A tentação separatista. Um equívoco antigo para fenômenos modernos.
Autor: Biologia da Saúde | Publicado: 2014-10-28T10:57:00-07:00

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<![endif]-->Como a interpretação equivocada da distribuição de votos no território brasileiro
é um exemplo didático para compreender o desenvolvimento das ideias raciais.



&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A falsa ideia de homogeneidade cultural
ou biológica de diferentes grupos humanos depende da completa supressão de todo
um conjunto de dados que, na verdade, mostram a existência de imensa
variabilidade biocultural interna nas populações humanas. Esta forma de manipulação
de dados tenta demonstrar a existência de “tipos humanos” e já serviu a
interesses separatistas em diferentes momentos na história. As leis de
segregação racial, por exemplo, supunham uma homogeneidade biológica da “raça”
branca e outra da “raça” negra, e chegaram a proibir a miscigenação sob o
argumento de degeneração racial, devendo brancos e negros permanecer
definitivamente separados. Já a recente onda separatista que ronda as redes
sociais brasileiras após as eleições de 26 de outubro está apoiada em outra
premissa falsa: uma suposta homogeneidade cultural, ou de ideologia política, na região norte/nordeste e outra na
região sul/sudeste. Trata-se de uma tentativa absolutamente equivocada de construir
a imagem de um “tipo” de brasileiro em cada região do país.




Clique para ver a Fonte da Imagem


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; As primeiras representações
gráficas que circularam na mídia nacional divulgando os resultados das eleições presidenciais
apresentaram um Brasil dividido ao meio, com um mapa do território brasileiro
identificando quase completamente as regiões norte e nordeste na cor vermelha, e a as regiões centro-oeste, sudeste e sul na cor azul. Se
considerarmos as regiões onde os presidenciáveis representados por cada cor obtiveram
maioria de votos, então este tipo de gráfico conta uma história verdadeira. Porém,
o argumento de que o resultado final das eleições brasileiras é um reflexo
direto e exclusivo desta configuração não é verdadeiro, e isto é facilmente demonstrável
por uma análise mais criteriosa dos números absolutos divulgados pelo Tribunal
Superior Eleitoral (TSE). 

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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Quando são quantificados todos os
votos recebidos pelo partido representado pela cor vermelha no mapa, verifica-se que este
teve mais votos na região sul em comparação com a região norte, e mais votos
nas regiões sul e sudeste somadas, em comparação as regiões norte e nordeste
somadas. Logo, um mapa do Brasil que fosse colorido com base nos números absolutos teria uma disposição bastante diferente. Estes dados implodem a afirmação de que o resultado da eleição pode
ser atribuído exclusivamente a uma parte específica do território brasileiro.&nbsp; 







Fonte da Imagem: Blog Biologia Humana: www.biologiahumana.com




Fonte da Imagem: Blog Biologia Humana: www.biologiahumana.com


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Estes dados já seriam o suficiente
para refutar qualquer discurso separatista. Contudo, uma análise mais minuciosa
ainda trás a tona outra importante questão: A grande variabilidade interna no
resultado da votação observado nas diferentes regiões do país. Este dado é
facilmente visualizado com o mapa construído pelo pesquisador da Unicamp,Thomas Conti, o qual viralizou na internet após ser publicado em sua rede social.&nbsp; 





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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; O trabalho de Conti comprova que
é falsa a ideia de homogeneidade política no sul, norte, sudeste, nordeste ou
centro-oeste do Brasil e, em conjunto com os dados apresentados aqui, demonstra
de maneira categórica que é absolutamente equivocada a tentativa de delinear
uma “tipologia” do voto brasileiro. Antes o que se observa é uma grande
diversidade na orientação política regional, que deve ser entendida como
resultado do amadurecimento democrático e que constitui um importante contra-argumento
para qualquer tipo de ideias ou políticas que tentem dividir a nação brasileira.
Não se pode ignorar que a criação de desconforto, desentendimento e
preconceito entre regiões do país serve aos interesses de muitos grupos
políticos.&nbsp;




Clique para ver a Fonte da Imagem




&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Corroborando a demonstração de
falsa dicotomia geográfica de votos, e apontando um equívoco típico do senso comum brasileiro, os
dados percentuais mostram que esta foi a primeira eleição, desde 2002, em que os
votos no partido atualmente governante vieram mais do nordeste que do
sudeste. Por outro lado, os votos do sul e do sudeste no partido que perdeu as
eleições em 2014 apresentam uma tendência a aumento recentemente.



