Autor: zanatto | Publicado: 2014-03-04T06:41:00-08:00

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UNIDADE
I&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; TERMOMETRIA

Temperatura&nbsp;&nbsp; 

&nbsp; Chamamos de Termologia a parte da
física que estuda os fenômenos relativos ao calor, aquecimento, resfriamento,
mudanças de estado físico, mudanças de temperatura, etc. 

EQUILÍBRIO TÉRMICO

A noção mais
comum de temperatura é a sensação térmica de quente ou frio que podemos ter
através do tato, porém, cientificamente, a temperatura esta ligada ao fato de
que as partículas que constituem um corpo estão em constante agitação.




Temperatura é uma medida
do estado de agitação das partículas que constituem um corpo.

Colocando em
contato dois ou mais corpos em temperaturas diferentes, após certo intervalo de
tempo eles atingem a mesma temperatura, e dizemos que entraram em equilíbrio
térmico.

Dois ou mais corpos
estão em equilíbrio térmico se suas temperaturas forem iguais.

Principio zero da termodinâmica

Da noção de
equilíbrio térmico, pode-se concluir que:Dois corpos em equilíbrio térmico com um
terceiro estão em equilíbrio térmico entre si. 

MEDIDA DA TEMPERATURA

Como a
temperatura está ligada às partículas de um corpo, ela é medida de forma
indireta, através de certas grandezas ( comprimento, volume, pressão) que
variam com ela. Tais grandezas são denominadas grandezas termométricas.

O aparelho que
mede a temperatura e chamado termômetro e o mais utilizado é o termômetro de mercúrio, no qual a
grandeza termométrica é a altura da coluna de mercúrio.



Ele se compõe
de um tubo de vidro ligado a um reservatório (bulbo) onde existe mercúrio, que
é um metal na forma líquida. Quando o mercúrio, em contato com um corpo
qualquer, aquece ou esfria, o nível do mercúrio sobe ou desce, indicando no
ponto onde estaciona ( ponto de
equilíbrio térmico) um número (temperatura)na
régua gravada no vidro (escala
termométrica)

A grandeza
termométrica deve apresentar um único valor para cada temperatura, de forma que
se possa construir uma escala
termométrica.

A escala
termométrica é baseada em dois&nbsp; pontos fixos, isto é,dois estados
térmicos em que a temperatura se mantém constante, como, por exemplo, a fusão
do gelo e a ebulição da água sob pressão normal (ao nível do mar), que são os
pontos fixos convencionais.

Fusão do gelo (sob pressão normal)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ponto do gelo&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

Ebulição da água (sob pressão normal)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;ponto
do vapor 

Na escala
Celsius &nbsp;atribui-se o valor 0 para o
ponto do gelo e 100 para o ponto do vapor, o intervalo entre os dois pontos (0
e 100) é dividido em 100 partes iguais, constituindo cada parte uma unidade da
escala, isto é, 1ºC ( um grau Celsius).

Outra escala
usada, principalmente em países de língua inglesa, é a escala Fahrenheit, que indica os valores 32 e
212 para os pontos do gelo e do vapor, respectivamente, e divide o intervalo
entre esses dois pontos em 180 partes iguais 1ºF (um grau Fahrenheit)

Escala Kelvin

Como já vimos
anteriormente, temperatura é uma medida da agitação das partículas de um corpo.
Podemos deduzir, então, que a menor temperatura possível ocorre quando as
moléculas param de se agitar, ou seja, quando estão em repouso. Isto,na
realidade, jamais ocorre,porém teoricamente esta temperatura é chamada de zero absoluto, e equivale a temperatura
de -273,15ºC.

À
temperatura&nbsp; de -273,15ºC, o físico
inglês William Thomson- Lord Kelvin atribuiu o número zero ( zero Kelvin ou
zero absoluto) e, em seguida, dividiu a escala em partes iguais às da escala
Celsius; portanto uma variação de 1ºC corresponde a um kelvin ( 1K)1K) 



CONVERSÃO DE ESCALAS TERMOMÉTRICAS&nbsp;&nbsp; 





Exercícios:

1)O que é
temperatura?

2)O que é
equilíbrio térmico?

3)Qual o valor
do ponto do gelo e do ponto do vapor na escala:

a)Celsius&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
b)Fahrenheit&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; c)Kelvin

4)O que é o
zero absoluto? Quanto vale na escala Celsius?

5)Sabendo-se
que a temperatura normal do corpo humano é de 37ºC, qual é a indicação dessa
temperatura na escala?

6)Transforme
10ºC para a escala Fahrenheit.

7)Expresse na
escala Kelvin a temperatura de 27ºC.

8)Qual é o
valor, na escala Celsius, da temperatura correspondente a 100K?

9)O oxigênio
entra em ebulição à temperatura de90K. Quanto vale essa temperatura em ºC?

10) Qual a
temperatura em que as indicações das escalas Celsius e Fahrenheit coincidem?

Trabalho de pesquisa

Assunto : 1)termômetros

-primeiros
termômetros que surgiram (histórico);

-tipos de
termômetros: clinico,de laminas bimetálica, a gás, de máxima e mínima,pirômetro
óptico e termômetro de rua.

Assunto 2:
Criogenia o que é, quando surgiu, e quais as utilizações&nbsp; na industria e na medicina.