Anemias
Autor: Patoloblogger | Publicado: 2012-06-22T22:44:00-07:00



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Anemia significa deficiência de hemoglobina no sangue, que
pode ser causado pela redução no número de hemácias ou pela redução de
hemoglobina na célula.


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Tipos e causas de algumas anemias:



Por perda Sanguínea: Pode ser aguda ou crônica,
     tendo como exemplo traumas e menstruação respectivamente. Após a
     hemorragia rápida, o corpo repõe cerca de 1 a 3 dias a porção líquida do
     sangue, o plasma, levando a uma diminuição de células sanguíneas durante
     um determinado tempo, podendo ser normalizada dentro de 3 a 6 semanas caso
     nao ocorra mais hemorragias. Também pode aconter por influências de algums
     parasitas hematófagos.
Por Hemólise: Hereditária, que pode ser a
     anemia falciforme, ou a adquirada, causa principalmente pela
     malária e doença hemolítica do recém-nascido.
Por Deficiência na Eritropoiese
     (produção de eritrócitos): Pondendo ser carencial (Ferropriva e
     megaloblástica), hipoplásica (Leishmaniose) e por deficiência no estímulo
     (insuficiência renal)

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<![-->  


ANEMIA
fALCIFORME: é a hemoglobinopatia mais comum no nosso meio. O
defeito está na estrutura molecular onde ocorre uma substituição da valina por
ácido glutâmico na cadeia polipeptídica. Essa mudança leva a uma alteração
estrutural na molécula de hemoglobina e na modificação na forma das hemácias.
Essas hemácias contém uma adesividade (capacidade de se colar umas as outras)
aumentada, ocorre frequentemente a formação de microtrombos. Como consequências
existem dores intensas, acidentes cerebrais hemorrágicos e outras
patologias.&nbsp; Na anemia falciforme, a hemoglobina se cristaliza, se
tornando insolúvel ao sangue. É caracterizada como MICROCÍTICA(tamanho
pequeno) e HIPOCRÔMICA(pouca coloração).



&nbsp;&nbsp; 

Os sintomas mais clássicos são fadigas, fraqueza e palidez, e dor intensa nos membros principalmente em ambientes frios.

O único tratamento curativo para essa anemia é o transplante da 
medula óssea, porém, é um procedimento pouco realizado, é necessário 
maiores&nbsp; estudos para se realizar com a segurança adequada.

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ANEMINA FERROPRIVA: o
 próprio nome já diz, privação de ferro. É a deficiência de Ferro e da 
vitamina B12, já que essa vitamina é a responsável pela absorção do 
ferro no intestino.

A principal característica dessa anemia, é que as hemácias serão 
microcíticas e hipocrômicas (tamanho pequeno e pouca coloração), devido 
uma ↓ na Hb (hemoglobina).

Causa um grande cansaço, falta de apetite, falta de ar, e a perversão do apetite também.

O tratamento é feito atravéz de uma dieta rica em ferro, podendo ser injetável e vitamina C.





ANEMINA MEGALOBLÁSTICA(perniciosa): Anemia onde as hemácias serão jovens e de tamanho grandes.

Ocorre a deficiência de vitamina B12 ou ácido fólico, estes são importantes reguladores essenciais na constituição das células.

Ocasionada dela ingestão deficiente ou produção insuficiente.

Essa anemia é caracterizadas por hemácias jovens no sangue, por 
produção insuficiente. O tratamento é feito por base de reposição.





ANEMIA POR DEFICIÊNCIA AO ESTÍMULO:

Pode ser causada pela insuficiência renal. 

Sendo que o rim filtra o sangue e reabsorve 99%, eliminando somente 1%.Ou seja, com essa baixa eliminação o rim reabsorve substâncias tóxicas que deveriam ser excretadas.

Com uma deficiencia renal cronica, o rim se torna incapaz de produzir
 o hormonio Eritropoietina, que é responsável pela estimulação da 
produção de hemácias.

Ocorre também uma perca de sangue pelo tudo digestivo.

O tratamento é feito atravez da administração de eritropoietina e de ferro endovenoso.