Unicodes e Encodings
Autor: Eduardo Monteiro de Andrade | Publicado: 2013-11-18T04:42:00-08:00


Unicodes

Bom dia pessoal, faz muito tempo que não posto nenhum artigo no blog, mas vai um rápido post a respeito do padrão adotado mundialmente que possibilita todos os caracteres de todas as linguagens utilizadas no mundo possam ser representadas em computadores chamada de unicode.&nbsp;



O unicode fornece números únicos para cada caractere.



Encodings




Do que foi apresentado na seção anterior, podemos entender que o Unicode nada mais é do que uma enorme tabela que associa um número único (code point) para cada diferente letra ou símbolo dos alfabetos de todo o mundo. Mas como esses code points podem ser armazenados em um arquivo texto ou na memória do computador? É aí que entram em cena os encodings.

Um encoding é uma técnica que define regras para armazenar os code points dos caracteres que compõem as strings na memória do computador. Existem vários deles: UTF-8, ISO-8859-1 (apelidado de Latin-1), UCS-2, Windows-1252, etc. Cada encoding utiliza uma técnica distinta para lidar com os códigos Unicode.

O encoding UTF-8, por exemplo, é capaz de representar qualquer caractere Unicode. Para conseguir isso, utiliza uma técnica que onde uma quantidade de 1 a 6 bytes pode ser utilizada para representar cada caractere. Ou seja, o UTF-8 não trabalha com uma representação em tamanho fixo. Os code points de 0 a 127 são armazenados com 1 byte. Porém, os demais podem ser armazenados em memória com tamanho de 2 a 6 bytes.

O UTF-8 é completo (armazena qualquer caractere Unicode) e usa uma técnica de armazenamento que pode ser considerada “sofisticada”. Outros encodings, como ISSO-8859-1 e Windows-1252 são menos completos do que o UTF-8, e preferem trabalhar apenas com um subconjunto da tabela Unicode (ex: apenas com caracteres das linguagens ocidentais). Em compensação, podem fazer uso de técnicas de armazenamento mais simples que, além disso, conseguem representar strings gastando um número menor de bytes.



Tabela de Unicodes



 

  
  


  
  
decimal

  
  
hexadecimal

  
  
html encode

  
  
xml

  
  
javascript

  
  
java (unicode)

 

  
  


  
  
0

  
  
0

  
  
&amp;#0;

  
  
&amp;amp;#0;

  
  
\x00

  
  
\u0000

 

  
  


  
  
1

  
  
1

  
  
&amp;#1;

  
  
&amp;amp;#1;

  
  
\x01

  
  
\u0001

 

  
  


  
  
2

  
  
2

  
  
&amp;#2;

  
  
&amp;amp;#2;

  
  
\x02

  
  
\u0002

 

  
  


  
  
3

  
  
3

  
  
&amp;#3;

  
  
&amp;amp;#3;

  
  
\x03

  
  
\u0003

 

  
  


  
  
4

  
  
4

  
  
&amp;#4;

  
  
&amp;amp;#4;

  
  
\x04

  
  
\u0004

 

  
  


  
  
5

  
  
5

  
  
&amp;#5;

  
  
&amp;amp;#5;

  
  
\x05

  
  
\u0005

 

  
  


  
  
6

  
  
6

  
  
&amp;#6;

  
  
&amp;amp;#6;

  
  
\x06

  
  
\u0006

 

  
  


  
  
7

  
  
7

  
  
&amp;#7;

  
  
&amp;amp;#7;

  
  
\x07

  
  
\u0007

 

  
  


  
  
8

  
  
8

  
  
&amp;#8;

  
  
&amp;amp;#8;

  
  
\x08

  
  
\u0008

 

  
  


  
  
9

  
  
9

  
  
&amp;#9;

  
  
&amp;amp;#9;

  
  
\x09

  
  
\u0009

 

  
  


  
  
10

  
  
A

  
  
&amp;#10;

  
  
&amp;amp;#10;

  
  
\x0A

  
  
\u000A

 

  
  


  
  
11

  
  
B

  
  
&amp;#11;

  
  
&amp;amp;#11;

  
  
\x0B

  
  
\u000B

 

  
  


  
  
12

  
  
C

  
  
&amp;#12;

  
  
&amp;amp;#12;

  
  
\x0C

  
  
\u000C

 

  
  


  
  
13

  
  
D

  
  
&amp;#13;

  
  
&amp;amp;#13;

  
  
\x0D

  
  
\u000D

 

  
  


  
  
14

  
  
E

  
  
&amp;#14;

  
  
&amp;amp;#14;

  
  
\x0E

  
  
\u000E

 

  
  


  
  
15

  
  
F

  
  
&amp;#15;

  
  
&amp;amp;#15;

  
  
\x0F

  
  
\u000F

 

  
  


  
  
16

  
  
10

  
  
&amp;#16;

  
  
&amp;amp;#16;

  
  
\x10

  
  
\u0010

 

  
  


  
  
17

  
  
11

  
  
&amp;#17;

  
  
&amp;amp;#17;

  
  
\x11

  
  
\u0011

 

  
  


  
  
18

  
  
12

  
  
&amp;#18;

  
  
&amp;amp;#18;

  
  
\x12

  
  
\u0012

 

  
  


  
  
19

  
  
13

  
  
&amp;#19;

  
  
&amp;amp;#19;

  
  
\x13

  
  
\u0013

 

  
  


  
  
20

  
  
14

  
  
&amp;#20;

  
  
&amp;amp;#20;

  
  
\x14

  
  
\u0014

 

