Olhando para a esquerda latinoamericana
Autor: Jonga Olivieri | Publicado: 2017-03-10T09:10:00-03:00



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A pintura
do argentino Antonio Berni retrata o povo no famoso quadro “Manifestação”
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José Luis Fiori (Marxismo 21)



“De nada serve partir das coisas boas de
sempre, mas sim das coisas novas e ruins” 

Bertold Brecht 



Neste
início do Século XXI, está acontecendo algo inédito na América Latina, um
continente que se move de forma sempre sincrônica, apesar de sua enorme
heterogeneidade interna. Basta olhar para trás para perceber as notáveis
convergências de sua história, durante suas “guerras de formação”, na primeira
metade do século XIX; na hora de sua integração “primário-exportadora” à economia
industrial européia, depois de 1870; ou mesmo, no momento de sua reação
defensiva e “desenvolvimentista”, frente à crise mundial, da década de 1930.
Uma “convergência” que aumentou ainda mais, depois da II Guerra Mundial, com a
ajuda da política externa dos Estados Unidos de combate sistemático a todos os
partidos e governos que fossem ou tivessem qualquer tipo de inclinação de
esquerda.



Logo
depois do início da Guerra Fria, ainda nos anos 1940, quase todos os países do
continente colocaram na ilegalidade, simultaneamente, os seus Partidos
Comunistas. Apesar de que só em alguns casos a perseguição aos comunistas tenha
chegado ao extremo do Chile, que os prendeu e confinou em campos de
concentração, nas regiões mais frias e desérticas do país. Na década de 1950, esta
mesma “convergência latinoamericana” reapareceu na derrubada simultânea de vários
governos eleitos democraticamente, como no caso da Guatemala, do Brasil, da
Argentina e da Colômbia. Apesar de que só no caso da Guatemala houve uma
intervenção norteamericana direta e a repressão e o assassinato de mais de 200
mil pessoas. Muito mais do que na Colômbia do ditador Perez Jimenez, na
Nicarágua e Cuba dos ditadores Anastázio Somoza e Fulgêncio Batista, apoiados igualmente
pelos Estados Unidos. 



Logo
em seguida, nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, esta velha sintonia continental aumentou
ainda mais depois da frustrada invasão de Cuba, em 1961, seguida de uma série
de golpes militares que instalaram regimes ditatoriais em quase toda a América
Latina. &nbsp;Apesar de que nem todas as
ditaduras tenham tido o mesmo nível de violência do Chile, onde se estima que
tenham morrido mais de 20 mil pessoas, e da Argentina, onde foram assassinados
ou desapareceram cerca de 35 mil pessoas. Na década de 1980, a redemocratização
simultânea do continente ocorreu no mesmo momento em que a violência da “2ª.
Guerra Fria” (1982-1985) do presidente Ronald Reagan atingiu a América Central e
o Caribe, como se fosse um tufão. Mesmo quando ela não tenha atingido a todos
com a mesma intensidade que El Salvador, onde foram mortos ou assassinadas, em
poucos anos, mais de 75.000 salvadorenhos.



Com o
fim da Guerra Fria, na década de 1990, a “indução” estadunidensa e a
convergência dos “latinos” se deslocaram para o campo das políticas econômicas.
Como parte da renegociação de suas dívidas externas, quase todos os governos da
região adotaram um programa comum de políticas e reformas liberais que abriu,
desregulou e privatizou suas economias nacionais, “clonificando” os governos
neoliberais de Carlos Salinas, no México, Andrés Perez, na Venezuela, Carlos
Menem, na Argentina, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, no Brasil e Alberto Fujimori,
no Peru, entre outros. Com o passar do tempo, entretanto, o novo modelo
econômico instalado pelas políticas liberais não cumpriu sua promessa de
crescimento econômico sustentado e diminuição das desigualdades sociais. Na
virada do novo milênio, a frustração destas expectativas contribuiu, decisivamente,
para a nova inflexão sincrônica do continente que está em pleno curso: uma
virada democrática e à esquerda, dos governos de quase todos os países da
América do Sul, e talvez, em breve, do México. 



A
eleição para presidente do líder indígena e socialista Evo Morales, na Bolívia,
no final de 2005, e da militante socialista Michele Bachelet, no Chile, no
início de 2006, foram apenas dois pontos de uma trajetória vitoriosa que
começou, no Brasil, em 2002 e que seguiu na Argentina, Venezuela e Uruguai,
podendo chegar ao Peru, Equador. Uma verdadeira revolução político eleitoral,
sem precedentes na história latinoamericana e que coloca a esquerda frente ao
desafio de governar democraticamente, convivendo – em geral – com a má vontade
dos “mercados” e a hostilidade permanente da grande imprensa. Um desafio que
foi vivido pela esquerda européia no século XX, mas que só foi experimentado
tangencialmente pela esquerda latinoamericana neste século. 




Memorial da América Latina - SP