O desenvolvimento da democracia no Ocidente
Autor: Fabiano Pegurier | Publicado: 2011-05-17T21:19:00-03:00

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Perfecting Parliament, de Roger D. Congleton, professor de Economia e Ciência Política da George Mason University, é um livro bastante denso, de leitura nada fácil, mas muito  informativo e perspicaz. Ele oferece uma explicação bastante convincente para a democratização do mundo ocidental, caracterizada pela transição de poder dos reis para os parlamentos e pela crescente universalização do sufrágio para a escolha dos parlamentares. Segundo Congleton, essa mudança não resultou, como se imagina, de uma súbita transformação de governos autoritários em democráticos, forçada por revoluções ocorridas desde o fim do século XVIII. Ao contrário, ela se deu por uma lenta evolução que vem se processando desde a Alta Idade Média, através de uma longa série de reformas constitucionais liberalizantes, barganhadas entre os reis e seus súditos em vários países ocidentais. Nenhuma revolução conhecida instaurou um governo democrático. Isso é particularmente verdadeiro no caso da França, onde a emergência de uma democracia liberal somente se iniciou após a queda de Napoleão III e teve um caráter eminentemente evolucionário. Em casos de guerras de independência, como na Bélgica e nos EUA, os novos governos se basearam em sistemas políticos relativamente democráticos pré-existentes nos seus territórios. Em nenhum caso, a democracia parlamentar surgiu de um único grande salto constitucional. O gabarito de governo clássico, tão antigo quanto a humanidade e praticamente universal, do qual surgiu a democracia parlamentar, consiste em ‘rei-e-conselho’. Vários tipos de governo, desde ditaduras até democracias representativas, cabem nesse gabarito, dadas suas múltiplas alternativas para a divisão de autoridade entre o rei e o conselho e para o processo de escolha dos conselheiros. Para Congleton, a evolução do sistema rei-e-conselho, até chegar a uma democracia parlamentar, resultou da interação entre os novos interesses econômicos surgidos desde a Alta Idade Média e as instituições políticas pré-existentes.&nbsp;

Nos próximos posts, veremos alguns exemplos interessantes dessa evolução.