  
  


  
  
21

  
  
15

  
  
&amp;#21;

  
  
&amp;amp;#21;

  
  
\x15

  
  
\u0015

 

  
  


  
  
22

  
  
16

  
  
&amp;#22;

  
  
&amp;amp;#22;

  
  
\x16

  
  
\u0016

 

  
  


  
  
23

  
  
17

  
  
&amp;#23;

  
  
&amp;amp;#23;

  
  
\x17

  
  
\u0017

 

  
  


  
  
24

  
  
18

  
  
&amp;#24;

  
  
&amp;amp;#24;

  
  
\x18

  
  
\u0018

 

  
  


  
  
25

  
  
19

  
  
&amp;#25;

  
  
&amp;amp;#25;

  
  
\x19

  
  
\u0019

 

  
  


  
  
26

  
  
1A

  
  
&amp;#26;

  
  
&amp;amp;#26;

  
  
\x1A

  
  
\u001A

 

  
  


  
  
27

  
  
1B

  
  
&amp;#27;

  
  
&amp;amp;#27;

  
  
\x1B

  
  
\u001B

 

  
  


  
  
28

  
  
1C

  
  
&amp;#28;

  
  
&amp;amp;#28;

  
  
\x1C

  
  
\u001C

 

  
  


  
  
29

  
  
1D

  
  
&amp;#29;

  
  
&amp;amp;#29;

  
  
\x1D

  
  
\u001D

 

  
  


  
  
30

  
  
1E

  
  
&amp;#30;

  
  
&amp;amp;#30;

  
  
\x1E

  
  
\u001E

 

  
  


  
  
31

  
  
1F

  
  
&amp;#31;

  
  
&amp;amp;#31;

  
  
\x1F

  
  
\u001F

 

  
  


  
  
32

  
  
20

  
  
&amp;#32;

  
  
&amp;amp;#32;

  
  
\x20

  
  
\u0020

 

  
  
!

  
  
33

  
  
21

  
  
&amp;#33;

  
  
&amp;amp;#33;

  
  
\x21

  
  
\u0021

 

  
  
"

  
  
34

  
  
22

  
  
&amp;#34;

  
  
&amp;amp;#34;

  
  
\x22

  
  
\u0022

 

  
  
#

  
  
35

  
  
23

  
  
&amp;#35;

  
  
&amp;amp;#35;

  
  
\x23

  
  
\u0023

 

  
  
$

  
  
36

  
  
24

  
  
&amp;#36;

  
  
&amp;amp;#36;

  
  
\x24

  
  
\u0024

 

  
  
%

  
  
37

  
  
25

  
  
&amp;#37;

  
  
&amp;amp;#37;

  
  
\x25

  
  
\u0025

 

  
  
&amp;

  
  
38

  
  
26

  
  
&amp;#38;

  
  
&amp;amp;#38;

  
  
\x26

  
  
\u0026

 

  
  
'

  
  
39

  
  
27

  
  
&amp;#39;

  
  
&amp;amp;#39;

  
  
\x27

  
  
\u0027

 

  
  
(

  
  
40

  
  
28

  
  
&amp;#40;

  
  
&amp;amp;#40;

  
  
\x28

  
  
\u0028

 

  
  
)

  
  
41

  
  
29

  
  
&amp;#41;

  
  
&amp;amp;#41;

  
  
\x29

  
  
\u0029

 

  
  
*

  
  
42

  
  
2A

  
  
&amp;#42;

  
  
&amp;amp;#42;

  
  
\x2A

  
  
\u002A

 

  
  
+

  
  
43

  
  
2B

  
  
&amp;#43;

  
  
&amp;amp;#43;

  
  
\x2B

  
  
\u002B

 

  
  
,

  
  
44

  
  
2C

  
  
&amp;#44;

  
  
&amp;amp;#44;

  
  
\x2C

  
  
\u002C

 

  
  
-

  
  
45

  
  
2D

  
  
&amp;#45;

  
  
&amp;amp;#45;

  
  
\x2D

  
  
\u002D

 

  
  
.

  
  
46

  
  
2E

  
  
&amp;#46;

  
  
&amp;amp;#46;

  
  
\x2E

  
  
\u002E

 

  
  
/

  
  
47

  
  
2F

  
  
&amp;#47;

  
  
&amp;amp;#47;

  
  
\x2F

  
  
\u002F

 

  
  
0

  
  
48

  
  
30

  
  
&amp;#48;

  
  
&amp;amp;#48;

  
  
\x30

  
  
\u0030

 

  
  
1

  
  
49

  
  
31

  
  
&amp;#49;

  
  
&amp;amp;#49;

  
  
\x31

  
  
\u0031

 

  
  
2

  
  
50

  
  
32

  
  
&amp;#50;

  
  
&amp;amp;#50;

  
  
\x32

  
  
\u0032

 

  
  
3

  
  
51

  
  
33

  
  
&amp;#51;

  
  
&amp;amp;#51;

  
  
\x33

  
  
\u0033

 

  
  
4

  
  
52

  
  
34

  
  
&amp;#52;

  
  
&amp;amp;#52;

  
  
\x34

  
  
\u0034

 

  
  
5

  
  
53

  
  
35

  
  
&amp;#53;

  
  
&amp;amp;#53;

  
  
\x35

  
  
\u0035

 

  
  
6

  
  
54

  
  
36

  
  
&amp;#54;

  
  
&amp;amp;#54;

  
  
\x36

  
  
\u0036

 

  
  
7

  
  
55

  
  
37

  
  
&amp;#55;

  
  
