Resumo em tópicos do Livro Abolição cap. 1 e 2
Autor: Elson Cassiano | Publicado: 2013-02-26T01:19:00-03:00


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Capitulo 1 Da defesa da escravidão
á sua critica.

Justificativas apresentadas:

Legitimação
religiosa se atribuía a vontade de Deus que uns nascessem ricos e outros
pobres, uns senhores e outros escravos etc... (ordem social sem mobilidade do
antigo regime medieval).

Tirava
os negros da ignorância e levados para a civilização.

Quando
convertidos ao catolicismo se libertavam do pecado e se abria as portas da
salvação.

Essas
justificativas tinha apoio tanto da Igreja católica quanto do Estado,
justificando o cativeiro em todos os estágios sem culpa alguma.

No
período colonial poucos eram os que questionavam o regime escravocrata no
Brasil e quem questionasse era expulso da colônia.

Ficando
apenas os cativos a questionarem a legitimação de seu cativeiro.

Liberalismo e Escravidão:

As
doutrinas que justificavam a escravidão foram abaladas no decorrer do século
XVIII.

O
surgimento de uma nova classe a burguesia que lutava para desarticular o antigo
regime, com novos conceitos se entrelaçaram no mundo vindo aos poucos mudando
sua visão.

Mudanças
econômicas com o surgimento do capitalismo comercial em substituição ao
feudalismo.

Mudanças
politicas e filosóficas na Europa com a revolução francesa e seus ideais da
supremacia das leis naturais do homem, direito de propriedade, liberdade e
igualdade perante todos e a lei.

Surge
a partir daqui as origens do pensamento abolicionista no século XVIII.

Antes
disso a escravidão não era questionada.

Mudanças
na legitimação da escravidão que passa da vontade divina para a humana.

Passou-se
a criticar a escravidão em nome da moral, religião, racionalidade e economia.

O
trabalho escravo com as criticas era visto como menos produtivo do que o livre,
e a escravidão uma instituição corruptora da moral e dos costumes.

As
ideias da revolução burguesa foram bem recebidas no Brasil, mas havia
contradições em conciliar a sujeição do escravo com a igualdade jurídica?

Escravos
e senhores logo cedo deram conta do dilema da revolução burguesa.

Os
inconfidentes ficaram receosos em promover a abolição, pois dependiam do
sistema escravocrata economicamente.

Esse
receio dos abolicionistas se concretizou com a conjunção baiana em 1798.

Indiretamente
a revolução burguesa e a própria repreensão confirmava mais as ideias
abolicionistas.

A
sociedade brasileira era divida em grupos e com conceitos contraditórios.

Em
1824 na época da independência os escravos nutriram esperanças de sua
libertação, mas não aconteceu.

A
constituição de 1824 ignorou os escravos fechando os olhos para a escravidão.

Havia
impasses em se manter a escravidão numa sociedade que adotou os ideais
liberais.

A
sociedade pós-independência era muito dependente do trabalho escravo.

Ignoravam
os argumentos morais, religiosos e econômicos.

O discurso ilustrado:

Quem
defendia a escravidão não eram tipicamente das elites.

Havia
divergências em sua própria classe.

Uniam-se
até mesmo não concordando com o regime escravocrata com os defensores do regime
com medo de uma revolta de escravos como ocorreu no Haiti e Barbados.

Defendiam
o trabalho livre que seria mais benéfico para a indústria.

Começa
a campanha para interromper o trafico negreiro.

José
Bonifácio considerava a escravidão uma instituição nefasta, corruptora da moral
e dos costumes e inibidora do progresso, apesar do discurso de alguns liberais,
se barrava nas classes dominantes das quais os defensores do abolicionismo não
tinha influencia.

José
Bonifácio queria a suspenção do trafico, mas não a abolição de imediato da
escravidão.

Tinha
cautela e não propunha a abolição rápida.



O discurso escravista:

Havia
debates constantes entre o liberalismo e o conservadorismo sobre a
produtividade do trabalho escravo.

Os
velhos argumentos colônias voltam para continuar justificando a escravidão no
Brasil independente.

Os
escravocratas derrubam José Bonifácio do poder.

Discurso radical:

Vozes
em minoria contra a escravidão.

Apoio
das massas na luta contra a escravidão.

Começa
a circulação de pasquins contendo propaganda abolicionista.

