Holanda: pioneira esquecida da democracia liberal
Autor: Fabiano Pegurier | Publicado: 2011-05-28T19:03:00-03:00

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Um fato pouco enfatizado pelos cientistas políticos modernos é a importância da constituição dos Países Baixos, elaborada no fim do século XVI, para a formação do pensamento liberal desenvolvido na Inglaterra no fim do século XVII e consolidado nos EUA no fim do século XVIII. Destacar esse episódio é outro ponto forte do livro Perfecting Parliament, de Roger Congleton. Ele lembra que em 1464, o Duque de Borgonha instituiu um sistema de governo inteiramente novo para os seus domínios no delta do Reno, que exigia a colaboração entre assembleias regionais e um único governador nomeado para toda a região, já então uma das mais urbanizadas e ricas da Europa. Treze anos depois, em guerra contra a França, sua herdeira negociou um ‘Grande Privilégio’ com essas assembleias regionais, em troca de seu apoio nesse conflito. Estas ganharam, assim, não só poder de veto sobre todas as decisões relativas a taxação e guerra, como também o poder de se autoconvocarem independentemente de permissão superior. Quando, no fim do século XVI, tornou-se inevitável o conflito entre as elites locais e os Habsburgos, que haviam adquirido o domínio sobre a região através de casamentos e heranças, as sete províncias do norte do delta criaram uma aliança de defesa mútua contra a Espanha, que resultou, em 1581, na declaração de independência holandesa. É impressionante verificar como a teoria de direitos naturais e a defesa de um governo limitado, constantes dessa declaração, ressurgem nos argumentos desenvolvidos por John Locke nos seus Dois Tratados sobre o Governo, de 1689, e nos termos usados por Jefferson, Adams e Franklin na Declaração de Independência dos EUA, de 1776. A simples leitura desses textos revela como os ingleses do século XVII e os norte-americanos do século XVIII são descendentes intelectuais diretos dos holandeses do século XVI.