O QUE É LINGUAGEM?
Autor: Augusto | Publicado: 2013-08-05T20:21:00-03:00



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O
que é a linguagem?
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A linguagem é um sistema de signos ou sinais usados para indicar coisas, para a
comunicação entre pessoas e para a expressão de ideias, valores e sentimentos.
Embora tão simples, essa definição da linguagem esconde problemas complicados
com os quais os filósofos têm-se ocupado desde há muito tempo. Essa definição
afirma que:
1 – a linguagem é um sistema, isto é, uma totalidade estruturada, com
princípios e leis próprios, sistema esse que pode ser conhecido;
2 – a linguagem é um sistema de sinais ou de signos, isto é, os elementos que
formam a totalidade linguística são um tipo especial de objetos, os signos, ou
objetos que indicam outros, designam outros ou representam outros. Por exemplo,
a fumaça é um signo ou sinal de fogo, a cicatriz é signo ou sinal de ferida. No
caso da linguagem, os signos são palavras e os componentes das palavra (sons
ou letras);
3 – a linguagem indica coisas, isto é, os signos linguísticos (as palavras)
possuem uma função indicativa ou denotativa, pois como que apontam para as
coisas que significam;
4 – a linguagem tem uma função comunicativa, isto é, por meio das palavras
entramos em relação com os outros, dialogamos, argumentamos, persuadimos,
relatamos, discutimos, amamos e odiamos, ensinamos e aprendemos, etc;

5 – a linguagem exprime pensamentos, sentimentos e valores,
isto é, possui uma função de conhecimento e de expressão, sendo neste caso
conotativa, ou seja, uma mesma palavra pode exprimir sentidos ou significados
diferentes, dependendo do sujeito que a emprega, do sujeito que a ouve e lê,
das condições ou circunstâncias em que foi empregada ou do contexto em que é
usada. Assim, a palavra água, se for usada por um professor numa aula de
química, conotará o elemento químico que corresponde à fórmula H2O; se for
empregada por um poeta, pode conotar rios, chuvas, lágrimas, mar, líquido,
pureza, etc; se for empregada por uma criança que chora, pode estar indicando
uma carência ou necessidade como a sede.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A definição nos diz, portanto, que a linguagem é um sistema de sinais com
função indicativa, comunicativa, expressiva e conotativa.