&amp;amp;#55;

  
  
\x37

  
  
\u0037

 

  
  
8

  
  
56

  
  
38

  
  
&amp;#56;

  
  
&amp;amp;#56;

  
  
\x38

  
  
\u0038

 

  
  
9

  
  
57

  
  
39

  
  
&amp;#57;

  
  
&amp;amp;#57;

  
  
\x39

  
  
\u0039

 

  
  
:

  
  
58

  
  
3A

  
  
&amp;#58;

  
  
&amp;amp;#58;

  
  
\x3A

  
  
\u003A

 

  
  
;

  
  
59

  
  
3B

  
  
&amp;#59;

  
  
&amp;amp;#59;

  
  
\x3B

  
  
\u003B

 

  
  
&lt;&nbsp;

  
  
60

  
  
3C

  
  
&amp;#60;

  
  
&amp;amp;#60;

  
  
\x3C

  
  
\u003C

 

  
  
=

  
  
61

  
  
3D

  
  
&amp;#61;

  
  
&amp;amp;#61;

  
  
\x3D

  
  
\u003D

 

  
  
&gt;&nbsp;

  
  
62

  
  
3E

  
  
&amp;#62;

  
  
&amp;amp;#62;

  
  
\x3E

  
  
\u003E

 

  
  
?

  
  
63

  
  
3F

  
  
&amp;#63;

  
  
&amp;amp;#63;

  
  
\x3F

  
  
\u003F

 

  
  
@

  
  
64

  
  
40

  
  
&amp;#64;

  
  
&amp;amp;#64;

  
  
\x40

  
  
\u0040

 

  
  
A

  
  
65

  
  
41

  
  
&amp;#65;

  
  
&amp;amp;#65;

  
  
\x41

  
  
\u0041

 

  
  
B

  
  
66

  
  
42

  
  
&amp;#66;

  
  
&amp;amp;#66;

  
  
\x42

  
  
\u0042

 

  
  
C

  
  
67

  
  
43

  
  
&amp;#67;

  
  
&amp;amp;#67;

  
  
\x43

  
  
\u0043

 

  
  
D

  
  
68

  
  
44

  
  
&amp;#68;

  
  
&amp;amp;#68;

  
  
\x44

  
  
\u0044

 

  
  
E

  
  
69

  
  
45

  
  
&amp;#69;

  
  
&amp;amp;#69;

  
  
\x45

  
  
\u0045

 

  
  
F

  
  
70

  
  
46

  
  
&amp;#70;

  
  
&amp;amp;#70;

  
  
\x46

  
  
\u0046

 

  
  
G

  
  
71

  
  
47

  
  
&amp;#71;

  
  
&amp;amp;#71;

  
  
\x47

  
  
\u0047

 

  
  
H

  
  
72

  
  
48

  
  
&amp;#72;

  
  
&amp;amp;#72;

  
  
\x48

  
  
\u0048

 

  
  
I

  
  
73

  
  
49

  
  
&amp;#73;

  
  
&amp;amp;#73;

  
  
\x49

  
  
\u0049

 

  
  
J

  
  
74

  
  
4A

  
  
&amp;#74;

  
  
&amp;amp;#74;

  
  
\x4A

  
  
\u004A

 

  
  
K

  
  
75

  
  
4B

  
  
&amp;#75;

  
  
&amp;amp;#75;

  
  
\x4B

  
  
\u004B

 

  
  
L

  
  
76

  
  
4C

  
  
&amp;#76;

  
  
&amp;amp;#76;

  
  
\x4C

  
  
\u004C

 

  
  
M

  
  
77

  
  
4D

  
  
&amp;#77;

  
  
&amp;amp;#77;

  
  
\x4D

  
  
\u004D

 

  
  
N

  
  
78

  
  
4E

  
  
&amp;#78;

  
  
&amp;amp;#78;

  
  
\x4E

  
  
\u004E

 

  
  
O

  
  
79

  
  
4F

  
  
&amp;#79;

  
  
&amp;amp;#79;

  
  
\x4F

  
  
\u004F

 

  
  
P

  
  
80

  
  
50

  
  
&amp;#80;

  
  
&amp;amp;#80;

  
  
\x50

  
  
\u0050

 

  
  
Q

  
  
81

  
  
51

  
  
&amp;#81;

  
  
&amp;amp;#81;

  
  
\x51

  
  
\u0051

 

  
  
R

  
  
82

  
  
52

  
  
&amp;#82;

  
  
&amp;amp;#82;

  
  
\x52

  
  
\u0052

 

  
  
S

  
  
83

  
  
53

  
  
&amp;#83;

  
  
&amp;amp;#83;

  
  
\x53

  
  
\u0053

 

  
  
T

  
  
84

  
  
54

  
  
&amp;#84;

  
  
&amp;amp;#84;

  
  
\x54

  
  
\u0054

 

  
  
U

  
  
85

  
  
55

  
  
&amp;#85;

  
  
&amp;amp;#85;

  
  
\x55

  
  
\u0055

 

  
  
V

  
  
86

  
  
56

  
  
&amp;#86;

  
  
&amp;amp;#86;

  
  
\x56

  
  
\u0056

 

  
  
W

  
  
87

  
  
57

  
  
&amp;#87;

  
  
&amp;amp;#87;

  
  
\x57

  
  
\u0057

 

  
  
X

  
  
88

  
  
58

  
  
&amp;#88;

  
  
&amp;amp;#88;

  
  
\x58

  
  
\u0058

 

  
  
Y

  
  
89

  
  
59

  
  
&amp;#89;

