Quem foi Niels Bohr?
Autor: Professora Katia Roma | Publicado: 2013-02-18T09:51:00-08:00




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Niels Bohr também estudou a estrutura dos&nbsp;

átomos
complexos, a natureza dos raios X,

as variações periódicas das propriedades

químicas
dos elementos e a estrutura

do núcleo atômico.
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Niels Bohr





Niels
 Henrick David Bohr foi um físico dinamarquês cujos trabalhos 
contribuíram decisivamente para a compreensão da estrutura atômica e da 
física quântica. Wikipedia





Nascimento: 7 de outubro de 1885, Copenhaga



Falecimento: 18 de novembro de 1962, Copenhaga



Cônjuge: Margrethe Norlund (de 1912 a 1962)



Prêmios: Nobel de Física, Medalha Copley, Medalha Max Planck, Medalha Franklin, Medalha Matteucci, Medalha Hughes, Prêmio Átomos pela Paz



Filhos: Aage Niels Bohr, Ernest Bohr, Hans Henrik Bohr, Erik Bohr



Filiação: Christian Bohr, Ellen Adler Bohr



&nbsp;Niels
Henrik David Bohr nasceu em Copenhague, na Dinamarca, no dia 7 de outubro de
1885. Estudou na Universidade de Copenhague e doutorou-se e 1911 com uma tese
sobre a teoria eletrônica dos metais. Em seguida transferiu-se para a
Universidade de Cambridge para trabalhar no Laboratório Cavendish com físico
inglês Josep John Thomson. Um ano depois, em 1912, foi PE Manchester trabalhar
na equipe de Ernest Rutherford, que tinha chegado recentemente do Canadá.&nbsp;

Contam
que Rutherford não escondia sua admiração pelo jovem assistente, definindo-o
como “o homem mais inteligente que já tinha conhecido”.&nbsp;

De
1914 a 1916 foi professor de Física Teórica, na Universidade de Manchester. Depois
voltou para Copenhague onde, em 1920 foi nomeado diretor do Instituto de Física
Teórica. Em a922, teve seu trabalho consagrado, recebendo o Prêmio Nobel de
Física aos 37 anos de idade.&nbsp;

Em
1940 as forças alemãs de Hitler ocuparam a Dinamarca e a cidade de Copenhague,
Bohr, temendo ser enviado a um centro de pesquisas nazista, onde obrigariam a
colaborar na construção de armamentos atômicos, resolveu sair do país. Ficou exilado
na Suécia, onde tomou várias atitudes públicas em defesa de cientistas judeus
perseguidos pelos nazistas e contra a tirania de Hitler, além de ajudar vários
judeus a escaparem das câmaras de gás.&nbsp;

Mais
tarde transferiu-se para os Estados Unidos, ocupando o cargo de consultor do
laboratório de energia atômica de Los Alamos, onde cientistas de várias partes
do mundo canalizavam todos os seus esforços para a construção da bomba atômica.
Compreendendo a gravidade da situação e o perigo que essa bomba representaria
para a humanidade, Bohr dirigiu-se aos líderes Churchill, da Inglaterra, e
Roosevelt, dos estados Unidos, apelando para a responsabilidade deles como
chefes de Estado, para que não levassem adiante o projeto de construção da
bomba atômica. Mas suas tentativas foram inúteis.&nbsp;

Bohr
voltou então à Dinamarca e foi eleito presidente da Academia de Ciências de
Copenhague, desenvolvendo paralelamente suas atividades de cientista pacifista.&nbsp;

Continuou
divulgando as vantagens da colaboração científica entre as nações e, para isso
promovia congressos científicos periodicamente organizados na Europa e nos
estados Unidos.&nbsp;

Em
1950 escreveu um carta aberta às Nações Unidas em defesa da preservação da paz,
por ele considerada como “condição indispensável para a liberdade de pensamento
e de pesquisa”.&nbsp;

Lutou
muito contra o uso das armas nucleares, procurando, com seu prestígio,
influenciar os políticos e os EUA nesse sentido. Em 1957 recebeu o Prêmio
Átomos para a Paz. Ao mesmo tempo, o Instituto de Física Teórica, que ele
dirigia desde 1920, firmou-se como um dos principais centros intelectuais da
Europa.&nbsp;

Bohr morreu em
novembro de 1962, vítima de uma trombose, aos 77 anos de idade.



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<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>

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<![endif]-->Em 16 de julho de 1945, a primeira bomba atômica
experimental explodia no deserto de Alamogordo, no estado Novo México (EUA). Em
6 de agosto desse mesmo ano, uma bomba à base de urânio-235 destruía a cidade
de Hiroshima, com um saldo de 66 mil mortos e 69 mil feridos. Três dias depois
uma segunda bomba, à base de plutônio-239, foi lançada em Nagasaki, provocando
a morte de 39 il pessoas e deixando outra 25 mil feridas. Foi o fim da segunda
Guerra Mundial (1939-1945).

&nbsp;
veja a seguir o vídeo animado: "Modelo de Bohr"

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DC3yLdHEe7k





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