takojunior/llama_2_finetune_small huggingface dataset:
Question: Ques: Q: The epidermis of the leaf consists of a single layer of which cells?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  The epidermis of the leaf consists of a single layer of tightly-packed dermal cells. They secrete waxy cuticle to prevent evaporation of water from the leaf. The epidermis has tiny pores called stomata (singular, stoma) that control transpiration and gas exchange with the air. Figure below explains how stomata carry out this vital function.   Choices:  - endothermic cells  - insular cells  - chloroplasm  - dermal cells   A:
Ans: dermal cells

Ques: Q: Alchemy helped improve the study of metallurgy and the extraction of metals from what?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  However, out of all this secrecy came several contributions to modern-day chemistry. Early acids and bases were discovered. Glassware for running chemical reactions was developed. Alchemy helped improve the study of metallurgy and the extraction of metals from ores. More systematic approaches to research were being developed, although the idea of orderly scientific experimentation had not become well-established yet. But the groundwork was laid to the development of chemistry as a foundational science.   Choices:  - air  - water  - wood  - ores   A:
Ans: ores

Ques: Q: Physical properties are characteristics that describe what as it exists?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  Which of the following is matter and not matter? 1. the moon 2. an idea for a new invention Answer 1. The moon is matter. The invention itself may be matter, but the idea for it is not. To understand matter and how it changes, we need to be able to describe matter. There are two basic ways to describe matter: physical properties and chemical properties. Physical properties are characteristics that describe matter as it exists. Some of many physical characteristics of matter are shape, color, size, and temperature. An important physical property.   Choices:  - imagination  - antimatter  - life  - matter   A:
Ans: matter

Ques: Q: Clouds are formed from what?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  Rising air currents carry water vapor into the atmosphere. As the water vapor rises in the atmosphere, it cools and condenses. Condensation is the process in which water vapor changes to tiny droplets of liquid water. The water droplets may form clouds. If the droplets get big enough, they fall as precipitation.   Choices:  - ice crystals  - snow flakes  - dust particles  - water droplets   A:
Ans:
Answer: water droplets
Question: Ques: Q: The combustion of propane gas produces carbon dioxide and what else?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  The combustion of propane gas produces carbon dioxide and water vapor.   Choices:  - methane  - carbon monoxide  - phosphorous  - water vapor   A:
Ans: water vapor

Ques: Q: What kind of charges do protons give the nucleus?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  Inside the atom, two types of subatomic particles have electric charge: electrons, which have an electric charge of -1, and protons, which have an opposite but equal electric charge of +1. The model of an atom in the Figure below shows both types of charged particles. Protons are found inside the nucleus at the center of the atom, and they give the nucleus a positive charge. (There are also neutrons in the nucleus, but they have no electric charge. ) Negative electrons stay in the area surrounding the positive nucleus because of the electromagnetic force of attraction between them.   Choices:  - negative  - dynamic  - neutral  - positive   A:
Ans: positive

Ques: Q: The nuclei of radioisotopes are unstable, so they constantly decay and emit what?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  The nuclei of radioisotopes are unstable, so they constantly decay and emit radiation.   Choices:  - moisture  - acid  - chemicals  - radiation   A:
Ans: radiation

Ques: Q: Exposure to what can increase the amount of pigment in the skin and make it appear darker?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  Genes are a major determinant of human skin color. However, exposure to ultraviolet radiation can increase the amount of pigment in the skin and make it appear darker.   Choices:  - gamma rays  - sunlight  - nuclear radiation  - ultraviolet radiation   A:
Ans:
Answer: ultraviolet radiation
Question: Q:Q: What biome is located between the temperate and tropical biomes?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  Latitude means how far a biome is from the equator. Moving from the poles to the equator, you will find (in order) Arctic, boreal, temperate, subtropical, and tropical biomes.   Choices:  - Desert  - mountainous  - Tropical  - subtropical   A:
A:
Answer: subtropical
Question: Q: What does a cell need to transform into a cancerous cell?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  Typically, a series of several mutations that constitutively activate oncogenes and inactivate tumor suppressor genes is required to transform a normal cell into a cancer cell ( Figure below ). Cells have developed a number of control mechanisms to overcome mutations in proto-oncogenes. Therefore, a cell needs multiple mutations to transform into a cancerous cell. A mutation in one proto-oncogene would not cause cancer, as the effects of the mutation would be masked by the normal control of the cell cycle and the actions of tumor suppressor genes. Similarly, a mutation in one tumor suppressor gene would not cause cancer either, due to the presence of many "backup" genes that duplicate its functions. It is only when enough proto-oncogenes have mutated into oncogenes and enough tumor suppressor genes have been deactivated that the cancerous transformation can begin. Signals for cell growth overwhelm the signals for growth regulation, and the cell quickly spirals out of control. Often, because many of these genes regulate the processes that prevent most damage to the genes themselves, DNA damage accumulates as one ages.   Choices:  - microbes  - parasites  - adaptations  - mutations   A:
Answer:
Answer: mutations
Question: (Question)
Q: What is the climate of a small area called?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  Climate conditions in a small area may be different from those of the surroundings. The climate of the small area is called a microclimate . The microclimate of a valley may be cool relative to its surroundings since cold air sinks. The ground surface may be hotter or colder than the air a few feet above it. This is because rock and soil gain and lose heat readily. Different sides of a mountain will have different microclimates. In the Northern Hemisphere, a south-facing slope receives more solar energy than a north-facing slope. Each side supports different amounts and types of vegetation.   Choices:  - ecosystem  - biome  - microevolution  - microclimate   A:
(Answer)
microclimate


