A MATEMÁTICA NA CONSTRUÇÃO DE UMA CASA
Autor: Francine Ruas | Publicado: 2012-07-25T10:40:00-07:00


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Desde o inicio da obra, em sua
demarcação inicial até o acabamento final, colocação de pisos, muitas vezes o
pedreiro necessita de ângulos retos, utilizando então o Teorema de Pitágoras e,
além disso, ele precisa ter noções de medidas e áreas.

Ao marcarem 30 cm e 40 cm em duas
laterais de paredes que se interceptam e depois unirem esses pontos para encontrarem
uma medida equivalente a 50 cm, os pedreiros conseguem um ângulo reto, isto é
uma aplicação do Teorema de Pitágoras. É o que na linguagem dos pedreiros é
chamado de “deixar no esquadro”.

O pedreiro
estica uma linha paralela (p) à frente do terreno, depois estica uma nova linha
(b) provisioriamente. Ele crava uma estaca (e-1) a 3 m da primeira linha e uma
outra estaca (e-2) a 4 m da linha paralela. Medindo a distância (d) entre as
duas estacas o valor correto deverá ser 5 m, a primeira estaca deverá ser
deslocada até que consiga essa medida.



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Na construção do alicerce da casa
o pedreiro começa a utilizar noções de volume, sem utilizar nenhuma fórmula. Após
efetuar as medições e construir as “caixarias” em forma de paralelepípedos, o
pedreiro tem que dosar as quantidades de pedra, areia e cimento para a
elaboração do concreto que será utilizado para o preenchimento das mesmas. Nessa
dosagem utiliza como padrão a lata (20 litros) e o carrinho de mão (60 litros),
além da quantidade de cimento proporcional a esses materiais.

O pedreiro calcula o volume das
caixarias e do contra-piso, multiplicando a medida da altura, largura e
comprimento entre si. Ele utiliza o metro cúbico (1000 litros) ou 50 latas.




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No levantamento das paredes o
pedreiro se depara com mais um problema matemático, e de calcular a quantidade
de tijolos necessária para a conclusão da obra.

Esse problema envolve áreas de
superfícies retangulares. O pedreiro então calcula a área do tijolo,
multiplicando seu comprimento por sua largura, e divide 1 metro quadrado pelo
produto obtido, dessa maneira ele calcula quantos tijolos serão necessários
para o levantamento de cada metro quadrado de parede.

Para calcular a quantidade de
tijolos o pedreiro leva em consideração a posição dos tijolos (em pé ou
deitado) e também as dimensões dos tijolos que serão utilizados.




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Depois de levantadas as paredes,
o pedreiro inicia a construção do madeiramento para a montagem da cobertura da
casa.

Ao iniciar a construção do
telhado após escolher o tipo de telha, o pedreiro vai calcular a porcentagem de
inclinação do mesmo para a montagem da tesoura. O cálculo de inclinação do
telhado é feito por meio de uma inclinação entre a altura e o comprimento da
tesoura expresso em percentual, e essa inclinação também depende do tipo de
telha.

A tesoura é uma estrutura de
madeira com a forma a seguir:







Veja quantos triângulos as vigas
estão formando e muitos deles são retângulos. Para os pedreiros quanto mais
triângulos as madeiras formarem no telhado maior rigidez ele terá.



Abaixo
temos exemplos de tesouras utilizadas pelos pedreiros:



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Concluído
o madeiramento, o pedreiro efetua o cálculo da quantidade de telhas necessárias
para a cobertura do telhado, e para isso levam em consideração a área útil de
cada tipo de telha, ou seja, a área de cobertura real da mesma.









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