A sociedade do plástico e a problemática dos oceanos
Autor: Profa. Laura Alves Martirani | Publicado: 2015-08-21T12:26:00-07:00





O plástico




O plástico, devido
a &nbsp;características como maleabilidade, dureza,&nbsp;resistência ao calor e
ao choque, tornou-se, no último século, a matéria base da indústria de
eletroeletrônicos, automotivos e embalagens industriais. Nas últimas décadas, seu
uso expandiu-se ainda mais, &nbsp;com a
inclusão, no consumo de varejo, das sacolas plásticas. 

O plástico é
produzido a partir do petróleo, um recurso relativamente barato e abundante, apesar
de ser um recurso não renovável. Apresenta menores custos de produção, quando
comparado a outros materiais como, por exemplo, os metais.&nbsp;

De acordo&nbsp;a jornalista Gwynn Guilford, em matéria publicada pela
Quartz (2014),&nbsp;nos anos 90,
a produção mundial de plásticos ultrapassou 100 milhões de toneladas por ano,
sendo que para o final de 2015 a estimativa de produção é de 300 milhões de toneladas/ano
ou seja, três vezes mais&nbsp;(Figura 1).
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<!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment-->






Figura 1: Aumento da produção mundial de plástico.&nbsp;Fonte: GUILFORD, 2014



Plástico é
como chamamos os polímeros sintéticos produzidos a partir de derivados do
petróleo, cujas características químicas e físicas podem variar dependendo das
moléculas envolvidas na sua constituição e que resultam em diferentes tipos de
produto final (como ilustra o vídeo "Tipos de plásticos e suas reciclagens")
.&nbsp;A produção do plástico se acumula no
ambiente, uma vez que seu processo de decomposição em condições naturais é
lento, podendo alcançar centenas de anos. Essa característica o tornou o maior
poluidor do planeta.

Embora uma
parcela dos produtos plásticos possa ser destinada à reciclagem, a maior parte
acaba nos aterros sanitários e nos oceanos, o que representa um agravante
ambiental, devido ao aumento do tempo de decomposição nesse ambiente. Estima-se
que enquanto nos aterros sanitários o Nylon (um plástico poliamida) se decompõe entre 30 a
60 anos, nos oceanos essa decomposição levaria 650 anos (COMPAM, 2011).





Plástico nos oceanos




Origem e a degradação ambiental











Figura 2: Rio poluído com lixo continental, em sua maioria material
plástico.&nbsp;Foto:&nbsp;deccanchronicle.com



&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;A poluição oceânica por plástico é um problema
ambiental de escala planetária que ameaça a sobrevivência da vida marinha e que
impacta, inclusive, a atividade pesqueira e o tráfego das embarcações em alto
mar.
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<!--StartFragment-->





O plástico chega aos oceanos principalmente,
através dos rios, que trazem o lixo descartado indevidamente nos continentes
(Figura 2) e também por lançamento direto em águas profundas.

O destino dos plásticos lançados nos oceanos
tem intrigado os cientistas. Atualmente, segundo Guilford (2014), o volume de
plástico descartado à deriva nos mares, é da ordem de 7 a 35 mil toneladas. No
entanto, esse número representaria apenas de 1 a 3% do total de plástico já
lançado nos oceanos desde a sua invenção. Como não houve tempo suficiente para
a sua decomposição, existem diferentes hipóteses para explicar o destino desse
material. A ideia mais aceita é de que uma parcela tenha sido degradada pela
ação solar, outra pequena parte tenha sedimentado&nbsp;sob o leito oceânico e o
restante tenha sido consumido pela fauna mesopelágica (organismos marinhos que
vivem em profundidades entre 200 e 1000 m, na sua maioria pequenos peixes e
crustáceos), que constituem a maior parte da população marinha.

Os impactos do plástico na dieta dos
mesopelágicos marinhos não foram satisfatoriamente estudados ou dimensionados,
cujo acúmulo pode vir a gerar um colapso nessas populações, trazendo, inclusive,
prejuízos para a indústria da pesca, já que esses animais formam a base da
alimentação dos grandes peixes carnívoros, tais como o Atum e a Cavala.
<!--EndFragment-->




As Ilhas de Plástico






Figura 3: Material à deriva nos oceanos&nbsp;Foto: oceanbites.org


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Em 1997, o oceanógrafo Charles J. Moore escreveu um
artigo no qual relatava uma presença massiva de lixo numa determinada região do
Pacífico, que posteriormente foi apelidada de&nbsp;Ilha de Plástico. Trata-se
de um acúmulo do lixo humano despejado no mar, que ficou aprisionado em uma
determinada área oceânica, devido à ação das correntes marinhas.&nbsp;Esse montante de resíduos é composto
basicamente por plásticos, em 80%, isso o leva a flutuar, sendo que a maioria
do material fica submersa a poucos metros de profundidade.








&nbsp;Figura 4: Locais onde ocorre o acúmulo do lixo nos oceanos devido às correntes oceânicas.&nbsp;Foto: gaianet.com


&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Na época do estudo, a área dessa ilha
era de 3,4 milhões de km2, correspondendo a aproximadamente 40% do
território do Brasil e sua profundidade atingia até centenas de metros. Esse
acúmulo não é único nos mares, posteriormente, outros quatro pontos de menores
proporções foram identificados em diferentes oceanos (Figura 4).





