor do pote e da água restante.

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
A água que evapora deixa mais concentrada a solução resultante.

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
A água que evapora se liqüefaz umedecendo as paredes da moringa.

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
A água que evapora coloca calor no pote e na água restante.

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
A água que evapora deixa uma pressão de vapor maior no interior do
pote, provocando a elevação da temperatura.











3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
(Acafe-SC) Ao se abrir a válvula de um botijão de gás de cozinha este
se resfria intensamente, porque:









a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Ocorre absorção de luz na expansão do gás.

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Ao se contrair o gás mantém sua temperatura constante.

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Durante a expansão as moléculas do gás retiram calor das vizinhanças.

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Durante a expansão ocorrerão reações químicas com o ferro do botijão,
que são endotérmicas.

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
A expansão é um processo exotérmico.











4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
(FMU-SP) Em um texto encontramos a seguinte frase: "Quando a água
funde, ocorre uma reação química exotérmica." Na frase há:









a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Apenas um erro, porque a água não funde.

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Apenas um erro, porque a reação química é endotérmica.

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Apenas um erro, porque não se trata de reação química mas de processo
físico.

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Dois erros, porque não se trata de reação química nem o processo físico
é exotérmico.

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Três erros, porque a água não funde, não ocorre reação química e o
processo é endotérmico.











5.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
(Fuvest-SP) Considere os seguintes dados:

 

  
  


  
  
Reagente

  
  
Produto

  
  
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<![endif]-->

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<![endif]-->∆H (condições-padrão)

 

  
  
1.

  
  
C(gr) à

  
  
C(d)

  
  
+ 0,5kcal/mol de C

 

  
  
2.

  
  
I(g) à

  
  
½
  I2(g)

  
  
- 25kcal/mol de I

 

  
  
3.

  
  
½
  Cl2(g) à

  
  
Cl(g)

  
  
+ 30kcal/mol de Cl

 


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Pode-se
afirmar que o reagente tem maior energia do que o produto somente em:









a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1.

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
2.

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
3.

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1 e 2.

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1 e 3.











6.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
(F. Santo André-SP) Em relação aos diagramas de energia abaixo, podemos
afirmar que:



a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
O diagrama II indica que há necessidade de um fornecimento de xkJ de
energia para que a reação ocorra.

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
O diagrama I indica que xkJ de energia são liberados durante a reação.

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
O diagrama II indica que a quantidade de energia armazenada nos
reagentes é maior do que a quantidade de energia armazenada nos produtos;
portanto, trata-se de uma reação exotérmica.

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
O diagrama I representa uma reação adequada à produção de energia.

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
O diagrama I representa uma reação endotérmica, pois a quantidade de
energia armazenada nos produtos é menor do que a quantidade de energia
armazenada nos reagentes.



7.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
(UEMA) Estudando o calor nas reações químicas, entalpia (H), variação
de entalpia (∆H), estado físico e estado
alotrópico, assinale a única proposição falsa dentre as alternativas abaixo:









a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Denomina-se calor da reação o calor perdido ou absorvido pela reação.

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Entalpia (H) é o conteúdo global de calor do sistema.

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
A passagem líquidoàvapor
para qualquer substância absorve calor.

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Quando um elemento químico apresentar várias formas alotrópicas, pode
se prever que as mesmas influirão no calor de reação dos processos em que participar
o referido elemento.

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
O estado físico dos reagentes e produtos não influi no valor de ∆H.











8.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
(UFRS) A reação de formação da água é exotérmica. Qual das reações a
seguir desprende a maior quantidade de calor?









a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
H2(g) + ½ O2(g) = H2O(g).

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
H2(g) + ½ O2(g) = H2O(L).

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
H2(g) + ½ O2(g) = H2O(s).

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
H2(g) + ½ O2(L) = H2O(L).

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
H2(L) + ½ O2(L) = H2O(L).











9.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
(Osec-SP) Qual dos diagramas de energia, a seguir, está correto?

