Ácidos - módulo I
Autor: Técnico em Açúcar e Álcool | Publicado: 2011-08-25T13:41:00-07:00

ETEC – CURSO TÉCNICO DE AÇÚCAR E ÁLCOOL
QUÍMICA – ÁCIDOS
ÁCIDOSTEORIA DE ARRHENIUS: Este cientista, por volta de 1887, descobriu que algumas soluções aquosas conduziam corrente elétrica e outras não. As soluções que conduzem corrente elétrica são chamadas de ELETROLÍTICAS e seus íons quando em solução aquosa são chamados de ELETRÓLITOS, que podem ser iônicos (NaCl) ou moleculares (HCl).As soluções que não conduzem corrente elétrica são chamadas de NÃO ELETROLÍTICAS e seus íons quando em solução aquosa são chamados de NÃO ELETRÓLITOS que são sempre moleculares.Quando um eletrólito é iônico, a dissolução em água possibilita a separaçãodos íons do retículo cristalino. A este fenômeno damos o nome de DISSOCIAÇÃO IÔNICA. Ex:Na+Cl- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;H2O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Na+ + Cl- 
Quando um eletrólito é molecular, a sua dissolução em água possibilita a formação de íons, devido a reação das moléculas da substância dissolvida com as moléculas de água. A este fenômeno dá-se o nome de IONIZAÇÃO.HCl &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <shape id="Objeto_x0020_3" o:gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQCTXr2S+wAAAOEBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRQU7DMBBF
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" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 6.75pt; visibility: visible; width: 59.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">H2O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;H3O+ + Cl-&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ou&nbsp; HCl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <shape id="Objeto_x0020_4" o:gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQCTXr2S+wAAAOEBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRQU7DMBBF
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" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 6.75pt; visibility: visible; width: 59.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;H+ + Cl-


INTRODUÇÃO:A s substâncias HCl, HBr, HI apresentam propriedades químicas semelhantes, chamadas propriedades funcionais e são caracterizadas pelo grupo funcional H.Grupo Funcional = átomo ou grupo de átomos, com ou sem carga elétrica, responsável pelo comportamento químico semelhante de diferentes substâncias.Função Química = é o conjunto de substâncias com propriedades químicas semelhantes.
1.1) DefiniçãoSegundo Arrhenius, ácido é toda substância que em solução se ioniza produzindo exclusivamente cátion H+ ou H3O + .
HCl&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <shape id="Objeto_x0020_1" o:gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQCTXr2S+wAAAOEBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRQU7DMBBF
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" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 6.75pt; visibility: visible; width: 59.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;H+ + Cl- &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;HCl + H2O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <shape id="Objeto_x0020_2" o:gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQCTXr2S+wAAAOEBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRQU7DMBBF
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" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" style="height: 6.75pt; visibility: visible; width: 59.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;H3O+&nbsp; + Cl-&nbsp; 

1.2) CLASSIFICAÇÃO DOS ÁCIDOSa) Quanto a presença de oxigênio na molécula:a.1) Hidrácidos = HCl, HCNa.2) Oxiácidos = HNO3, HClO3
b) Quanto ao número de hidrogênios ionizáveis:b.1) Monoácidos = HCl, HBr, HNO3 ,H3PO2&nbsp; &nbsp;(excessão)b.2) Diácidos = H2S, H2SO4, H3PO3&nbsp; &nbsp;(excessão)b.3) Triácidos = H3PO4 , H3BO3b.4) Tetrácidos = H4SiO4, H4P2O7 
c) Força de um ácido: sendo&nbsp; HxEzOy&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;m = y – x c.1) Muito Forte = quando m=3c.2) Forte = quando m=2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; c.3) Moderado = quando m=1c.4) Fraco = quando m=O
Exceção: o H2CO3 é exceção, pois é um ácido fraco

