Guia para Shavuôt ("Pentecostes")
Autor: Danilo Almeida | Publicado: 2017-05-02T12:22:00-07:00

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a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
O que comemora:



A
Torá não menciona especificamente um motivo para a celebração da festa de
Shavuôt. O nome significa “semanas” (Dt 16, 10). O motivo do nome é que a festa
sempre acontece sete semanas (ou seja, no quinquagésimo dia) após Pêssah.
Em português, é comum que essa festa receba o nome de “pentecostes”, palavra de
origem grega que faz referência ao número cinquenta. A data da festa de Shavuôt
é calculada através da contagem desses cinquenta dias, em cumprimento de
Levítico 23, 16. A contagem chama-se sefirat haômer (contagem do ômer). Ômer (literalmente:
feixe) é o nome de uma medida, e a referência é a uma quantidade de cevada que
deveria ser ofertada após Pêssah (Lv 23, 10-11). Em Nm 28, 26, Shavuôt é
chamado “iom habicurim” (dia dos primeiros frutos). Outro nome desta festa é “atzêret”,
que significa “interrupção” ou “conclusão”. Na tradição judaica, a festa recebe
motivos e nomes como “Festa da Safra” e “Tempo da entrega da Torá (Lei)”.
Portanto, tradicionalmente, Shavuôt comemora o aniversário da entrega da Torá. 



b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Datas (em 2017):



30
de maio de 2017 (terça-feira) – Véspera de Shavuôt

31
de maio (quarta) - Iom tov (dia santo) de Shavuôt

1
de junho (quinta)- Dia santo adicional na diáspora &nbsp;



c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Mitzvôt (preceitos): Excluíndo-se a “sefirat
haômer”, por ser feita antes de Shavuôt, temos na festa nove mitzvôt da Torá
Escrita, das quais são sempre praticáveis dois, marcados com asterisco (*), e obviamente
a proibição 325. 



M. 45 – Trazer um sacrifício
adicional (mussaf) em Shavuôt (Nm 28, 27);

M. 46 – Trazer dois pães com os
sacrifícios em Shavuôt (Lv 23, 17);
M. 52 – Festejar nas três peregrinações anuais; (Ex 23, 14);

M. 53 – Comparecer diante de Deus
durante as festas. (Dt 16, 16);

M. 54* – Alegrar-se nas festas (Dt
16, 14);

M. 162* – Descansar em Shavuôt (Lv
23, 21);

P. 156 – Não comparecer ao
santuário numa festa sem sacrifício. (Ex 23, 15);

P. 229 – Não abandonar os levitas
durante as festas. (Dt 12, 19);

P.
325 – Não trabalhar em Shavuôt (Lv 23, 21);



d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Outras práticas:



·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
A oração é diferente da que se faz
usualmente. A bircat hamazon (bênção após refeição com pão) ganha um pequeno
acréscimo.

·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Recita-se em Shavuôt o Halel (louvor- salmos
113 - 118). A leitura é feita após a Amidá da manhã, e pode ser encontrada no
sidur ou hagadá de Pêssah. Antes da leitura, recita-se a bênção: 

 

  
  
Baruch Atá
  Ado-nai Elo-hênu, Mêlekh haolam, asher kideshânu bemitzvotáv, vetzivânu
  ligmor et hahalel.

  
  
Bendito sejas,
  Senhor, nosso Deus, rei do universo, que nos santificaste com Teus
  mandamentos e nos ordenaste a concluir o Halel.

 




e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Costumes folclóricos (não obrigatórios):



É
muito popularizado na véspera da festa o chamado ticun lêl Shavuôt (retificação
da noite de Shavuôt), que consiste em passar a noite inteira em claro, lendo
textos bíblicos e cabalistas. &nbsp;Alguns
enfeitam a sinagoga com flores e ramos verdes, comem neste dia muitos alimentos
derivados de leite e doces e leem o livro de Rute após o Shaharit (oração
da manhã). Alguns poemas são inseridos na liturgia, dependendo das comunidades.




f)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Saudação:

חג
שבועות שמח! (Hag shavuôt samêah) – Feliz festa de Shavuôt!