RYE BREADS IN BRAZIL (GERMAN IMMIGRATION
Autor: Eduardo Artisan Baker (padeiro gaúcho) | Publicado: 2017-02-20T08:38:00-08:00




RYE BREADS IN BRAZIL




German/Brazilians&nbsp;(German:&nbsp;Deutschbrasilianer,&nbsp;Riograndenser Hunsrückisch:&nbsp;Deitschbrasiliooner,&nbsp;Portuguese:&nbsp;teuto-brasileiros) refers to&nbsp;Brazilian&nbsp;people of&nbsp;ethnic Germanancestry&nbsp;or origin.



German Brazilians live mostly in the country's&nbsp;South Region, with lesser but still significant degree in the&nbsp;Southeast Region.



German dialects together make up the second most spoken&nbsp;first language in Brazil&nbsp;after Portuguese. A few Brazilian municipalities have&nbsp;Brazilian Hunsrückisch&nbsp;and&nbsp;Germanic Pomeranian&nbsp;as co-official with&nbsp;Portuguese.



They are located in&nbsp;Southern Brazil&nbsp;and&nbsp;Espírito Santo. In the year 2000 Brazilian census 12&nbsp;million people in Brazil claimed to be of German descent.



Between 1824 and 1972, about 260,000 Germans settled in Brazil, the fifth largest nationality to immigrate after the Portuguese, the Italians, the Spaniards, and the Japanese.



The vast majority settled in states of&nbsp;São Paulo,&nbsp;Rio Grande do Sul,&nbsp;Santa Catarina,&nbsp;Paraná, and&nbsp;Rio de Janeiro. Less than 5% of Germans settled in&nbsp;Minas Gerais,&nbsp;Pernambuco, and&nbsp;Espírito Santo.



The most influenced state by the German immigration was Santa Catarina, the only state where Germans were the main nationality among immigrants.



Germans and Austrians were about 50% of all immigrants settled in Santa Catarina, and between 15–20% in Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná. In the rest of the country, Germans accounted for less than 5% of immigran.





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In yellow and orange - south and southeast region
Overview

The 19th century was marked by an intense&nbsp;emigration&nbsp;of Europeans to different parts of the world, which led to a process of&nbsp;Europeanisation&nbsp;of these areas.

Between 1816 and 1850, 5&nbsp;million people left Europe; between 1850 and 1880 another 22&nbsp;million people emigrated. Between 1846 and 1932, 60&nbsp;million Europeans emigrated. Many Germans left the German states after the failed&nbsp;revolutions of 1848.

Between 1878 and 1892, another 7&nbsp;million Germans left Germany; after the 1870s Germany was one of the countries from which the largest numbers of people emigrated, the vast majority to the United States.

From 1820 to 1840, Germans represented 21.4% of all European immigrants entering the USA; 32.2% in the following two decades; and at the end of the 19th century they were the largest immigrant group (21.9%) in the US.

German&nbsp;immigration to Brazil&nbsp;was small compared to the numbers who went to the United States, and also compared to immigration of other nationalities, such as&nbsp;Portuguese,&nbsp;Italians&nbsp;and&nbsp;Spaniards, who together made up over 80% of the immigrants to Brazil during the period of greatest immigration by Europeans.

Germans appeared in fourth place among immigrants to Brazil, but dropped to fifth place when Japanese immigration increased after 1908.






German Brazilian Society of Firefighters Volunteers in&nbsp;State of Paraná&nbsp;– 1897



Even though the immigration of Germans to Brazil was small, it had a notable impact on the ethnic composition of the country, particularly of the Southern Brazilian population.

Different factors led to this large influence. First of all, German immigration to Brazil is an old&nbsp;phenomenon&nbsp;which started as early as 1824, many decades before the beginning of the immigration of other European ethnic groups to Brazil.

For example, the first significant groups of Italians to immigrate to Brazil only arrived in 1875, many&nbsp;decades&nbsp;after the arrival of the first Germans. When the settlement of other Europeans in Brazil began, the Germans had already been living there for many generations.

Another factor was the high&nbsp;birth rates&nbsp;among German Brazilians. Research has found that between 1826 and 1828 a first-generation German Brazilian woman had an average of 8.5 children, and the second generation had an average of 10.4 children per woman.

Birth rates among German Brazilian women were higher than those of other Brazilian women, resulting in faster growth of the population of German origin than of the population of non-German origin and a rapid increase in the population of German origin in the country.






German Diaspora (c. 1930) USA (9.000.000), Brazil (620.000), Canada (300.000), Argentina (130.000), Australia (50.000), South Africa (35.000), Chile (27.000), Paraguay (10.000), Mexico (8.000) and Uruguay (7.000)



In the book&nbsp;The Monroe Doctrine&nbsp;by T B Edgington is said:

The natural increase of the German population in southern Brazil is marvelous. As a rule they rear from ten to fifteen children in each family.

Blumenau, a colony which was settled by the Germans over fifty years ago, more than doubles itself every ten years.

Southern Brazil is now called ‘Greater Germany’, and the Germans exercise there a commercial and financial supremacy.

Even though the population of German descent makes up a small minority in Brazil, they represent a very large percentage of the population of the South.