 

  
  
Dados de entalpia-padrão de formação

 

  
  
CO2(g)

  
  
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<![endif]-->∆H = - 94kcal/mol

 

  
  
H2O(g)

  
  
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
  
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
  
  
 
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>

 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal";
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-parent:"";
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
 mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
 line-height:115%;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}

<![endif]-->∆H = - 58,8kcal/mol

 

  
  
H2O(L)

  
  
<!--[if gte mso 9]>
 
  
 
<![endif]-->

<!--[if gte mso 9]>
 
  Normal
  0
  
  
  21
  
  
  false
  false
  false
  
  PT-BR
  X-NONE
  X-NONE
  
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  
  
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]>
 <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
  DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
  LatentStyleCount="267">
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
  
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
  
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
  
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
  
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
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<![endif]-->∆H = - 68kcal/mol

 

  
  
H2O(s)

  
  
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<![endif]-->∆H = - 70kcal/mol

 










a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 











10.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (U. Rio Grande-RS) Assinale a
alternativa correta:









a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
O calor de reação é igual à variação de entalpia da reação, em qualquer
condição.

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
A variação de entalpia de uma dada reação independe das formas
alotrópicas dos reagentes e produtos.

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
O DH de combustão do carbono
pode representar também o calor de formação do gás carbônico.

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
O DH de uma reação depende dos
estados final, inicial e intermediários da reação.

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Numa reação exotérmica a energia acumulada nos produtos é maior que a
dos reagentes, pois há um aquecimento com o decorrer da reação.











11.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (Vunesp-SP) O dióxido de
carbono pode ser obtido por diferentes reações, três das quais estão expressas
nas equações:

1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
CaCO3(s)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; →
CaO(s) + CO2(g).

2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
2 HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; → 2 NaCl(aq) + H2O(L)
+ CO2(g).

3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
C(s) + O2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; → CO2(g).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; O calor de formação (DHf)
do dióxido de carbono é determinado pela variação de entalpia:









a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Da reação 1.

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Da reação 2.

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Da reação 3.

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
De qualquer uma das três reações.

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
De uma outra reação diferente de 1, 2 e 3.











12.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (PUC-MG) A formação do SO2(L)
é um processo exotérmico. O diagrama a seguir, que representa corretamente as
energias envolvidas na formação de SO2(L) e SO2(g) é:









a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 











13.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (PUCCampinas-SP) De forma
simplificada, a reação da fotossíntese ficaria:&nbsp;

6 CO2 + 6 H2O
+ luz/clorofila →
C6H12O6 + 6 O2. Dadas as entalpias
de formação do CO2 (- 94kcal/mol), da H2O (- 58kcal/mol),
da glicose (- 242kcal/mol), pode-se concluir que o processo é:









a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Endotérmico e a energia envolvida, 1.152kcal/mol de glicose.

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Endotérmico e a energia envolvida, 670kcal/mol de glicose.

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Exotérmico e a energia envolvida, 1.152kcal/mol.

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Exotérmico e a energia envolvida, 670kcal/mol.

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Endotérmico e a energia envolvida, 392kcal/mol.











14.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (Cesgranrio-RJ) O acetileno é
um gás de grande uso comercial, sobretudo em maçaricos de oficinas de
funilaria. Assinale a opção, que corresponde à quantidade de calor fornecida
pela combustão completa de 5,2kg de acetileno (C2H2), a
25ºC, sabendo-se que as entalpias de formação, a 25ºC, são: do CO2(g)
= - 94,1kcal/mol; da H2O(L) = - 68,3kcal/mol; do C2H2(g)
= + 542,2kcal/mol.









a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1.615kcal.

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
6.214 kcal.

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
21.660 kcal.

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
40.460 kcal.

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
62.140 kcal.











15.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (Fatec-SP) Considere as
afirmações a seguir, segundo a Lei de Hess:

I.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
O calor de reação (DH) depende apenas dos estados
inicial e final do processo.

II.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
As equações termoquímicas podem ser somadas como se fossem equações
matemáticas.

