syedzayyan/paper_mill_benchmark huggingface dataset:
How Americans encounter guns: Mixed methods content analysis of YouTube and internet search data.

Firearm-related injury and death is a serious public health issue in the u.s.As more americans consume news and media online, there is growing interest in using these channels to prevent firearm-related harms.Understanding the firearm-related narratives to which consumers are exposed is foundational to this work.This research used the browsing behavior of a representative sample of american adults to identify seven firearm-related content "ecosystems" (defined as naturally occurring networks of channels watched by the same users) on you tube; we then described the demographics and internet search patterns of users affiliated with each ecosystem.Over the 9-month study period, 72,205 panelists had 16,803,075 person-video encounters with 7,274,093 videos.Among these, 282,419 were related to firearms.Using fast greedy clustering, we partitioned users and channel interactions into seven distinct channel-based content ecosystems that reached more than 1/1000 you tube users per day.These ecosystems were diverse in reach, users, and content (e.g., guns for self-protection, guns for fun).On average, 0.5% of panelists performed a firearm-related internet search on a given day.The vast majority of searches were related to mass shootings or police-involved shootings (e.g., "active shooter"), and virtually none were about more common firearm harm such as suicide.Searches for firearm safety information were most common among panelists affiliated with the "hunting & fishing" and "guns & gear" ecosystems, which were watched primarily by older, white men.These findings identify an opportunity for analyzing firearm-related narratives and tailoring firearm safety messaging for users affiliated with specific online content ecosystems.

Journal: Preventive medicine (2022)
Publication types: Journal Article;Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
High HIV incidence among young women in South Africa: Data from a large prospective study.

Introduction south africa has the highest national burden of hiv globally.Understanding drivers of hiv acquisition in recently completed, prospective studies in which hiv was an endpoint may help inform the strategy and investments in national hiv prevention efforts and guide the design of future hiv prevention trials.We assessed hiv incidence and correlates of incidence among women enrolled in echo (evidence for contraceptive options and hiv outcomes), a large, open-label randomized clinical trial that compared three highly effective.Reversible methods of contraception and rates of hiv acquisition.Methods during december 2015 to october 2018, echo followed sexually active, hiv-seronegative women, aged 16-35 years, seeking contraceptive services and willing to be randomized to one of three contraceptive methods (intramuscular depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, copper intrauterine device, or levonorgestrel implant) for 12-18 months at nine sites in south africa.Hiv incidence based on prospectively observed hiv seroconversion events.Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to define baseline cofactors related to incident hiv infection.Results 5768 women were enrolled and contributed 7647 woman-years of follow-up.The median age was 23 years and 62.5% were ≤24 years.A total of 345 incident hiv infections occurred, an incidence of 4.51 per 100 woman-years (95%ci 4.05-5.01).Incidence was >3 per 100 woman-years at all sites.Age ≤24 years, baseline infection with sexually transmitted infections, bmi≤30, and having new or multiple partners in the three months prior to enrollment were associated with incident hiv.Conclusions hiv incidence was high among south african women seeking contraceptive services.Integration of diagnostic management of sexually transmitted infections alongside delivery of hiv prevention options in health facilities providing contraception services are needed to mitigate ongoing risks of hiv acquisition for this vulnerable population.Clinical trial registration clinical trials.gov, number nct02550067 was the main clinical trial from which this secondary, non-randomized / observational analysis was derived with data limited to just south african sites.

Journal: PloS one (2022)
Publication types: Journal Article;Randomized Controlled Trial;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Younger generations are more interested than older generations in having non-domesticated animals as pets.

