TEORIA DAS FONTES
Autor: Noviciado Masculino Nova Jerusalém | Publicado: 2011-11-01T20:58:00-03:00

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JAVISTA (J)

•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Origem: reino do
Sul (Judá)





•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Data: século X ou
IX a.C (cf. Gn 27,40 e 2Rs 8,20ss).





•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Finalidade:
síntese teológica para responder aos problemas de seu tempo. A
promessa.





•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Conteúdo: problema
das origens: origens do sofrimento e da morte.





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Consequências da falta original (Caim, dilúvio, Torre
de Babel: antigas tradições).





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Desenvolvimento da humanidade até os Patriarcas.





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Patriarcas: da vocação de Abraão até a morte de José.





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Unidade religiosa: Yahweh torna-se o Deus de Israel.





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Universalismo: as outras nações usufruirão da bênção
de Abraão&nbsp; (Gn 22,18).





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Moisés, criador da religião de Israel pela revelação
do Sinai.





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Antropomorfismos: Deus aparece muito próximo do homem
e intervém de modo espetacular para salvá-lo.





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Código legislativo da aliança Javista (Ex 34).
O Javista é usado no Gênesis, Êxodo e Números.



ELOÍSTA (E) 

•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Origem: reino do
Norte (Israel).





•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Data: tempo de
Jeroboão II (século VIII).





•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Conteúdo: (alguns
exemplos)





–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Gn 20: Abraão em Gerar.





–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Gn 22: sacrifício de Isaac.





–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Ex 20, 18–23,33: Código da Aliança.





–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Nm 12 (elementos da “lei da pureza”); 23
(elementos da “lei de santidade”).





•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Características:





–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Espiritualidade de Deus: pouco antropomorfismo.





–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Impossibilidade de ver Deus (Ex 20,19).





–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Deus manifesta-se em sonhos.





–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Desconfiança do culto muito material.





–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
A função essencial do sacerdócio seria fazer que os
homens conheçam a vontade de Deus.





–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Insistência nos deveres para com Deus, para com os
outros.





–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Decálogo, Código da Aliança.





–&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
A aliança (Abraão-Moisés) é o tema central da relação
entre Deus e o homem.



DEUTERONOMISTA (D) 

•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Origem: reino do
Norte, levado pelos levitas para Jerusalém após tomada de Samaria, em 721 a.C.





•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Data: por volta
de 700 a.C., um trabalho de compilação das coleções jurídicas que as encaixa em
discursos, dando-lhes o sentido teológico e colocando-os na boca de Moisés.





Após 586 a.C., segunda edição e introdução do Deuteronômio no
conjunto javista e eloísta.





•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Características:
vocabulário





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Jahveh, seu
Elohim.





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Apegar-se a
Deus.





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Guardar os
mandamentos.





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fazer o que
é bem aos olhos de Jahvéh.





•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Teologia:





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Jahveh é o
Deus único, o Deus espiritual.





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Nenhuma
imagem sensível.





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A Lei é o
sinal da Presença atuante de Deus.





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Eleição:Jahveh
escolheu seu povo. Promessa condicionada: se Israel for fiel.





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Deus
ciumento.





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Unidade do
santuário.





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; História deuteronomista:escrita
à luz da doutrina de Dt: vai Josué até o fim dos Reis.





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; O livro das
Crônicas imitará o exemplo.







SACERDOTAL (P=PRIESTERKODEX - ALEMÃO) 

•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Origem: os
sacerdotes exilados de Jerusalém preparam a redação de uma história santa,
englobando um corpo jurídico polarizado no culto e destinado a preparar à volta
à Terra Santa.





•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Data:
século VI





•&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Conteúdo:





A história sacerdotal: começa com o capítulo 1º do Gênesis (1,1
– 2,4a) e salienta as alianças de Deus com o homem.





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Aliança com Noé (Gn 9,1-17).





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Aliança com Abraão (Gn 17).





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Aliança com Moisés (Ex 25 – 31).





Indica as condições da Aliança: respeito da vida, sábado e
circuncisão, pureza de culto.





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Lei dos sacrifícios (Lv 1 – 7).





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Lei da pureza (Lv 11 – 16).





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Lei de Santidade (Lv 17 – 26).





−&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
A história sacerdotal continua nos livros de Josué,
dos Juízes e de Samuel.



Alguns estudiosos dividem em partes
diferentes&nbsp; de acordo com critérios
determinados. Alguns postulam a existência não de
um Pentateuco, mas um Hexateuco; outros ainda dividem formando o chamado
Tetrateuco. 



HEXATEUCO: como o livro de Josué parece
continuar a narração dos acontecimentos após a morte de Moisés, a qual é
expressamente mencionada, alguns autores acharam que deveria juntar este livro
aos precedentes formando assim um Hexateuco.







TETRATEUCO: outros críticos recentes (Nyberg,
Noth-foto) pretendiam ao contrário destacar do Pentateuco o Deuteronômio que seria
considerado como o prefácio de uma grande obra histórica que iria de Moisés ao
exílio: Teríamos então apenas um Tetrateuco.