Quem foi Dmitri Mendeleiev? 
Autor: Professora Katia Roma | Publicado: 2013-02-27T04:09:00-08:00

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Nascimento: 8 de
fevereiro de 1834, Tobolsk




Falecimento: 2 de
fevereiro de 1907, São Petesburgo 




Prêmios: Medalha
Copley, Prêmio Demidov




Educação: Universidade
de Heidelberg, Universidade
Estatal de São Petesburgo


Filha: Lyubv
Dmitrievna Mendeleeva
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Químico russo, Dmitri Ivanovitch
Mendeleev nasceu em Tobolsk, Sibéria, a 8 de fevereiro de 1834 e morreu em
São Petersburgo a 2 de fevereiro de 1907. Estudou ciências em São Petersburgo, formando-se
em química (1856). Trabalhou no laboratório Wurtz, em Paris. Esteve na
Pensylvania e no Cáucaso, estudando a natureza e a origem do petróleo.
Professor a partir de 1863, em 1866 assumiu a cátedra de química do Instituto
Tecnológico de São Petersburgo. Na qualidade de conselheiro científico das
forças armadas russas (1890) promoveu o estudo da nitrocelulose. Foi
conservador do Museu de Pesos e Medidas (1893). Recebeu a medalha Davy (1882) e
a medalha Copley (1905), da Royal Society de Londres.

Mendeleev é autor da lei segundo a
qual as propriedades físicas e químicas dos elementos são função periódica do
peso atômico. Apesar de outros cientistas terem anteriormente traçado
seqüências numéricas entre os pesos atômicos de certos elementos e notado conexões
entre estes e as propriedades das diversas substâncias, Mendeleev é o primeiro
a enunciar a lei cientificamente.

Estabelece a analogia dos elementos em
bases numéricas seguras. Faz a classificação periódica dos elementos químicos
conforme seu peso específico, dispondo os elementos em ordem crescente de
acordo com seu peso atômico. Nota que as propriedades dos corpos simples se
repetem periodicamente. Elabora quadros que, por apresentarem lacunas, o levam
a prever a existência três elementos até então desconhecidos, previsão
confirmada pela descoberta do gálio (1875), do escândio (1879) e do germânio
(1886). Em diversos casos questiona os pesos atômicos aceitos por não
corresponderem à lei periódica.

Mendeleev empreende trabalhos sobre o
isomorfismo, a compressão dos gases e as propriedades do ar rarefeito. Estuda a
natureza das soluções, que considera sistemas líquidos homogêneos de compostos
instáveis dissociáveis do solvente com a substância dissolvida. Investiga a
expansão termal dos líquidos e elabora fórmula para expressá-la. Estudando os
gases (1861) antecipa o conceito de Thomas Andrews (1869) da temperatura
crítica dos gases, definindo o ponto absoluto de ebulição como a temperatura em
que a coesão e o calor da vaporização eqüivalem a zero e o líquido se
transforma em vapor independentemente da pressão e do volume. Contribui ainda
para a preparação de uma pólvora sem fumaça, à base de pirocolódio. Sua obra
mais importante é Osnovy chimii (1868 – 1870; Princípios de química).

A classificação de Mendeleev é a base
da teoria da estrutura eletrônica do átomo. Numerando-se em seqüência os
elementos de acordo com a sua classificação, verifica-se que o número de ordem
de cada elemento é igual à carga positiva de seu núcleo atômico. Quanto às
propriedades químicas, são sobretudo função da forma de agrupamento dos
elétrons em torno do núcleo. Quando a carga do núcleo aumenta de uma unidade e
o número de elétrons cresce respectivamente, os tipos de agrupamento de
elétrons repetem-se, o que determina a periodicidade nas alterações das
propriedades dos átomos.

A lei de Mendeleev estipula que as
propriedades dos elementos são função periódica do número de ordem ou da carga
do núcleo atômico. A classificação periódica reflete não só as conexões, mas
também as transformações reais dos elementos químicos e seus compostos. As
reações nucleares e a desintegração radioativa dos átomos correspondem a
deslocamentos na classificação periódica, a qual reflete ainda a evolução da
matéria sideral e a repartição dos compostos químicos ao longo da evolução da
Terra.


Fonte:
allchemy.iq.usp.br&nbsp;


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