A CIVILIZAÇÃO MAIA
Autor: Jeferson Natali | Publicado: 2015-04-20T09:49:00-07:00

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A civilização maia foi uma das mais complexas a viver na
América antes da chegada dos conquistadores europeus. O povo maia habitou a
região das florestas tropicais das atuais Guatemala, Honduras e Península de
Yucatán (região sul do atual México). Viveram nestas regiões entre os séculos
IV a.C e IX a.C. Entre os séculos IX e X, os toltecas invadiram essas regiões e
dominaram a civilização maia. Nunca chegaram a formar um império unificado,
fato que favoreceu a invasão e domínio de outros povos. As cidades formavam o
núcleo político e religioso da civilização e eram governadas por um estado
teocrático. O império maia era considerado um representante dos deuses na
Terra. A base da economia maia era a agricultura, principalmente de milho,
feijão e tubérculos. Suas técnicas de irrigação eram muito avançadas.
Praticavam o comércio de mercadorias com povos vizinhos e no interior do
império. Ergueram pirâmides, templos e palácios, demonstrando um grande avanço
na arquitetura. A religião deste povo era politeísta, pois acreditavam em
vários deuses ligados à natureza. Assim como os egípcios, usaram uma escrita
baseada em símbolos e desenhos (hieróglifos). Registravam acontecimentos,
datas, contagem de impostos e colheitas, guerras e outros dados importantes. Desenvolveram
muito a matemática, com destaque para a invenção das casas decimais e o valor
zero. Entretanto, quando os espanhóis chegaram à América Central, a civilização
maia já estava em franco declínio, com suas cidades-estados arruinadas, cujas
causas ainda são desconhecidas. Tal situação pode estar relacionada ao
fortalecimento de outras civilizações da região, como os toltecas e os astecas,
que possivelmente subjugaram os maias.