The trade and private ownership of non-domesticated animals has detrimental effects on individual animals and their wild populations.Therefore, there is a need to understand the conditions that motivate and dissuade interest in non-domesticated pet ownership.Past research has demonstrated that the way in which non-domesticated animals are portrayed in images influences the public's perception that they are suitable as pets.We conducted an online survey of people residing in the united states to investigate how viewing images that could be realistically captured in the zoo and broader tourism industries impact the degree to which people report interest in having that animal as a pet.We focused on two species, reticulated pythons (malayopython reticulatus) and two-toed sloths (choloepus hoffmanni), and presented each species in six different visual contexts.After viewing an image, respondents reported interest in pet ownership on a four-point likert scale.Each species was studied separately in a between-subjects design and results were analyzed using ordinal logistic regression models.Thirty-nine percent of respondents reported interest in sloth pet ownership, and 21% reported interest in python pet ownership.However, contrary to our hypotheses, we found that viewing these species in different visual contexts did not significantly affect survey respondents' reported interest in having either species as a pet.Generation was a significant predictor of interest in both sloth and python pet ownership, with younger generations reporting more interest in having these species as pets.Male respondents reported more interest in python pet ownership, whereas there were no significant differences between genders regarding interest in sloth ownership.We consider how modern media exposure to animals in unnatural contexts may relate to the generational effect and discuss priorities for future research to better understand the development of individual interests in non-domesticated pet ownership.

Journal: PloS one (2022)
Publication types: Journal Article
The effect of repeated freezing and thawing on the suture pull-out strength in equine arytenoid and cricoid cartilages.

To assess the effect of repeated freezing and thawing on the suture pull-out strength in arytenoid and cricoid cartilages subjected to the laryngoplasty (lp) procedure.Study design ex vivo experimental study.Sample population ten grossly normal equine cadaveric larynges.Methods bilateral lp constructs were created using a standard lp technique.One hemilarynx was randomly allocated to the single freeze and thaw group and the other allocated to the repeated freeze and thaw (3 complete cycles) group.The suture ends of each lp construct were attached to a load frame and subjected to monotonic loading until construct failure.Mean load (n) and displacement (mm) at lp construct failure were compared between groups.Results all lp constructs failed by suture pull through the arytenoid cartilage.The mean load at failure was similar between groups (118.9 ± 25.5 n in the single freeze and thaw group and 113.4 ± 20.5 n in the repeated freeze and thaw group, p = .62).The mean displacement at failure was similar between groups (54.4 ± 15.1 mm in the single freeze and thaw group and 54.4 ± 15.4 mm in the repeated freeze and thaw group, p = .99).Conclusion repeated freezing and thawing did not affect the suture pullout strength of the arytenoid and cricoid cartilages.Clinical significance laryngeal specimens that have been subjected to repeated freezing and thawing can be utilized in the experimental evaluation of lp procedures because there is no alteration of the suture pull-out strength of the relevant cartilages.

Journal: Veterinary surgery : VS (2022)
Publication types: Journal Article
The Effect of Mild Renal Dysfunction on the Assessment of Plasma Amino Acid Concentration and Insulin Resistance in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

An increase in the levels of branched-chain amino acids (bcaas) and certain aromatic amino acids, such as alanine, in plasma is correlated with insulin resistance (ir) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2dm).T2dm is a leading risk factor for chronic kidney disease.Meanwhile, renal dysfunction causes changes in plasma amino acid levels.To date, no study has examined how mild renal dysfunction and ir interact with plasma amino acid levels.This study examines the effects of ir and renal dysfunction on plasma amino acid concentrations in t2dm.Methods data were collected from healthy male participants (controls) and male patients with t2dm between may 2018 and february 2022.Blood samples were collected after overnight fasting.Ir and renal function were evaluated using the homeostasis model assessment of ir (homa-ir) and serum cystatin c (cys c), respectively.Results a total of 49 and 93 participants were included in the control and t2dm groups, respectively.In the t2dm group, eight amino acids (alanine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, and valine) and total bcaa showed a significant correlation with homa-ir (p< 0.01), whereas six amino acids (γ-aminobutyric acid, citrulline, cysteine, glycine, methionine, and valine) and total bcaa showed a significant correlation with 1/cys c (p< 0.02).However, only alanine, glutamic acid, and each bcaa showed significant differences between the control group and the ir t2dm subgroup.Increases in the bcaa levels with t2dm were canceled by renal dysfunction (cys c ≥ 0.93) in patients with intermediate ir.Conclusion to use plasma bcaa concentration as a marker of ir, renal function must be considered, even in mild renal dysfunction.Increased alanine and glutamic acid levels indicate ir, regardless of mild renal dysfunction.