1.3) FORMULAÇÃO E NOMENCLATURAO ácido é formado pelo cátion H+ e por um ânion qualquer (A-). &nbsp;H+ Ax-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;HxA&nbsp; NOMENCLATURAa.1) Hidrácidos (HxE) = ácido&nbsp; nome do elemento + ídricoHCl = ácido CLORÍDRICO&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; HBr = ácido BROMÍDRICOHCN = ácido CIANÍDRICO&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; H2S = ácido SULFÍDRICO
a.2) Oxiácidos (HxEzOy) = neste caso, um elemento pode ter vários oxiácidos, daí sempre partimos de um padrão para nomear os demais.Padrão = ácido nome do elemento + ICO
Tabela dos principais ácidos padrão:

PADRÃO 
PER....ICO ...ICO ....OSO HIPO....OSO 
HClO4Ác. PERCLÓRICO HClO3Ác. CLORICO HClO2Ác. CLOROSO HClO Ác. HIPOCLOROSO 
H2SO4Ác. SULFÚRICO H2SO3Ác. SULFUROSO 
H3PO4Ác. FOSFÓRICO H3PO3Ác. FOSFOROSO H3PO2Ác. HIPOFOSFOROSO 

2) Ácidos cujo elemento central possuem 2 valênciasÁcido ….. ICO = quando o Nox do elemento central for o maiorÁcido…...OSO = quando o Nox do elemento central for o menor. Exemplos:H2SO4&nbsp; &nbsp;= ácido sulfúrICO&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; HNO3&nbsp; = ácido nitrICOH2SO3 = ácido sulfurOSO&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;HNO2 = ácido nitrOSO
3) Se o elemento possuir somente um Nox, ele recebe a terminação ICO. Exemplos:H2CO3 &nbsp;= ácido carbônICO&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; H3BO3 &nbsp;= ácido bórICO&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
3) Quando varia o grau de hidratação de um ácido, temos as seguintes situações:
META.....ICO&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; - H2O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ORTO .....ICO&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; x2 e - H2O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; PIRO.....ICO&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; HPO3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; H3PO4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; H4P2O7&nbsp;&nbsp; Ác. Metafosfórico&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ác. Ortofosfórico&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ác. Pirofosfórico 
4) Quando um ácido resulta da troca de um átomo de O por um átomo de S, o nome do ácido é composto acrescentando o prefixo TIO ao nome do ácido.H2SO4 = ácido sulfúrico&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; -O&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; +S&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;H2S2O3&nbsp; &nbsp;ácido TIOsulfúrico
A ionização é a reação do ácido com a molécula de água produzindo o cátion H3O+ . Se um ácido possui 2 ou mais hidrogênios ionizáveis, a ionização ocorreem etapas. Exemplo:HBr&nbsp; <shape id="_x0000_i1029" o:gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQCTXr2S+wAAAOEBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRQU7DMBBF
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" style="height: 6.75pt; visibility: visible; width: 59.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;H3O+ &nbsp;+ HSO4-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;HSO4-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <shape id="_x0000_i1031" o:gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQCTXr2S+wAAAOEBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRQU7DMBBF
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" style="height: 6.75pt; visibility: visible; width: 59.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;H3O+ &nbsp;+ HPO4-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; HPO4-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; H3O+ + PO4-3
Como se vê, após a ionização, temos a presença de um ânion. Assim, o ânion originado de um ácido, temos que nomeá-lo.

ÁCIDO ÂNION 
&nbsp;ÍDRICO ETO 
OSO ITO 
ICO ATO 

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" o:spid="_x0000_i1034" style="height: 84pt; visibility: visible; width: 277.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
ÁCIDOS - EXERCÍCIOS1)De o nome dos ácidos abaixo:HClO4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;e) H3PO4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;i) H3PO3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; m) H2SeO4HClO&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; f) H3PO2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; j) HNO2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; n) HMnO4&nbsp;H2SO4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; g) H2CO3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; k) H3BO3&nbsp;H2SO3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;h) HNO3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l) HClO3
2) Dê o nome dos íons abaixoF-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; b) Cl-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; c) ClO-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;d) ClO-2e) ClO-4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; f) NO-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; g) HCO-3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; h) CN-SCN-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; j) S-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; k) CrO4-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; l) CO3-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; m) SO4-2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; n) S2O3-2 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;o) MnO4-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; p) SO3-2
3) De o nome do ácido e sua fórmula correspondentes aos anions acima.