Física 2º Ano
Autor: PROFESSOR PAULO HENRIQUE | Publicado: 2011-10-03T08:04:00-07:00

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Calorimetria
Calor: É a energia transferida de um corpo para outro em virtude de uma diferença de temperatura entre eles.
Fontes de Calor: É todo elemento capaz de produzir aumento na temperatura de um corpo.
Capacidade Térmica: &nbsp;é a grandeza física utilizada para caracterizar a variação de temperatura dos corpos ao receber calor. Usando a letra C para designar a capacidade térmica de um corpo, definimos:A capacidade térmica (C) de um corpo é o resultado da razão entre a quantidade de calor (Q) de um corpo e a variação de temperatura (∆T), que ele sofre. Assim: 
C = Q &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ∆TExemplo: Se um corpo recebe 600cal, e em razão disso eleva sua temperatura em 10°C, sua capacidade térmica é:
C = 600cal &nbsp;= 60 cal/°C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 10°C
Calor específico: é uma característica de cada material, e significa a quantidade de calor que deve ser fornecida ou retirada de cada 1 grama do material para que sua temperatura aumente ou diminua 1°C, respectivamente.
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; c = C&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mExemplo: Considerando um bloco de chumbo cuja massa é m = 170g, verificamos que sua capacidade térmica é C = 5 cal/°C. Conseqüentemente, o calor específico do chumbo vale:
c = 5cal/°C = 0,030cal/g.°C &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 170g
Comentário: Sendo o calor específico característico de cada material, seus valores, para cada substância, são determinados cuidadosamente nos laboratórios e apresentados em tabelas.

      Valores de calor específico de   algumas substâncias  
      Substância      Água      Ferro      Cobre      Prata      Chumbo      Mercúrio      Gelo  
      c (cal/g.°C)      1,0      0,11      0,093      0,056      0,031      0,033      0,55  


Cálculo do calor absorvido por um corpoA quantidade de calor Q, absorvida ou liberada por um corpo de massa m calor específico c, quando sua temperatura varia ∆T, pode ser calculada pela relação:
Q = m.c.∆T
Exemplo: Vamos calcular a quantidade de calor que deve ser absorvida por uma massa de 300g de vidro, para que sua temperatura se altere de 20°C para 25°C, sabendo que o calor específico do vidro é igual a 0,20 cal/g.°C.
Q = m.c.∆T = 300. 0,20. (25-20) = 300cal


Exercícios
1 – Um bloco metálico esta inicialmente a uma temperatura de 20°C. Recebendo uma quantidade de calor de 330cal, sua temperatura se eleva para 50°C. Qual é o valor da capacidade térmica do bloco?
2 – Considerando o bloco do exercício anterior, responda:a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Quantas calorias devem ser fornecidas a ele para que sua temperatura se eleve de 20°C para 100°C?b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Quantas calorias seriam liberadas pelo bloco se sua temperatura baixasse de 100°C para 0°C?
3 – Sabe-se que a massa do bloco do exercício 1 é m=100g. Qual é o valor do calor específico do material que constitui o bloco?
4 – Um bloco de cobre, de massa 200g, é aquecido de 30°C para 80°C.a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Qual a quantidade de calor que foi cedida pelo bloco?b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Se fornecermos a este bloco 186cal de calor, de quanto se elevará sua temperatura?
5 – Uma massa de 400g de gelo é retirada de um freezer&nbsp; cuja temperatura interna é -16°C. que quantidade de calor precisará absorver para que sua temperatura atinja 0°C?
6 – Em um experimento verifica-se que é necessário fornecer 2000cal a uma massa de 250g de determinado material para que sua temperatura varie de 20°C para 60°C. Qual o valor do calor específico do material?
7 – o calor específico do zinco é aproximadamente igual a 0,1 cal/.g.°C. Determine:a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A quantidade de calor absorvida por uma massa de 1g de zinco que eleva sua temperatura de 2°C.b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A quantidade de calor absorvida por uma massa de 100g de zinco que eleva sua temperatura de 1°C.
Referências Bibliográficas
Conexões com a Física – vol. 2, Blaidi Sant’Anna&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Glória Martini&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Hugo Carneiro Reis&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Walter SpinelliFísica - Vol. 2, Antônio Máximo &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Beatriz Alvarenga
Física para o Ensino Médio – vol. 2, Kazuhito 
“O único homem que está isento de erros,&nbsp;é aquele que não arrisca acertar”.
(ALBERT EINSTEIN)PH