Journal: Journal of diabetes research (2022)
Publication types: Journal Article
Postharvest Management Practices of Grains in the Eastern Region of Kenya.

Cereals and legumes play a major role in the production systems and diets of farmers in the semi-arid eastern region of kenya.Efficient postharvest management can tremendously contribute to food security in these regions.A study was carried out in three counties in eastern kenya to assess pre and postharvest management practices among farmers.Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires designed and administered using kobo toolbox via android tablets.Results showed that farmers cultivated three main crops: maize (98%), beans 66%), and pigeon peas (28%).The most saved seed crops were beans (80%) and pigeon peas (50%).Majority of the farmers (80%) experienced pre-drying losses due to insects (48%), rodents (40%) and birds (39%).Farmers stored grain for consumption (80%) and for sale (19%).About 48% of farmers stored the grain for more than 9 months.Challenges during grain storage were insects (57%) and rodents (43%).Primary methods of grain preservation included hermetic methods (61%) followed by insecticides (33%).While progress is being made in addressing storage challenges, there still a need to continue building awareness about improved storage technologies and find solutions for pest infestations in the field and drying after harvest.

Journal: Journal of agricultural science (Toronto, Ont.) (2019)
Publication types: Journal Article
Progression of depressive symptoms after early exposure to famine: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.

The effect of early exposure to famine on progression of depressive symptoms has not been studied and the chinese famine offers a unique opportunity to explore this association with its long duration and widespread influence.Objective to investigate the longitudinal association of early famine exposure with subsequent depressive symptoms and whether there existed a critical exposure period.Methods data from the china health and retirement longitudinal study (charls) were analysed.Famine exposure was evaluated retrospectively in 2014 and severe famine exposure was defined as starvation to death of family members.Depressive symptoms were assessed prospectively from wave 1 (2011-2012) to wave 4 (2018) using the 10-item center for epidemiological studies depression scale (ces-d).Linear mixed model and cox proportional hazards model were applied to evaluate associations of famine exposure with progression or occurrence of depressive symptoms.Results a total of 7053 participants were included.Compared with no famine exposure, severe famine exposure was associated with a faster growth in ces-d score (0.169 point/year, 95 % ci 0.035 to 0.304, p = 0.013) and an elevated risk of occurrence of depressive symptoms (hr 1.360, 95 % ci 1.069 to 1.729, p = 0.012).Further analysis revealed that famine exposure during middle childhood was associated with a faster growth in ces-d score (0.404 point/year, 95 % ci 0.164 to 0.644, p = 0.001).Limitations this is an observational study therefore causal relationship cannot be concluded.Conclusions early exposure to severe famine was associated with aggravation of depressive symptoms.Middle childhood might be a critical time window for depression prevention.

Journal: Journal of affective disorders (2023)
Publication types: Observational Study;Journal Article;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Process evaluation of an implementation trial to improve the triage, treatment and transfer of stroke patients in emergency departments (T3trial): a qualitative study.

