Sobre a planta em arquitetura 
Autor: Edson Mahfuz | Publicado: 2016-06-30T10:31:00-03:00

Seguem abaixo três pequenos, porém muito interessantes, textos do&nbsp;arquiteto espanhol Santiago de Molina, publicados no seu blog Multiples estratégias de arquitectura.



A planta em extinção


LOUIS KAHN, Adler house, 1954-1955, Imagem: Kahn Complete Works, Brickhauser




&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A planta é uma
espécie em perigo de extinção. Me refiro ao desenho da planta. (O resto me
parece estar sempre em perigo em zonas remotas do planeta e afastadas da nossa
sensibilidade).

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Dizia que as plantas
estão ameaçadas de extinção por motivos que surpreenderiam as gerações
passadas. Os novos modos de produção da arquitetura, em que o “modelo” digital
oferece a promessa de um controle absoluto da obra, já não trabalham com a
representação como base dessa vetusta disciplina. Cortar um modelo horizontalmente
não resulta em uma planta. Ao menos nos termos do que a planta significou para
os arquitetos do passado.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; A planta se
encontra abandonada à sua própria sorte; é apenas cultivada em escritórios
jovens, em espaços orientais ou em grandes corporações cujas sensibilidades se
encontram deslocadas. Inevitavelmente deslocadas. Porém, dada a preocupação
pela sobrevivência disciplinar em que estamos imersos, a representação da
arquitetura seja um dos últimos redutos que são próprios do arquiteto. A
representação de plantas, por isso, é um território que não deveria
descuidar-se sob pena de uma perda de “biodiversidade”.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Porque quando
um arquiteto fala de uma planta não se refere a um desenho mais ou menos bem
feito, mas a um modo de olhar específico. Tão específico que não é
compartilhado por nenhuma outra profissão (ocupadas que estão com plantas de
mais envergadura e folhagem). Esse olhar não é o do historiador nem do
engenheiro especialista em programas. Sob o olhar do arquiteto, pelo menos do arquiteto
Louis Kahn , “a planta é uma sociedade de recintos”(1). Além disso, a planta é
um sistema econômico de relações espaciais e um sistema político entre seus espaços…
E assim tudo. 



&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; E mais, muito
mais, que um corte simplório e vazio. E mais que um desenho.



(1) Kahn, Louis, “La Habitación, la calle y el consenso humano”, em Latour, Alessandra,&nbsp;Louis
Kahn, Escritos conferencias y entrevistas, Editorial El croquis, Madrid,
2003, pp. 275. Edição original em&nbsp;“the Room, the Street and Human Agreement”,&nbsp;AIA Journal, vol 56, nº3, setembro 1971, pp. 33-34.


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Publicado em 27/6/2016.



Plantear


BERNINI,Fonte dos quatro rios,planta na cota 0.48, Imagem: D.M.T.Abbate,Electa.




&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Qualquer um
diria que a planta acima é o resultado de seccionar horizontalmente a uma
altura de quarenta e oito centímetros a “Fonte dos quatro rios”, de Gian
Lorenzo Bernini, na Piazza Navona, em Roma.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Essa geometria
informe e fora do comum se impõe e a borda oval da fonte não ajuda a conter
essa massa de pedra para a qual não existe planimetria possível. Porém, em
algum momento durante a sua construção a fonte foi assim.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Se pode extrair
consequências desse tipo de descobrimento: por um lado, que uma planta é um
sistema narrativo de maior profundidade do se lhe atribui normalmente. Por
outro, que a planta nem sempre é o documento que revela uma pura distribuição
funcional, que descreve da melhor maneira os habitantes dormindo e passeando
entre as futuras paredes da arquitetura. Dito de outro modo, a planta é, antes
de mais nada, uma extraordinária ferramenta para a exploração da forma.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; O verbo “plantear”(1)
e “planta” vêm da mesma origem. Porém, entender a planta somente como uma secção
particular da arquitetura implica distrair a nossa atenção de sua
potência como bisturi cósmico para o descobrimento de outras maneiras de olhar.
Interiorizar a planta como secção horizontal é uma obviedade de escola
infantil&nbsp; até que se desenhe plantas de
objetos cotidianos: o corte de uma maçã, de uma cadeira ou de uma máquina de
escrever, por um plano paralelo ao solo, nos revela objetos e formas
maravilhosas e habitualmente invisíveis.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Geralmente os
cortes, as secções verticais sobre a forma, nos informam sua ordem construtiva
e sua espacialidade, mas essa incisão horizontal específica quando se afasta da
arquitetura não trata do mesmo, senão de seus ingredientes constitutivos ao
longo do tempo.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Porque a
planta, que sempre fala da funcionalidade, o faz, além disso, da funcionalidade
da matéria, não dos seus recintos.



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(1)
Segundo o Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, plantear significa &nbsp;fazer a
planta de (uma construção); planejar, projetar.



Publicado em 17/11/2014.



Sobre as plantas de&nbsp;arquitetura e sua classificação


HERMAN HERTZBERGER, Centraal Beheer, 1972, desenhos. Imagem: origem desconhecida


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Se não
houvessem desenhos de arquitetura não seria possível hoje haver nem projetos,
nem construções, nem a civilização, nem as cidades, nem seus habitantes. Esse
instrumental, mais útil que limas e bondes, serve para apreender e descobrir o
mundo contemporâneo.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Se bem que não
sucedeu de igual modo no passado, quando era possível projetar sem a
intermediação do desenho, hoje cada desenho bidimensional é tanto uma instrução
de uso e montagem da arquitetura como uma busca, a separação dos seus usos é
fictícia e nociva.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Não há projetos exclusivamente de urbanismo, de estruturas ou de arquitetura, como não se pode dizer que um
telescópio só serve para contemplar o céu e não as nuvens ou uma vizinha
interessante. Cada projeto de arquitetura se dirige ao descobrimento de algo
ainda não encontrado por completo, mas prometido. Como um explorador faz a
bordo de um barco, em busca de um novo território.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Desse modo, um projeto
urbanístico é um detalhe construtivo da cidade, um projeto complementar é um
detalhe das vias e fluidos de uma edificação e um projeto de arquitetura das
interioridades do lugar e da transmissão de suas cargas e espaços. Separá-los
por suas&nbsp;categorias&nbsp;insolúveis, crendo em ditas dicotomias acriticamente, ––coisa que ocorre com frequência em todo Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso ou em qualquer lista vulgar de projetos––&nbsp;
é motivo de reprovação de qualquer formando e de qualquer incubadora de arquitetos.



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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
  
  
 
<![endif]-->

<!--[if gte mso 10]>

 /* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-parent:"";
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
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 font-family:"Helvetica Neue";}

<![endif]-->



<!--StartFragment-->













<!--EndFragment-->

Publicado em 29/10/2012.