SISTEMAS DE PRODUÇÃO
Autor: Marcelo Oliveira | Publicado: 2011-03-07T06:24:00-08:00

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 <![endif]-->  Em uma das minhas andanças pela net encontrei esse texto que resume alguns conceitos que sempre trago à sala de aula quando falo em sistemas de produção. Vale a pena a leitura.
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24 05 2010 - http://universodalogistica.wordpress.com/?s=sistemas+de+produ%C3%A7%C3%A3oRodolfo Luiz Alvarenga
Sistemas de Produção&nbsp;A produção é composta por operações que transformam um conjunto de matérias em produtos acabados ou semi-acabados. É a razão de empresas do segundo setor econômico, o da manufatura, de existir. Portanto, empresas que criam e implantam estratégias bem definidas, possuem boa vantagem competitiva em relação à concorrência.
Vou falar brevemente de quatro variáveis de produção que&nbsp; as empresas usam.
Sistema de Produção Contínua ou Produção Repetitiva – Make to Stock em inglês&nbsp;Produção para atender níveis de estoque, atender previsões de vendas, ocorre antes que um pedido seja recebido. O tempo de entrega para o cliente é minimizado devido ao fato de haver produtos em estoque. Estoques de segurança são mantidos para enfrentar as oscilações de mercado.
Este tipo de produção divide-se em indústria discreta e indústria de processos. A indústria discreta possui como exemplo computadores, TV’s, geladeiras, etc. Na indústria discreta, os lotes de materiais são facilmente identificados. A indústria de processos, geralmente são representadas por derivados de petróleo e os lotes de materiais são dificilmente identificados devido à grande mistura de matérias.
Produção para atender um pedido específico – Make to Order&nbsp;O processo de manufatura se inicia a partir do momento em que o cliente faz um pedido. Geralmente, os componentes e acessórios se encontram armazenados e, após o pedido do cliente, são utilizados para a manufatura do produto. Caso o fabricante não tenha algum componentes em estoque, o cliente terá que esperar para iniciar a produção. O tempo de entrega para o cliente é maior do que no processo Make to Stock.
Montagem - Assemble to Order&nbsp;Normalmente utilizado na indústria automobilística que, ao receber o pedido de uma concessionária, monta os veículos conforme as configurações desejadas pelo cliente, como cor, ar-condicionado, teto-solar, som, etc. O fabricante monta uma grande quantidade&nbsp; diversificada de produtos finais, com diferentes características e poucos elementos ou componentes montados. É necessário haver uma boa manutenção de itens e componentes no estoque devido a alta flexibilidade que a empresa deve ter para entregar os produtos no tempo determinado.
Projetos sob medida – Design to Order ou Engineer to Order&nbsp;Sistema que envolve projeto, desenho, materiais e componentes, fabricação e montagem. O cliente, na maioria das vezes, estabelece as especificações em função da necessidade do produto. É um processo de longa duração que pode levar anos para a conclusão e a utilização de grande número de pessoas e empresas. Este sistema é utilizado na construção de aviões, navios, satélites, máquinas e caldeiras, edifícios, pontes e várias outras construções do setor civil.
Combinação de Sistemas de Produção&nbsp;As empresas podem utilizar apenas um dos sistemas de produção ou uma combinação deles. Estoque gera custos na cadeia de abastecimento, mas por outro lado permite um tempo de entrega mais curto ao cliente, portanto, definir estratégias levando em consideração os tipos de produtos a ser manufaturados e os perfis dos clientes é essencial para evitar custos adicionais e atender às necessidades do mercado.