Santos Dumont ou os Irmãos Wrigth?
Autor: Milton | Publicado: 2016-08-26T11:11:00-07:00



Uma Self com o 14 bis


Todos vimos a abertura da Olimpíada Rio 2016 e ficamos 
surpresos&nbsp; e orgulhosos. Um dos pontos altos foi a apresentação do 14 
bis que, saindo do Maracanã, fez um sobre voo na cidade do Rio de 
Janeiro. Lógico com o uso de efeitos especiais.&nbsp;


O 14 bis no meio da multidão


Tive o privilégio de visitar a cidade e o boulevard olímpico onde estava pousada a réplica do famoso avião. Fotografei de montão. 




Estava lá pra inglês, americano, brasileiro e muitos mais verem. Sou um aficionado por aviação. Os que visitam esse blog sabem. Mas, quem é o pai da aviação? Separei um texto publicado já há algum tempo e disponibilizo para aqueles que quiserem saber um pouco mais. Trata-se de uma opinião. Fiquem à vontade para colocarem outras.

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Irmãos Wright foram os
primeiros, mas Santos-Dumont fez mais pela aviação 



Publicidade



CLAUDIO ANGELO
do Editor de Ciência da Folha de S.Paulo

Mas, afinal, quem é o pai dessa criança? O físico Henrique Lins de Barros dá um
suspiro ao telefone quando ouve a pergunta. Para o pesquisador do CBPF (Centro
Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas), talvez o maior especialista vivo em
Santos-Dumont, já passou da hora de pôr um ponto final a uma controvérsia tão
antiga quanto inútil. A criança --no caso o avião-- não tem um "pai".
Tem vários.

"É muito complicado, num desenvolvimento tecnológico, dizer quem foi o pai
da criança. Quem inventou o navio? Qualquer um. Um produto tecnológico são
várias descobertas que vão culminar num determinado momento", diz. O
"momento" do avião é complicado de determinar.

No dia 23 de outubro de 1906, Alberto Santos-Dumont, mineiro de nascimento,
parisiense de adoção, decolou com um aparelho mais pesado que o ar. Seu 14-Bis,
uma geringonça de 290 quilos e com um motor de 50 cavalos, subiu a uma altura
de quase três metros no Campo de Bagatelle, em Paris, e voou 60 metros. 

Foi o primeiro vôo feito em público e num aparelho que saiu do chão e pousou
por meios próprios ("pousou" em termos; na verdade, o 14-Bis desceu
bruscamente e quebrou as rodas). O feito lhe valeu um prêmio de 3.000 francos,
instituído por Ernest Archdeacon para quem voasse mais de 25 metros.



 

  


 

  


 

  







Longe dali, numa praia de Kitty Hawk, no Estado
americano da Carolina do Norte, o primeiro vôo otorizado de um aparelho mais
pesado que o ar era feito por dois mecânicos de bicicleta --só que três anos
antes. Em 17 de dezembro de 1903, Orville e Wilbur Wright haviam voado 260
metros com seu Flyer, uma aeronave improvável de 300 quilos e com um motor de
12 cavalos, que decolara de uma colina. O feito, sem testemunhas, foi
comunicado por telegrama.

Ciosos de seu invento, que pretendiam patentear, os irmãos Wright cortaram
todos os contatos com o mundo exterior --mantidos até 1902. De 1905 a 1908,
quando se estabeleceu a Federação Aeronáutica Internacional, pararam de voar.
Sua primazia só seria comprovada inquestionavelmente em 1908, quando voaram
(ainda sem decolar por meios próprios) espantosos 124 quilômetros na França.

"Até Santos-Dumont reconheceu que não seria possível em 1908 que os Wright
não tivessem uma experiência grande de vôo anteriormente, porque, quando os
europeus estão voando 10 quilômetros e ficando 15 minutos no ar, o avião dos
Wright fica mais de duas horas no ar. Então eles já faziam isso antes, como
estavam falando", diz Lins de Barros. Os americanos não inventaram o
avião, mas foram os primeiros a voar.