The implementation of evidence-based protocols for stroke management in the emergency department (ed) for the appropriate triage, administration of tissue plasminogen activator to eligible patients, management of fever, hyperglycaemia and swallowing, and prompt transfer to a stroke unit were evaluated in an australian cluster-randomised trial (t3trial) conducted at 26 emergency departments.There was no reduction in 90-day death or dependency nor improved processes of ed care.We conducted an a priori planned process influential factors that impacted upon protocol uptake.Methods qualitative face-to-face interviews were conducted with purposively selected ed and stroke clinicians from two high- and two low-performing intervention sites about their views on factors that influenced protocol uptake.All trial state co-ordinators (n = 3) who supported the implementation at the 13 intervention sites were also interviewed.Data were analysed thematically using normalisation process theory as a sensitising framework to understand key findings, and compared and contrasted between interviewee groups.Results twenty-five ed and stroke clinicians, and three trial state co-ordinators were interviewed.Three major themes represented key influences on evidence uptake: (i) readiness to change: reflected strategies to mobilise and engage clinical teams to foster cognitive participation and collective action; (ii) fidelity to the protocols: reflected that beliefs about the evidence underpinning the protocols impeded the development of a shared understanding about the applicability of the protocols in the ed context (coherence); and (iii) boundaries of care: reflected that appraisal (reflexive monitoring) by ed and stroke teams about their respective boundaries of clinical practice impeded uptake of the protocols.Conclusions despite initial high 'buy-in' from clinicians, a theoretically informed and comprehensive implementation strategy was unable to overcome system and clinician level barriers.Initiatives to drive change and integrate protocols rested largely with senior nurses who had to overcome contextual factors that fell outside their control, including low medical engagement, beliefs about the supporting evidence and perceptions of professional boundaries.To maximise uptake of evidence and adherence to intervention fidelity in complex clinical settings such as ed cost-effective strategies are needed to overcome these barriers.Trial registration australian new zealand clinical trials registry ( actrn12614000939695 ).

Journal: Implementation science : IS (2020)
Publication types: Journal Article;Multicenter Study;Randomized Controlled Trial;Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Tumor Microenvironment: Lactic Acid Promotes Tumor Development.

Lactic acid is a "metabolic waste" product of glycolysis that is produced in the body.However, the role of lactic acid in the development of human malignancies has gained increasing interest lately as a multifunctional small molecule chemical.There is evidence that tumor cells may create a large amount of lactic acid through glycolysis even when they have abundant oxygen.Tumor tissues have a higher quantity of lactic acid than normal tissues.Lactic acid is required for tumor development.Lactate is an immunomodulatory chemical that affects both innate and adaptive immune cells' effector functions.In immune cells, the lactate signaling pathway may potentially serve as a link between metabolism and immunity.Lactate homeostasis is significantly disrupted in the tme.Lactate accumulation results in acidosis, angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and tumor cell proliferation and survival, all of which are deleterious to health.Thus, augmenting anticancer immune responses by lactate metabolism inhibition may modify lactate levels in the tumor microenvironment.This review will evaluate the role of lactic acid in tumor formation, metastasis, prognosis, treatment, and histone modification.Our findings will be of considerable interest to readers, particularly those engaged in the therapeutic treatment of cancer patients.Treatments targeting the inhibition of lactate synthesis and blocking the source of lactate have emerged as a potential new therapeutic option for oncology patients.Additionally, lactic acid levels in the plasma may serve as biomarkers for disease stage and may be beneficial for evaluating therapy effectiveness in individuals with tumors.

Journal: Journal of immunology research (2022)
Publication types: Journal Article;Review
Real-Time Patient Portal Use Among Emergency Department Patients: An Open Results Study.

S we characterized real-time patient portal test result viewing among emergency department (ed) patients and described patient characteristics overall and among those not enrolled in the portal at ed arrival.Methods our observational study at an academic ed used portal log data to trend the proportion of adult patients who viewed results during their visit from may 04, 2021 to april 04, 2022.Correlation was assessed visually and with kendall's τ.Covariate analysis using binary logistic regression assessedresult(s) viewedas a function of time accounting for age, sex, ethnicity, race, language, insurance status, disposition, and social vulnerability index (svi).A second model only included patients not enrolled in the portal at arrival.We used random forest imputation to account for missingness and huber-white heteroskedasticity-robust standard errors for patients with multiple encounters (α= 0.05).Results there were 60,314 ed encounters (31,164 unique patients).In 7,377 (12.2%) encounters, patients viewed results while still in the ed.Patients were not enrolled for portal use at arrival in 21,158 (35.2%) encounters, and 927 (4.4% of not enrolled, 1.5% overall) subsequently enrolled and viewed results in the ed.Visual inspection suggests an increasing proportion of patients who viewed results from roughly 5 to 15% over the study (kendall's τ = 0.61 [p<0.0001]).Overall and not-enrolled models yielded concordance indices (c) of 0.68 and 0.72, respectively, with significant overall likelihood ratioχ2(p<0.0001).Time was independently associated with viewing results in both models after adjustment.Models revealed disparate use between age, race, ethnicity, svi, sex, insurance status, and disposition groups.Conclusion we observed increased portal-based test result viewing among ed patients over the year since the 21st century cures act went into effect, even among those not enrolled at arrival.We observed disparities in those who viewed results.

