O SUAS E O PRINCÍPIO DA UNIVERSALIDADE
Autor: Eliane F. Colombo | Publicado: 2013-03-10T07:00:00-07:00

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ANA PAULA DE TOLEDO CATALDO FREITAS, CLAUDETE MARIA LOPES DA SILVA, ELIANE FLORIANO COLOMBO, JANETE FURTADO DUARTE, MIRIANICE RODRIGUES ARAUJO BARROS SILVESTRE&nbsp;

(alunas do 5º módulo do curso de graduação em Psicologia, da Faculdade Anchieta/Anhanguera)





O SUAS é o Sistema Único de Assistência
Social, estratégia estatal que configura a assistência social no Brasil.&nbsp;



Comandada
pelo objetivo da universalidade, a assistência social deve oferecer cobertura a
todos que residam no território nacional em face dos riscos e contingências que
possam gerar necessidades, estando identificados tanto os riscos quanto as
contingências sociais.

Na assistência à saúde, a universalidade
da cobertura e do atendimento está plenamente identificada no âmbito
constitucional, no artigo 196, da Constituição Federal: “A saúde é direito de
todos e dever do Estado, garantido mediante políticas sociais e econômicas que
visem à redução do risco de doença e de outros agravos e ao acesso universal
igualitário às ações e serviços para a sua promoção, proteção e
recuperação”.&nbsp;



Também
na assistência social, a universalidade emana claramente do artigo 203, da
Constituição Federal, fixando-se ali as prestações que dela poderão ser
obtidas: “A assistência social será prestada a quem dela necessitar,
independentemente de contribuição à seguridade social (...)”.&nbsp;



O
grau de proteção de uma política social pode ser avaliado em relação à
cobertura dos bens e serviços. Assim, podemos encontrar algumas classificações:
a) universalista, na qual a produção e distribuição de bens e serviços sociais
devem ser dadas com participação irrestrita dos membros da sociedade; b) privatista,
na qual somente o mercado pode atender às demandas sociais, sendo cada
indivíduo o responsável pelo seu bem-estar independentemente das condições
sociais que lhes sejam impostas; e c) seletiva/focalizada, na qual as políticas
são seletivas e focalizadas, ou seja, aquelas nas quais existe a garantia da
prestação de serviços sociais, contudo só as utiliza quem estiver dentro dos
critérios para tanto.&nbsp;



Essa
classificação é baseada nas tipologias sobre os Estados de bem-estar social de
Richard Titmuss (1963), que tratam de três modelos: o residual, o
meritocrático-particularista e o institucional redistributivo. O residual se
caracteriza pela intervenção do estado quando os canais tradicionais não forem
suficientes (mercado e família). No modelo meritocrático-particularista se
considera o empenho individual como forma de atingir o bem-estar, e as
políticas sociais só seriam utilizadas com a falha dos mesmos. A
universalização do bem-estar para todos os indivíduos só seria possível no
modelo institucional redistributivo. 

Segundo
análise realizada em 1989, as políticas sociais brasileiras seguem o modelo da
seletividade e focalização, ou meritocrático-particularista, ou seja, o modelo
protecionista, pois, historicamente, trazem na maioria de seus programas, a
focalização na pobreza extrema, o que leva à compreensão desta como “benesse” governamental.
Entretanto, o SUAS, atualmente, tem mostrado uma mudança na prática da
assistência social, buscando a participação do estado na garantia dos direitos
sociais.



A
PNAS – Política Nacional de Assistência Social de 2004, propõe o combate à
seletividade e defende a universalização do acesso à política de assistência
social. Contudo, muitas vezes ao focar nos riscos e vulnerabilidades sociais
por meio do fortalecimento de vínculos em família e comunidade, deixa-se de
lado o contexto socioeconômico e político que envolve a situação tratada.
Assim, o objetivo passa a ser a atenção no fenômeno isolado, sem considerar a
sua totalidade, além de atribuir a responsabilidade de superação a uma única
instituição (família ou comunidade). Esse processo dificulta a mudança para uma
perspectiva de universalização com adoção de práticas estruturais que tragam
resolutividade nos campos materiais, sociais, políticos, econômicos e
culturais. Desse modo, o modelo protecionista brasileiro aproxima-se mais de
uma residualidade do que da universalidade, pois, concentra seus esforços na
família e oferece bens e serviços sociais de forma restrita, seletiva em
critérios e condicionalidades e focados na pobreza, o que deixa a assistência
social distante da perspectiva protetiva de segurança social sem exclusão de
indivíduos.









FONTES:

Revista Diálogos, Ano 7, no. 7, julho de 2010.

http://ultimainstancia.uol.com.br/conteudo/colunas/55271/a+universalidade+da+cobertura+e+do+atendimento+na+seguridade+social.shtml –
acesso realizado em 01-03-2013