Sistema digestório
Autor: Segredos | Publicado: 2011-10-27T11:31:00-07:00

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O aparelho digestivo, digesto ou digestório ou ainda sistema digestório é o sistema que, nos humanos, é responsável por obter dos alimentos ingeridos os nutrientes necessários às diferentes funções do organismo, como crescimento, energia para reprodução, locomoção, etc. É composto por um conjunto de órgãos que têm por função a realização da digestão. Sua extensão desde a boca até o ânus é de 6 a 9 metros em um ser humano adulto.A superfície interna, ou mucosa, dessa região, apresenta, além de inúmeros dobramentos maiores, milhões de pequenas dobras, chamadas vilosidades (aumenta a superfície de absorção intestinal). As membranas das próprias células do epitélio intestinal apresentam, por sua vez, dobrinhas microscópicas denominadas microvilosidades. O intestino delgado também absorve a água ingerida, os íons e as vitaminas. Ele se divide em duodeno, jejuno e íleo.&nbsp;<!--[if gte mso 9]>     Normal   0         21         false   false   false      PT-BR   X-NONE   X-NONE                                                     MicrosoftInternetExplorer4                                                   <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]>  <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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 <![endif]-->  Intestino delgado  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Duodeno: Dividido em quatro partes com forma de C, é no duodeno que o suco pancreático (neutraliza acidez do quimo e faz a digestão de proteínas, de carboidratos e de gorduras) e a secreção biliar (emulsificação de gorduras) agem atacando a quimo e a transformando em quilo. Possuí as glândulas de Brunner que secretam muco nas paredes do intestino delgado.  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Jejuno: Começa a absorção dos nutrientes. Faz continuação ao duodeno, recebe este nome porque sempre que é aberto se apresenta vazio.  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Íleo: É o último segmento do intestino delgado que faz continuação ao jejuno. Recebe este nome por relação com osso ilíaco. É mais estreito e suas túnicas são mais finas e menos vascularizadas que o jejuno.  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Intestino grosso: Dividido em quatro partes: ceco (cecumico ou cecum), cólon, apêndice e o reto. É o local de absorção de água, tanto a ingerida quanto a das secreções digestivas. Glândulas da mucosa do intestino grosso secretam muco, que lubrifica as fezes, facilitando seu trânsito e eliminação pelo ânus. Fortíssimas ondas peristálticas, denominadas ondas de massa, ocorrem eventualmente e são capazes de propelir o bolo fecal, que se solidifica cada vez mais, em direção às porções finais do tubo digestório: os cólons, sigmóide e reto.  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Apêndice: É uma pequena extensão tubular terminada em fundo cego.  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ceco: É a porção inicial do intestino grosso segmento de maior calibre, que se comunica com o íleo. Para impedir o refluxo do material proveniente do intestino delgado, existe uma válvula localizada na junção do íleo com o ceco - válvula ileocecal. No fundo do ceco encontramos uma ponta chamada apêndice cecóide ou vermicular.  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cólon: É a região intermediária, um segmento que se prolonga do ceco até o ânus.  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sigmoide: O sigmóide ou porção pélvica, é a seção do intestino grosso que liga a porção transversal do mesmo ao reto. Recebe o nome sigmóide pela sua aparência que lembra a letra "S" do alfabeto grego (sigma). O nome porção pélvica refere-se à região em que se encontra.  
  É caracterizado por ser a parte do intestino na qual os movimentos peristálticos fazem maior pressão no bolo alimentar a fim de solidificá-lo e transformá-lo em fezes.  
  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Reto: É a parte final do tubo digestivo e termina-se no canal anal. Ele possui geralmente três pregas em seu interior e é uma região bem vascularizada. Pode ser avaliado através do toque retal, retoscopia ou retosigmoideoscopia. É no canal anal que ocorrem as hemorróidas que nada mais são que varizes nas veias retais inferiores.  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ânus: Controla a saída das fezes, localizado na extremidade do intestino grosso.&nbsp;   

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 <![endif]-->  Glândulas acessórias  
  Ao tubo digestivo estão associadas glândulas que produzem sucos digestivos ricos em enzimas e outras substâncias que ajudam a dissolver os alimentos. O fígado intervem, ainda que não produza qualquer suco digestivo mas, sim, a bílis que funciona como emulsificante (ajuda a quebrar a gordura em gotas de pequena dimensão, de forma a facilitar a absorção, ou seja, a digestão). As glândulas/órgãos/estruturas anexas são:  
  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Glândulas salivares.  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Glândulas gástricas (na parede interna do estômago).  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Glândulas intestinais (na parede interna do intestino delgado).  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Pâncreas.  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fígado.&nbsp;