O que são aceleradores de partículas e porque são importantes?
Autor: Victor Hugo | Publicado: 2011-10-05T23:25:00-03:00

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 <![endif]-->  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Um acelerador de partículas é um aparelho que produz "feixes" de átomos, elétrons, moléculas ou algumas partículas mais exóticas, como antiprótons, pósitrons ou mésons, com velocidades altas, geralmente superiores a 1/1000 da velocidade da luz c. Para que sejam atingidas estas velocidades, que em alguns casos chegam quase na velocidade da luz, as partículas sofrem a ação de forças eletromagnéticas, com arranjos que diferem bastante entre os diversos tipos de aceleradores.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Um "feixe" de partículas ocorre quando as trajetórias dessas partículas são razoavelmente paralelas e distam menos de 1 centímetro umas das outras. (A palavra "feixe" quer dizer em geral um conjunto de objetos paralelos colocados perto um do outro, como numa vassoura de gravetos onde eles são amarrados por uma corda, vindo daí a palavra "faxina".) Um feixe é caracterizado então pela partícula que o forma, pela sua energia cinética Ec(ou velocidade v) e pelo número de partículas por unidade de tempo N. Se a carga das partículas for q, há uma relação simples entre a corrente elétrica total do feixe, I, e o fluxo N: I=Nq.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mas porque alguém aceleraria partículas? A primeira razão é que precisamos conhecê-las melhor e um dos meios de fazer isso é colidi-las em altas velocidades com outras partículas (átomos, fótons, elétrons, moléculas, etc) ou com sólidos. A segunda razão é que podemos usar essas colisões para conhecer melhor os "alvos", por exemplo obtendo a composição química de objetos sólidos. Há também numerosas aplicações tecnológicas e médicas. A Microeletrônica, por exemplo, não existiria sem aceleradores, chamados "implantadores" porque colocam átomos, geralmente de boro e de fósforo, dentro de um cristal de silício. (Antes de aceleradores começarem a ser empregados nos anos 60 já eram fabricados válvulas, diodos e transistores - mas sem aceleradores os tamanhos de qualquer circuito eletrônico seriam milhões de vezes maiores que hoje.) Num outro exemplo, a erroneamente chamada Medicina Nuclear usa aceleradores para produzir radioisótopos usados em terapias ou em diagnósticos, para produzir raios-X ou para irradiação de tumores com elétrons ultra-rápidos (energia cinética de 20 MeV, equivale a velocidade 0,9997c).
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Uma questão preliminar é a das unidades. Em geral nos referimos às energias cinéticas em eV ou seus múltiplos keV (1000 eV), MeV (1000 keV), GeV (1000 MeV) ou TeV (1000 GeV). Um eV é a energia cinética de uma partícula com a carga do elétron que atravessou uma diferença de potencial elétrico de um Volt e corresponde à energia de 1,6 *10 elevado a (-19) Joules. Caso a energia cinética de uma partícula seja muito inferior à sua "energia de repouso" (mc elevado a 2) podemos usar a fórmula usual Ec=(1/2)mv elevado a 2, de outra forma teremos que usar expressões relativísticas. Como exemplos, um elétron num tubo de TV tem cerca de 25000 eV antes de bater na tela e produzir luz, uma molécula de gás tem cerca de 1/40 do eV, os fótons de luz visível tem cerca de 2 eV, as partículas emitidas pelos núcleo de alguns átomos, chamados radioativos, tem alguns milhões de eV.