Idade Média: Idade das trevas?
Autor: Prof.Elias Feitosa | Publicado: 2017-05-10T19:04:00-07:00




Vitrais da ábside da Abadia de Saint-Denis, norte de Paris.

Créditos: Elias Feitosa





Tomando como base as aulas desta semana sobre Filosofia medieval, gostaria de discutir o
conceito de Idade Média e seu entendimento como a Idade das Trevas,

Essa visão é resultado
de uma leitura que valoriza a Antiguidade clássica como a “Idade de Ouro”, rica
em saberes e arte e detentora de um ambiente
de relativa liberdade, que primava pela
valorização da razão como a melhor e mais
importante característica da Humanidade.

Tal pensamento era
muito presente entre os letrados que buscavam com ansiedade localizar os
antigos textos que se encontravam em bibliotecas de mosteiros e abadias ou nas
universidades que se tornaram o polo da produção do conhecimento no período.



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<!--StartFragment-->







O conceito foi uma construção a posteriori,
isto é, feito depois, e dessa forma aqueles
que a viveram não se entendiam ou se
chamavam de medievais, termo que deriva de médium
aevum, médium aetas , daí, medievo.<!--EndFragment-->
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<!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment-->

Os
letrados dos séculos XV e XVI chamavam a sua época de Moderna
e reconheciam nela&nbsp;semelhanças com o mundo antigo, criando por oposição
ao passado recente a ideia de tenebrae como, por exemplo, o poeta
Francesco Petrarca (1304-74). Nascia assim a visão de um período de estagnação e de vazio,
que foi reafirmada por outros pensadores: Giorgio Vasari (1511-74) foi
responsável por popularizar o conceito de renascitá,
renascimento em italiano. Mas se renasceu deveria
estar morta, esquecida nos séculos, para novamente estar presente entre os
homens. E quem seria o ilustre defunto? A cultura greco-romana. 



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A reafirmação desse
conceito era fruto da mentalidade daquele momento, que,
em diferentes campos do saber e por diferentes autores, teve seus contornos e pressupostos
consolidados e difundidos. O pintor Rafael Sanzio (1483-1520) se referia
à arte medieval como “gótica”, isto é, dos godos, bárbaros invasores que não
tinham cultura, segundo a visão romana; François Rabelais (1483-1553) tratava o
período medieval como a “espessa noite gótica”, dessa forma, podemos então extrair outra informação importante: o termo
gótico, usado para a produção artística entre o fim do século XII e o século
XV,&nbsp;foi uma construção posterior e pejorativa. Portanto, seus realizadores não tinham a dimensão
de que “eram góticos ou produziam arte em estilo gótico”.<!--EndFragment-->
Se o conceito&nbsp;negativo da
chamada Idade Média como “Idade das Trevas”
nasceu entre os séculos XIV e XVI, a ampliação dessa visão e sua difusão foram
desdobramentos de outros períodos históricos tais como: o Iluminismo no século
XVIII (época de intensa valorização da razão e de um questionamento dos poderes absolutos do rei e do clero); o
Cientificismo do século XIX (contexto de maior ampliação do racionalismo e de
valorização da ciência em detrimento da fé), que por sua vez foi contemporâneo
ao Romantismo (movimento artístico responsável por tentar resgatar e redefinir
o período medieval).








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<!--StartFragment-->





Cabe pensarmos uma outra questão: existiria um
grande abismo separando “os mil anos medievo” e o Renascimento? Muitos
defenderam que isso seria verdadeiro, tentando reafirmar os elementos negativos
do medievo e uma “ruptura, quebra ou distância” com o período de grande
transformação que seria o Renascimento. Neste caso, podemos destacar o trabalho de Jacob Burckhardt (1818-1897), um
renomado erudito suíço nascido em Basileia que se tornou uma das principais referências
para o estudo do Renascimento, tendo entre outras obras o livro A cultura do Renascimento da Itália,
obra publicada em 1860 que sustenta a tese da ruptura&nbsp;com o
período medieval.


Atualmente a
abordagem é distinta, procurando observar que as transformações sofridas
durante o Renascimento foram resultados de um processo de continuidade que perpassou
o medievo e atingiu seu esplendor no momento seguinte, guardadas as devidas
proporções. No
entanto, precisamos analisar a complexidade das transformações e das
permanências dentro de seu próprio contexto, facilitando a identificação
daquilo que de fato foi inovação ou que já era pensado pelas gerações
anteriores.




Segue abaixo uma bibliografia, bastante sintética, que pode ajudar em muito a revisão desta concepção defasada e superada sobre a Idade Média, que apesar de existirem pelo menos 40 anos de pesquisas acumuladas, ainda existem "ecos" que repetem o preconceito contra o medievo, mas devemos lembrar que esta crítica não significa apoiar os abusos e violências praticados no contexto medieval ou noutro por qualquer instituição, seja o Estado, seja Igreja.



Boas leituras e muitas reflexões !!



Bibliografia introdutória sobre a Idade Média



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<![endif]-->

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<!--[if gte mso 9]>
 
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<![endif]-->

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<!--EndFragment-->

BASCHET, Jérôme. A civilização feudal: Do ano mil à colonização da América.&nbsp;São Paulo: Editora Globo, 2006.

DUBY, Georges. História Artistica da Europa: A Idade Média,
Vol. I e II, &nbsp;Rio de Janeiro, Editora Paz e Terra, 2002,
2ª ed.



FRANCO JUNIOR, Hilário. Idade Média: O nascimento do Ocidente,
São Paulo, Editora Brasiliense, 1986.



LE GOFF, Jacques. Os intelectuais na Idade Média. São Paulo, Editora Brasiliense, 1988.





LE GOFF, Jacques &amp; SCHMITT, Jean-Claude. Dicionário Temático do Ocidente Medieval, Bauru/ EDUSC; São
Paulo/Imprensa Oficial do Estado, 2002.



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LE GOFF, Jacques. A Civilização do Ocidente Medieval. Bauru:&nbsp;EDUSC, 2002, 1ª edição.



RIBEIRO, Daniel Valle. A Igreja e o Estado na Idade Média. São Paulo: Editora Lê, 1995.



RIBEIRO, Daniel Valle. A Cristandade do Ocidente Medieval. São Paulo: Editora Atual, 1998.



VERGER, Jacques. Cultura, ensino e sociedade no Ocidente nos séculos XII-XIII.&nbsp;Bauru:&nbsp;EDUSC, 2001, 1ª edição.






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