Clique para ver a Fonte da Imagem



&nbsp; 


Clique para ver a Fonte da Imagem




&nbsp; Um equívoco antigo para fenômenos modernos.
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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A tentativa de encontrar
homogeneidade nas populações humanas e criar “tipos” humanos distinguíveis
biológica ou culturalmente não é um fenômeno novo. &nbsp;Carolous Linnaeus, o pai da classificação
biológica, em seu clássico “Systema Naurae”, foi um dos primeiros a tentar
aplicar a classificação tipológica aos humanos. Na edição de 1767 deste livro
ele tratou de grupos como o Homo sapiens
europaeus, que seria branco, sério e forte, o Homo sapiens asiáticus, caracterizado pela pele amarela, humor
melancólico e pela avareza, o Homo
sapiens afer, negro, impassível e preguiçoso, e o Homo sapiens americanus, vermelho, mal-humorado e violento. Já o
médico alemão Johann Blumenbach, em sua obra intitulada “On the natural variety
of mankind”, de 1795, criou classificações como Caucasianos, Mongolóides,
Etíopes e Malaios, com base principalmente em características morfológicas de
pessoas estudadas por ele. A primeira aplicação da palavra raça a seres humanos
é atribuída a este autor.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 





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Clique para ver a Fonte da Imagem



Encontrar “tipos” humanos só é possível se ignorarmos e suprimirmos todo um conjunto de dados que, na verdade, demonstram a imensa diversidade
biológica dentro de cada população que compõem nossa espécie. Qualquer discurso assim construído é pseudo-científico pois, para validar uma posição ideológica, lança mão da manipulação de dados.




&nbsp; 










Clique para ver a Fonte da Imagem



&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; O racismo científico teve como um de seus sustentáculos a
suposição de que existiriam grupos humanos não apenas biologicamente separados,
mas evolutivamente e culturalmente hierarquizáveis. Estas suposições foram
postas por terra com o melhor entendimento da teoria evolutiva e com o
desenvolvimento da área de genética humana, a qual demonstrou que a
variabilidade genética de nossa espécie é grande dentro das populações, porém é
muito pequena entre as diferentes populações. Demonstrou-se ainda que a espécie
humana é notavelmente homogênea, e que a distância genética entre quaisquer dois
seres humanos escolhidos ao acaso (ex. Um aborígene australiano e um Inuit. Um
europeu e um índio sul americano. Um chinês e um mexicano. Um sul africano e um
russo.) é tipicamente inferior a 10%. A unidade genética da espécie homo sapiens,
que esta espalhada por todo o globo, é maior inclusive que a unidade genética
de algumas populações de primatas, distantes por alguns poucos quilômetros, cuja distância gênica pode chegar a valores de 20%.


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Diversidade e Unidade brasileira

&nbsp;



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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; O Brasil é uma nação miscigenada.
Por aqui a ideia da existência de raças humanas não costuma apresentar muita força ou penetração no tecido social. Não
obstante, recentemente políticas racialistas tem recebido grande atenção da
mídia e do Estado brasileiro. Biologicamente o termo raça não se aplica a seres humanos, conforme
os dados citados anteriormente indicam, e o estudo genético da composição biológica dos
brasileiros confirma claramente tal afirmação, e implica que separar
brasileiros por grupos biológicos distinguíveis depende da supressão de todo um
conjunto de dados que, na verdade, demonstra a imensa diversidade biológica que
compõem esta nação. Por exemplo, ao estudar a ancestralidade dos brasileiros, o
geneticista Sérgio Pena demonstrou que 146 milhões de brasileiros, isto é, 86%
da nação, apresentam no mínimo 10% de ancestralidade africana. E 77 milhões,
isto é, 45%, apresentam mais de 90% de ancestralidade africana.






Clique para ver a Fonte da Imagem






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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ou seja, não se
pode pintar um mapa do Brasil com delimitação geográfica de grupos com
determinadas características biológicas, da mesma maneira que não é possível
delimitar regiões com opções políticas homogêneas. A nação brasileira é uma só,
com grande diversidade cultural e biológica em cada parte de seu território. Em cada região a população é ricamente variável, e por isso as tentativas "tipológicas" constituem um equívoco antigo para fenômenos modernos.



&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; O pesquisador Sérgio Pena costuma
afirmar que “um mundo sem raças não é um mundo onde todos são iguais. Um mundo
sem raças é um mundo onde todos são igualmente diferentes.”&nbsp;



&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fazendo um paralelo
eu afirmaria que:&nbsp; “Um
mundo sem ódio ideológico não é um mundo onde todos pensem de maneira
homogênea. Um mundo sem ódio ideológico é um mundo onde se entende que a homogeneidade
de pensamento não é desejável, e onde a heterogeneidade é reconhecida como
pilar da democracia.”



Referências:



Divulgação de resultados eleitorais - TSE



Pode a genética definir quem deve se beneficiar das cotas universitárias e demais ações afirmativas?



The Human Species: Introduction to Biological Anthropology



The beautiful sull and Blumenbach´s errors: the birth of the scientific concept of race 



Contra o preconceito! O resultado ponderado das eleições por estado.



Evolutionary Analysis



Pela primeira vez, nordeste ultrapassa sudeste em número de votos no PT 



Dilma somou mais votos no sul-sudeste do que no nordeste