Autor: EFCP | Publicado: 2012-04-28T03:43:00-07:00

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A criança constitui, fundamentalmente, um ser em
evolução que apresenta, ao lado de intensa atividade funcional e correspondente
alterações estruturais, um contínuo processo de adaptação da estrutura à
função. 

Os
termos criança e pediatria, usados para representar uma criança padrão, na
verdade abrangem um grupo etário (do nascimento aos 12 anos) bastante
heterogêneo.





Os elementos que fazem as crianças diferentes dos
adultos são muitos e podem ser distribuídos em 4 categorias: 

1 -
diferenças anatômicas que dizem respeito às diferenças de tamanho, de
proporções e de estrutura dos órgãos; 

2 -
elementos fisiológicos, observados no metabolismo em geral e nas funções dos
vários órgãos; 

3 -
diferenças psicológicas, compreendendo as emoções e o comportamento; 

4 -
elementos patológicos, compreendendo as lesões encontradas somente nas crianças
e as reações características à doença, à infecção e à outros fatores
patogênicos.



A água é imprescindível para o organismo, bastando-se
citar que o organismo tolera a perda de 40% de seu peso ou de 100% de
glicogênio e da gordura ou de 50% da proteína, e pode sobreviver; mas não
tolera a perda de 20% do seu peso em água. A criança tem, proporcionalmente,
maior quantidade de água no corpo do que o adulto. 



Com relação à utilização de substratos a criança
parece fazer uso preferencialmente dos ácidos graxos, uma vez que ela tem os
níveis de lactato sangüíneo reduzidos, indicando uma capacidade glicolítica
lática muscular reduzida.