Teoria de Vygotsky X Aprendizagem Sistêmica
Autor: Juliano | Publicado: 2012-10-29T06:43:00-07:00

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Lev Vygotsky 1896-1934


Teoria
do Aprendizado Social :

O
Poder da Mediação

Lev
Semenovich Vygotsky mostra outra teoria do aprendizado social, baseada
fundamentalmente na mediação e não na imitação. O indivíduo aprende quando
alguém ensina. Por mais óbvia que seja, essa é uma das explicações mais
poderosas sobre os ganhos da Aprendizagem Sistêmica.



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Para Vygotsky, o desenvolvimento
deve ser visto de forma perspectiva e não retrospectiva como acontece
normalmente. Para isso, ele atribui importância extrema à interação social no
processo de construção das funções psicológicas humanas.

A visão retrospectiva envolve o
nível de desenvolvimento real é o estágio que envolve os processos de
desenvolvimento já consolidados, já completados. Quando o professor quer
compreender o desenvolvimento da criança ele se baseia na zona de
desenvolvimento real dela, “até onde a criança já chegou”, o que ela já
consegue fazer sozinha. E acredita que para ser considerada como possuidora de certa
capacidade, a criança tem que demonstrar que pode cumprir a tarefa sem nenhum
tipo de ajuda.&nbsp;





&nbsp;&nbsp;

Vygotsky Explica os Ganhos da Aprendizagem Sistêmica

O que a teoria de Vygotsky tem a ver com o porquê de a
Aprendizagem Sistêmica funcionar? Muitas Estruturas Kagan promovem exatamente o
tipo de mediação que avança a zona de desenvolvimento proximal. Vamos
examinar um exemplo: 

Instrução Direta—O
Dilema do Professor

Toda vez que ensinamos para uma sala de aula heterogênea, temos um
dilema. Ensinamos focando nos alunos de alto desempenho mesmo que os de baixo desempenho não entendam? Ou ensinamos com foco nos
alunos de baixo desempenho e fracassamos no estímulo para os de alto desempenho? Na Zona de Desenvolvimento Proximal em quem
devemos focar a aula?

A Aprendizagem Sistêmica dá uma solução.

Através dela, muito mais alunos conseguem ser atingidos na sua
Zona de Desenvolvimento Proximal. Como? O material da Aprendizagem Sistêmica é
focado na metade da sala com maior desempenho. Depois, organiza-se os alunos em
grupos heterogêneos e um tempo é utilizado para ter certeza de que os alunos e
todos os seus colegas de grupo compreenderam a questão proposta.

Eles são motivados a fazer com que seus colegas de grupo entendam.
Os alunos automaticamente ajustam seu nível de ajuda ao nível de necessidade de seus colegas de grupo. Se eles percebem que os colegas não
estão entendendo, explicam de outra maneira. A tutoria entre colegas ocorre
dentro da Zona de Desenvolvimento Proximal. Ao ensinar para um aluno
particular, pode-se ter o luxo de ajustar a explicação ao seu nível. Ao ensinar
para toda a classe, quanto mais heterogênea ela for, maior o dilema que
iremos encarar: só vamos conseguir ensinar com foco na Zona de Desenvolvimento Proximal
de alguns alunos.

Com a Aprendizagem Sistêmica, os alunos ficam motivados para ajudar seus colegas a obterem sucesso, então ajustam suas explicações, às necessidades de aprendizado do colega, atingindo então, a zona de Desenvolvimento Proximal. Assim, uma porcentagem muito maior de alunos é atingida em sua Zona de Desenvolvimento Proximal quando as Estruturas Kagan são implementadas durante uma abordagem tradicional. A teoria de Vygotsky promove uma fundação teórica muito forte para a Aprendizagem Sistêmica.