Os sistemas educacionais cubano e finlandês: dois exemplos para São Paulo
Autor: Guilherme F. L. de Lucca | Publicado: 2013-04-29T23:47:00-03:00

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Num mês em que os professores da rede pública estadual de São Paulo estão em greve e que professores do Brasil inteiro saíram às ruas para reivindicar o cumprimento da lei do Piso, dois países tiveram seus sistemas educacionais destacados na internet: Cuba e Finlândia.

A relevância e importância desses sistemas educacionais se dá em dois sentidos: ao mesmo tempo que nos mostram exemplos de sucesso em efetivar o direito à educação pública e de qualidade para todos os alunos, se contrapõem às políticas que Secretaria de Educação de São Paulo veem implementado nos últimos anos.


Na semana passada, o sistema educacional cubano foi reconhecido pela UNESCO como exemplar (http://www.geledes.org.br/atlantico-negro/afrolatinos-caribenhos/cuba/18358-unesco-reconhece-sistema-de-educacao-cubano-como-exemplar), depois de, no final de 2012, ter ficado em 16˚ lugar no Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação para Todos, da própria UNESCO, à frente de países como Dinamarca, Austrália, Bélgica, Alemanha e Estados Unidos.





Além de ser a nação latino-amaricana com o menor índice de analfalbetismo entre jovens e adultos, em Cuba todas as crianças e adolescentes frequentam a escola e o absenteísmo escolar é praticamente nulo. Só para se ter uma comparação, no Brasil, apenas cerca da metade dos alunos entre 15 e 17 anos completam o Ensino Médio obrigatório (http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/saber/1106611-so-metade-dos-alunos-cursa-ensino-medio-no-tempo-adequado.shtml). Seus professores são os melhores alunos do Ensino Médio, são formados em escolas gratuítas de ótima qualidade e são supervisionados e acompanhados no início de carreira. Ao contrário, no Brasil, apesar do professor ter que passar por um estágio probatório, dificilmente tem sua aula acompanhada (nem 30%), sendo, portanto, literalmente jogados em sala de aula. Não á à toa que, o número de professores que desistem da profissão é enorme, chegado a dois por dia no Estado de São Paulo (http://www.agora.uol.com.br/trabalho/ult10106u891547.shtml).
Assim como Cuba, a Finlândia oferece uma educação pública de qualidade e universal, tendo reconhecidamente o melhor sistema educacional do mundo. No começo do mês, divulgando &nbsp;documentário sobre o sistema educacional finlandês, a página Pragmatismo político publicou o seguinte sobre esse sistema:


A Finlândia tem a melhor educação do mundo.&nbsp;Lá todas as crianças tem direito ao mesmo ensino, seja o filho do empresário ou o filho do garçom.&nbsp;Todas as escolas são públicas-estatais, eficientes, profissionalizadas.&nbsp;Todos os professores são servidores públicos, ganham bem e são estimulados e reconhecidos.&nbsp;Nas escolas há serviço de saúde e alimentação, tudo gratuito.Na Finlândia, a internet é um direito de todos.&nbsp;Sim, na Finlândia se paga bastante impost: 50% do PIB.&nbsp;
(http://www.pragmatismopolitico.com.br/2013/04/melhor-educacao-do-mundo-finlandia.html)





Uma prática que a Finlândia não realiza em seu sistema educacional (e muito menos Cuba) é a política meritocrática de bonificação baseada nos resultados dos alunos em teste educacionais, como acontece no Estado de São Paulo com o SARESP. Trata-se de uma política educacional que acredita que o único responsável pelo resultado do aluno nesses teste é o professor, o que, certamente, é um grande engano. Sobre essa política, a página Vi o mundo publicou há alguns anos o seguinte:
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coisas ruins acontecem quando o resultado de testes passa a
ter grande consequência para estudantes, professores e escolas, como a redução
do currículo para incluir só o que é testável ou cola ou diminuir o padrão de
ensino para inflar os resultados. Em resposta à pressão federal e estadual para
melhorar o resultado dos testes, distritos escolares de todo o país têm
reduzido o tempo para o ensino de artes, educação física, História, civismo e
outras matérias não-testáveis. Isso não vai melhorar a qualidade da educação e
com certeza vai prejudicá-la.
(http://www.viomundo.com.br/politica/diane-ravitch-as-corporacoes-atacam-a-educacao-publica.html)

Isso aconteceu nos EUA, um relato bastante parecido com o que acontece no Estado de São Paulo. Só para se ter uma ideia de como esse sistema é um engodo, no ano passado, na "melhor" escola do Estado no SARESP, os professores ajudaram seus alunos durante a prova&nbsp;(http://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/educacao/alunos-confirmam-fraude-no-saresp-a-comissao-de-investigacao/n1597740441514.html) e a Secretaria de Educação, para incentivar os alunos nas provas, prometeu notebooks para os melhores alunos, que, até onde sabemos, não chegaram às suas mãos (http://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/educacao/2012-07-18/atrasados-notebooks-para-os-melhores-do-saresp-nao-tem-previsao-de-entrega.html?utm_medium=twitter&amp;utm_source=twitterfeed).

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<!--StartFragment-->


E a educação finlandesa é a melhor do mundo mesmo sem se preocupar com os resultados de testes-padrão de seus alunos. Lá, os professores são tratados como profissionais, muito responsáveis e tem tempo para discutir e planejar o projeto educacional de cada escola sem a inconveniência e obsessão dos resultados de testes educacionais. A reportagem do Vi o mundo sobre e educação finlandesa termina dizendo que
<!--[if gte mso 9]>
 
  0
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  57
  286
  Home
  5
  1
  342
  14.0
 
 
  96
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<!--StartFragment-->



a Finlândia gastou os últimos quarenta anos
desenvolvendo um sistema educacional diferente, focado em melhorar a qualidade
dos professores, limitar os testes a um mínimo necessário, colocar
responsabilidade e confiança antes de cobranças e entregar a liderança das
escolas e dos distritos escolares a profissionais da educação.

Enfim, na Finlândia, não há nada parecido com o SARESP.