Os
editores desses pasquins eram em sua maioria intelectuais desempregados.

Eram
perseguidos pela policia pelas publicações e chegou até a serem presos e
condenados à morte como foi o caso do Frei Caneca.

Os
pasquins eram o meio de comunicação mais eficaz para a circulação do pensamento
jacobino.

Esses
homens eram de origens modestas, começaram criticando o governo e abraçando a
causa abolicionista.

Alistavam
sob as bandeiras da oposição liberal radical e colocavam sua pena á disposição
de todos os descontentes.

Os
agentes do pensamento jacobino eram artesões, pequenos comerciantes, soldados e
outros grupos da pequena burguesia.

Ao
começo do século XIX o movimento abolicionista ainda não chegava a ser
organizado.

As
revoltas do período regencial assustaram as elites, que para se defenderem
adotaram um conservadorismo extremo.

Na
segunda metade do século XIX houve uma calmaria econômica com uma elite
prospera e um governo conciliador estável.

Ainda
dependente do trabalho escravo.



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CAPITULO 2

A abolição do tráfico 

Na
época da independência mais da metade da população brasileira era escrava.

A
maior parte da população escrava se encontrava nas lavouras de cana-de-açúcar
no nordeste.&nbsp; 

Nota-se
que, a exploração do trabalho escravo era intensa em todos os aspectos, mesmo
quem não era da elite economizada para comprar um escravo e viver da exploração
de seu trabalho.

A
lei de 1831 proibiu o trafico de escravos no Brasil.

Pressões
internacionais inglesas culminaram na lei que proibia o trafego, mas não
impedia o contrabando de escravos.

Posição
inglesa contra a escravidão perseguindo os navios negreiros.

Frequentes
discursos de oposição as politicas inglesas do fim do trafico negreiro, se acha
nos intelectuais embora contrários a escravidão se beneficiassem com ela.

Acusavam
os ingleses de roubo e de usarem os negros capturados em suas colônias
africanas.

Dependência econômica: 

O
Brasil era totalmente dependente economicamente da Inglaterra desde 1808 com a
vinda da família real portuguesa para o Brasil.

Tratados
comerciais entre Portugal e Inglaterra davam aos ingleses privilégios
comerciais.

O
Brasil precisou da Inglaterra para reconhecer sua independência. 

Em
1826 a Inglaterra impõe ao Brasil a abolição do trafico.

O
tiro saiu pela culatra, declarava livre o escravo a partir de 1826, mas não se
proibiu que aumentasse o numero de escravos.

O
interesse da burguesia com seu poder conseguia barrar as pressões externas e
internas.



Contrabando:

Táticas
de burlar as fiscalizações e continuar o trafico negreiro com apoio popular.

Uma
sociedade controlada por poucos poderosos controlavam as politicas e as leis.

Havia
impunidades e conivências das autoridades.

Tudo
contribua para o contrabando continuar.

Rivalidades
politicas eram constantes na luta pelo poder.

A
lei de 1831 foi ineficaz, mas serviu para desmoralizar a escravidão.

15
anos se passaram sem que as medidas de repreensão inglesa surgissem efeito.

O
antagonismo cresceu, pois os traficantes eram hábeis manipuladores da opinião
publica.

As
pressões do governo inglês intensificam entre 1849 e 1851 barraram nada menos
que 90 embarcações suspeitas de trafico.

O
Brasil entra na guerra platina em 1849 e precisava do apoio milita inglês.

Lei Eusébio de Queiroz 1850:

A
nova lei com punições mais severas para os contrabandistas.

O
trafico foi considerado pirataria e passou a ser punida.

Com
essas medidas diminuísse o contrabando, mas não consegue cessar o trafico.

O
trafico continuar até 1853-1856.

A
lei de 1850 em longo prazo surgiu efeito mais do que a de 1831, cessando completamente
o trafico negreiro.

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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
  
  
 
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>

 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
	{mso-style-name:"Tabela normal";
	mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
	mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
	mso-style-noshow:yes;
	mso-style-priority:99;
	mso-style-parent:"";
	mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
	mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
	mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
	mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
	mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
	line-height:115%;
	mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
	font-size:11.0pt;
	font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
	mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}

<![endif]-->

 POR ELSON CASSIANO

HISTORIADOR/UERN