A Química do Chocolate
Autor: Victor Hugo | Publicado: 2013-06-11T18:10:00-03:00

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Alguns dos prazeres mais sublimes que
temos na vida só existem graças à química.&nbsp;


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O chocolate
é um alimento feito com base na amêndoa fermentada e torrada do cacau.
Sua origem remonta às civilizações pré-colombianas da América Central. A partir dos Descobrimentos, foi levado para a Europa,
onde popularizou-se, especialmente a partir dos séculos XVII e XVIII.









O chocolate atual é o resultado de um longo
processo de descobertas, experiências e inovação e durante os próximos minutos,
vamos conhecer alguns passos importantes que o tornam tão delicioso!



Talvez não saiba, mas a semente de cacau que é
colhida do fruto está muito longe de ter o aroma e o sabor que associamos ao
chocolate.



O primeiro processo indispensável para formação
das substâncias responsáveis pelo sabor do cacau é a fermentação destas
sementes, a qual envolve várias reações químicas.



Mas o que importa reter é que é durante este
processo que a proteína de reserva das sementes começa a ser decomposta nos
seus aminoácidos constituintes.



O passo seguinte é a torrefação, que permite
a&nbsp; evaporação da água e de alguns compostos de cheiro e sabor
desagradáveis dos grãos de cacau. Mas a verdadeira maravilha química da torrefação
é a cascata de reações que ocorrem entre os aminoácidos formados na fermentação
e os açúcares presentes no grão. Estas reações dão origem aos compostos
responsáveis pelo aroma e sabor do chocolate (aldeídos, ésteres, cetonas,
furanos) e formam também os compostos que dão a cor castanha ao grão.









Antes de
podermos desfrutar das delícias do chocolate, falta ainda uma última etapa:



&nbsp;A cristalização. O principal
responsável pela textura do chocolate, a manteiga de cacau, pode cristalizar de
seis formas diferentes, uma propriedade designada por polimorfismo.



O
polimorfismo é um arranjo diferente das moléculas para formar o estado sólido,
mas desse arranjo resultam diversas propriedades físicas como a cor, o brilho e
a temperatura de fusão.



Das seis formas de polimorfismo possíveis para o
chocolate só uma tem as características que os consumidores apreciam: apresenta
uma superfície sedosa, tem uma textura suave e derrete-se à temperatura da
língua.



Infelizmente, esta forma mais saborosa não é a
forma mais estável e o último desafio dos fabricantes de chocolate é garantir
que todo o chocolate cristalize na forma correta. Isto só se consegue através
de um ciclo de aquecimento e arrefecimento com temperaturas muito controladas.

Se deixar o seu chocolate ao calor, perderá esta
forma tão especial e o chocolate vai parecer-lhe sem sabor &nbsp;e difícil de derreter na boca.

Conserve o seu chocolate à temperatura adequada
para não desperdiçar os prazeres da química!