takojunior/llama_2_finetune_small huggingface dataset:
Question: Ques:Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Absorptive protists absorb food molecules across their cell membranes. This occurs by diffusion . These protists are important decomposers.   Q: What protists absorb food molecules across their cell membranes?   Choices:  - dielectric  - fibrous  - solid  - absorptive  A:

Ans:absorptive
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Ques:Answer the following question given this paragraph:   18.3 Erythrocytes The most abundant formed elements in blood, erythrocytes are red, biconcave disks packed with an oxygen-carrying compound called hemoglobin. The hemoglobin molecule contains four globin proteins bound to a pigment molecule called heme, which contains an ion of iron. In the bloodstream, iron picks up oxygen in the lungs and drops it off in the tissues; the amino acids in hemoglobin then transport carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. Erythrocytes live only 120 days on average, and thus must be continually replaced. Worn-out erythrocytes are phagocytized by macrophages and their hemoglobin is broken down. The breakdown products are recycled or removed as wastes: Globin is broken down into amino acids for synthesis of new proteins; iron is stored in the liver or spleen or used by the bone marrow for production of new erythrocytes; and the remnants of heme are converted into bilirubin, or other waste products that are taken up by the liver and excreted in the bile or removed by the kidneys. Anemia is a deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin, whereas polycythemia is an excess of RBCs.   Q: The most abundant formed elements in blood, erythrocytes are red, biconcave disks packed with an oxygen-carrying compound called this?   Choices:  - plasma  - hydrogen  - pus  - hemoglobin  A:

Ans:hemoglobin
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Ques:Answer the following question given this paragraph:   The Sun makes up almost all of the mass of the solar system.   Q: What celestial body in the solar system makes up most of its total mass?   Choices:  - Jupiter  - earth  - Andromeda  - sun  A:

Ans:sun
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Ques:Answer the following question given this paragraph:   the fact that stars are made up of very lightweight hydrogen gas.   Q: What type of gas are stars made up of?   Choices:  - water vapor  - freon  - calcium  - hydrogen  A:

Ans:
Answer: hydrogen
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Question: Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   The nitrogen atom of a primary amine is bonded to two hydrogen atoms and one carbon. The nitrogen atom of a secondary amine is bonded to one hydrogen and two carbons. The nitrogen atom of a tertiary amine is bonded to three carbon atoms. Amines are typically named by a common system rather than by IUPAC guidelines. The common system for naming amines along with several examples is shown below.   Q: How many hydrogen atoms does a nitrogen atom of a primary amine have?   Choices:  - four  - six  - ten  - two  A:
Answer: two

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   The two ovaries are small, egg-shaped organs that lie on either side of the uterus. They produce eggs and secrete estrogen. Each egg is located inside a structure called a follicle . Cells in the follicle protect the egg and help it mature.   Q: The small, egg-shaped organs that lie on either side of the uterus are called?   Choices:  - lungs  - glands  - kidneys  - ovaries  A:
Answer: ovaries

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Linnaeus published his classification system in the 1700s. Since then, many new species have been discovered. The biochemistry of many organisms has also become known. Eventually, scientists realized that Linnaeus’s system of classification needed revision.   Q: What scientist created the modern system for classifying organisms?   Choices:  - Bohr  - Newton  - Pasteur  - linnaeus  A:
Answer:
Answer: linnaeus
Question: (Question)
Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Mammals have four limbs and produce amniotic eggs.   Q: Mammals have four limbs and produce what kind of eggs?   Choices:  - placental  - umbilical  - hard-shelled  - amniotic  A:
(Answer)
amniotic


(Question)
Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Carbon is one of the most common elements found in living organisms. Chains of carbon molecules form the backbones of many organic molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Carbon is constantly cycling between living organisms and the atmosphere ( Figure below ). The cycling of carbon occurs through the carbon cycle .   Q: Which common element is the most found in living organisms?   Choices:  - hydrogen  - oxygen  - monoxide  - carbon  A:
(Answer)
carbon


(Question)
Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Carboxylic acids are weak acids (see the chapter on acids and bases), meaning they are not 100% ionized in water. Generally only about 1% of the molecules of a carboxylic acid dissolved in water are ionized at any given time. The remaining molecules are undissociated in solution. We prepare carboxylic acids by the oxidation of aldehydes or alcohols whose –OH functional group is located on the carbon atom at the end of the chain of carbon atoms in the alcohol:.   Q: Carboxylic acids are weak acids, meaning they are not 100% ionized in what?   Choices:  - air  - ethanol  - liquid  - water  A:
(Answer)

Answer: water
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   The nervous system sends electrical messages throughout the body and controls all other body systems.   Q: Which body system controls all the others by sending electrical messages?   Choices:  - the localized system  - the specialized system  - the endocrine system  - the nervous system  A:
the nervous system

Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Most air masses form over polar or tropical regions. They may form over continents or oceans. Air masses are moist if they form over oceans. They are dry if they form over continents. Air masses that form over oceans are called maritime air masses. Those that form over continents are called continental air masses. The image below shows air masses that form over or near North America ( Figure below ).   Q: If an air mass forms over an ocean it is called what type of air mass?   Choices:  - cumulus  - hurricane  - tropical  - maritime  A:
maritime

Answer the following question given this paragraph:   The two tonsils are located on either side of the throat. They trap pathogens that enter the body through the mouth or nose.   Q: Where are the two tonsils located?   Choices:  - sinus  - nose  - tooth  - throat  A:

Answer: throat
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Viroids Viroids are plant pathogens: small, single-stranded, circular RNA particles that are much simpler than a virus. They do not have a capsid or outer envelope, but like viruses can reproduce only within a host cell. Viroids do not, however, manufacture any proteins, and they only produce a single, specific RNA molecule. Human diseases caused by viroids have yet to be identified. Viroids are known to infect plants (Figure 21.18) and are responsible for crop failures and the loss of millions of dollars in agricultural revenue each year. Some of the plants they infect include potatoes, cucumbers, tomatoes, chrysanthemums, avocados, and coconut palms.   Q: Viroids are plant pathogens much simpler than what, but like them can reproduce only within a host cell?   Choices:  - pests  - bacteria  - parasites  - viruses  A:
viruses

Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Inside of elements, you will find identical atoms. An atom is the simplest and smallest particle of matter that still has chemical properties of the element. Atoms are the building block of all of the elements that make up the matter in your body or any other living or non-living thing. Atoms are so small that only the most powerful microscopes can see them.   Q: The simplest and smallest particle of matter that still has chemical properties of the element is called?   Choices:  - a molecule  - a nucleus  - an isotope  - an atom  A:
an atom

Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Bone tissue (osseous tissue) differs greatly from other tissues in the body. Bone is hard and many of its functions depend on that characteristic hardness. Later discussions in this chapter will show that bone is also dynamic in that its shape adjusts to accommodate stresses. This section will examine the gross anatomy of bone first and then move on to its histology.   Q: Osseous tissue is the tissue that makes up what?   Choices:  - muscle  - brain  - liver  - bone  A:

Answer: bone
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   The first species to colonize a disturbed area such as this are called pioneer species (see Figure below ). They change the environment and pave the way for other species to come into the area. Pioneer species are likely to include bacteria and lichens that can live on bare rock. Along with wind and water, they help weather the rock and form soil. Once soil begins to form, plants can move in. At first, the plants include grasses and other species that can grow in thin, poor soil. As more plants grow and die, organic matter is added to the soil. This improves the soil and helps it hold water. The improved soil allows shrubs and trees to move into the area.   Q: What are species that are first to colonize a disturbed area called?   Choices:  - novel species  - exploratory species  - brave species  - pioneer species  A:
pioneer species
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Answer the following question given this paragraph:   When gametes unite during fertilization, the resulting zygote inherits two alleles for each gene. One allele comes from each parent.   Q: How many alleles comes from each parent?   Choices:  - none  - two  - three  - one  A:
one
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Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Photoautotrophs are cells that capture light energy, and use carbon dioxide as their carbon source. There are many photoautotrophic prokaryotes, which include cyanobacteria. Photoautotrophic prokaryotes use similar compounds to those of plants to trap light energy.   Q: What type of cells capture light energy, and use carbon dioxide as their carbon source?   Choices:  - sporozoans  - blood cells  - chloroplasts  - photoautotrophs  A:
photoautotrophs
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Answer the following question given this paragraph:      Q: Many species secrete a hard external skeleton of what?   Choices:  - sodium bicarbonate  - hydrogen carbonate  - carbon dioxide  - calcium carbonate  A:

Answer: calcium carbonate
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Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Earth is just a tiny speck in the Universe. Our planet is surrounded by lots of space. Light travels across empty space. Light is the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum . Astronomers use the light and other energy that comes to us to gather information about the Universe.   Q: What is the term for the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum?   Choices:  - chroma  - gravity  - electricity  - light  A:
A:
Answer: light
Question: Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   When ancient plants underwent photosynthesis, they changed energy in sunlight to stored chemical energy in food. The plants used the food and so did the organisms that ate the plants. After the plants and other organisms died, their remains gradually changed to fossil fuels as they were covered and compressed by layers of sediments. Petroleum and natural gas formed from ocean organisms and are found together. Coal formed from giant tree ferns and other swamp plants.   Q: During photosynthesis what organelle is used by plants to change sunlight into chemical energy?   Choices:  - mitochondria  - golgi apparatus  - ribosome  - chloroplasts  A:
Answer: chloroplasts

