A Deusa-Mãe
Autor: Bruxos Brasileiros | Publicado: 2012-12-02T12:02:00-02:00


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DEUSES E SANTOS






Misto de amor e ódio, ela é a
mais antiga das divindades: a terra que dá a vida e também a morte.







A DEUSA-MÃE


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A
deusa-mãe é uma entidade em que os opostos se combinam: amor humano é uma das
suas áreas de influência, mas também é o impulso que leva os homens a guerra.
Doadora da vida, ela também é a divindade que a toma. Desde os tempos
imemoriais o homem tem refletido com espanto, maravilhado, sobre a terra em que
vive, que alimenta seus animais, sua família e sua tribo. E porque se sente
dependente da terra, ela a personifica e a adora, ou pelo menos, a reverencia
na mais poderosa de todas as imagens, a imagem da mãe.



Há
não muito tempo atrás,
uma sugestão foi feita:
 se alguém escrevesse um livro chamado Deus é Mulher,
seria por certo, um Best seller. A sugestão pode ter sido parcialmente frívola,
mas tendo em mente que, na história da humanidade só recentemente é que a
divindade adquiriu atributos exclusivamente masculinos, a possibilidade de
emprestar força sobrenatural em termos femininos está longe de ser irracional.




A
mãe e o pai divinos



No
ocidente, Deus é geralmente referido como “Nosso Pai que está no céu” mas a
ingênua pergunta “Se Deus é o Pai, quem é nossa Mãe?” ainda merece ser
respondida.



Historicamente
a resposta é esta: “A Terra em que vivemos”.
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Hoje
em dia na sociedade ocidental, onde em grande parte as crenças das sociedades
agrícolas já perderam suas raízes, diz-se que a terra deixou de ser
santificada. A reverencia cedeu lugar a rude exploração. O mistério sumiu, para
ser substituído pelos tapetes de asfalto e concreto e pela agricultura
mecanizada.



A
história da religião revela um panorama de deuses e deusas, seres espirituais,
mais ou menos importantes, entre os&nbsp; quais a personificação da Terra ocupa
uma posição proeminente. Como regra geral essa personificação ostenta os
atributos da sexualidade e maternidade femininas. Em certos casos, é
paradoxalmente apresentada como virgem. Muitas vezes – também paradoxalmente –
combina qualidades de generosidade e graça, e também de horror e destruição. Se
o amor humano é uma das áreas de sua influencia, o insensato impulso que leva o
home a luta também o é.



As
imagens que a representam podem ser da natureza da Vênus de Milo, forma ideal
da beleza feminina. Ou podem representar distorções de formas e vestes
monstruosas. A deusa-mãe, na história da humanidade, não é – e isso está claro
– nenhuma forma de figura romântica, mas, ao contrário, alguém em quem os
opostos combinam; a doadora da vida é claramente vista também como o ser que
pode destruí-la. O paradoxo parece ter sido quase universal.





Um
culto universal



Da
Escandinávia a Melanésia, deusas, nas quais exatamente esses dois atributos
eram encontrados, foram adoradas, temidas e obsequiadas. A universalidade desse
fenômeno levou alguns estudiosos a afirmar que o que presenciamos é o reflexo
de um fato psicológico que é sempre o mesmo em todos os lugares, embora
revestido de forma levemente diferente, nos símbolos.



Mas
essa interpretação psicológica também apresenta seus riscos. As vênus
paleolíticas, por exemplo, não podem ser facilmente comparáveis a figura
medieval da Virgem Maria. A figura da deus-mãe, na Índia, não é a mesma da
Grande Mãe das áreas mediterrâneas. A interpretação de Freud e Jung não pode
merecer maior crédito do que uma hipótese interessante.&nbsp;



Entre
os mais antigos artefatos do último período paleolítico, existem grotescas
figuras de mulheres grávidas, com as ancas e os seios desmesuradamente
acentuados. Mas, não há qualquer possibilidade de se afirmar que representam
figuras de deusas – isso é só uma hipótese.