(Question)
Q: During mitosis what is replicated in the primary spermatocyte?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  Two identical diploid cells result from spermatogonia mitosis. One of these cells remains a spermatogonium, and the other becomes a primary spermatocyte, the next stage in the process of spermatogenesis. As in mitosis, DNA is replicated in a primary spermatocyte, and the cell undergoes cell division to produce two cells with identical chromosomes. Each of these is a secondary spermatocyte. Now a second round of cell division occurs in both of the secondary spermatocytes, separating the chromosome pairs. This second meiotic division results in a total of four cells with only half of the number of chromosomes. Each of these new cells is a spermatid. Although haploid, early spermatids look very similar to cells in the earlier stages of spermatogenesis, with a round shape, central nucleus, and large amount of cytoplasm. A process called spermiogenesis transforms these early spermatids, reducing the cytoplasm, and beginning the formation of the parts of a true sperm. The fifth stage of germ cell formation—spermatozoa, or formed sperm—is the end result of this process, which occurs in the portion of the tubule nearest the lumen. Eventually, the sperm are released into the lumen and are moved along a series of ducts in the testis toward a structure called the epididymis for the next step of sperm maturation.   Choices:  - mitochondira  - oocyte  - rna  - dna   A:
(Answer)
dna


(Question)
Q: Like people with type 1 diabetes, people with type 2 diabetes must frequently check what level?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  Some cases of type 2 diabetes can be cured with weight loss. However, most people with the disease need to take medicine to control their blood sugar. Regular exercise and balanced eating also help, and should be a regular part of the treatment for these people. Like people with type 1 diabetes, people with type 2 diabetes must frequently check their blood sugar.   Choices:  - glucose  - pulse  - heartbeat  - blood sugar   A:
(Answer)

Answer: blood sugar
Question: Ques: Q: Which principle states that two species cannot occupy the same niche in a habitat?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  Competitive Exclusion Principle Resources are often limited within a habitat and multiple species may compete to obtain them. All species have an ecological niche in the ecosystem, which describes how they acquire the resources they need and how they interact with other species in the community. The competitive exclusion principle states that two species cannot occupy the same niche in a habitat. In other words, different species cannot coexist in a community if they are competing for all the same resources. An example of this principle is shown in Figure 45.24, with two protozoan species, Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum. When grown individually in the laboratory, they both thrive. But when they are placed together in the same test tube (habitat), P. aurelia outcompetes P. caudatum for food, leading to the latter’s eventual extinction.   Choices:  - complete exclusion  - produce exclusion  - tough exclusion  - competitive exclusion   A:
Ans: competitive exclusion

Ques: Q: What class of oxygencontaining compounds is formed by the dehydration of alcohols?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  Ethanol and resveratrol, a phenol, are representatives of two of the families of oxygencontaining compounds that we consider in this chapter. Two other classes, aldehydes and ketones, are formed by the oxidation of alcohols. Ethers, another class, are made by the dehydration of alcohols.   Choices:  - reagents  - sugars  - nethers  - ethers   A:
Ans: ethers

Ques: Q: What is the first step of the calvin cycle called?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  The Calvin cycle has three major steps: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. All three steps take place in the stroma of a chloroplast.   Choices:  - dioxide fixation  - carbon maturation  - breath fixation  - carbon fixation   A:
Ans: carbon fixation

