Reforma Protestante e Contra-Reforma.
Autor: Rodrigo Cruz | Publicado: 2011-12-25T15:35:00-08:00

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Reforma Protestante e Contra-Reforma.Motivos O processo de reformas religiosas teve início no século XVI. Podemos destacar como causas dessas reformas : abusos cometidos pela Igreja Católica e uma mudança na visão de mundo, fruto do pensamento renascentista.A Igreja Católica vinha, desde o final da Idade Média, perdendo sua identidade. Gastos com luxo e preocupações materiais estavam tirando o objetivo católico dos trilhos. Muitos elementos do clero estavam desrespeitando as regras religiosas, principalmente o que diz respeito ao celibato. Padres que mal sabiam rezar uma missa e comandar os rituais, deixavam a população insatisfeita. A burguesia comercial, em plena expansão no século XVI, estava cada vez mais inconformada, pois os clérigos católicos estavam condenando seu trabalho. O lucro e os juros, típicos de um capitalismo emergente, eram vistos como práticas condenáveis pelos religiosos.
Por outro lado, o papa arrecadava dinheiro para a construção da basílica de São Pedro em Roma, com a venda das indulgências (venda do perdão). No campo político, os reis estavam descontentes com o papa, pois este interferia muito nos comandos que eram próprios da realeza. O novo pensamento renascentista também fazia oposição aos preceitos da Igreja. O homem renascentista, começava a ler mais e formar uma opinião cada vez mais crítica. Trabalhadores urbanos, com mais acesso a livros, começaram a discutir e a pensar sobre as coisas do mundo. Um pensamento baseado na ciência e na busca da verdade através de experiências e da razão. A Reforma LuteranaO monge alemão Martinho Lutero foi um dos primeiros a contestar fortemente os dogmas da Igreja Católica. Afixou na porta da Igreja de Wittenberg as 95 teses que criticavam vários pontos da doutrina católica.As 95 teses de Martinho Lutero condenava a venda de indulgências e propunha a fundação do luteranismo ( religião luterana ). De acordo com Lutero, a salvação do homem ocorria pelos atos praticados em vida e pela fé. Embora tenha sido contrário ao comércio, teve grande apoio dos reis e príncipes da época. Em suas teses, condenou o culto à imagens e revogou o celibato.&nbsp;Martinho Lutero foi convocado as desmentir as suas 95 teses na Dieta de Worms, convocada pelo imperador Carlos V. Em 16 de abril de 1521, Lutero não so defendeu suas teses como mostrou a necessidade da reforma da Igreja Católica.
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 <![endif]-->  A Reforma Calvinista Na França, João Calvino começou a Reforma Luterana no ano de 1534. De acordo com Calvino a salvação da alma ocorria pelo trabalho justo e honesto. Essa idéia calvinista, atraiu muitos burgueses e banqueiros para o calvinismo. Muitos trabalhadores também viram nesta nova religião uma forma de ficar em paz com sua religiosidade. Calvino também defendeu a idéia da predestinação (a pessoa nasce com sua vida definida).A Reforma Anglicana Na Inglaterra, o rei Henrique VIII rompeu com o papado, após este se recusar a cancelar o casamento do rei. Henrique VIII funda o anglicanismo e aumenta seu poder e suas posses, já que retirou da Igreja Católica uma grande quantidade de terras.A Contra-Reforma CatólicaPreocupados com os avanços do protestantismo e com a perda de fiéis, bispos e papas reúnem-se na cidade italiana de Trento (Concílio de Trento) com o objetivo de traçar um plano de reação. No Concílio de Trento ficou definido :&nbsp;- Catequização dos habitantes de terras descobertas, através da ação dos jesuítas;
- Retomada do Tribunal do Santo Ofício - Inquisição : punir e condenar os acusados de heresias
- Criação do Index Librorium Proibitorium (Índice de Livros Proibidos): evitar a propagação de idéias contrárias à Igreja Católica.Intolerância Em muitos países europeus as minorias religiosas foram perseguidas e muitas guerras religiosas ocorreram, frutos do radicalismo. A Guerra dos Trinta Anos (1618-1648), por exemplo, colocou católicos e protestantes em guerra por motivos puramente religiosos. Na França, o rei mandou assassinar milhares de calvinistas na chamada Noite de São Bartolomeu.