A
deusa-mãe, na Índia, é uma divindade de muitos aspectos: Parvati, consorte de
Siva, Bhaivari, “a terrível”, ou Ambika, “fonte de toda a vida”
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Mesmo
hoje em dia, o visitante que chegar a uma vila na Índia, pode se surpreender,
ao descobrir que os templos dos grandes deuses Siva e Vishnu, são tidos pelo
povo como de menor importância que o pequeno santuário da deusa local, ou Grami
Devi. Ela pode ter muitos nomes, alguns dos quais encontrados nos textos
normais do hinduísmo. Mas ela “é da terra” diretamente responsável pelos campos
que circundam a povoação. Pode ser mitologicamente ligada aos consortes dos
grandes deuses, Parvati, consorte de Siva, Kali, sua esposa, ou Lakshimi, que
fora esposa de Vishnu – mas em todas as circunstâncias, ela é a guardiã da
vila, a quem os habitantes se voltam para a solução dos problemas diários. Ela
tem seus festivais e suas responsabilidades específicas e é provável que suas
funções não tenham mudado de natureza por mais de 5 mil anos.



Na
região mediterrânea, que vai desde o Irã, no Leste, até Roma, no Oeste,
incluindo Mesopotâmia, Egito e Grécia, o culto a deusa-mãe é tão interligado,
que torna qualquer estudo comparativo quase impossível. A identificação da
deusa-mãe com a terra fértil é inquestionável: mas, a começar da Mesopotâmia,
sua personalidade é tão complicada como a própria humanidade. Por isso ela
continua misteriosa, desafiando a inteligência de inúmeros estudiosos.



Inanna,
Ishtar, Astarte e Vênus
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A
figura feminina com atributos de divindade, contudo, é certamente mais do que
simples amuleto, para dar sorte. O nome semita para a mais importante deusa-mãe
era Inanna, na Suméria, Ishtar, na Babilônia, Astarte, ou Anat, entre os povos
de Canaã. Comumente identificada ao planeta Vênus, seu atributo mais típico é o
de “rainha do céu” embora seja conhecida também como “namorada dos deuses” e
“rainha do mundo”.&nbsp;



Com
o tempo, adquiriu os atributos de outra deusas, de tal forma que, na
Mesopotâmia, a palavra “Ishtar” terminou significando simplesmente “deusa”.
Acreditava-se que era ela quem produzia a vegetação. Um hino dizia: “Nos céus,
eu tomo meu lugar e mando as chuvas; na terra, eu tomo meu lugar e causo a
germinação das sementes verdes”. Era a deusa do amor sexual, do casamento e da
maternidade. Outro hino dizia: “Transformo homens em mulheres, mulheres em
homens; eu sou quem adorna os homens para as mulheres, eu sou quem adorna as mulhres
para os homens”. Seu culto era freqüentemente associado a prostituição sagrada.



A
sagrada prostituição



O
culto da deusa-mãe caminhou para o ocidente através de Chipre e Creta, para a
Anatólia e a Grécia. Em sua forma grega pura, o culto a Afrodite na Grécia era
cercado de decoro, mas nas fronteiras, em Corinto, era praticada a prostituição
sagrada. Mas, quando entrou em contato com a cultura grega, o culto da
deusa-mãe encontrou similar proveniente de culturas indo-européias.


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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
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  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
  
  
 
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>

 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal";
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-qformat:yes;
 mso-style-parent:"";
 mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
 mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
 line-height:115%;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
 mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}

<![endif]-->

<!--[if gte mso 9]>
 
  Normal
  0
  
  
  21
  
  
  false
  false
  false
  
  PT-BR
  X-NONE
  X-NONE
  
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  
  MicrosoftInternetExplorer4
  
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
  
<![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]>
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  LatentStyleCount="267">
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
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   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
  <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
   UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
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No
Irã, era adorada Anahita, a deusa que “purifica as sementes do homem e as
entranhas e o leite das mulheres”. Era descrita como “uma virgem maravilhosa,
poderosa e alta”. Seu culto espalhou-se pelo império persa, e multiplicou-se
sob várias formas: Atenas, Afrodite e Cibele, de Anatólia.



