Éteres
Autor: Luiz Fernando | Publicado: 2010-09-28T13:38:00-07:00


   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  

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&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Éteres são usados para fabricar seda artificial.

&nbsp;Éteres são compostos orgânicos caracterizados pela presença
de um átomo de oxigênio (O) ligado a dois radicais monovalentes alquila, ou
seja, hidrocarbonetos (grupos orgânicos). 

Exemplo: 

H3C ─ O ─ CH3
éter metílico ou 
metóxi-metano
Os éteres são compostos incolores, de cheiro
agradável e pouco solúvel em água, em condições ambientes podem se apresentar
na fase sólida, líquida ou gasosa. Os de massa molecular mais elevada estão no
estado sólido, os que apresentam dois e três carbonos na molécula são gasosos e
os seguintes são líquidos que são extremamente voláteis. 
Éteres são usados como solventes de óleos, gorduras, resinas e na fabricação de
seda artificial. Dentre as variadas aplicações dos éteres se destaca sua
utilização na medicina que é muito importante, sendo usado como anestésico e na
preparação de medicamentos. 
O éter etílico (éter comum) pertence à classe de éteres, é um líquido incolor
muito volátil (ferve a 35° C), produz frio intenso ao evaporar em contato com a
pele e seus vapores são três vezes mais pesados que o ar. Sua utilização é
feita em pacientes, é um poderoso anestésico inalatório porque relaxa os
músculos, mas possui as desvantagens de causar irritação no trato respiratório
e a possibilidade de provocar explosões em ambientes fechados. Sendo assim, ele
está em desuso, apesar de ter sido usado durante quase um século. 
O éter etílico dissolve graxas, óleos e resinas, por isso é usado na indústria
como solvente de óleos e tintas. 
A nomenclatura oficial para os Éteres segue uma regra fixa estabelecida pela
União Internacional de Química Pura e Aplicada (IUPAC). Observe o funcionamento
das normas: 

   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  

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1. Inicie o nome dos éteres pelo
prefixo de menor número de carbonos, conforme abaixo:
Prefixos: 
1 carbono -
MET&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
6 carbonos - HEX 
2 carbonos -
ET&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
7 carbonos - HEPT 
3 carbonos -
PROP&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
8 carbonos - OCT 
4 carbonos -
BUT&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
9 carbonos - NON 
5 carbonos -
PENT&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
10 carbonos - DEC 

2. Use o termo intermediário: oxi. 

3. Encerre pelo nome do hidrocarboneto com maior número de carbonos. 

Exemplos: 

H3C ─ CH2&nbsp;─ O ─ CH3
Metoxi-etano 

   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  

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Repare
que a nomenclatura começou com o prefixo de menor número de carbonos.