RAKU
Autor: Patrícia Scarpe | Publicado: 2011-08-10T13:08:00-07:00



Aplicação da técnica do Raku em workshop com Clara Coelho em SP&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
O  raku é uma técnica cerâmica originária do Japão, onde surgiu no século  XVI, sendo desde logo associada à cerimónia do chá. Daí que,  tradicionalmente, tenha sido utilizada, sobretudo em taças (ou chávenas)  e outros objetos ligados a esta tradição. Tanaka Chojiro foi o  ceramista japonês que a desenvolveu. Em 1920, o ceramista Bernard Leach  introduziu esta técnica no Ocidente, e desde então ela vulgarizou-se,  assumindo também novas características. No entanto, ainda hoje os  descendentes da família japonesa a quem foi conferido há séculos o selo  oficial do 'raku' defendem ser dos poucos a manter a essência genuína do  raku.



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      Peça de raku datada do século XVI, usada para   beber chá (Museu Nacional de Tóquio). Foto de Chris73, licença CC-SA 2.5   
  

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      A verdade é que muitas peças de raku, sobretudo as mais antigas, têm  uma simplicidade e um certo número de imperfeições que as distinguem  conceitualmente das peças que hoje fazemos, e que tornaram difícil aos  primeiros ocidentais que entraram no Japão, nos séculos XVI e XVII,  compreender o elevado valor que as peças atingiam - ou, simplesmente,  entender como conseguiam os japoneses distinguir aquele tipo de peças de  outras feitas com diferentes técnicas. Quem olha pode ver apenas uma  taça meio tosca e escura. Mas estas características prendem-se com a  filosofia zen e a função com que as peças eram utilizadas.
Fazer  raku é uma experiência que envolve os quatro elementos, o que a torna  poderosa mesmo para quem, é pouco sensível a misticismos. Terra, ar,  fogo e água - todos contribuem para o resultado final. 
Começa-se  por modelar uma peça de barro poroso, cozendo-a a uma temperatura não  muito elevada. Depois, aplica-se o vidrado na peça, e leva-se esta de  novo ao forno, a uma temperatura de 800 a 1000 graus. 
Atingida  esta temperatura, as peças são retiradas ainda incandescentes do forno e  colocadas numa atmosfera redutora - isto é, num ambiente com pouco  oxigénio. Na prática, isto equivale a mergulhá-las numa substância  orgânica como a serradura (embora seja possível utilizar outros  materiais). É nesta altura que por vezes surge alguma chama; é  necessário tapar rapidamente o recipiente da serradura, e deixa-se a  peça ficar ali durante alguns minutos. O fumo que vai escapando neste  processo é um lençol espesso, quase viscoso, amarelado e muito tóxico.  Daí que seja necessário usar máscara, para além de outros equipamentos  para proteção do calor.Na  terceira fase do processo, a peça é retirada da serradura e rapidamente  mergulhada em água. Muitas vezes está ainda suficientemente quente para  que se liberte vapor. A sensação, deliciosa, é a de que estamos a  brincar com um caldeirão de bruxas.Quando  a peça já está suficientemente arrefecida para podermos pegar-lhe, é  retirada da água (uma sopa escura, com farripas de carvão a boiar) e  esfregada de maneira a retirar a serradura carbonizada que ficou  agarrada. Todas  estas ações permitem criar efeitos singulares: craquelês, brilhos e  texturas especiais, e que - aí reside a magia - apenas em parte são  controláveis. Não é possível fazer duas peças de raku iguais, já que não  se consegue ter sempre exatamente as mesmas circunstâncias. A  porosidade do barro, a quantidade de vidrado e a forma como este se  aplica, a temperatura do forno, a madeira de que é feita a serradura, a  temperatura da peça, o contato maior ou menor da superfície da peça com a  serradura, o tempo de imersão em água - um instante a mais ou a menos, e  abrem-se mais umas rachas, o verde fica mais azul, o brilho fica mais  ou menos intenso. As zonas da peça onde não foi colocado vidrado ficam  totalmente pretas, o que permite criar contrastes muito interessantes  com o vidrado branco, sobretudo quando há craquelê.

RAKU: CERÂMICA PARA ALÉM DO BARRO
Publicado em artes e ideias por tajana em 24 nov 2008 
para ler a matéria no site em que foi retirada:
http://obviousmag.org/archives/2008/11/raku_a_ceramica.html

Video: técnica do Raku - Clara Coelho

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