Filosofia
Autor: Antonio | Publicado: 2014-03-27T17:27:00-07:00

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Conhecimento "a priori"
e "a posteriori" 

Em "A Crítica da Razão Pura"
Immanuel Kant aborda alguns aspectos do conhecimento e os distingue, ainda que
esta distinção seja feita "mediante uma longa prática que nos habilite a
separar esses dois elementos." e os elementos do conhecimento a que Kant
se refere são o "a priori" e "a posteriori".









 

  


 

  
Conhecimento "a priori" e "a
  posteriori"

 





Assim inicia Kant, "No tempo,
pois, nenhum conhecimento precede a experiência, todos começam por ela."
demonstrando que todo conhecimento inicia com a experiência, porém não é porque
iniciou com a experiência que dela deve depender, pois "Consideraremos,
portanto, conhecimento “a priori”, todo aquele que seja adquirido
independentemente de qualquer experiência. A ele se opõem os opostos aos
empíricos, isto é, àqueles que só o são “a posteriori”, quer dizer, por meio da
experiência." Desta forma, o conhecimento "a priori" mesmo tendo
origem na experiência, não é dependente dela, Kant aborda dizendo que
"[...] daqui por diante, [...] conhecimento “a priori”, são todos
aqueles que são absolutamente independentes da experiência; eles são opostos
aos empíricos, isto é, àqueles que só são possíveis mediante a
experiência."

Desta forma o conhecimento "a
priori" faz parte da razão pura, e é universal e necessário, como por
exemplo: O triângulo possui três lados." Esta frase nos faz entender que
em qualquer lugar do universo e em qualquer circunstâncias o triângulo possui
três lados, assim como: Todo solteiro é não casado; todo corpo possui massa, ou
seja, são casos universais e necessários, sendo o que são em qualquer lugar.

Já o conhecimento "a
posteriori" é contingente (pode ou não pode ser), pois depende do fenômeno
empírico para ser o que é, dependente da experiência e dela é originado,
enquanto o conhecimento "a priori" é originado na experiência, mas
não dependente dela.

A separação entre estes dois
conhecimentos, um "a priori" (originado na experiência, mas não
dependente dela) e um "a posteriori" (que é a própria experiência
agindo). "Surge desse modo uma questão que não se pode resolver à primeira
vista: será possível um conhecimento independente da experiência e das impressões
dos sentidos?"
Lembrando que os conhecimentos "a priori" e "a
posteriori" servem apenas para conhecimento das coisas que estão no âmbito
da física e não metafísica, e ainda que não podemos conhecer as coisas
como são em si, mas apenas como aparecem para nós.&nbsp;

A solução de Kant dificilmente é 
satisfatória. Ao explicar o caráter necessário  e universal das leis 
científicas Kant tornou-as intersubjetivas: algo que  resulta da nossa 
capacidade de conhecer e não do mundo em si. Quando um  cientista afirma
 que nenhum objeto pode viajar mais depressa do que a luz, está  para 
Kant a formular uma proposição necessária e universal, mas que se refere
  não à natureza íntima do mundo, mas antes ao modo como nós, seres 
humanos,  conhecemos o mundo. Estavam abertas as portas ao idealismo 
alemão, que teria  efeitos terríveis na história da filosofia. Nos anos 
70 do século XX, o filósofo  americano Saul Kripke (1940- ) iria 
apresentar uma solução parcial ao problema  levantado por Hume que é 
muito mais satisfatória do que a de Kant. Kripke  mostrou, efetivamente,
 como podemos inferir conclusões necessárias a partir de  premissas 
empíricas, de modo que a necessidade das leis científicas não deriva  do
 seu caráter sintético a priori, como Kant dizia, mas antes do seu 
caráter  necessário a posteriori.
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Frases de Emmanuel
Kant

“A
felicidade não é um ideal da razão mas sim da imaginação.”

“Quem não
sabe o que busca, não identifica o que acha”.

&nbsp;“Você é livre no
momento em que não busca fora de si mesmo alguém para resolver os seus
problemas.”

"A amizade é semelhante a um bom café; uma vez frio,
não se aquece sem perder bastante do primeiro sabor."

"Acredite
em milagres, mas não dependa deles"

"O sábio pode mudar de opinião. O idiota NUNCA."


Fonte: KANT, Immanuel. A Crítica da Razão Pura.
Introdução

Org. e Pesq.: Antonio Barboza