  
  
&amp;amp;#89;

  
  
\x59

  
  
\u0059

 

  
  
Z

  
  
90

  
  
5A

  
  
&amp;#90;

  
  
&amp;amp;#90;

  
  
\x5A

  
  
\u005A

 

  
  
[

  
  
91

  
  
5B

  
  
&amp;#91;

  
  
&amp;amp;#91;

  
  
\x5B

  
  
\u005B

 

  
  
\

  
  
92

  
  
5C

  
  
&amp;#92;

  
  
&amp;amp;#92;

  
  
\x5C

  
  
\u005C

 

  
  
]

  
  
93

  
  
5D

  
  
&amp;#93;

  
  
&amp;amp;#93;

  
  
\x5D

  
  
\u005D

 

  
  
^

  
  
94

  
  
5E

  
  
&amp;#94;

  
  
&amp;amp;#94;

  
  
\x5E

  
  
\u005E

 

  
  
_

  
  
95

  
  
5F

  
  
&amp;#95;

  
  
&amp;amp;#95;

  
  
\x5F

  
  
\u005F

 

  
  
`

  
  
96

  
  
60

  
  
&amp;#96;

  
  
&amp;amp;#96;

  
  
\x60

  
  
\u0060

 

  
  
a

  
  
97

  
  
61

  
  
&amp;#97;

  
  
&amp;amp;#97;

  
  
\x61

  
  
\u0061

 

  
  
b

  
  
98

  
  
62

  
  
&amp;#98;

  
  
&amp;amp;#98;

  
  
\x62

  
  
\u0062

 

  
  
c

  
  
99

  
  
63

  
  
&amp;#99;

  
  
&amp;amp;#99;

  
  
\x63

  
  
\u0063

 

  
  
d

  
  
100

  
  
64

  
  
&amp;#100;

  
  
&amp;amp;#100;

  
  
\x64

  
  
\u0064

 

  
  
e

  
  
101

  
  
65

  
  
&amp;#101;

  
  
&amp;amp;#101;

  
  
\x65

  
  
\u0065

 

  
  
f

  
  
102

  
  
66

  
  
&amp;#102;

  
  
&amp;amp;#102;

  
  
\x66

  
  
\u0066

 

  
  
g

  
  
103

  
  
67

  
  
&amp;#103;

  
  
&amp;amp;#103;

  
  
\x67

  
  
\u0067

 

  
  
h

  
  
104

  
  
68

  
  
&amp;#104;

  
  
&amp;amp;#104;

  
  
\x68

  
  
\u0068

 

  
  
i

  
  
105

  
  
69

  
  
&amp;#105;

  
  
&amp;amp;#105;

  
  
\x69

  
  
\u0069

 

  
  
j

  
  
106

  
  
6A

  
  
&amp;#106;

  
  
&amp;amp;#106;

  
  
\x6A

  
  
\u006A

 

  
  
k

  
  
107

  
  
6B

  
  
&amp;#107;

  
  
&amp;amp;#107;

  
  
\x6B

  
  
\u006B

 

  
  
l

  
  
108

  
  
6C

  
  
&amp;#108;

  
  
&amp;amp;#108;

  
  
\x6C

  
  
\u006C

 

  
  
m

  
  
109

  
  
6D

  
  
&amp;#109;

  
  
&amp;amp;#109;

  
  
\x6D

  
  
\u006D

 

  
  
n

  
  
110

  
  
6E

  
  
&amp;#110;

  
  
&amp;amp;#110;

  
  
\x6E

  
  
\u006E

 

  
  
o

  
  
111

  
  
6F

  
  
&amp;#111;

  
  
&amp;amp;#111;

  
  
\x6F

  
  
\u006F

 

  
  
p

  
  
112

  
  
70

  
  
&amp;#112;

  
  
&amp;amp;#112;

  
  
\x70

  
  
\u0070

 

  
  
q

  
  
113

  
  
71

  
  
&amp;#113;

  
  
&amp;amp;#113;

  
  
\x71

  
  
\u0071

 

  
  
r

  
  
114

  
  
72

  
  
&amp;#114;

  
  
&amp;amp;#114;

  
  
\x72

  
  
\u0072

 

  
  
s

  
  
115

  
  
73

  
  
&amp;#115;

  
  
&amp;amp;#115;

  
  
\x73

  
  
\u0073

 

  
  
t

  
  
116

  
  
74

  
  
&amp;#116;

  
  
&amp;amp;#116;

  
  
\x74

  
  
\u0074

 

  
  
u

  
  
117

  
  
75

  
  
&amp;#117;

  
  
&amp;amp;#117;

  
  
\x75

  
  
\u0075

 

  
  
v

  
  
118

  
  
76

  
  
&amp;#118;

  
  
&amp;amp;#118;

  
  
\x76

  
  
\u0076

 

  
  
w

  
  
119

  
  
77

  
  
&amp;#119;

  
  
&amp;amp;#119;

  
  
\x77

  
  
\u0077

 

  
  
x

  
  
120

  
  
78

  
  
&amp;#120;

  
  
&amp;amp;#120;

  
  
\x78

  
  
\u0078

 

  
  
y

  
  
121

  
  
79

  
  
&amp;#121;

  
  
&amp;amp;#121;

  
  
\x79

  
  
\u0079

 

  
  
z

  
  
122

  
  
7A

  
  
&amp;#122;

  
  
&amp;amp;#122;

  
  
\x7A

  
  
\u007A

 

  
  
{

  
  
123

  
  
7B

  
  
&amp;#123;

  
  
&amp;amp;#123;

