Arquimedes
Autor: JP | Publicado: 2011-12-07T16:34:00-08:00

&nbsp;Arquimedes&nbsp;&nbsp; é&nbsp;&nbsp; geralmente&nbsp; considerado&nbsp; o 
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&nbsp;maior matemático da antiguidade, e um dos  maiores&nbsp; de&nbsp; todos&nbsp; os&nbsp; tempos.&nbsp; Ele&nbsp; usou&nbsp; ométodo da exaustão para calcular a área sobo arco de uma parábola utilizando a soma deuma série infinita, e também encontrou umaaproximação bastante acurada do número π.Também&nbsp; descobriu&nbsp; a&nbsp; espiral&nbsp; que&nbsp; leva seunome,&nbsp; fórmulas para&nbsp; os volumes de super-fícies de revolução e um engenhoso sistema para expressar <!--[if gte mso 9]>           <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]>     Normal   0         21         false   false   false      PT-BR   X-NONE   X-NONE                                                                                                     <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]>  <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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 <![endif]-->números muito grandes.   A palavra “Arquimedes” é composta de duas partes: arché, que significa princípio, domínio ou causa original; e mêdos, que significamente, pensamento ou intelecto. Se interpretarmos seu nome da esquerda para a direita ele poderia significar algo como “a mente principal.” Mas na Grécia antiga era mais comum interpretarmos o nome da direita para a esquerda. Neste caso seu nome significaria “a mente do princípio,” assim como o nome Diomedes significaria “a mente de Deus”.Arquimedes é considerado um dos maiores cientistas de todos os tempos e o 13 maior matemático da antiguidade. É comparável nos tempos modernos apenas a Isaac Newton (1642-1727) não apenas por desenvolver trabalhos experimentais e teóricos de grande alcance, mas pelo brilhantismo e influência de sua obra. Utilizando o método da exaustão, que é um método de se fazer integrações, Arquimedes conseguiu determinar a área, o volume e o centro de gravidade, CG, de muitos corpos importantes, resultados que nunca haviam sido obtidos antes dele. É considerado um dos fundadores da estática e da hidrostática.
Descobertas e Invenções:Ø&nbsp; A Coroa de OuroØ&nbsp; O Siracusia e o parafuso de Arquimedes Ø&nbsp; A garra de Arquimedes Ø&nbsp; O raio de calor de Arquimedes 
As principais obras de Arquimedes foram sobre:Ø&nbsp; A esfera e o cilindro é um dos mais belos escritos de Arquimedes Ø&nbsp; Os conóides e os esferóidesØ&nbsp; As espiraisØ&nbsp; A medida do círculoØ&nbsp; A quadratura da parábolaØ&nbsp; O Arenário (contador de areia)Ø&nbsp; O Equilíbrio dos planosØ&nbsp; Dos corpos flutuantesØ&nbsp; O stomachion é jogo geométricoØ&nbsp; O problema dos bois (referente à teoria dos números)
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Arquimedes obteve fama pelas suas invenções mecânicas, tais como a balança de Arquimedes, a teoria da alavanca simples, e ainda máquinas de guerra como catapultas necessárias à defesa de Siracusa.ConclusãoPercebemos que dentre as contribuições de Arquimedes na Física, estão a fundação da hidrostática e da estática, tendo descoberto a lei do empuxo e a lei da alavanca, além de muitas outras. Ele inventou ainda vários tipos de máquinas, quer para uso militar, quer para uso civil, incluindo armas de cerco, e a bomba de parafusu que leva seu nome. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Um&nbsp;&nbsp; dos&nbsp;&nbsp; maiores&nbsp;&nbsp; matemáticos&nbsp; de&nbsp; todos&nbsp; os &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; tempos,&nbsp;&nbsp; inventou&nbsp;&nbsp; a&nbsp; hidrodinâmica,&nbsp; ciência &nbsp;que&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; estuda&nbsp; a&nbsp; dinâmica&nbsp; dos&nbsp; fluidos.&nbsp; Arquimedes teve&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; uma importância decisiva no surgimento da ciência&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; moderna,&nbsp; tendo influenciado, entre outros, Galileu &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Galilei e Isaac Newton.