MAIS-VALIA: FONTE DE RIQUEZA | Teoria de Karl Marx
Autor: Héricles | Publicado: 2012-05-07T22:28:00-07:00

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MAIS-VALIA: FONTE DE
RIQUEZA

Página(s) 12 à 14 de SOCIOLOGIA. 2ª Série do
Ensino Médio da CEDEF

Teoria de Karl Marx





No século XIX, o desenvolvimento da economia
capitalista foi capaz de determinar uma curiosa situação. Mesmo produzindo
riquezas em um patamar astronômico, o capitalismo ainda estava cercado por
desigualdades que indicavam a diferença social e econômica das classes burguesa
e operária. Com isso, observamos que muitos intelectuais responderam a essa
contradição com explicações ou propostas que resolveriam tal discrepância.

Entre esses intelectuais, o filósofo alemão Karl Marx apontou que esse
abismo socioeconômico poderia ser explicado pela teoria da mais-valia. Segundo
esse pensador, a miséria se perpetuava no mundo capitalista mediante os baixos salários
oferecidos aos operários como um todo. Mais do que uma simples opção, o baixo
salário era parte integrante dos instrumentos que garantiam os lucros almejados
pela empresa.

Sendo assim, Marx indicou que o salário destinado a um trabalhador poderia
ser pago com as riquezas que ele produz, por exemplo, ao longo de dez dias de
um mês. Contudo, segundo o contrato de trabalho, o operário seria obrigado a
cumprir os demais vinte dias restantes para receber o seu salário de forma
integral. Dessa forma, o dono da empresa pagaria o valor equivalente a dez dias
trabalhados e receberia gratuitamente a riqueza produzida nos vinte dias
restantes.

Essa modalidade de “mais-valia” era reconhecida pelo pensamento
econômico marxista como a “mais-valia absoluta”. Paralelo a esse tipo de
exploração, ocorria a “mais-valia relativa”, instalada pelo processo de
modernização tecnológico do ambiente fabril. Nesse caso, o trabalhador adequava
o exercício de suas funções ao uso de um novo maquinário capaz de produzir mais
riquezas em um período de tempo cada vez menor.

Nesse caso, o trabalhador recebia o mesmo salário para desempenhar uma
função análoga ou, em alguns casos, ainda mais simples. Graças à nova máquina
ou técnica de produção utilizada, o dono da empresa necessitava de um número de
dias ainda menor para cobrir o custo com o salário do trabalhador. Assim,
ficava sendo necessários, por exemplo, apenas cinco dias trabalhados para que
ele pudesse pagar pelo mesmo salário mensal que devia ao seu empregado. 

A exposição dessa teoria foi um dos meios pelos quais Karl Marx provou que as
relações de trabalho no mundo capitalista tinham caráter exploratório. Dessa
forma, ele condensava mais um argumento favorável à oposição de interesses
existentes na relação entre burguesia e proletariado. Além disso, essa mesma
tese serviu de base para que vários operários lutassem pela obtenção de
melhores salários e condições mais dignas de trabalho.