  
  
\x7B

  
  
\u007B

 

  
  
|

  
  
124

  
  
7C

  
  
&amp;#124;

  
  
&amp;amp;#124;

  
  
\x7C

  
  
\u007C

 

  
  
}

  
  
125

  
  
7D

  
  
&amp;#125;

  
  
&amp;amp;#125;

  
  
\x7D

  
  
\u007D

 

  
  
~

  
  
126

  
  
7E

  
  
&amp;#126;

  
  
&amp;amp;#126;

  
  
\x7E

  
  
\u007E

 

  
  


  
  
127

  
  
7F

  
  
&amp;#127;

  
  
&amp;amp;#127;

  
  
\x7F

  
  
\u007F

 

  
  
€

  
  
128

  
  
80

  
  
&amp;#128;

  
  
&amp;amp;#128;

  
  
\x80

  
  
\u0080

 

  
  


  
  
129

  
  
81

  
  
&amp;#129;

  
  
&amp;amp;#129;

  
  
\x81

  
  
\u0081

 

  
  
‚

  
  
130

  
  
82

  
  
&amp;#130;

  
  
&amp;amp;#130;

  
  
\x82

  
  
\u0082

 

  
  
ƒ

  
  
131

  
  
83

  
  
&amp;#131;

  
  
&amp;amp;#131;

  
  
\x83

  
  
\u0083

 

  
  
„

  
  
132

  
  
84

  
  
&amp;#132;

  
  
&amp;amp;#132;

  
  
\x84

  
  
\u0084

 

  
  
…

  
  
133

  
  
85

  
  
&amp;#133;

  
  
&amp;amp;#133;

  
  
\x85

  
  
\u0085

 

  
  
†

  
  
134

  
  
86

  
  
&amp;#134;

  
  
&amp;amp;#134;

  
  
\x86

  
  
\u0086

 

  
  
‡

  
  
135

  
  
87

  
  
&amp;#135;

  
  
&amp;amp;#135;

  
  
\x87

  
  
\u0087

 

  
  
ˆ

  
  
136

  
  
88

  
  
&amp;#136;

  
  
&amp;amp;#136;

  
  
\x88

  
  
\u0088

 

  
  
‰

  
  
137

  
  
89

  
  
&amp;#137;

  
  
&amp;amp;#137;

  
  
\x89

  
  
\u0089

 

  
  
Š

  
  
138

  
  
8A

  
  
&amp;#138;

  
  
&amp;amp;#138;

  
  
\x8A

  
  
\u008A

 

  
  
‹

  
  
139

  
  
8B

  
  
&amp;#139;

  
  
&amp;amp;#139;

  
  
\x8B

  
  
\u008B

 

  
  
Œ

  
  
140

  
  
8C

  
  
&amp;#140;

  
  
&amp;amp;#140;

  
  
\x8C

  
  
\u008C

 

  
  


  
  
141

  
  
8D

  
  
&amp;#141;

  
  
&amp;amp;#141;

  
  
\x8D

  
  
\u008D

 

  
  
Ž

  
  
142

  
  
8E

  
  
&amp;#142;

  
  
&amp;amp;#142;

  
  
\x8E

  
  
\u008E

 

  
  


  
  
143

  
  
8F

  
  
&amp;#143;

  
  
&amp;amp;#143;

  
  
\x8F

  
  
\u008F

 

  
  


  
  
144

  
  
90

  
  
&amp;#144;

  
  
&amp;amp;#144;

  
  
\x90

  
  
\u0090

 

  
  
‘

  
  
145

  
  
91

  
  
&amp;#145;

  
  
&amp;amp;#145;

  
  
\x91

  
  
\u0091

 

  
  
’

  
  
146

  
  
92

  
  
&amp;#146;

  
  
&amp;amp;#146;

  
  
\x92

  
  
\u0092

 

  
  
“

  
  
147

  
  
93

  
  
&amp;#147;

  
  
&amp;amp;#147;

  
  
\x93

  
  
\u0093

 

  
  
”

  
  
148

  
  
94

  
  
&amp;#148;

  
  
&amp;amp;#148;

  
  
\x94

  
  
\u0094

 

  
  
•

  
  
149

  
  
95

  
  
&amp;#149;

  
  
&amp;amp;#149;

  
  
\x95

  
  
\u0095

 

  
  
–

  
  
150

  
  
96

  
  
&amp;#150;

  
  
&amp;amp;#150;

  
  
\x96

  
  
\u0096

 

  
  
—

  
  
151

  
  
97

  
  
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&amp;amp;#151;

  
  
\x97

  
  
\u0097

 

  
  
˜

  
  
152

  
  
98

  
  
&amp;#152;

  
  
&amp;amp;#152;

  
  
\x98

  
  
\u0098

 

  
  
™

  
  
153

  
  
99

  
  
&amp;#153;

  
  
&amp;amp;#153;

  
  
\x99

  
  
\u0099

 

  
  
š

  
  
154

  
  
9A

  
  
&amp;#154;

  
  
&amp;amp;#154;

  
  
\x9A

  
  
\u009A

 

  
  
›

  
  
155

  
  
9B

  
  
&amp;#155;

  
  
&amp;amp;#155;

  
  
\x9B

  
  
\u009B

 

  
  
œ

  
  
156

  
  
9C

  
  
&amp;#156;

  
  
&amp;amp;#156;

  
  
\x9C

  
  
\u009C

 

  
  


  
  
157

  
  
9D

  
  
&amp;#157;

  
  
&amp;amp;#157;

  
  
\x9D

  
  