Journal: Applied clinical informatics (2022)
Publication types: Observational Study;Journal Article
Quantitative assessment of muscle mass and gene expression analysis in dogs with glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy.

The present study aimed to quantitatively evaluate muscle mass and gene expression in dogs with glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy.Five healthy beagles received oral prednisolone for 4 weeks (1 mg/kg/day), and muscle mass was then evaluated via computed tomography.Histological and gene expression analyses were performed using biopsy samples from the biceps femoris before and after prednisolone administration.The cross-sectional area of the third lumbar paraspinal and mid-femoral muscles significantly decreased after glucocorticoid administration (from 27.5 ± 1.9 to 22.6 ± 2.0 cm2and from 55.1 ± 4.7 to 50.7 ± 4.1 cm2, respectively; p<0.01).The fast- and slow-twitch muscle fibers were both atrophied (from 2,779 ± 369 to 1,581 ± 207 μm2and from 2,871 ± 211 to 1,971 ± 169 μm2, respectively; p<0.05).The expression of the growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (grb10) significantly increased after prednisolone administration (p<0.05).Because grb10 suppresses insulin signaling and the subsequent mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activity, increased expression of grb10 may have resulted in a decrease in protein anabolism.Taken together, 1 mg/kg/day oral prednisolone for 4 weeks induced significant muscle atrophy in dogs, and grb10 might participate in the pathology of glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy in canines.

Journal: The Journal of veterinary medical science (2022)
Publication types: Journal Article
Selenium Nanoparticles by Moderating Oxidative Stress Promote Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Osteoblasts.

Redox homeostasis plays an important role in the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (h mscs) for bone engineering.Oxidative stress (os) is believed to induce osteoporosis by changing bone homeostasis.Selenium nanoparticles (se nps), an antioxidant with pleiotropic pharmacological activity, prevent bone loss.However, the molecular mechanism underlying the osteogenic activity during h msc-se np interaction is unclear.Methods this study assessed the effects of different concentrations (25, 50, 100, and 300 ng/m l) of se nps on the cell viability and differentiation ability of human embryonic stem cell-derived h mscs.In addition, we analyzed os markers and their effect on mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) and forkhead box o3 (foxo3) during osteogenesis.Results se nps increased the cell viability of h mscs and induced their differentiation toward an osteogenic over an adipogenic lineage by enhancing osteogenic transcription and mineralization, while inhibiting nile red staining and adipogenic gene expression.By preventing excessive reactive oxygen species accumulation, se nps increased antioxidant levels in h mscs undergoing osteogenesis compared to untreated cells.In addition, se nps significantly upregulated the gene and protein expression of phosphorylated c-jun n-terminal kinase (jnk) and foxo3a, with no significant change in the expression levels of extracellular signal-related kinase (erk) and p38 mapk.Conclusion the results approved that low concentrations of se nps might enhance the cell viability and osteogenic potential of h mscs by moderating os.Increased jnk and foxo3a expression shows that se nps might enhance osteogenesis via activation of the jnk/foxo3 pathway.In addition, se np co-supplementation might prevent bone loss by enhancing osteogenesis and, thus, can be an effective candidate for treating osteoporosis through cell-based therapy.

Journal: International journal of nanomedicine (2021)
Publication types: Journal Article