O Flyer tinha problemas, é verdade: pesado, instável e com asas inclinadas para
baixo, precisou de ventos fortes para fazer seu vôo, descendente, do alto de
uma colina. Era um beco sem saída evolutivo que jamais poderia sair do chão
sozinho.

E, claro, tem a história da catapulta. O vôo dos Wright não valeu porque o
Flyer foi atirado de uma catapulta. Portanto, Santos-Dumont teve mesmo a
primazia. Certo?

Errado. "O Flyer não foi catapultado. Isso faz parte dessa história mal
contada, mal formulada no Brasil", afirma o pesquisador do CBPF, que acaba
de lançar o livro "O Desafio de Voar" (Metalivros), sobre a conquista
do ar e os brasileiros que participaram dela. A catapulta seria adotada pelos
Wright só depois de 1903.

Irradiação

O título de "inventor do avião" poderia ser dividido entre muita
gente. Como o alemão Otto Lilienthal, morto em 1896 num vôo de planador. Como
Gabriel Voisin e Louis Blériot --o primeiro a voar sobre o canal da Mancha, em
1909. Os próprios Wright e Santos-Dumont já eram celebridades no meio
aeronáutico no começo do século passado: os americanos criaram a configuração
"canard" (ganso) para seus planadores, com o leme na frente, usada no
próprio 14-Bis. 

E o brasileiro ficara famoso ao criar o primeiro balão dirigível, o nº 6, em
1901. Tanto que foi a Santos-Dumont que a imprensa local de Ohio (terra natal
dos irmãos) comparou os irmãos ao noticiar o feito de 1903.

Se os Wright voaram antes, foi ao brasileiro que a irradiação original da
aeronáutica se deveu --portanto, se a alcunha de "pai do avião" é
exagero, a de "pai da aviação" é justíssima.

"Ele resolve uma das questões essenciais do vôo, que é tirar o avião do
chão. Conseguiu transportar as forças que ele conhece e que atuam quando o
avião está pousado e fazer a transição entre a situação do avião pousado e do
avião voando, onde as novas forças têm que atuar e ele não conhece direito onde
elas atuam", afirma Lins de Barros.

"Essa contribuição do Santos-Dumont é fundamental por duas razões:
primeiro porque ele dá a chave da decolagem. Segundo porque ele executa isso
publicamente, reconhecido por uma comissão internacional. Por isso, em um ano,
entre 1906 e 1907, todos os inventores importantes estão voando."

A prova disso é que o primeiro avião a ser produzido em série na história, que
inspirou o desenho de vários outros, foi uma invenção de Dumont: o Demoiselle,
de 1907. Esse precursor do ultraleve teve seu projeto distribuído gratuitamente
pelo brasileiro. Cerca de 300 foram produzidos pela fábrica Clément Bayard.

Nos EUA aconteceu exatamente o contrário. Orville e Wilbur Wright eram
capitalistas que fizeram questão de patentear o aeroplano. "Eles poderiam
patentear o motor, o sistema de esquis. Tentaram patentear o avião, o
vôo."

Não conseguiram. Com isso, atrasaram o desenvolvimento tecnológico nos EUA até
1911, ao tentar impedir outros americanos, como Glenn Curtiss, de desenvolver
aeronaves. "A Scientific American chegou a perguntar se eram
"flyers" (voadores) ou "liars" (mentirosos)", diz Lins
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
  
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
  
  
 
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>

 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal";
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-parent:"";
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
 mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
 line-height:115%;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}

<![endif]-->



 

  
 

  
 


<!--[if !mso]>

v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}

<![endif]-->

<!--[if gte mso 9]>
 
  
 
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]>
 
  Normal
  0
  false
  
  21
  
  
  false
  false
  false
  
  PT-BR
  X-NONE
  X-NONE
  
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  
  
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]>
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  DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
  LatentStyleCount="267">
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
  
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
  
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
  
  
 
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>

 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal";
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
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 mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
 mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
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 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
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 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}

<![endif]-->



 

  
 

  




















 





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