\u009D

 

  
  
ž

  
  
158

  
  
9E

  
  
&amp;#158;

  
  
&amp;amp;#158;

  
  
\x9E

  
  
\u009E

 

  
  
Ÿ

  
  
159

  
  
9F

  
  
&amp;#159;

  
  
&amp;amp;#159;

  
  
\x9F

  
  
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160

  
  
A0

  
  
&amp;#160;

  
  
&amp;amp;#160;

  
  
\xA0

  
  
\u00A0

 

  
  
¡

  
  
161

  
  
A1

  
  
&amp;#161;

  
  
&amp;amp;#161;

  
  
\xA1

  
  
\u00A1

 

  
  
¢

  
  
162

  
  
A2

  
  
&amp;#162;

  
  
&amp;amp;#162;

  
  
\xA2

  
  
\u00A2

 

  
  
£

  
  
163

  
  
A3

  
  
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&amp;amp;#163;

  
  
\xA3

  
  
\u00A3

 

  
  
¤

  
  
164

  
  
A4

  
  
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&amp;amp;#164;

  
  
\xA4

  
  
\u00A4

 

  
  
¥

  
  
165

  
  
A5

  
  
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&amp;amp;#165;

  
  
\xA5

  
  
\u00A5

 

  
  
¦

  
  
166

  
  
A6

  
  
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&amp;amp;#166;

  
  
\xA6

  
  
\u00A6

 

  
  
§

  
  
167

  
  
A7

  
  
&amp;#167;

  
  
&amp;amp;#167;

  
  
\xA7

  
  
\u00A7

 

  
  
¨

  
  
168

  
  
A8

  
  
&amp;#168;

  
  
&amp;amp;#168;

  
  
\xA8

  
  
\u00A8

 

  
  
©

  
  
169

  
  
A9

  
  
&amp;#169;

  
  
&amp;amp;#169;

  
  
\xA9

  
  
\u00A9

 

  
  
ª

  
  
170

  
  
AA

  
  
&amp;#170;

  
  
&amp;amp;#170;

  
  
\xAA

  
  
\u00AA

 

  
  
«

  
  
171

  
  
AB

  
  
&amp;#171;

  
  
&amp;amp;#171;

  
  
\xAB

  
  
\u00AB

 

  
  
¬

  
  
172

  
  
AC

  
  
&amp;#172;

  
  
&amp;amp;#172;

  
  
\xAC

  
  
\u00AC

 

  
  


  
  
173

  
  
AD

  
  
&amp;#173;

  
  
&amp;amp;#173;

  
  
\xAD

  
  
\u00AD

 

  
  
®

  
  
174

  
  
AE

  
  
&amp;#174;

  
  
&amp;amp;#174;

  
  
\xAE

  
  
\u00AE

 

  
  
¯

  
  
175

  
  
AF

  
  
&amp;#175;

  
  
&amp;amp;#175;

  
  
\xAF

  
  
\u00AF

 

  
  
°

  
  
176

  
  
B0

  
  
&amp;#176;

  
  
&amp;amp;#176;

  
  
\xB0

  
  
\u00B0

 

  
  
±

  
  
177

  
  
B1

  
  
&amp;#177;

  
  
&amp;amp;#177;

  
  
\xB1

  
  
\u00B1

 

  
  
²

  
  
178

  
  
B2

  
  
&amp;#178;

  
  
&amp;amp;#178;

  
  
\xB2

  
  
\u00B2

 

  
  
³

  
  
179

  
  
B3

  
  
&amp;#179;

  
  
&amp;amp;#179;

  
  
\xB3

  
  
\u00B3

 

  
  
´

  
  
180

  
  
B4

  
  
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&amp;amp;#180;

  
  
\xB4

  
  
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µ

  
  
181

  
  
B5

  
  
&amp;#181;

  
  
&amp;amp;#181;

  
  
\xB5

  
  
\u00B5

 

  
  
¶

  
  
182

  
  
B6

  
  
&amp;#182;

  
  
&amp;amp;#182;

  
  
\xB6

  
  
\u00B6

 

  
  
·

  
  
183

  
  
B7

  
  
&amp;#183;

  
  
&amp;amp;#183;

  
  
\xB7

  
  
\u00B7

 

  
  
¸

  
  
184

  
  
B8

  
  
&amp;#184;

  
  
&amp;amp;#184;

  
  
\xB8

  
  
\u00B8

 

  
  
¹

  
  
185

  
  
B9

  
  
&amp;#185;

  
  
&amp;amp;#185;

  
  
\xB9

  
  
\u00B9

 

  
  
º

  
  
186

  
  
BA

  
  
&amp;#186;

  
  
&amp;amp;#186;

  
  
\xBA

  
  
\u00BA

 

  
  
»

  
  
187

  
  
BB

  
  
&amp;#187;

  
  
&amp;amp;#187;

  
  
\xBB

  
  
\u00BB

 

  
  
¼

  
  
188

  
  
BC

  
  
&amp;#188;

  
  
&amp;amp;#188;

  
  
\xBC

  
  
\u00BC

 

  
  
½

  
  
189

  
  
BD

  
  
&amp;#189;

  
  
&amp;amp;#189;

  
  
\xBD

  
  
\u00BD

 

  
  
¾

  
  
190

  
  
BE

  
  
&amp;#190;

  
  
&amp;amp;#190;

  
  
\xBE

  
  
\u00BE

 

  
  
¿

  
  
191

  
  
BF

  
  
&amp;#191;

  
  
&amp;amp;#191;

  
  
\xBF

  
  
