75) Curiosidades: America
Autor: Rubens Bordini | Publicado: 2014-10-22T13:24:00-02:00

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1&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;
Estamos
no fim de setembro e começo de outubro de 2014, quando estou lendo o magistral
livro de Toby Lester. “The Fourth Part of the World”&nbsp; Há uma coisa interessante, que merece ser
comentada: segundo o que escreveu Isidore of Seville, ao redor do ano 600 AD, e
que Lester cita em seu livro (e de acordo com minha tradução), vejamos:



“A
Terra está situada na região central do Cosmos, equidistante de todas as outras
&nbsp;partes do céu. Está dividida em três
partes, uma das quais é chamada de Ásia, a segunda Europa, e a terceira África.
Além dessas três partes do mundo, existe uma quarta parte. Além do Oceano, que
é desconhecida para nós.”



Assim,
vê-se que muito antes da descoberta do Novo Mundo, já se sabia - ainda que
hipoteticamente – que deveria haver uma quarta parte para a constituição da
Terra, o que foi afinal confirmado – muitos anos depois – pelos navegadores
Colombo e Vespucci. O nome dessa quarta parte, diferentemente das três
anteriores, não teve suas origens entre os sábios gregos, mas sim por decisão
de uma comissão reunida na França, a qual decidiu que Americo Vespucci fora o
real descobridor do Novo Mundo, pois ele chegara à costa do que hoje é a
Venezuela, no continente, ao passo que Colombo aportou numa ilha do Caribe,
acreditando firmemente que chegara à Índia ou à China (Cathay).



Por
essa razão, a comissão, integrada entre outros pelo cartógrafo alemão Martin
Waldseemüller, decidiu pelo nome “América”, em homenagem a Vespucci, e fez
constar, pela primeira vez esse nome num “mapamundi” desenhado por
Waldseemüller, o que como que oficializou o nome “América”. 



Há
porem um detalhe a comentar: Hoje em dia, o termo “América” é usado
principalmente para se referir aos Estados Unidos (USA), quando a rigor deveria
referir-se à América do Sul! Somente no ano 1538 é que o Mestre Cartógrafo
Gerardus Mercator desenhou um mapa no qual – pela primeira vez – o nome América
aparece escrito em ambas as partes – norte e sul – do Novo Mundo. Já
Waldseemüller, em carta ao rei Maximilian I, dizia que a quarta parte do mundo
que desenhara em seu mapa era cercada de água por todos os lados. No entanto,
somente em 1513 o navegador Vasco Nuñes de Balboa, tendo escalado o pico de uma
montanha no que hoje é o Panamá, observou que a oeste havia um oceano – o
Pacífico – cuja existência foi só então reconhecida pelos&nbsp; europeus.