O Estado Absolutista
Autor: Jonathan Farias | Publicado: 2011-06-25T07:22:00-07:00


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 <![endif]-->  O QUE FOI O ESTADO&nbsp; ABSOLUTISTA?
No continente europeu surgiu a partir do século XI, no período da Baixa Idade Média, pela aliança entre reis e burgueses e a necessidade socioeconômico e política da época. Uma espécie de centralização do poder. Começou na idade média e tomou forma na idade moderna.
Para uma definição mais exata pode-se classificar o absolutismo como uma forma de governo autoritário, que está nas mãos de uma pessoa ou um grupo social. Estes tem o poder absoluto sobre o estado. Com essa idéia em mente não é de admirar os abusos que foram cometidos pelos governantes.
O absolutismo seria a expressão política do mercantilismo.
Para tudo isso acontecer, foi necessário a ajuda dos pensadores dos que idealizaram essa forma de governo.
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TEÓRICOS DO ABSOLUTISMO
As mudanças culturais através do Renascimento, na sociedade, ajudaram a reestruturar a visão política da Europa. Sem a interferência da igreja, muitas teorias surgiram para justificar o estado absolutista.
A idade moderna rompeu com muitas idéias medievais. Veja agora alguns teóricos de destaque:
Nicolau Maquiavel (1469-1527)
Foi membro do governo dos Médices, de Florença. Em suas obras ele expressa sua indignação por ver a Itália devastada pela divisão em repúblicas rivais. A solução seria a união nacional por um interesse comum.
No século XVI, publicou o texto&nbsp;O Príncipe, dedicado ao príncipe Lourenço de Médicis. Nesta obra ele comenta sobre as artes de conquistar e manter o poder. Foi publicado em 1513. algumas de suas recomendações eram que para governar é preciso a astúcia, sutileza e um bom exército. Por citar Moisés , um personagem bíblico, ele insinuou a ligação de Deus com a posição dos reis. Com se os reis fossem representantes de Deus aqui na terra.
Para Maquiavel, a necessidade de ter um estado forte justifica qualquer atitude.
Thomas Hobbes(1588-1619)
Este foi o teórico que melhor definiu a ideologia absolutista. Sua obra foi o livro&nbsp;Leviatã, onde mostra sua idéia de um estado poderoso e dominante. Este é necessário para manter a ordem do governo, sem ela os homens viveriam em constantes guerras. Como se o monarca fosse o protetor da lei e da ordem.
Para Hobbes, o estado absoluto surgiu em função do avanço da sociedade. Que antes era primitiva, sem leis, cada um por si. Mas depois que a razão e a autoconservação entram na sociedade,surgiu a necessidade da união para a criação de um estado forte. Neste estado há uma espécie de contrato ou acordo, onde cada cidadão concederia seus direitos à um soberano.
Para Hobbes, a autoridade do estado tem de ser absoluta para proteger os cidadãos da violência e do caos. O soberano pode governar com autoridade, pois esta foi concedida pelo povo.
Jacques Bossuet(1627-1704)
Bossuet defendeu fortemente a teoria do direito divino dos reis. Cuidou da educação do filho do rei francês Luis XIV. Suas obras foram&nbsp;Memórias para educação do Delfim&nbsp;e&nbsp;&nbsp;Política.
Para Bossuet a autoridade real é sagrada. O rei age como ministro de Deus na terra, logo uma rebelião contra o rei seria o mesmo que rebelasse contra Deus.
Sua influência foi forte na dinastia francesa dos Bourbon.
Jean Bodin ( 1530- 1596)
Sua obra foi&nbsp;A República, este defendia a idéia da soberania não-partilhada, ou seja, o rei pode governar sem a interferência, ou restrição de alguém, pois ele teria o poder de legislar sem a permissão de outros.
Hugo Grotius(1530-1596)
Sua obra foi&nbsp;&nbsp;Do direito da paz e da Guerra.&nbsp;Embora comente sobre direito internacional, aparece com mesmas idéias dos outros teóricos: a defesa de um governo despótico, com poder ilimitado para assim não haver o caos político na sociedade.
Agora os resultados de tantas ideologias foram vistas em alguns países.
O ABSOLUTISMO NA FRANÇA


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 <![endif]-->  A centralização política da França vem desde a guerra dos Cem Anos ( 1337-1453). O absolutismo francês teve seu auge na dinastia dos Bourbons.
Durante o século XVI, ainda na dinastia Volois, havia conflitos internos, tanto políticos como religiosos. O conflito maior ficava a estrutura político-econômica do governo. Pois os burgueses, que eram a fonte do governo, adotaram o calvinismo como religião enquanto o estado tinha forte influência católica.
No governo de Carlos IX (1560-1574) a luta de católicos e Huguenotes ( calvinistas franceses) foi forte.
Os católicos tinham o apoio real. Os huguenotes sob o comando dos Bourbons colocaram em confronto a nobreza católica e os burgueses mercantilistas calvinistas. O auge dessa luta foi em 24 de agosto de 1572,&nbsp;&nbsp;A Noite de São Bartolomeu, onde houve o massacre de mais de 3 mil huguenotes, incluindo mulheres e crianças. Isto provocou instabilidade política e colocou o trono francês em risco. Por isso Henrique III, filho de Catarina de Médici, aliou-se a Henrique Bourbon, líder dos Huguenotes e o fez seu herdeiro político. Nesse tempo o católico Henrique Guise disputou a liderança com Henrique III, essas disputas ficaram conhecidas como a&nbsp;Guerra dos três Henriques. O final foi: Henrique de Guise morreu, Henrique Bourbon saiu vitorioso e tornou-se herdeiro de Henrique III.
DINASTIA BOURBON
Com a morte de Henrique III em 1589, Henrique Bourbon assumiu poder com o nome de Henrique IV. Mas este por ser protestante enfrentou forte oposição. Os conflitos armados foram tantos, que Henrique viu-se obrigado a fugir de Paris. Para poder ser de fato rei dos franceses, Henrique abandona o protestantismo e assim é coroado rei.


