A HISTORIA DOS COMPUTADORES
Autor: Caroline, Érique e Jaqueline | Publicado: 2011-06-22T13:30:00-07:00

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Computador doméstico  
  Computador doméstico é a designação amigável da segunda geração de microcomputadores (o termo técnico que até então era usado), tendo seu uso sido iniciado em 1977 e tornando-se comum durante a década de 1980.  O computador doméstico tornou-se disponível para o público em geral devido a produção em massa dos microprocessadores e, como seu nome indica, tendia a ser utilizado nos lares, em vez do contexto indústria/negócios. O uso do termo "computador doméstico" praticamente desapareceu em fins da década de 1980 no Brasil. Explica-se isto pela ascensão dos modelos de computador pessoal compatíveis com o IBM-PC (que não são cobertos por este verbete), e a consequente preferência pelo uso do termo "PC" em vez de "computador doméstico".  
  &nbsp;Histórico  
  No final da década de 70 aproximadamente 200 máquinas estavam conectadas a Arpanet não só devido a pesquisas, mas também por ser utilizada para comunicação militar na Guerra Fria onde toda a comunicação passava por um computador central que se encontrava no Pentágono, ao passar esta época de guerra a Arpanet não tinha mais importância para os militares sendo passada então para maioria das universidades e outros pesquisadores que foram estendendo a comunicação por outros países chegando à década de 80 com cem mil máquinas interligadas formando uma grande rede mundial que passou a ser conhecida como Internet.  Depois do sucesso monumental do lançamento do Apple II da Apple Computer, em 1977, um vasto número de novas máquinas de todos os tipos, de certo modo lembrando a explosão de novas formas de vida no período Cambriano, começaram a aparecer durante o final dos anos 1970 e o início dos anos 1980. Uns poucos tipos sobreviveram por mais algum tempo, como o britânico BBC Micro, o japonês MSX e os norte-americanos Commodore 64 e Amiga, os quais têm ainda seguidores fiéis.  Todavia, o surgimento do IBM-PC em Agosto de 1981, levou ao domínio do computador pessoal compatível com o IBM-PC e às novas gerações de videogames. Enquanto o Apple II foi eventualmente desbancado pelo IBM-PC e seus clones, o lançamento do Apple Macintosh em 1984 por parte da Apple Computer criaria um novo paradigma para o computador doméstico que o IBM-PC e seus clones iriam posteriormente emular.&nbsp;<!--[if gte mso 9]>     Normal   0         21         false   false   false      PT-BR   X-NONE   X-NONE                                                                                                            <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]>  <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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Tecnologia  
  Muitos computadores domésticos eram superficialmente similares, tendo alguns um teclado mecânico simplificado integrado à caixa que continha o microprocessador e capazes de exibir 20–40 colunas de texto num aparelho de televisão. Muitos usavam como dispositivos de armazenamento os gravadores de cassetes, visto que os drives de disquete eram extremamente caros nessa época, especialmente fora dos Estados Unidos (frequentemente, um único acionador de disquetes podia custar mais caro do que o próprio computador). Acima de tudo, redução de custos era a palavra de ordem para a maioria destas máquinas, com o intuito de manter os preços baixos o suficiente para encorajar pessoas comuns a comprá-las. Um ótimo segmento comprador eram as famílias com crianças em idade escolar.  Todos os computadores modernos utilizam um sistema operacional (SO) o qual age como uma interface entre o operador e o hardware interno do computador (RAM, UCP etc). Os computadores domésticos frequentemente tinham seus SO, dos quais uma parte era usualmente um interpretador BASIC, armazenado em um ou mais chips de memória ROM. O termo "software" comumente indicava programas aplicativos situados "acima" do SO para realizar uma tarefa específica.  Computadores domésticos eram baseados principalmente em microprocessadores de 8 bits, tipicamente empregando as UCPs MOS Technology 6502 ou o Zilog Z80. Uma grande variedade de computadores domésticos de 8 bits foram desenvolvidos e comercializados durante o início e meados dos anos 1980. Uma exceção notável foi a série TI-99, lançada em 1979 com uma UCP TMS9900 de 16 bits. Eles foram sendo gradualmente suplantados pelo IBM-PC (principalmente por seus clones, que custavam significativamente menos que a máquina original) e, a partir de 1984, pelos computadores pessoais baseados no Motorola 68000, que competiam com os IBM-PC. Alguns fabricantes tentaram prolongar a vida comercial de seus computadores de 8 bits através de reduções de preço e outros meios, mas sua era tinha terminado.  
  Computadores domésticos notáveis  
  Levando em consideração critérios como inovação tecnológica, número de unidades vendidas e quantidade de clones a que deu origem&nbsp; os lançamentos mais significativos (em ordem cronológica) os computadores domésticos mais populares e/ou historicamente significativos de fins dos anos 1970 e dos anos 1980 foram:  1. Apple II (1977)  2. ZX Spectrum (1982)  3. Commodore 64 (1982)  4. Apple Macintosh (1984)  
  Macintosh  
  Macintosh, ou Mac, é o nome dos computadores pessoais fabricados e comercializados pela empresa Apple Inc. desde janeiro de 1984. O nome deriva de McIntosh, um tipo de maçã apreciado por Jef Raskin. O Apple Macintosh foi o primeiro computador pessoal a popularizar a interface gráfica, na época um desenvolvimento revolucionário. Ele é muito utilizado para o tratamento de vídeo, imagem e som.  
  O primeiro protótipo  
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 <![endif]-->Lançamento  
  O Macintosh foi lançado em 24 de janeiro de 1984, com um preço de US$2495. Vinha equipado com 128 KB de memória (por isso é conhecido hoje como Macintosh 128k, para diferenciá-lo de modelos posteriores, também chamados Macintosh) e rodava com o Sistema Operacional System 1, que mais tarde, já na versão 7.6, seria chamado de Mac OS.  Apesar de uma acolhida entusiástica, ele era radical demais para alguns: como a máquina era construída em torno da interface gráfica, todos os programas em linha de comandos existentes tiveram que ser completamente adaptados. Isso contrariou a maior parte dos desenvolvedores de software, sendo a causa principal da falta de programas para o Macintosh no início.  Os clones  Desde a criação do Macintosh, a maçã sempre resistiu a licenciar sua arquitetura para outras empresas, mantendo-se a fornecedora exclusiva.  Em 1995, criticada pelo alto custo e performance da linha, e com sua fatia no mercado de computadores diminuindo rapidamente, a Apple autorizou um grupo de empresas a fabricar clones do Macintosh. Esperava-se que estas empresas conquistassem outros segmentos do mercado, com modelos diferenciados de Macintosh, preenchendo nichos não explorados pela Apple.  No entanto, a maioria do fabricantes de clones apenas produziu versões dos designs projetados pela Apple, com pequenas variações de velocidade de processador e similares. Efetivamente, a Apple estava fazendo todo o trabalho de pesquisa e desenvolvimento de novos modelos, enquanto os clones apenas produziam modelos equivalentes a preços menores. Como não existiam grandes diferenças entre as linhas, a iniciativa teve um efeito contrário ao do esperado: a fatia de mercado dos modelos Macintosh não aumentou significativamente, mas a fatia proporcional da Apple diminuiu, perdendo espaço para os clones.  Em 1997, a Apple lançou uma nova versão de seu sistema operacional, o Mac OS 8, e Macintoshes baseados numa nova linha de processadores, os PowerPC G3. Nenhuma destas inovações foi liberada para os fabricantes de clones, que abandonaram o mercado em seguida, deixando a Apple como única fornecedora de Macintosh novamente.