III.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Podemos inverter uma equação termoquímica desde que invertamos o sinal
de ∆H.

IV.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Se o estado final do processo for alcançado por vários caminhos, o
valor de ∆H dependerá dos estados
intermediários através dos quais o sistema pode passar.

Conclui-se que:









a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
as afirmações I e II são verdadeiras.

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
As afirmações II e III são verdadeiras.

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
As afirmações I, II e III são verdadeiras.

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Todas são verdadeiras.

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Todas são falsas.











16.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PUCCampinas-SP) São dadas as
entalpias-padrão de formação das seguintes substâncias:

 

  
  
Substâncias

  
  
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<![endif]-->∆H0 de formação
  (kJ/mol)

 

  
  
CO2(g)

  
  
- 393,3

 

  
  
H2O(L)

  
  
- 285,8

 

  
  
CH3OH(L)

  
  
- 238,5

 


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Na
combustão completa de 0,5mol de metanol, a 25ºC e 1atm de pressão, há:









a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Liberação de 726,3kJ.

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Absorção de 726,3kJ.

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Liberação de 363,2kJ.

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Absorção de 363,2kJ.

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Liberação de 181,6kJ.











17.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (Cesgranrio-RJ) O elemento
químico tungstênio, de símbolo W, é muito utilizado em filamentos de lâmpadas
incandescentes comuns. Quando ligado a elementos como carbono ou boro, forma
substâncias quimicamente inertes e duras. O carbeto de tungstênio, CW(s),
é muito utilizado em ponteiras de ferramentas coimo perfuratrizes, esmeris,
lixas para metais, etc. Essa substância pode ser obtida pela reação: Cgrafite
+ W(s) à
WC(s). A partir das reações a seguir, calcule o DH
de formação para o WC(s):

W(s) + O2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; → WO3(s)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ∆Hcombustão
= - 840kJ/mol

Cgrafite + O2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; → CO2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; ∆Hcombustão
= - 394kJ/mol

WC(s) + O2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; → WO3(s) + CO2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ∆Hcombustão = -
1.196kJ/mol.









a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
- 19kJ/mol.

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+ 38kJ/mol.

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
- 38kJ/mol.

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+ 2.430kJ/mol.

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
- 2.430kJ/mol.











18.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (F. F. O. Diamantina-MG) Com
base nas seguintes reações:

2 C(s) + 3 H2(g)
+ ½ O2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp; →C2H5OH(L)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ∆H = - 66,0kcal/mol

H2(g) + ½ O2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; → H2O(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ∆H
= - 58,0kcal/mol

C(s) + O2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; → CO2(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ∆H
= - 94,0kcal/mol.

Calcular o calor liberado na
queima completa de 50,0 litros de etanol. (detanol = 0,80g/mL).









a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
2,6.105.

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
3,2.105.

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1,5.107.

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
2,6.102.

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
3,2.103.











19.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (Acafe-SC) Cada grama de
álcool etílico (C2H6O) fornece 7kcal ao organismo humano,
dando-lhe energia e reduzindo a fome. No entanto essa é uma energia vazia, pois
não contém as substâncias alimentícias necessárias à manutenção do corpo
saudável, tais como vitaminas e aminoácidos, e que leva os alcoólatras a um
estado de deficiência nutricional múltipla. A massa de álcool necessária para
produzir 3.010kcal, energia suficiente para manter um indivíduo por um dia,
será:









a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
21.000g.

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
19.780g.

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
322g.

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
430g.

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
138.460g.











20.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (F. Objetivo-SP) O calor de
combustão do acetileno com oxigênio do ar é 310kcal/mol. A vaporização da água
líquida consome 10kcal/mol. Quantos mols de acetileno devem ser queimados para
produzir calor suficiente para evaporar 360g de água líquida? (Dados: H = 1; O = 16)









a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0,500.

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
0,645.

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1,30.

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
2,50.

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
2,84.











