O Empirismo
Autor:  Licenciatura em  Informática ou Computação | Publicado: 2012-05-03T15:25:00-07:00



O empirismo&nbsp; é uma doutrina filosófica que tem como
principal teórico o inglês John Locke (1632-1704), que defende uma corrente a
qual chamou de Tabula Rasa. Esta corrente afirma que as pessoas nada conhecem, como uma folha em branco.
O conhecimento é limitado às experiências vivenciadas, e as aprendizagens se dão por meio de tentativas
e erros. Entende-se por empírico aquilo que pode ter sua
veracidade ou falsidade verificada por meio dos resultados de experiências e
observações. Teorias não bastam, somente através da experiência, de fatos
ocorridos observados, um conhecimento é considerado pelo empirista.

A percepção do Mundo
externo e a abstração da realidade realizada na mente humana são o que faz o
homem adquirir sabedoria, segundo o empirismo. Embora tenha se baseado no
cartesianismo de René Descartes, ao contrário deste, Locke não aceita a
existência de idéias inatas resultantes da capacidade de pensar da razão. Segundo
a teoria de Locke (com a qual concordavam os demais empiristas), a razão, tem a
função de organizar os dados empíricos, apenas unir uns dados aos outros, que
lhe chegam através da experiência. Segundo Locke, “nada pode existir na mente
que não tenha passado antes pelos sentidos”, ou seja, as idéias surgem da
experiência externa (via sensação), ou interna (via reflexão), e podem ser
classificadas em simples (como a ideia de largura, que vêm da visão) ou
compostas (a ideia de doença, resultado de uma associação de ideias).

Nesse sentido, qualquer
afirmação de cunho metafísico era rejeitada no Empirismo, pois para essas
afirmações não há experimentação, testes ou controles possíveis. Outro
importante teórico empirista foi o escocês David Hume (1711-1776), que
contribuiu com a epistemologia ao discutir o princípio da causalidade. Segundo
Hume, não existe conexão causal, e sim uma sequência temporal de eventos, que
pode ser observada.

Além de John Locke e David
Hume, outros filósofos que são associados ao empirismo são: Aristóteles, Tomás
de Aquino, Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, George Berkeley e John Stuart Mill. O
empirismo causou uma grande revolução na ciência, pois graças à valorização das
experiências e do conhecimento científico, o homem passou a buscar resultados
práticos, buscando o domínio da natureza. A partir do empirismo surgiu a
metodologia científica. 



Fontes:

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Disponível em 
acessado em 03/05/2012 as 19 horas e 00 min.