Passeio pela Literatura - 3
Autor: Flávia Suassuna | Publicado: 2016-06-20T10:03:00-03:00

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“O Ateneu” é
um texto destacável por vários motivos – o primeiro é este: trata-se de um
livro emocional, tido por muitos apreciadores como uma vingança do narrador (e
mesmo do autor, que frequentou escola semelhante, o Colégio Abílio, de
propriedade de Abílio César Borges, Barão de Macaúbas) contra a escola em que
estudou. Nesse contexto, o relato não apresenta nem a isenção, nem a
objetividade do Realismo. A narração é feita pela personagem Sérgio, que vai
estudar no Ateneu, colégio carioca responsável pela formação da elite nacional
no final do século XIX. Lá conhece uma dura realidade, oposta à que tinha no
seio familiar, e as experiências a que ficou exposto mostram os descaminhos
morais da classe dominante brasileira. Desse modo, sua raiva e sua revolta
turvam a descrição, que, exagerada, confunde o leitor, o qual tende a não
acreditar de todo naquele relato caricatural.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; O segundo é a maestria com que
sugere a brutalidade do ambiente com “pinceladas” impressionistas, as quais
transferem para o leitor toda a confecção da cena ambiental; na época, o
ideário determinista pregava que o meio (ladeado pela raça e pelo momento
histórico) determinava o ser humano. No caso do romance em questão, o meio
degradador é o Ateneu, um colégio que, de fora, parece admirável, mas, de
dentro, se revela cruel e hostil, na sua implacável hipocrisia: os personagens,
para sobreviver, têm de mentir, mostrar-se subservientes, manipular,
disfarçar...&nbsp; A personagem Franco, por
exemplo, em virtude da franqueza adiantada pelo seu nome, foi vencida pela
hipocrisia dominante e morreu em abandono total. Dessa forma, o livro se
aproxima não só do Impressionismo e do Realismo, mais ainda do Naturalismo −
tendência muito forte na época −, à medida que se constrói também a partir
dessa ideia de que o meio forja implacavelmente o ser humano, tirando dele toda
a possibilidade de escolha e autogestão. 

Esse conjunto
de pressupostos, depois das ideias de Sigmund Freud, nos parece hoje
ultrapassado. Mas a mentalidade cientificista do final do século XIX o
aceitava, e vários escritores do período, principalmente brasileiros, basearam
nela suas obras, a exemplo de Aluísio Azevedo, autor de “O cortiço”, exemplar
tão perfeito desse contexto, que morreu com ele.