O TAMANHO DA VACA DE CORTE E A PRODUÇÃO DE BEZERROS
Autor: Sindicato rural dos produtores Ipira | Publicado: 2014-03-01T05:06:00-08:00

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Por Celso Boin e Marcelo Queiroz Manella



A utilização de fêmeas F1 para produção de bezerros tem
se tornado prática cada vez mais comum nos sistemas de produção do país. As principais
razões dessa tendência são as possibilidades de exploração da maior precocidade
sexual e da heterose materna (bezerros mais pesados à desmama) que essas fêmeas
podem apresentar.




Existem inúmeras raças para cruzamento industrial, e
todas com características muito boas, porém muitas destas produzem animais de
grande porte, conseqüentemente aumentando o peso adulto das fêmeas. Além do
mais, por muitos anos, e ainda em algumas propriedades, têm sido selecionados
animais de grande porte.




Porém, o aumento do peso adulto, segundo revisão feita
por Olson (1994), levará a uma redução da eficiência reprodutiva. Neste
contexto, Olson (1994) descreve dois trabalhos nos quais os objetivos foram
avaliar diferentes pesos adultos (pequeno, médio e grande) no desempenho
reprodutivo do rebanho.

Em um primeiro estudo, analisou o desempenho de raças
compostas (Bos taurus) de diferentes raças, porém com peso adulto diferente,
por três estações de monta, em 2 propriedades. Todas as novilhas foram
inseminadas para primeira parição com cerca de 2 anos de idade, descartando as
novilhas ou vacas que não concebiam. Os resultados são apresentados na tabela
1. Para os dois parâmetros reprodutivos estudados, percentagem de fêmeas
ciclando e taxas de nascimentos, observou-se maiores valores para fêmeas de
menor tamanho (P&lt;0,05), tanto na 1a estação de monta (EM) / parição
(novilhas), como nas demais (2a e 3a).

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Tabela 1: crescimento e desempenho reprodutivo de fêmeas
de diferentes tamanhos adultos
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O autor relata que as diferenças foram mais pronunciadas
no sistema onde a estação de nascimento era no outono, ou seja, em período de
menor disponibilidade de alimentos. Neste caso, as vacas de maior tamanho
adulto apresentaram taxas de nascimento e de ciclicidade 20% menor que os animais
com tamanho adulto pequeno. Em situações adversas de alimentação, vacas de
menor tamanho adulto teriam melhor desempenho, principalmente pelas menores
exigências de mantença destes animais. Após três anos de observações, as
relações entre as vacas que permaneceram no rebanho em relação às que iniciaram
o trabalho foram de 54,5, 39,2 e 32,7% para os tamanhos pequeno, médio e
grande, respectivamente. Isto indica maior descarte de animais com maior
tamanho corporal.&nbsp;

Em uma segunda avaliação, realizada na Flórida, foi
avaliado o desempenho de vacas de uma única raça, com diferentes tamanhos
adultos. A raça em questão foi a Brahma (Bos indicus), e a estação de monta com
150 dias duração.

As novilhas foram cobertas com 2 anos de idade, pois são
animais mais tardios que os de origem taurina. Na tabela 2, observa-se que na
primeira cobertura não houve diferenças nas taxas de gestação. Porém, elas
foram significativamente superiores para os animais de menor tamanho adulto na
segunda cobertura (primíparas), fase mais crítica do ciclo reprodutivo de vacas
de corte.

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Tabela 2: Desempenho reprodutivo de fêmeas Brahma de
diferentes tamanhos adultos
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De forma geral, o aumento do tamanho adulto da vaca tende
aumentar a idade à maturidade sexual, ou seja, a idade à puberdade. As taxas de
reconcepção de primíparas tendem a diminuir. Olson (1994) relata que vaca de
maior tamanho adulto necessitaria de maiores quantidades de alimentos do que
vacas de pequeno tamanho. Ou seja, se considerarmos uma mesma taxa de lotação
(UA/ha), seria possível trabalhar com um maior número de vacas de tamanho
pequeno por unidade de área.







Comentário BeefPoint: apesar dos trabalhos não terem sido
realizados no Brasil, podemos afirmar que o princípio seria o mesmo, ou seja,
selecionar animais ou raças para cruzamento de menor tamanho adulto. Isto
também vai influir na precocidade do animal destinado ao abate, ou seja,
animais de menor tamanho atingem a idade de abate, com o acabamento ideal mais
cedo que animais de grande porte.




Literatura
consultada:




Olson,
T. A. The effect of cow size on Reproduction. In: Factors affecting calf crop. Ed.
Fields, M. J.; Sand, R. S. Cap. 17, pg. 243. 1994. 



Postado originalmente em BeefPoint: 09/11/2001