Questões sobre a América Hispânica
Autor: Aline Mayumi 2°B | Publicado: 2012-09-09T13:19:00-07:00

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1)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Qual a relação das Guerras Napoleônicas com
o processo de independência das colônias espanholas?

A Independência dos Estado Unidos influencia no
processo da Independência da América Hispânica através do ideal republicano
e&nbsp; as ações de Napoleão Bonaparte que
Simón Bolivar chamou de “Ganância” estão diretamente relacionada com a
independência da América Hispânica . 



2)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Comente a seguinte frase: “ O liberalismo
inglês, as idéias francesas, a ambição de Napoleão e a estupidez da Espanha
influenciaram muito a América”- Simón Bolivar.
Na frase de Simón Bolivar foram sintetizadas as principais causas da Independência da América Hispânica: Iluminismo, Revolução Industrial,
Independência dos Estados Unidos, Revolução Francesa e a Era Napoleônica. 


3)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cite 5 grandes eventos históricos que influenciaram
diretamente na crise do sistema colonial na América?
Os cinco principais eventos históricos que influenciaram na crise do
sistema colonial na América foram: o Iluminismo, Revolução Industrial,
independência dos Estados Unidos, Revolução Francesa e a Era Napoleônica. 


4)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Qual a
conjuntura econômica na América Hispânica que influenciou diretamente neste
processo de independência?
A conjuntura econômica que influenciou nesse processo de independência foi
o Bloqueio Continental, medida tomada por Napoleão Bonaparte, para prejudicar a
economia inglesa e favorecer a economia francesa. Por conseqüência dessa medida
Napoleão Bonaparte invade a Península Ibérica, conquista Portugal e a Espanha,
mas &nbsp;ao conquistar a Espanha, depõe o rei
Fernando VII e no seu lugar nomeia seu irmão, José Bonaparte. A nomeação de um
francês como rei da Espanha desencadeia na América o processo de independência.

5)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Cite as classes sociais que compunham a
antiga sociedade colonial na América Hispânica e relacione-as com o pode
político, econômico e social da época. 
A sociedade colonial na America Hispânica era composta por três grupos
sociais: Os Chapetones, os Criollos &nbsp;e os
Mestiços, sendo o primeiro grupo, espanhóis peninsulares detentores do poder
político, civil, militar e religioso. O segundo grupo é formado por
descendentes de espanhóis que se fixaram na América e que vão ter o poder
econômico (grandes proprietários de terras, minhas e escravocratas). Já os
Mestiços vão compor a classe de trabalhadores. 


6)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Quem foram os precursores da libertação da
América colonial espanhola? Localize suas áreas de atuação.
Os precursores foram: Em 1780, Tupac Amaru que atuou no Peru, liderou uma
revolta de índios que tinha o ideal de fazer renascer o antigo império Inca. E em
1806, Francisco Miranda da Venezuela com idéias liberais e democratas procura
libertar a Venezuela do julgo espanhol. &nbsp;Ambos os movimentos foram duramente reprimidos
pelas forças espanholas. 

7)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Quem
foram os grandes Libertadores da América? Localize suas áreas de atuação.
Simón Bolivar, José de San Martin, Sucre e Iturbide foram os grandes
libertadores da América. Simón Bolivar libertou a Venezuela e a Colombia. San
Martin foi responsável por libertar os países do Prata (Argentina e Paraguai),
Sucre responsável pela independência do Equador com ajuda do Bolivar e Iturbide
responsável pela libertação do México. 

8)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Qual foi o diferencial da Independência do
Haiti dos demais países da América Hispânica?
Toussaint Louverture será o líder do processo de independência do Haiti que
será um processo diferente dos demais da América, pois além da independência
foi conquistado o fim da escravidão.&nbsp; É
um caso único de revolução social e política.

9)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Qual a proposta de Simón Bolivar para a
Independência da América Hispânica?

A proposta de Simón Bolivar foi de unificar
as antigas colônias espanholas, formando um único país.

10)&nbsp;&nbsp; Comparar o processo de Independência do
Brasil com o processo de Independência da América Espanhola. 
A independência do Brasil teve caráter pacífico, foi conduzido pela elite,
garantiu-se a instalação do regime monárquico e a unidade territorial. Já a
América Hispânica teve a sua independência violenta, popular, com formação da República e a fragmentação político-social. 
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11) Faça um resumo
sobre o tema.
O processo de independência das colônias espanholas estárelacionado ao
desenvolvimento das idéias liberais no século XVIII, tais como o Iluminismo, a
Independência dos Estados Unidos, a Revolução Industrial, a Revolução Francesa,
juntamente a deposição de Fernando VII em 1808,quando as tropas francesas
ocuparam a Espanha. Napoleão Bonaparte nomeia seu irmão, José Bonaparte, como o
novo rei da Espanha,desencadeando uma forte reação nas colônias, que passaram a
formar as Juntas Governativas - com caráter separatistas e lideradas pelos
criollos.
Antes dos movimentos separatistas ocorreram revoltas coloniais contra o domínio
espanhol, destacando-se a revolta dos índios do Peru, liderados por Tupac
Amaru.
Entre os precursores da independência das colônias hispânicas, destaque para Francisco
Miranda, que planejou a independência da Venezuela, movimento que fracassou.O
movimento emancipacionista contou com a liderança dos chamados
"libertadores da América" - Simón Bolívar, José de SanMartin, José
Sucre e Augustin Itúrbide.
Após a Independência da América Hispânica, outro processo entra em ação: a
formação do Estado Nacional, que são caracterizados pela fragmentação e
fenômeno Caudilhismo. O caudilho era um chefe político local,grande
proprietário de terra e que procurava manter as mesmas estruturas sociais e
econômicas herdadas do período colonial. Foi responsável pela grande
instabilidade na formação dos Estados Nacionais. Além disso, na América
Hispânica teve um processo de industrialização tardio, que ocorreu na segunda
metade do século XX, após a Segunda Guerra Mundial.&nbsp;&nbsp;