Origens da moral
Autor: MAURO | Publicado: 2012-12-03T12:32:00-02:00

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"Moral Origins", de Christopher
Boehm, é um livro importante. Como sugere o título, ele trata do surgimento da
moralidade nos humanos, mas, ao contrário de obras congêneres, que têm como
matéria-prima um misto de especulações filosóficas, modelos matemáticos,
"insights" psicológicos e achados neurocientíficos, o autor, como bom
antropólogo que é, busca evidências materiais para oferecer uma explicação
histórica.


Recorrendo
a observações zoológicas de chimpanzés e a um impressionante catálogo do
comportamento de várias tribos de caçadores-coletores, Boehm sustenta que a
moral humana começa com o igualitarismo. Enquanto nossos primos são animais
fortemente hierárquicos, nós nos notabilizamos por formar alianças para
destronar qualquer macho alfa que quisesse virar dono do pedaço. Fazíamos isso
para garantir que a carne obtida nas caçadas fosse dividida de forma justa.



Esse
impulso igualitário disparou várias engrenagens. De um lado, valentões
incorrigíveis e psicopatas foram eliminados fisicamente -e seus genes excluídos
do pool da humanidade.



De outro, indivíduos com pendores dominantes aprenderam
a exercer o autocontrole, primeiro passo para desenvolver uma consciência
moral. Esse processo de seleção social afetou até nossa biologia. O homem é o
único animal que cora, a marca física de uma emoção moral.



Pelo
meu relato, essa pode parecer mais uma "just so story", uma assertiva
que não tem como ser confirmada nem falseada, ou seja, algo sem valor
científico, mas, ao longo das 400 páginas da obra, o autor chega a ser
obsessivo ao sustentar cada afirmação com evidências empíricas. É tão
detalhista que, em algumas ocasiões, o livro se torna repetitivo.



Mesmo
que não compremos pelo valor de face a hipótese de Boehm, o texto traz um
conjunto admirável de observações bastante contundentes sobre nossa natureza.



Helio Schwartsman