Revolução Industrial
Autor: Ricardo Assis | Publicado: 2016-11-17T06:39:00-08:00

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História da Revolução Industrial,
pioneirismo inglês, invenções de máquinas, passagem da manufatura para a
maquinofatura, a vida nas fábricas, origem dos sindicatos e principais
invenções técnicas.







&nbsp;



Introdução&nbsp;




A Revolução Industrial
teve início no século XVIII, na&nbsp;Inglaterra, com a mecanização dos sistemas
de produção. Enquanto na&nbsp;Idade Média&nbsp;o&nbsp;artesanato&nbsp;era a
forma de produzir mais utilizada, na Idade Moderna tudo mudou. A burguesia industrial,
ávida por maiores lucros, menores custos e produção acelerada, buscou
alternativas para melhorar a produção de mercadorias. Também podemos apontar o
crescimento populacional, que trouxe maior demanda de produtos e mercadorias.

Pioneirismo
Inglês

Foi a Inglaterra o país que saiu na frente no processo de Revolução Industrial
do século XVIII. Este fato pode ser explicado por diversos fatores. A
Inglaterra possuía grandes reservas de&nbsp;carvão mineral&nbsp;em seu subsolo,
ou seja, a principal&nbsp;fonte de energia&nbsp;para movimentar as máquinas e
as locomotivas à vapor.
Além da fonte de energia, os ingleses
possuíam grandes reservas de minério de&nbsp;ferro, a principal matéria-prima
utilizada neste período. A mão-de-obra disponível em abundância (desde a Lei
dos Cercamentos de Terras ), também favoreceu a Inglaterra, pois havia uma
massa de trabalhadores procurando emprego nas cidades inglesas do século XVIII.
A burguesia inglesa tinha capital suficiente para financiar as fábricas,
comprar matéria-prima e máquinas e contratar empregados. O mercado consumidor
inglês também pode ser destacado como importante fator que contribuiu para o
pioneirismo inglês.


Avanços da Tecnologia&nbsp;


O século XVIII foi marcado pelo grande
salto&nbsp;tecnológico&nbsp;nos transportes e máquinas. As máquinas a vapor,
principalmente os gigantes teares, revolucionou o modo de produzir. Se por um
lado a máquina substituiu o homem, gerando milhares de desempregados, por outro
baixou o preço de mercadorias e acelerou o ritmo de produção.


Na área de transportes, podemos destacar a invenção
das locomotivas a vapor (maria fumaça) e os trens a vapor. Com estes meios de
transportes, foi possível transportar mais mercadorias e pessoas, num tempo
mais curto e com custos mais baixos.













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Principais invenções técnicas da
Revolução Industrial:&nbsp;lançadeira
volante de John Kay, tear mecânico de Cartwright, máquina a vapor de JamesWatt
e locomotiva de Stephenson.




A Fábrica

As fábricas do início da Revolução
Industrial não apresentavam o melhor dos ambientes de trabalho. As condições
das fábricas eram precárias. Eram ambientes com péssima iluminação, abafados e
sujos. Os salários recebidos pelos trabalhadores eram muito baixos e chegava-se
a empregar o trabalho infantil e feminino. Os empregados chegavam a trabalhar
até 18 horas por dia e estavam sujeitos a castigos físicos dos patrões. Não
havia direitos trabalhistas como, por exemplo, férias, décimo terceiro salário,
auxílio doença, descanso semanal remunerado ou qualquer outro benefício. Quando
desempregados, ficavam sem nenhum tipo de auxílio e passavam por situações de
precariedade.
&nbsp;Reação dos trabalhadores&nbsp;

Em muitas regiões da Europa, os trabalhadores se organizaram para lutar por
melhores condições de trabalho. Os empregados das fábricas formaram as trade
unions (espécie de&nbsp;sindicatos) com o
objetivo de melhorar as condições de trabalho dos empregados. Houve também
movimentos mais violentos como, por exemplo, o ludismo. Também conhecidos como
"quebradores de máquinas", os ludistas invadiam fábricas e destruíam
seus equipamentos numa forma de protesto e revolta com relação a vida dos
empregados. O cartismo foi mais brando na forma de atuação, pois optou pela via
política, conquistando diversos direitos políticos para os trabalhadores.
&nbsp;


Conclusão


A Revolução tornou os métodos de
produção mais eficientes. Os produtos passaram a ser produzidos mais
rapidamente, barateando o preço e estimulando o consumo. Por outro lado,
aumentou também o número de desempregados. As máquinas foram substituindo, aos
poucos, a mão-de-obra humana. A&nbsp;poluição
ambiental, o aumento da&nbsp;poluição sonora,
o&nbsp;êxodo
rural&nbsp;e o crescimento desordenado das cidades também foram
conseqüências nocivas para a sociedade.&nbsp;


Até os dias de hoje, o desemprego é um dos
grandes problemas nos países em desenvolvimento. Gerar empregos tem se tornado
um dos maiores desafios de governos no mundo todo. Os empregos repetitivos e
pouco qualificados foram substituídos por máquinas e robôs. As empresas
procuram profissionais bem qualificados para ocuparem empregos que exigem cada
vez mais criatividade e múltiplas capacidades. Mesmo nos países desenvolvidos
tem faltado empregos para a população.