ENERGIA SOLAR
Autor: Cláudio Cunha | Publicado: 2014-02-27T16:49:00-03:00





    
                      
                            
                      
                    


            

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A estiagem do ano de 2001 e a falta de investimento
na área de energia, de acordo com Ribeiro (2002), são os principais impulsionadores
para esforços que visem à otimização do consumo de energia elétrica. Em função
disso, o uso de energias alternativas deverá crescer cada vez mais em todo o
globo, pois historicamente já se sabe que não é viável a dependência de usinas
geridas por ação governamental.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A energia solar
entra nesse contexto. Dentre as diversas formas de sua utilização, pode-se
citar a energia solar fotovoltaica, obtida através da conversão direta da luz
em eletricidade pelo chamado “efeito fotovoltaico” (Centro de Referência para as Energias Solar e Eólica - CRESESB,
2008). Esse sistema
pode ser aplicado à iluminação pública que, mesmo que o adotasse parcialmente,
contribuiria significativamente com a redução da demanda de energia proveniente
de hidrelétricas e, a médio e longo prazo, até mesmo com a diminuição de
impostos (RIBEIRO, 2002).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Combustíveis
fósseis e a energia nuclear, que utiliza reservas naturais de urânio, são
algumas das formas de se obter energia elétrica, sendo essas mais utilizadas em
países desenvolvidos. Porém, em pouco tempo encontrarão escassez de fontes,
podendo ocasionar inclusive conflitos de interesses entre sociedades, como já
se ouve falar. Apesar de o Brasil não utilizar essas fontes como principais
geradoras de energia e seu potencial hidrelétrico ainda ser grande, as outras fontes
renováveis não podem ser ignoradas (RIBEIRO, 2002).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Segundo
dados da CRESESB (2008), o sol fornece anualmente, para a atmosfera terrestre,
1,5 x 1018 kWh de energia, valor correspondente a 10.000 vezes o
consumo mundial de energia neste período. Todavia, a radiação incidente
apresenta variações dependendo da época do ano, uma vez que a trajetória anual
de nosso planeta em torno do sol é realizada em um plano inclinado em relação
ao plano equatorial, sendo esta inclinação responsável pela variação da
elevação do sol, o que dá origem às estações do ano. Por tanto, de toda a
radiação solar que chega às camadas superiores da atmosfera, apenas uma fração
atinge a superfície terrestre, devido à reflexão e absorção dos raios solares
pela atmosfera. 

A
ANEEL também aponta que grande parte do território brasileiro está próximo à
linha do Equador, o que significa que não há grandes variações na duração solar
do dia. Apesar disso, a maioria da população brasileira e dos polos industriais
estão em regiões mais distantes à linha. Em Porto Alegre, a capital brasileira
mais meridional (cerca de 30ºS), a duração solar diária varia de 10h13min a
13h47min. Isso mostra que o Brasil possui uma capacidade muito grande de
geração deste tipo de energia.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Segundo a ANEEL (2005), o
aproveitamento térmico é um dos aproveitamentos diretos da energia solar. Para
tal, são usados coletores ou concentradores solares, sendo que os coletores são
os mais comuns em aplicações residenciais e comerciais, como hotéis e
restaurantes. Os concentradores, por sua vez, são mais usados em situações que
trabalham com maiores temperaturas, como secagem de grãos ou produção de vapor.
Nesse caso, utiliza-se uma turbina a vapor que, por meio de um gerador,
converte a energia térmica em energia elétrica. 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Outros sistemas utilizados como
conversão direta são os sistemas termoelétrico e fotovoltaico. Ambos têm o objetivo
de incidir radiação solar (calor e luz) em materiais com características
semicondutoras. No sistema termoelétrico, há o surgimento de uma diferença de
potencial, a partir da junção de dois materiais, em condições controladas. No
Brasil, é mais utilizado nas regiões Sul e Sudeste, em função de
características climáticas. No sistema fotovoltaico, o que ocorre é a conversão
dos fótons contidos na luz solar em energia elétrica, a partir do uso de
células solares. Nesse caso, as regiões Norte e Nordeste são as que mais
utilizam esse processo, em comunidades sem acesso à rede convencional de
energia elétrica (ANEEL, 2005).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; O grande problema encontrado no
Brasil em relação aos investimentos neste tipo de geração de energia é alto
custo dos equipamentos necessários, pois na sua maioria são fabricados fora do
país, necessitando serem importados.&nbsp;
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Outro fato que também deve ser levado em consideração são os interesses das grandes corporações na energia das fontes tradicionais, mas esse é outro assunto...

(Parte de um estudo acadêmico feito por Cláudio Cunha, Fernando Faggion, Graziella Kassick Saft e Nicole Gröff da Silva - ILUMINAÇÃO DO CAMPUS DA UNIVERSIDADE DO VALE DO RIO
DOS SINOS PELO SISTEMA FOTOVALTAICO: UM ESTUDO DE VIABILIDADE).<!--[if gte mso 9]>
 
  1024x768
 
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