\u00BF

 

  
  
À

  
  
192

  
  
C0

  
  
&amp;#192;

  
  
&amp;amp;#192;

  
  
\xC0

  
  
\u00C0

 

  
  
Á

  
  
193

  
  
C1

  
  
&amp;#193;

  
  
&amp;amp;#193;

  
  
\xC1

  
  
\u00C1

 

  
  
Â

  
  
194

  
  
C2

  
  
&amp;#194;

  
  
&amp;amp;#194;

  
  
\xC2

  
  
\u00C2

 

  
  
Ã

  
  
195

  
  
C3

  
  
&amp;#195;

  
  
&amp;amp;#195;

  
  
\xC3

  
  
\u00C3

 

  
  
Ä

  
  
196

  
  
C4

  
  
&amp;#196;

  
  
&amp;amp;#196;

  
  
\xC4

  
  
\u00C4

 

  
  
Å

  
  
197

  
  
C5

  
  
&amp;#197;

  
  
&amp;amp;#197;

  
  
\xC5

  
  
\u00C5

 

  
  
Æ

  
  
198

  
  
C6

  
  
&amp;#198;

  
  
&amp;amp;#198;

  
  
\xC6

  
  
\u00C6

 

  
  
Ç

  
  
199

  
  
C7

  
  
&amp;#199;

  
  
&amp;amp;#199;

  
  
\xC7

  
  
\u00C7

 

  
  
È

  
  
200

  
  
C8

  
  
&amp;#200;

  
  
&amp;amp;#200;

  
  
\xC8

  
  
\u00C8

 

  
  
É

  
  
201

  
  
C9

  
  
&amp;#201;

  
  
&amp;amp;#201;

  
  
\xC9

  
  
\u00C9

 

  
  
Ê

  
  
202

  
  
CA

  
  
&amp;#202;

  
  
&amp;amp;#202;

  
  
\xCA

  
  
\u00CA

 

  
  
Ë

  
  
203

  
  
CB

  
  
&amp;#203;

  
  
&amp;amp;#203;

  
  
\xCB

  
  
\u00CB

 

  
  
Ì

  
  
204

  
  
CC

  
  
&amp;#204;

  
  
&amp;amp;#204;

  
  
\xCC

  
  
\u00CC

 

  
  
Í

  
  
205

  
  
CD

  
  
&amp;#205;

  
  
&amp;amp;#205;

  
  
\xCD

  
  
\u00CD

 

  
  
Î

  
  
206

  
  
CE

  
  
&amp;#206;

  
  
&amp;amp;#206;

  
  
\xCE

  
  
\u00CE

 

  
  
Ï

  
  
207

  
  
CF

  
  
&amp;#207;

  
  
&amp;amp;#207;

  
  
\xCF

  
  
\u00CF

 

  
  
Ð

  
  
208

  
  
D0

  
  
&amp;#208;

  
  
&amp;amp;#208;

  
  
\xD0

  
  
\u00D0

 

  
  
Ñ

  
  
209

  
  
D1

  
  
&amp;#209;

  
  
&amp;amp;#209;

  
  
\xD1

  
  
\u00D1

 

  
  
Ò

  
  
210

  
  
D2

  
  
&amp;#210;

  
  
&amp;amp;#210;

  
  
\xD2

  
  
\u00D2

 

  
  
Ó

  
  
211

  
  
D3

  
  
&amp;#211;

  
  
&amp;amp;#211;

  
  
\xD3

  
  
\u00D3

 

  
  
Ô

  
  
212

  
  
D4

  
  
&amp;#212;

  
  
&amp;amp;#212;

  
  
\xD4

  
  
\u00D4

 

  
  
Õ

  
  
213

  
  
D5

  
  
&amp;#213;

  
  
&amp;amp;#213;

  
  
\xD5

  
  
\u00D5

 

  
  
Ö

  
  
214

  
  
D6

  
  
&amp;#214;

  
  
&amp;amp;#214;

  
  
\xD6

  
  
\u00D6

 

  
  
×

  
  
215

  
  
D7

  
  
&amp;#215;

  
  
&amp;amp;#215;

  
  
\xD7

  
  
\u00D7

 

  
  
Ø

  
  
216

  
  
D8

  
  
&amp;#216;

  
  
&amp;amp;#216;

  
  
\xD8

  
  
\u00D8

 

  
  
Ù

  
  
217

  
  
D9

  
  
&amp;#217;

  
  
&amp;amp;#217;

  
  
\xD9

  
  
\u00D9

 

  
  
Ú

  
  
218

  
  
DA

  
  
&amp;#218;

  
  
&amp;amp;#218;

  
  
\xDA

  
  
\u00DA

 

  
  
Û

  
  
219

  
  
DB

  
  
&amp;#219;

  
  
&amp;amp;#219;

  
  
\xDB

  
  
\u00DB

 

  
  
Ü

  
  
220

  
  
DC

  
  
&amp;#220;

  
  
&amp;amp;#220;

  
  
\xDC

  
  
\u00DC

 

  
  
Ý

  
  
221

  
  
DD

  
  
&amp;#221;

  
  
&amp;amp;#221;

  
  
\xDD

  
  
\u00DD

 

  
  
Þ

  
  
222

  
  
DE

  
  
&amp;#222;

  
  
&amp;amp;#222;

  
  
\xDE

  
  
\u00DE

 

  
  
ß

  
  
223

  
  
DF

  
  
&amp;#223;

  
  
&amp;amp;#223;

  
  
\xDF

  
  
\u00DF

 

  
  
à

  
  
224

  
  