Jean Roche estimated that people of German descent made up 13.3% of the population in Rio Grande do Sul in 1890, and that they had increased to 21.6% of the population in 1950.
By 1920, the vast majority of the population of German descent was Brazilian-born. The Census of 1920 revealed that&nbsp;foreigners&nbsp;constituted only 3% of the population of the old German communities of São Leopoldo, Estrela, Montenegro and Bom Retiro do Sul.

São Leopoldo, then with 46,482 inhabitants, had only 1,159 foreigners. In the new German communities the proportion of foreigners was larger, for example in Ijuí (15%) and Erechim (25%), indicating they were newer destinations of immigrants in the state.
The Census of 1940 revealed that virtually all the population of German descent was native-born.

Immigration

When German-speaking immigrants first arrived in Brazil starting at the beginning of the 19th century, they did not identify themselves so much as a unified German-Brazilian group.

However, as time went on this common regional identity did emerge for many different geo-socio-political reasons. Germans immigrated mainly from what is now Germany, but also from other countries where German communities were established.

From 1824 to 1969, around 250,000 Germans emigrated to Brazil, being the fourth largest immigrant community to settle in the country, after the Portuguese, Italians and Spaniards. About 30% of them arrived between World War I and World War II.

German immigration to Brazil, decennial periods from 1824 to 1969Source: Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE)
1824–471848–721872–791880–891890–991900–091910–191920–291930–391940–491950–591960–69
8,17619,52314,32518,90117,08413,84825,90275,80127,4976,80716,6435,659


First German settlement in Brazil






Nova Petrópolis, settled by Germans in 1858



The first German&nbsp;immigrants&nbsp;to settle in Brazil were 165 families who settled in&nbsp;Ilhéus,&nbsp;Bahia, in 1818. One year later, 200 families settled São Jorge, in the same state.
Some Germans were brought to work in the Brazilian army after Independence from&nbsp;Portugal&nbsp;in 1822.

However, the cradle of the German settlement in Brazil was São Leopoldo, in 1824. At that time&nbsp;Southern Brazil&nbsp;had a very low population density.

Most of its inhabitants were concentrated on the coast and a few in the&nbsp;Pampas. The interior was covered by forests and sparsely populated by different groups of&nbsp;natives Amerindians.

The absence of an unified population in the interior was regarded as a problem by Brazilian government, because Southern Brazil could easily be invaded by neighboring countries.

Since Brazil was recently independent from Portugal, it was not possible to bring&nbsp;Portuguese&nbsp;immigrants. Germany was suffering the effects of the wars against&nbsp;Napoleon, overpopulation and poverty in the countryside.

Many Germans were willing to immigrate to Brazil. Furthermore, Brazil's Empress,&nbsp;Maria Leopoldina, was&nbsp;Austrian&nbsp;and encouraged the arrival of German immigrants.

First communities

Major Schaeffer, a German who was living in Brazil, was sent to Germany in order to bring immigrants. He brought immigrants and soldiers from&nbsp;Rhineland-Palatinate.

To attract the immigrants, the Brazilian government had promised large tracts of land where they could settle with their families and colonize the region.

In fact, these lands were in the middle of big forests and the first Germans had been abandoned by the Brazilian government. From 1824 to 1829, the Major brought 5,000 Germans to Brazil.[11]

German immigrants in Brazil settled mostly in rural areas, called colonies (colônias&nbsp;in Portuguese). These colonies were created by the Brazilian government, and the lands were distributed among the immigrants. They had to construct their own houses and cultivate the land.

The first years were not easy. Many Germans died of tropical disease, while others left the colonies to find better living conditions.

The German colony of São Leopoldo was a disaster. Nevertheless, in the following years, a further 4,830 Germans arrived at São Leopoldo, and then the colony started to develop, with the immigrants establishing the town of&nbsp;Novo Hamburgo&nbsp;(New Hamburg).

From São Leopoldo and Novo Hamburgo, the German immigrants spread into other areas of&nbsp;Rio Grande do Sul, mainly close to sources of rivers. The whole region of Vale dos Sinos was populated by Germans.

During the 1830s and part of the 1840s German immigration to Brazil was interrupted due to conflicts in the country (Ragamuffin War).


First Settlers in Joinville&nbsp;[12]
OriginImmigrants
Switzerland190
Prussia70
Norway61
Oldenburg44
Holstein20
Hannover20
Sleswig17
Hamburg16
Saxony8
Poland5
Lübeck4
Mecklenburg4
Luxembourg3
Sweden3
Württemberg1
Brunsvick1
Schwarzburg1
Others4






And it Happened that Way



Today, the whole flour and rye flour breads are too much consumed in my state. 



I am from Porto Alegre city, capital of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. We make and eat many rye breads.



Now I present a typical southern bread.





pre fermentation

40 grams rye sourdough starter
65 grams water (38°C)
130 grams whole rye flour
(Fermentation - 16 hours - 28°C)

second stage

235 grams pre fermentation
325 grams water (38°C)
260 grams whole rye flour
(fermentation - 4 hours - 28°C)

Final Dough

820 grams pre fermentation
590 grams whole rye flour
20 grams brown sugar
340 grams water (32°C)
22 grams salt
7 grams instant dry yeast (optional)
15 grams caraway seeds (optional)

(last fermentation - 60/90 minutes - 32°C)
Bake: 240°C/20 minutes e 200°C/50 minutes


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RYE FLOUR BREAD IN BRAZIL (HISTORY AND RECIPE)