21.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (Fuvest-SP) A oxidação de
açúcares no corpo humano produz ao redor de 4,0kcal/g de açúcar oxidado. A
oxidação de um décimo de mol de glicose (C6H12O6)
vai produzir aproximadamente: (Dadas as
massas atômicas: H = 1,0; C = 12; O = 16)









a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
40kcal.

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
50kcal.

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
60kcal.

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
70kcal.

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
80kcal.











22.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (Fuvest-SP) Considere a
reação de fotossíntese e a reação de combustão da glicose representadas abaixo:

6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(L)
+ luz/clorofila <!--[if gte mso 9]>
 
  
 
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<![endif]-->→
C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g).

C6H12O6(s)
+ 6 O2(g) à
6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(L).

Sabendo-se que a energia
envolvida na combustão de um mol de glicose é 2,8.106J, ao
sintetizar meio mol de glicose a planta:









a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Libera 1,4.106J.

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Libera 2,8.106J.

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Absorve 1,4.106J.

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Absorve 2,8.106J.

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Absorve 5,6.106J.











23.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (Fuvest-SP) Tanto gás natural
como óleo diesel são utilizados como combustíveis em transportes urbanos. A
combustão completa do gás natural e do óleo diesel libera, respectivamente,
9.102kJ e 9.103kJ por mol de hidrocarboneto. A queima
desses combustíveis contribui para o efeito estufa. Para igual energia
liberada, quantas vezes a contribuição do óleo diesel é maior que a do gás
natural? Considere: gás natural = CH4; óleo diesel = C14H30.









a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1,1.

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1,2.

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1,4.

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1,6.

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1,8.













24.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (F. C. Chagas-BA) A
dissociação de 1mol de fosfina (PH3) é representada por: 9,6.102kJ
+ PH3(g) →
P(g) + 3 H(g). Sendo assim, a energia da ligação P-H é:












a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
1,2.102kJ/mol.



b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
2,4.102kJ/mol.

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
3,2.102kJ/mol.

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
4,8.102kJ/mol.

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
8,6.102kJ/mol.











25.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (Cesgranrio-RJ) Sendo dadas
as seguintes entalpias de reação:

C(s)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; → C(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; ∆H
= + 170,9kcal/mol

2 H2(g)&nbsp; → 4 H(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ∆H
= + 208,4kcal/mol

C(s) + 2 H2(g)&nbsp; → CH4(g) &nbsp; &nbsp; ∆H
= - 17,9kcal/mol.

Indique a opção que apresenta
a energia de ligação H-C aproximada.









a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
5kcal/mol.

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
20kcal/mol.

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
50kcal/mol.

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
100kcal/mol.

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
400kcal/mol.











26.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (U. E. Ponta Grossa-PR)
Calcule o calor de combustão do metano a 25ºC, a partir dos valores aproximados
da energia de ligação, em kcal/mol. (Dados:
C-H = 99,0; O=O = 119,0; C=O = 192,0; O-H = 110,0)









a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+ 190,0kcal/mol.

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
- 190,0kcal/mol.

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+ 1.458,0kcal/mol.

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
- 1.458,0kcal/mol.

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
- 309,0kcal/mol.











27.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; (F. Católica de Salvador-BA)
Com base nos dados referentes à energia de ligação, o composto que requer maior
quantidade de energia para romper completamente todas as ligações, quando se
aquece 1mol desse composto no estado gasoso é:

 

  
  
Ligação

  
  
Energia média

(kcal/mol)

  
  
Ligação

  
  
Energia média

(kcal/mol)

 

  
  
C-C

  
  
82,6

  
  
C-Cl

  
  
81

 

  
  
C=C

  
  
145,8

  
  
C=O

  
  
172

 

  
  
CºC

  
  
199,6

  
  
O-H

  
  
119,6

 

  
  
C-H

  
  
98,8

  
  
C-O

  
  
85,5

 










a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 





















[1] Calor é a energia transferida de um corpo para outro, em virtude
exclusiva da diferença entre suas temperaturas.







[2] Caloria é a quantidade de calor necessária para aumentar, de 1ºC, a
temperatura da massa de 1g de água sob pressão de 1atm.