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Solution 1. Saltwater acts as if it were a single substance even though it contains two substances—salt and water. Saltwater is a homogeneous mixture, or a solution. Soil is composed of small pieces of a variety of materials, so it is a heterogeneous mixture. Water is a substance; more specifically, because water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen, it is a compound. Oxygen, a substance, is an element.   Q: Saltwater is a homogeneous mixture, another term for what?   Choices:  - structure  - element  - lipid  - solution  A:
Answer: solution

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Internal energy—the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of a system’s atoms and molecules. Can be divided into many subcategories, such as thermal and chemical energy. Depends only on the state of a system (such as its P , V , and T ), not on how the energy entered the system. Change in internal energy is path independent.   Q: The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of a system’s atoms and molecules is called what?   Choices:  - mechanical energy  - used energy  - stored energy  - internal energy  A:
Answer:
Answer: internal energy
Question: *Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph:      Q: The toothlessness of modern birds, which serves to trim the weight of the head, is an example of what?   Choices:  - mutation  - genetic drift  - variety  - adaptation  A:
**Answer**
adaptation

*Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph:   It could easily be said that a cell is the fundamental unit of life, the smallest unit capable of life or the structural and functional unit necessary for life. But whatever it is, a cell is necessary for life. The Cell Biology chapter will discuss some of the fundamental properties of the cell, with lessons that include the cell structure, transport in and out of the cell, energy metabolism, and cell division and reproduction.   Q: What can be thought of as the fundamental unit of life?   Choices:  - ion  - atom  - electron  - cell  A:
**Answer**
cell

*Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph:   The story is quite different for gases. Gases take the shape of their container, and they are relatively easy to compress. There are fewer gas particles per unit volume than for the same substance in the liquid or solid form. In fact, the liquid form of a given material is generally several hundred times more dense than the gas form at normal pressures. Despite the large amounts of empty space, a sample of a gas contains many particles moving around, colliding and imparting force on their surroundings. For example, in a one mole sample of gas at 0°C and 1 atm of pressure, each cubic centimeter contains roughly 2.7 × 10 19 molecules. Each molecule participates in several billion collisions every second, moving only about 10-100 nanometers between collisions. Additionally, these gas particles move at very high speeds. For example, at 25°C, the average speed of hydrogen molecules in a sample of hydrogen gas is 1960 m/s.   Q: What take the shape of their container, and are relatively easy to compress?   Choices:  - molecules  - semi-fluids  - fluids  - gases  A:
**Answer**
gases

*Question*
Answer the following question given this paragraph:   layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. The enteric nervous system provides intrinsic innervation, and the autonomic nervous system provides extrinsic innervation.   Q: The enteric nervous system provides intrinsic innervation, and the autonomic nervous system provides this?   Choices:  - arise innervation  - complex innervation  - autonomic innervation  - extrinsic innervation  A:
**Answer**

Answer: extrinsic innervation
Question: (Question)
Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Core electrons are the electrons that are closer to the nucleus and therefore do not participate in bonding.   Q: What is the name for electrons closer to the nucleus that do not participate in bonding?   Choices:  - surface electrons  - radical electrons  - odd electrons  - core electrons  A:
(Answer)
core electrons


(Question)
Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Genomic DNA Before discussing the steps a cell must undertake to replicate, a deeper understanding of the structure and function of a cell’s genetic information is necessary. A cell’s DNA, packaged as a double-stranded DNA molecule, is called its genome. In prokaryotes, the genome is composed of a single, double-stranded DNA molecule in the form of a loop or circle (Figure 10.2). The region in the cell containing this genetic material is called a nucleoid. Some prokaryotes also have smaller loops of DNA called plasmids that are not essential for normal growth. Bacteria can exchange these plasmids with other bacteria, sometimes receiving beneficial new genes that the recipient can add to their chromosomal DNA. Antibiotic resistance is one trait that often spreads through a bacterial colony through plasmid exchange.   Q: In prokaryotes, what is composed of a single, double-stranded dna molecule in the form of a loop or circle?   Choices:  - allele  - rNA  - chromosomes  - genome  A:
(Answer)
genome


(Question)
Answer the following question given this paragraph:   The Sun is made mostly of plasma. Plasma is superheated gas with a positive electrical charge.   Q: What is defined as superheated gas with a positive electrical charge?   Choices:  - supernova  - greenhouse gas  - ion  - plasma  A:
(Answer)

Answer: plasma
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   The main organs of the cardiovascular system are the heart and blood vessels. Both organs contain valves. Valves also are found in plumbing systems. They can be turned on or off to control the flow of water.   Q: The main organs of the cardiovascular system are the blood vessels and what else?   Choices:  - alveoli  - capillaries  - lung  - heart  A:

Answer: heart
Question: Ques:Answer the following question given this paragraph:   The wavelength of visible light determines the color that the light appears. Light with the longest wavelength appears red, and light with the shortest wavelength appears violet. In between are the wavelengths of all the other colors of light.   Q: Light with the shortest wavelength appears as what color?   Choices:  - red  - green  - blue  - violet  A:

Ans:violet
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Ques:Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Leaves may vary in size, shape, and their arrangement on stems. Nonflowering vascular plants have three basic types of leaves: microphylls (“tiny leaves”), fronds, and needles. Figure below describes each type.   Q: Nonflowering vascular plants have three basic types of leaves: microphylls, fronds, and what other type?   Choices:  - molds  - tubes  - stems  - needles  A:

Ans:needles
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Ques:Answer the following question given this paragraph:   In self-pollination , the egg is fertilized by the pollen of the same flower.   Q: What is the process by which the egg is fertilized by the pollen of the same flower?   Choices:  - self formation  - self realization  - self condensation  - self pollination  A:

Ans:self pollination
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Ques:Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Electric generators convert mechanical energy to electric energy. The generator consists of some number of wire loops wrapped around an iron core and placed in a strong magnetic field. The loops of wire and the iron core are called the armature . The armature is mounted so that it can rotate freely inside the magnetic field. Mechanical energy is used to spin the armature in the field so that the wire loops cut across the field and produce electric current. The of this current is calculated by .   Q: Electric generators convert what type of energy to electric energy?   Choices:  - electromagnetic energy  - thermodynamic energy  - fluid energy  - mechanical energy  A:

Ans:
Answer: mechanical energy
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Question: Please answer the following question: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Even if Laura didn’t try to stop the skateboard, it would stop sooner or later. That’s because there’s also friction between the wheels and the pavement. Friction is a force that counters all kinds of motion. It occurs whenever two surfaces come into contact.   Q: What force occurs whenever two surfaces come into contact?   Choices:  - tension  - vibration  - gravity  - friction  A:
Answer:
Answer: friction
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Gas molecules also exert pressure. Earth’s atmosphere exerts pressure because gravity acts on the huge number of gas particles contained in the atmosphere, holding it in place. Pressure is also exerted by a small sample of gas, such as that which is contained in a balloon. Gas pressure is the pressure that results from collisions of gas particles with an object. Inside the balloon, the gas particles collide with the balloon’s inner walls. It is those collisions which keep the balloon inflated. If the gas particles were to suddenly stop moving, the balloon would instantly deflate. The Figure below is an illustration of gas particles exerting pressure inside a container.   Q: What will happen if the gas particles inside an inflated balloon suddenly stop moving?   Choices:  - balloon falls  - balloon bursts  - balloon inflates  - balloon deflates  A:
Answer:
Answer: balloon deflates
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph:      Q: Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, what carries un-oxygenated blood back to the heart?   Choices:  - glands  - intestines  - lungs  - veins  A:
Answer:
Answer: veins
Question: Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Like salt water in the ocean, many solutions are normally in the liquid state. However, matter in any state can form a solution. An alloy, which is a mixture of a metal with one or more other substances, is a solid solution at room temperature. For example, the alloy bronze is a solution of copper and tin. Matter in the gaseous state can also form solutions.   Q: An alloy is a mixture of what with one or more other substances?   Choices:  - acid  - water  - protein  - metal  A:
Answer: metal

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph:      Q: Energy that is released when a chemical reaction takes place is known as what?   Choices:  - liquid energy  - consequence energy  - thermal energy  - chemical energy  A:
Answer: chemical energy

Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   The surface seismic waves do the most damage because they only travel along the surface of the ground.   Q: What type of seismic waves do the most damage?   Choices:  - gravity  - sunlight  - tension  - surface  A:
Answer:
Answer: surface
Question: Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Digestive System Organs The easiest way to understand the digestive system is to divide its organs into two main categories. The first group is the organs that make up the alimentary canal. Accessory digestive organs comprise the second group and are critical for orchestrating the breakdown of food and the assimilation of its nutrients into the body. Accessory digestive organs, despite their name, are critical to the function of the digestive system.   Q: What are accessory digestive organs critical for breaking down?   Choices:  - pathogens  - enzymes  - hormones  - food  A:
Answer:
Answer: food
Question: Please answer the following question: Answer the following question given this paragraph:   Water is the solvent in solutions called acids and bases. To understand acids and bases, it is important to know more about pure water, in which nothing is dissolved. In pure water (such as distilled water), a tiny fraction of water molecules naturally breaks down, or dissociates, to form ions. An ion is an electrically charged atom or molecule. The dissociation of pure water into ions is represented by the chemical equation:.   Q: Water is the solvent in solutions called acids and?   Choices:  - proteins  - alkalines  - nutrients  - bases  A:
A:
Answer: bases