E0

  
  
&amp;#224;

  
  
&amp;amp;#224;

  
  
\xE0

  
  
\u00E0

 

  
  
á

  
  
225

  
  
E1

  
  
&amp;#225;

  
  
&amp;amp;#225;

  
  
\xE1

  
  
\u00E1

 

  
  
â

  
  
226

  
  
E2

  
  
&amp;#226;

  
  
&amp;amp;#226;

  
  
\xE2

  
  
\u00E2

 

  
  
ã

  
  
227

  
  
E3

  
  
&amp;#227;

  
  
&amp;amp;#227;

  
  
\xE3

  
  
\u00E3

 

  
  
ä

  
  
228

  
  
E4

  
  
&amp;#228;

  
  
&amp;amp;#228;

  
  
\xE4

  
  
\u00E4

 

  
  
å

  
  
229

  
  
E5

  
  
&amp;#229;

  
  
&amp;amp;#229;

  
  
\xE5

  
  
\u00E5

 

  
  
æ

  
  
230

  
  
E6

  
  
&amp;#230;

  
  
&amp;amp;#230;

  
  
\xE6

  
  
\u00E6

 

  
  
ç

  
  
231

  
  
E7

  
  
&amp;#231;

  
  
&amp;amp;#231;

  
  
\xE7

  
  
\u00E7

 

  
  
è

  
  
232

  
  
E8

  
  
&amp;#232;

  
  
&amp;amp;#232;

  
  
\xE8

  
  
\u00E8

 

  
  
é

  
  
233

  
  
E9

  
  
&amp;#233;

  
  
&amp;amp;#233;

  
  
\xE9

  
  
\u00E9

 

  
  
ê

  
  
234

  
  
EA

  
  
&amp;#234;

  
  
&amp;amp;#234;

  
  
\xEA

  
  
\u00EA

 

  
  
ë

  
  
235

  
  
EB

  
  
&amp;#235;

  
  
&amp;amp;#235;

  
  
\xEB

  
  
\u00EB

 

  
  
ì

  
  
236

  
  
EC

  
  
&amp;#236;

  
  
&amp;amp;#236;

  
  
\xEC

  
  
\u00EC

 

  
  
í

  
  
237

  
  
ED

  
  
&amp;#237;

  
  
&amp;amp;#237;

  
  
\xED

  
  
\u00ED

 

  
  
î

  
  
238

  
  
EE

  
  
&amp;#238;

  
  
&amp;amp;#238;

  
  
\xEE

  
  
\u00EE

 

  
  
ï

  
  
239

  
  
EF

  
  
&amp;#239;

  
  
&amp;amp;#239;

  
  
\xEF

  
  
\u00EF

 

  
  
ð

  
  
240

  
  
F0

  
  
&amp;#240;

  
  
&amp;amp;#240;

  
  
\xF0

  
  
\u00F0

 

  
  
ñ

  
  
241

  
  
F1

  
  
&amp;#241;

  
  
&amp;amp;#241;

  
  
\xF1

  
  
\u00F1

 

  
  
ò

  
  
242

  
  
F2

  
  
&amp;#242;

  
  
&amp;amp;#242;

  
  
\xF2

  
  
\u00F2

 

  
  
ó

  
  
243

  
  
F3

  
  
&amp;#243;

  
  
&amp;amp;#243;

  
  
\xF3

  
  
\u00F3

 

  
  
ô

  
  
244

  
  
F4

  
  
&amp;#244;

  
  
&amp;amp;#244;

  
  
\xF4

  
  
\u00F4

 

  
  
õ

  
  
245

  
  
F5

  
  
&amp;#245;

  
  
&amp;amp;#245;

  
  
\xF5

  
  
\u00F5

 

  
  
ö

  
  
246

  
  
F6

  
  
&amp;#246;

  
  
&amp;amp;#246;

  
  
\xF6

  
  
\u00F6

 

  
  
÷

  
  
247

  
  
F7

  
  
&amp;#247;

  
  
&amp;amp;#247;

  
  
\xF7

  
  
\u00F7

 

  
  
ø

  
  
248

  
  
F8

  
  
&amp;#248;

  
  
&amp;amp;#248;

  
  
\xF8

  
  
\u00F8

 

  
  
ù

  
  
249

  
  
F9

  
  
&amp;#249;

  
  
&amp;amp;#249;

  
  
\xF9

  
  
\u00F9

 

  
  
ú

  
  
250

  
  
FA

  
  
&amp;#250;

  
  
&amp;amp;#250;

  
  
\xFA

  
  
\u00FA

 

  
  
û

  
  
251

  
  
FB

  
  
&amp;#251;

  
  
&amp;amp;#251;

  
  
\xFB

  
  
\u00FB

 

  
  
ü

  
  
252

  
  
FC

  
  
&amp;#252;

  
  
&amp;amp;#252;

  
  
\xFC

  
  
\u00FC

 

  
  
ý

  
  
253

  
  
FD

  
  
&amp;#253;

  
  
&amp;amp;#253;

  
  
\xFD

  
  
\u00FD

 

  
  
þ

  
  
254

  
  
FE

  
  
&amp;#254;

  
  
&amp;amp;#254;

  
  
\xFE

  
  
\u00FE

 

  
  
ÿ

  
  
255

  
  
FF

  
  
&amp;#255;

  
  
&amp;amp;#255;

  
  
\xFF

  
  
\u00FF

 



Partes do artigo retirado de um artigo postado pelo Dr e Mestre&nbsp;Eduardo Corrêa Gonçalves&nbsp;da DevMidia