Ques: Q: What is the amount of energy required to begin a chemical reaction known as?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  All chemical reactions need energy to get started. Even reactions that release energy need a boost of energy in order to begin. The energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called activation energy . Activation energy is like the push a child needs to start going down a playground slide. The push gives the child enough energy to start moving, but once she starts, she keeps moving without being pushed again. Activation energy is illustrated in Figure below .   Choices:  - decomposition energy  - reaction energy  - positive energy  - activation energy   A:
Ans:
Answer: activation energy
Question: Q: Birds actually have two basic types of feathers: flight feathers and?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  Feathers help birds fly and also provide insulation and serve other purposes. Birds actually have two basic types of feathers: flight feathers and down feathers. Both are shown in Figure below . Flight feathers are long, stiff, and waterproof. They provide lift and air resistance without adding weight. Down feathers are short and fluffy. They trap air next to a bird’s skin for insulation.   Choices:  - colorful plumes  - landing feathers  - shed feathers  - down feathers   A:
down feathers

Q: What rigid layer surrounds the cell membrane of a plant cell?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  The cell wall is a rigid layer that surrounds the cell membrane of a plant cell. It’s made mainly of the complex carbohydrate called cellulose. The cell wall supports and protects the cell. The cell wall isn’t solid like a brick wall. It has tiny holes in it called pores. The pores let water, nutrients, and other substances move into and out of the cell.   Choices:  - bark  - epidermis  - cuticle  - cell wall   A:
cell wall

Q: Lack of which attachment makes ester molecules incapable of intermolecular hydrogen bonding?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  Ester molecules are polar but have no hydrogen atom attached directly to an oxygen atom. They are therefore incapable of engaging in intermolecular hydrogen bonding with one another and thus have considerably lower boiling points than their isomeric carboxylic acids counterparts. Because ester molecules can engage in hydrogen bonding with water molecules, however, esters of low molar mass are somewhat soluble in water. Borderline solubility occurs in those molecules that have three to five carbon atoms. http://catalog. flatworldknowledge. com/bookhub/reader/2547 - gob-ch15_s07_t01lists the physical properties of some common esters.   Choices:  - carbon fluorine atom  - carbon sulfur atom  - carbon oxygen atom  - hydrogen-oxygen atom   A:
hydrogen-oxygen atom

Q: Through what form of energy transfer does the sun's energy travel?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  Radiation is the transfer of energy by waves. Energy can travel as waves through air or empty space. The Sun's energy travels through space by radiation. After sunlight heats the planet's surface, some heat radiates back into the atmosphere.   Choices:  - solar burst  - convection  - Fusion  - radiation   A:

Answer: radiation
Question: (Q).
Q: Alkynes are what type of compound?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  Unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain one or more triple bonds are called alkynes . The names of specific alkynes always end in –yne and have a prefix for the number of carbon atoms. The structural formula in the Figure below represents the smallest alkyne, named ethyne, which has two carbon atoms and two hydrogen atoms (C 2 H 2 ). Ethyne is also called acetylene. It is burned in acetylene torches, like the one pictured in the Figure below . The flame of an acetylene torch is so hot that it can melt metal.   Choices:  - reversible hydrocarbons  - proteins hydrocarbons  - Split Hydrocarbons  - unsaturated hydrocarbons   A:
(A).
unsaturated hydrocarbons


(Q).
Q: In humans, how many chromosomes does each somatic cell have?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:     Choices:  - 51  - 48  - 36  - 46   A:
(A).
46


(Q).
Q: What system lets flatworms maintain a proper balance of water and salts?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  Flatworms reflect several major evolutionary advances in invertebrates. They have three embryonic cell layers, including mesoderm. The mesoderm layer allows them to develop organ systems. For example, they have muscular and excretory systems. The muscular system allows them to move from place to place over solid surfaces. The excretory system lets them maintain a proper balance of water and salts. Flatworms also show cephalization and bilateral symmetry.   Choices:  - homeostasis  - nervous  - digestive  - excretory   A:
(A).

Answer: excretory
Question: Given the question: Q: What do contour lines that are close together indicate?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  1. The spacing of contour lines shows the slope of the land . Contour lines that are close together indicate a steep slope. This is because the elevation changes quickly in a small area. Contour lines that seem to touch indicate a very steep slope, like a cliff. When contour lines are spaced far apart, the slope is gentle. So contour lines help us see the three-dimensional shape of the land.   Choices:  - deep slope  - close slope  - flat slope  - steep slope   A:
The answer is:
Answer: steep slope
Question: Ques:Q: What causes light to refract?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  Light slows down when it enters water from the air. This causes the wave to refract, or bend.   Choices:  - speeding up  - blinking  - bending  - slowing down   A:

Ans:slowing down
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Ques:Q: A phase diagram plots temperature and what else?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  Both temperature and pressure have an effect on the phase in which a given substance exists. A plot of temperature vs. pressure that indicates the states of matter present at each point is known as a phase diagram . Figure below shows the phase diagram for water.   Choices:  - friction  - power  - movement  - pressure   A:

Ans:pressure
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Ques:Q: What are the areas between cells that either allow or prevent the movement of materials called?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  Junctions are areas between cells that either allow or prevent the movement of materials. Junctions are usually composed of numerous proteins, forming a large molecular complex. Gap junctions, desmosomes and tight junctions are three examples of junctions.   Choices:  - sections  - corners  - receptors  - junctions   A:

Ans:junctions
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Ques:Q: Shivering helps the body return to a stable what?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  These people may be having fun in the icy water, but their bodies are struggling to react to the cold. For example, they may begin to shiver. Shivering helps the body return to a stable temperature. The body is always working to achieve stability, or homeostasis.   Choices:  - pH level  - weight  - mood  - temperature   A:

Ans:
Answer: temperature
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Question: Please answer the following question: Q: What type of light can you feel as heat but not see and has the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  Infrared light is light with the longest wavelengths and lowest frequencies. You can’t see infrared light, but you can feel it as heat. Besides the sun, flames and living things give off infrared light.   Choices:  - solar light  - ultraviolet light  - thermal light  - infrared light   A:
Answer:
Answer: infrared light
Question: Question: Q: What are accessory digestive organs critical for breaking down?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  Digestive System Organs The easiest way to understand the digestive system is to divide its organs into two main categories. The first group is the organs that make up the alimentary canal. Accessory digestive organs comprise the second group and are critical for orchestrating the breakdown of food and the assimilation of its nutrients into the body. Accessory digestive organs, despite their name, are critical to the function of the digestive system.   Choices:  - pathogens  - enzymes  - hormones  - food   A:
Answer:
Answer: food
Question: Answer the following question: Q: An electric stove changes electric current to what form of energy?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  Electric devices, such as lights and household appliances, change electric current to other forms of energy. For example, an electric stove changes electric current to thermal energy. Other common devices, such as mobile phones and computers, use electric current for another purpose: to encode information. A message encoded this way is called an electronic signal , and the use of electric current for this purpose is called electronics . For an overview of electronics and electronic signals, read the short article at this URL: http://www. bbc. co. uk/scotland/learning/bitesize/standard/physics/electronics/overview_rev1. shtml .   Choices:  - thermodynamic  - kinetic  - nuclear  - thermal   A:
Answer:
Answer: thermal
Question: (Q).
Q: Amino acid units in a protein are connected by what bonds?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  Amino acid units in a protein are connected by peptide bonds. What is another name for the functional group linking the amino acids?.   Choices:  - acidic  - covalent  - ionic  - peptide   A:
(A).
peptide


(Q).
Q: The parts of the ears involved in balance are called what?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  The parts of the ears involved in balance are the semicircular canals . Above, the semicircular canals are colored purple ( Figure above ). The canals contain liquid and are like the bottle of water pictured below ( Figure below ). When the bottle tips, the water surface moves up and down the sides of the bottle. When the body tips, the liquid in the semicircular canals moves up and down the sides of the canals. Tiny hair cells line the semicircular canals. Movement of the liquid inside the canals causes the hair cells to send nerve impulses. The nerve impulses travel to the cerebellum in the brain along the vestibular nerve. In response, the cerebellum sends commands to muscles to contract or relax so that the body stays balanced.   Choices:  - lobe canal  - symmetrical canals  - rectangular canals  - semicircular canals   A:
(A).
semicircular canals


(Q).
Q: Amylase and pepsin are examples of enzymes needed for what process?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  More than 1000 different enzymes are necessary for human life. Many enzymes are needed for the digestion of food. Two examples are amylase and pepsin. Both are described in the Figure below .   Choices:  - fermentation  - absorption  - filtration  - digestion   A:
(A).

Answer: digestion
Question: Q:Q: A molecule has two structures that can be generated. what is this called?   Read this paragraph and choose the correct option from the provided answers:  The cis isomer has the two single hydrogen atoms on the same side of the molecule, while the trans isomer has them on opposite sides of the molecule. In both molecules, the bonding order of the atoms is the same. In order for geometric isomers to exist, there must be a rigid structure in the molecule to prevent free rotation around a bond. If the double bond in an alkene was capable of rotating, the two geometric isomers above would not exist. In addition, the two carbon atoms must each have two different groups attached in order for there to be geometric isomers. Propene has no geometric isomers because one of the carbon atoms has two single hydrogens bonded to it.   Choices:  - resonance hybrids  - congruence  - ethnocentrism  - isomerism   A:
A:
Answer: isomerism