Qual o nível de segurança dos laboratórios NB-4?
Autor: Coordenação de Biossegurança do Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública de Santa Catarina | Publicado: 2013-03-05T08:54:00-03:00

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Há
pouco mais de dois meses, no final de dezembro de 2012, foi inaugurado em Pune,
na Índia, o primeiro laboratório de Nível de Biossegurança 4 do sudeste
asiático.
O
laboratório do Centro de Contenção Microbiológica (MCC) de Pune passou por
reformas para tornar-se um laboratório de Nivel de Biossegurança 4, NB-4, ou
BSL-4, sigla em inglês.

Um
laboratório NB-4, segundo as diretrizes do Center for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC) de Atlanta, Estados Unidos, é necessário para a manipulação de
agentes exóticos e perigosos que representem alto risco de transmissão de
infecções por aerossóis e doenças mortais a indivíduos.

Com
o inicio das atividades em Pune, os cientistas desta região poderão avançar nas pesquisas de
viroses como SARS, Nipah, Hanta vírus e influenza aviária.

A
inauguração do laboratório em Pune, no entanto, nos remete a questionamentos
publicados recentemente sobre o quão seguros de fato são os laboratórios de
contenção biológica atualmente em atividade em vários continentes.

Nos
Estados Unidos, os laboratórios mantidos pelo governo devem seguir diretrizes
específicas para impedir que microorganismos de risco possam escapar da
contenção, mas estas regras não são obrigatórias para pesquisadores que
trabalham com capital privado.

Se
um laboratório que recebe verbas do governo nos Estados Unidos viola as
diretrizes, o CDC pode cortar o
aporte de dinheiro, “mas não pode nos fechar”, diz um cientista: “não tenho
muita confiança na nossa biossegurança neste momento”
Em
outros países, os requisitos de segurança variam bastante, dizem os
especialistas.

Questionamentos
sobre biossegurança - impedir que microorganismos perigosos sejam liberados de
laboratórios – e biosseguridade – impedir tentativas de elementos mal
intencionados de liberar ou roubar os patógenos – são a linha de frente para as
autoridades de saúde em nível mundial.

Experimentos
realizados com o vírus da gripe aviária em laboratórios da Universidade de Wisconsin, EUA, e no Centro Médico Erasmus, em Rotterdam, Holanda, foram alvo de controvérsia recentemente, uma vez que estas instituições criaram, independentemente, formas mutantes destes vírus em laboratórios&nbsp; NB-3 e não NB-4, como os cientistas
acreditam ser necessário.

Os
laboratórios de Nível de Biossegurança 3, NB-3, são instalações onde são
manipulados agentes que podem causar infecções sérias e potencialmente fatais,
mas com vacinas ou terapia disponíveis.

Globalmente,
laboratórios NB-3 tem sido ou estão sendo construídos em Bangladesh, Indonésia,
China, Brasil e México, entre outros países, segundo o Conselho Nacional de
Pesquisa americano, NRC. “No entanto, vários países têm pouca ou nenhuma
regulamentação” conclui o NRC.

Laboratórios
NB-4 também estão proliferando. Segundo um antigo membro do Conselho de
Relações Exteriores em Nova Iorque, no momento há uma corrida para a construção
de instalações NB-3 e NB-4, “Ter uma instalação destas é uma marca de
sofisticação nacional. Mas a propagação destes laboratórios permite a
proliferação irrestrita dos microorganismos mais perigosos”, conclui.

De
fato, patógenos perigosos têm escapado de laboratórios de alta segurança: entre 1978 e 1999, cerca de 1.200
pessoas adquiriram infecções em laboratórios NB-4 no mundo; 22 casos foram
fatais. Desde então, trabalhadores de laboratórios morreram por Ebola e SARS,
ou por síndromes respiratórias severas adquiridas.

Em
2007, ladrões tentaram roubar patógenos animais de um laboratório indonésio, segundo
soube o NRC.&nbsp;



Saiba mais em&nbsp;

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http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/15/us-health-biosecurity-idUSTRE81E0R420120215
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