As perspectivas de
despoluição dos oceanos





No início de 2012, um projeto científico idealizado por um estudante
holandês chamado Boyan Slat (Figura 5), na época com 19 anos, trouxe uma
esperança a problemática. Com um método revolucionário e simples, ele prometeu
limpar todo o oceano em até cinco anos, focando–se em três ações: extração,
prevenção e interceptação.

&nbsp;&nbsp;





Figura 5: Boyan Slat em uma de suas palestras para divulgação do projeto.&nbsp;Fonte: ABC Environment


&nbsp;O método de
extração do lixo, principalmente o plástico dos oceanos, proposto por Boyan
Slat consiste numa solução simples e inteligente. O método propõe a instalação
de estações de coleta, em pontos pré-determinados dos oceanos, onde são &nbsp;instaladas barreiras flutuantes, que cumprem a
função de acumular e concentrar os resíduos na maioria plásticos, que são
levados até esses pontos por correntes marinhas.
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<!--StartFragment-->





Esse
procedimento resolve a maior dificuldade do método tradicional de limpeza dos
oceanos, no qual era necessário que embarcações percorressem os mares atrás do
lixo, sendo necessárias grandes incursões para resgatá-lo.

O projeto
também prevê ações de conscientização da sociedade, como campanhas para evitar
o descarte inadequado de lixo nos oceanos e mobilizações para incentivar a
redução do consumo do plástico e outros materiais descartáveis. A próxima etapa
do projeto prevê a instalação de equipamentos de coleta a jusante dos grandes
rios que deságuam nos oceanos, impedindo que a poluição continental chegue às
águas oceânicas.

O custo
financeiro dessa nova operação é muito menor do que aquele gerado pelo método
tradicional. O projeto ainda prevê o aproveitamento e reciclagem do material
resgatado, sendo que a perspectiva é de 65 metros cúbicos de material por dia
recolhido, com a capacidade de ser reciclado, de modo a gerar receitas
financeiras que cobrirão os gastos de toda a operação.

A engenharia
a ser montada para a operação necessitaria da instalação de barreiras com
alguns quilômetros de comprimento, posicionadas em regiões com forte influência
das correntes marinhas para direcionr o lixo sobrenadante até uma central, onde
a cada 45 dias ele seria coletado. A profundidade dessa barreira não
ultrapassaria os três metros o que, segundo estudos científicos, não afeta a
fauna marinha.

Existe um
grupo de pesquisadores e ambientalistas que criticam o projeto. O maior
problema estaria na viabilidade da limpeza na escala oceânica na forma como foi
proposta e também na qualidade do material plástico recolhido para a reciclagem,
o que reduziria seu retorno financeiro. Outra crítica diz respeito à
superexposição e uso exagerado da mídia.

Apesar das
críticas, se obtiver sucesso, essa iniciativa pode inspirar dezenas ou centenas
de outras ações pelo mundo, onde medidas simples podem vir a causar grandes
melhorias no ambiente e na vida das pessoas. Pensando nisso... você conhece
algum problema ambiental em sua cidade ou região, que não teve solução até hoje
e parece perdurar para sempre?! Quem sabe, se olhar por uma ótica diferente, possa
encontrar uma solução simples e criativa para o problema!&nbsp;Vale a pena
tentar!
<!--EndFragment-->



Referências&nbsp;Bibliográficas:


COMPAM.Tempo de decomposição dos resíduos. Recicla.net., 2011. s.d.&nbsp;Disponível em: &lt;http://www.compam.com.br/decomposicao.htm&gt; Acesso em: 03 jul. 2015.
DUMIAK, Michael. Is Boyan Slat's idea to clean
plastic from the oceans fatally flawed?

&nbsp;Disponível em:&nbsp;&lt;http://www.abc.net.au/environment/articles/2013/12/16/3911379.htm&gt;
Acesso em: 03 jul. 2015

GUILFORD, Gwynn. 99% of the plastic we throw in
the ocean has mysteriously disappeared.&nbsp;New York, Quartz, 2014. Disponível em:
&lt;http://qz.com/228748/99-of-the-plastic-we-throw-in-the-ocean-has-mysteriously-disappeared/&gt;
Acesso em: 24 jun. 2015

IWERSEN, Rui. Lixo humano no mar. Disponível em: &lt;http://gaianet.com/2009/03/11/lixo-e-enchentes-nas-cidades-brasileiras/&gt;
Acesso em: 03/07/2015

KAUR TUR, Jatinder. No measures taken to curb plastic menace.&nbsp;Disponível
em:

&nbsp;&lt;http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130522/news-current-affairs/article/no-measures-taken-curb-plastic-menace&gt;
Acesso em: 17 jun. 2015

MCLENDON, Russell. Want to see an ocean garbage
patch in person?&nbsp;Mother Nature Network. Disponível em:

&lt;http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/wilderness-resources/blogs/want-to-see-an-ocean-garbage-patch-in-person&gt;
Acesso em: 24 jun 2015






Por Lucas de Camargo Reis e
Laura Alves Martirani