Sonda da NASA descobre ingrediente de plástico doméstico no espaço
Autor: JAIR BASTOS | Publicado: 2013-10-05T10:51:00-03:00

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A sonda Cassini da NASA olha para o
lado noturno da maior lua de Saturno e vê dispersar a luz solar através da
periferia da atmosfera de Titã e formando um anel de cor. Crédito:
NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute
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A sonda Cassini da NASA detectou propeno na lua Titã, de
Saturno. O propeno, nome oficial pela IUPAC, ou propileno, (fórmula C3H6),
é um produto químico usado para se fazer vasilhas onde se guardam comida, para-choques
de carros, combustível para processos industriais e outros produtos.



Essa é a primeira detecção definitiva de um ingrediente
plástico em qualquer lua ou planeta que não seja a Terra. Uma pequena
quantidade de propeno foi identificada na atmosfera inferior de Titã, pelo
instrumento chamado de Composite Infrared Spectrometer, ou CIRS, da sonda
Cassini. Esse instrumento mede a luz infravermelha, ou a radiação do calor,
emitida de Saturno e de suas luas quase que da mesma maneira que as nossas mãos
sentem o calor do fogo.



Propeno, é a primeira molécula descoberta em Titã usando o
CIRS. Isolando o mesmo sinal em várias altitudes, dentro da atmosfera inferior,
os pesquisadores identificaram o elemento químico com um alto grau de
confiança. Os detalhes dessa descoberta foram publicados num artigo da edição
de 30 de setembro de 2013 do Astrophysical Journal Letters.



“Esse elemento químico está ao nosso redor em tudo na vida,
ele é combinado em longas cadeias para formar um plástico chamado de
polipropileno”, disse Conor Nixon, um cientista planetário no Goddard Space
Flight Center da NASA em Greenbelt, Md., e principal autor do artigo. 



“Esse plástico você encontra, por exemplo, numa doceria com
o código de reciclagem 5 na base – esse é o polipropileno. O CIRS pode
identificar um gás particular brilhando nas camadas inferiores da atmosfera a
partir da sua assinatura térmica única. O desafio é isolar essa assinatura dos
sinais de todos os outros gases ao redor.



A detecção de um elemento preenche um misterioso vazio
existente nas observações em Titã que datam desde que a sonda Voyager 1 fez seu
primeiro sobrevoo pela lua em 1980. A Voyager identificou muitos dos gases na
atmosfera marrom e nublada de Titã como sendo hidrocarbonetos, os elementos
químicos que primariamente constituem o petróleo e outros combustíveis fósseis
na Terra. 



Em Titã, os hidrocarbonetos se formam depois que a luz do
Sol quebra parte do metano, o segundo gás em maior quantidade na atmosfera. Os
novos fragmentos podem se unir e formar cadeias de dois, três, ou mais
carbonos. A família de elementos químicos com dois carbonos inclui o gás
inflamável etano. O propano, um combustível comum, pertence à família com três
carbonos.



Anteriormente, a Voyager encontrou propano, o membro mais
pesado da família com três carbonos, e propeno, um dos membros mais leves. Mas
um dos elementos químicos intermediários, como o propeleno, estava perdido.
Mesmo com os pesquisadores continuando a descobrir mais e mais elementos
químicos na atmosfera de Titã, usando instrumentos baseados no espaço e na
Terra, o propeleno ainda permanecia elusivo. Ele foi finalmente descoberto como
um resultado de análises mais detalhadas feitas dos dados do CIRS.



“Essas medidas foram muito difíceis de serem feitas pois a
assinatura fraca do propeleno é disfarçada por outros elementos relacionados
com sinais mais fortes”, disse Michael Flasar, cientista do Goddard e principal
pesquisador do instrumento CIRS. “Esse sucesso aumenta nossa confiança de que
nós encontraremos ainda mais elementos químicos escondidos na atmosfera de
Titã.&nbsp;



O espectrômetro de massa da Cassini, um aparelho que olha a composição da
atmosfera de Titã, já tinha antes dado pistas de que o propeleno poderia estar
presente na atmosfera superior. Contudo, uma identificação positiva não tinha
sido feito ainda.



“Eu sempre fico feliz quando os cientistas descobrem
moléculas que nunca tinham sido observadas antes na atmosfera”, disse Scott
Edgington, cientista de projeto da Cassini no Laboratório de Propulsão a Jato
da NASA em Pasadena, na Califórnia. “Essa nova peça do quebra-cabeça fornecerá
um teste adicional de como nós entendemos bem o verdadeiro zoológico químico
que é a atmosfera de Titã”. 



A missão Cassini-Huygens é um projeto cooperativo da NASA,
da Agência Espacial Europeia e da Agência Espacial Italiana. O JPL, uma divisão
do Instituto de Tecnologia da Califórnia, em Pasadena, gerencia a missão para o
Science Mission Directorate da NASA em Washington. A equipe do CIRS fica
baseada no Goddard.



Com informações da NASA e do site Astronomia e Universo.