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Foi
Cibele quem, finalmente, se viu adorada no Império romano, como a mãe dos
deuses, tendo um templo em seu louvor erguido na colina Palatino, em Roma, no
ano 204 a.e.c.



O
culto a Cibele continuou, mesmo depois que os romanos o adotaram, de
responsabilidade dos primitivos frigias, que usavam cabelos longos e roupas
femininas e que nas comemorações a Cibele, realizavam danças orgiásticas que
incluíam a auto-estimulação.




Isis egípcia, mãe do faraó





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Outra
forma popular de adoração a deusa-mãe ainda no Império romano, era o culto de
Ísis, a deusa egípcia. Esposa de Osíris, ela era mãe do faraó Hórus. Uma das
representações de Ísis a mostrava cuidando do filho, que alguns acreditam ter
sido a cena inspiradora das posteriores imagens cristãs de mãe e filho.



Na
Anatólia, adorava-se a deusa Ma, cujos sacerdotes eram conhecidos como fanatici
(o que quer dizer servos do fanum, ou templo), de onde vem o termo
“fanático”.



Mais
ao norte havia as deusas tribais celtas e teutônicas. Dentre as últimas,
dizia-se que a deusa Freya tivera relações sexuais com todos os membros do
panteão e que, como deusa dos mortos, compartilhava com Odin a custódia dos
guerreiros tombados em combate. Esta é a mesma forma de ambivalência observada
em muitas figuras da deusa-mãe: porque a terra recebe os mortos e possibilita a
germinação de homens e animais, as deusas-mãe são também divindades do reino
dos mortos.



Representada
em estatuetas índias primitivas de deusa da fertilidade, em atitude de quem
espera sacrifício, transformada com o tempo: a virgem Maria encarna muitos
atributos da “grande mãe” do Mediterrâneo; as estatuetas mostram que a figura
feminina com seios desenvolvidos e quadris enormes, foi sempre e em todo o
mundo uma preocupação dos homens de locais tão diversos quanto Assíria,
Anatólia (6000 a.e.c) e Brasil.
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Com
o advento do cristianismo nos países do mediterrâneo e Europa, o efeito
imediato foi o da perda de prestígio desses cultos e as antigas divindades
foram transformadas em demônios. No caso da grande mãe, no entanto, a crença
popular transferiu muitos de seus atributos à Virgem Maria. Da mesma forma,
divindades locais acabaram sendo confundidas com alguns santos cristãos.



Em
Belém, por exemplo, há, ou havia, uma caverna conhecida como “ a gruta do
leite”. A lenda diz que a sagrada família uma vez se refugiou ali e que,
enquanto a virgem Maria amamentava Jesus, uma gota de seu leite caiu no solo.
Por isso acreditava-se que entrar na caverna curava a esterilidade feminina, ou
aumentava o leite das mães – humanas ou animais. É claro que ali era um local de
adoração de uma forma qualquer de deusa local: a lenda seria apenas uma
cristianização de um culto anterior.



A
figura divina para a humanidade



A
adoração e a reverencia da humanidade pela divina figura da mãe, é um fenômeno
religioso muito mais profundo que dogmas, conselhos ou credos. Reflete a
constante necessidade da criatura humana de segurança, num mundo inteiramente
adverso. Reflete ainda a falta de adequação e os temores do homem. É a pressão
entre os dois extremos – o bem e o mal – entre a dádiva da vida e o medo da
morte, personificados na deusa que dá e tira, que cria e destrói, mas que nunca
é indiferente, como seus consortes, os deuses do céu.



Enquanto
o homem mantiver suas raízes na terra, a reverencia continuará sempre, porque a
deusa-mãe é quem o defenderá nas esferas mais altas do concerto divino, porque
o entende e lhe dá calor, recebe seu afeto e sabe suas falhas, compreende suas
necessidades e tem ternura por sua pequenez. Numa expressão simples, a
intimidade é completa, porque a deusa-mãe é a intermediária direta da criatura
humana com os deuses dos céus: ela sempre terá filhos humanos.
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Retirado da revista: Homem,
Mito e Magia. Vol. I nº VI Pág. 120 a 123. Editora 3. São Paulo. 1973