FUNDAÇÕES : Sapatas em uma Obra !
Autor: Jackson Duarte | Publicado: 2013-10-02T05:17:00-07:00

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https://www.facebook.com/ajconstrucaocivil


Fundações: A definição de
fundações consiste no elemento estrutural que executa a função de transmitir a
carga de toda a estrutura ao solo sem que provoque a ruptura do terreno de
fundação ou do próprio elemento de ligação, cujos recalques sejas satisfatoriamente
absorvidos pelo conjunto da estrutura. Há dois tipos, e um deles é chamado de
fundação superficial, rasa ou direta, que é definida pela NBR 6122/2010 como:
“elemento de fundação em que a carga é transmitida ao terreno pelas tensões
distribuídas sob a base da fundação, e a profundidade de assentamento em
relação ao terreno adjacente à fundação é inferior a duas vezes a menor
dimensão da fundação.” Uma das maneiras de fundação superficial é a sapata.







Sapata de Fundação: A Sapata de
fundação é uma base de concreto que procura suprir as necessidades descritas na
definição de fundação. Definida pela NBR 6122/2010 como um “elemento de
fundação superficial, de concreto armado, dimensionado de modo que as tensões
de tração nele resultantes sejam resistidas pelo emprego de armadura
especialmente disposta para esse fim.”







Quando tratamos de sapatas, há
quatro tipos: Sapata Isolada, Sapata Corrida, Sapata associada e viga
alavanca/viga de equilíbrio. As duas primeiras podem ser classificadas ainda
como rígidas ou em flexíveis.







► Sapata Isolada:
A isolada consiste em&nbsp;transmitir ações de um único pilar, que pode estar
centrado ou é do tipo não alongada.&nbsp;Ele pode ter formato quadrado,
retangular, circular, sendo sua altura constante ou que fique variando
linearmente entre as fazes do pilar à extremidade da base. Em geral são feitas
com forma de tronco de pirâmide.





Nesse tipo, o centro de gravidade
da sapata deve ser o mesmo que o centro de aplicação da ação do pilar. De
acordo com NBR, a&nbsp;menor dimensão deve ser ≥ 60 cm, sendo a
relação&nbsp;entre os lados da sapata (L1/L2) ≤ 2,5.



&nbsp;













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► Sapata Corrida: Esse tipo é
empregado normalmente para receber as ações verticais de muros, paredes e
elementos alongados que transmitam carregamento uniformemente distribuído numa
só direção. Sua dimensão é a mesma de uma laje armada em uma direção. Não é
necessária a verificação da punção em sapatas desse tipo por receberem ações em
focos distribuídos. Pelo fato de as bi
elas de compressão serem íngremes,
tensões de aderência elevadas na armadura principal acabam aparecendo, o que
pode acarretar na ruptura do concreto de cobrimento, gerando fendas, essas que
podem ser evitadas com diâmetros menores para as barras e espaçamentos menores
entre elas. Sua execução é de nível fácil e não é necessário muito esforço,
tendo seus poços cavados até mesmo à mão, dependendo pro projeto arquitetônico,
e de profundidade rasa. Normalmente executado com concreto ciclópico, que é concreto
+ pedra de mão. Segue as paredes da edificação.
&nbsp;




















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► Sapata Associada: Sapatas associadas transmitem
ações de dois ou mais pilares adjacentes. Normalmente seu recurso é procurado
quando não é capaz, por falta de espaço ou por estarem muito próximos, a
utilização de sapatas isoladas para casa um dos pilares que foram associados.
Quando estão muito próximas, suas bases ficariam sobrepostas ao fazê-las
isoladas em planta, nesse caso usa-se o recurso da sapata associada, recebendo
as ações de dois ou mais pilares e dentro do espaço correto.







Normalmente,
o centro de aplicação das cargas que chegam dos pilares estão no centro de
gravidade da sapata. Para casos de carregamento uniformes e simétricas, as
sapatas associadas viram uma só de base retangular e simples, mas quando as
cargas dos pilares têm uma diferença muito grande, é necessária a projeção de
uma sapata trapezoidal ou uma sapata retangular com balanços livres diferentes.




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► Sapata com viga de equilíbrio: “No caso de pilares
posicionados junto à divisa do terreno, o momento&nbsp;produzido pelo não
alinhamento da ação com a reação deve ser absorvido por uma&nbsp;viga,
conhecida como viga de equilíbrio ou viga alavanca, apoiada na sapata junto
à&nbsp;divisa e na sapata construída para pilar interno.” Dessa maneira, a viga
de equilíbrio desempenha um papel de transmitir a carga vertical do pilar
para o centro de gravidade da sapata que encontra-se na divisa e também
resistir aos momentos fletores produzidos pela diferente carga do pilar para
com o centro dessa sapata.”


















&nbsp;fontes e créditos para : http://blog.construir.arq.br/