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 <![endif]-->  Este novo rei fortaleceu o absolutismo, por implantar uma política econômica mercantilista. Assinou em 1598 o&nbsp;&nbsp;Edito de Nantes,&nbsp;que concedia liberdade de religião aos protestantes. Com isso o rei refez a aliança com os burgueses.
O sucessor de Henrique IV foi Luis XIII (1610-1643). Em seu reinado destaca-se a figura de seu primeiro ministro o Cardeal Richelieu ( 1624- 1642), que ampliou os poderes absolutos do rei e lançou a França na disputa pelo comércio internacional e a posse de colônias. Também cassou os direitos dos que eram opositores do rei. Abriu caminho para os burgueses terem acesso a cargos na administração pública, mesmo sob a proteção de edito de nantes, ele perseguiu protestantes. Richelieu levou a França intervir na&nbsp;Guerra dos trinta anos. Pois neste conflito visava a disputa à hegemonia política européia.
O apogeu do absolutismo francês foi com o rei Luis XIV (1643-1715), chamado também de “Rei sol”,devido suas grandes realizações. Por ter assumido o trono ainda jovem, teve como ministro outro cardeal,&nbsp;Mazarino. Este aplicou uma política centralizadora, eliminou as&nbsp;frondas,ou seja, as associações de nobres e burgueses, que eram contra o absolutismo e os tributos impostos ao povos para repor os prejuízos aos cofres reais por causa do apoio à guerra dos trinta anos.
Após a morte do Cardeal, o ministério das finanças foi para Jean Baptiste Colbert, que fez a base para o mercantilismo francês. Este promoveu o desenvolvimento da manufatura, navegação e das conquistas territoriais na Ásia e América.
Na época de Luís XIV, foi um período de cultura na França e berço de pensadores e artistas. Infelizmente em 1685, Luis XIV reformulou sua política religiosa e revoga o Edito de Nantes.
Esta atitude fez com que muitos huguenotes, boa parte burgueses, fugissem da perseguição religiosa. Isto arruinou a economia mercantil e abriu caminho para as críticas ao regime absolutista.
O poder francês na Europa começou a cair nos reinados de Luis&nbsp; XV e Luis XVI. Porque a corte fazia gastos excessivos, os impostos eram muitos sobre os burgueses e a população além das derrotas militares.
A França entrou em duas guerras.
A primeira&nbsp; foi a Guerra dos Sete anos(1756-1763), onde a França enfrentou a Inglaterra disputando o mercado europeu e áreas para colônias. Mas perdeu dois territórios , o Canadá e a Índia.
A segunda foi a guerra de independência dos Estados Unidos (1776-1781), o apoio nesta guerra, causou dificuldades econômicas a França. Com todos esses fatores, foram surgindo motivos e condições para a Revolução Francesa de 1789 que daria fim ao Regime francês.
O ABSOLUTISMO NA INGLATERRA
O poder real na Inglaterra começou no século XVI, com a dinastia Tudor.
Henrique VIII ( 1509-1547), segundo rei da série, impôs-se sobre a nobreza enfraquecida, unificou o país e chocou-se com o Papado. Este choque parecia simples e fútil. Na verdade o rei queria separar-se de sua esposa , Catarina de Aragão, para casar-se com outra, Ana Bolena. Mas com a proibição do Papa, Henrique rompeu com a igreja e fundou a igreja anglicana. Esse conflito serviu como pretexto para que o rei confiscasse os bens da igreja, que foram redistribuídos&nbsp; ou vendidos para os nobres.


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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>   <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
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 <![endif]-->  Por volta de 1570 a indústria de lã e a escavação das minas de carvão cresceram. O comércio internacional também aumentou e serviu de estímulo para a construção naval.
Com o avanço da pirataria legitimada pelo estado (os corsários), cada império colonial teve seus lucros.
Os mercadores aventureiros e a companhia inglesa das índias orientais, dinamizou a expansão comercial, principalmente de tráfico de pessoas para as colônias.
A burguesia mercantil das cidades portuárias, principalmente Londres, ganhou importância na câmara dos Comuns. Os trabalhadores conquistaram o estatuto dos artesões, de 1563, que regulamentava suas atividades e a Leis dos Pobres, que cobrava impostos obrigatório sobre as pessoas das comunidades para sustentar os necessitados.